APES

1-21 What percentage of energy at the producer level will be available to the secondary consumers in this food web? Food Web: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/TBYG4LHW4BZAPLOJDRUCTWVTE1/0a1269bf-9e02-4bdc-a3d7-a2fe6f5b062c - 100% - 10% - 1% - .1%

- 1%

1-20 Primary producers in a lake ecosystem store approximately 25,000 kcal/m2/yr of energy in their biomass. Which of the following identifies the most likely amount of energy available to a tertiary consumer in this ecosystem? - 25 kcal/m2/yr - 250 kcal/m2/yr - 2500 kcal/m2/yr - 25000 kcal/m2/yr

- 25 kcal/m2/yr

1-16 The net primary production of a pine forest on a lava flow on Mount Fuji is about 175,000 kcal/m2/yr. and the plant respiration is estimated to be 115,000 kcal/m2/yr. What is the total amount of energy transferred during photosynthesis for this ecosystem. - 60,000 kcal/m2/yr - 115,000 kcal/m2/yr - 175,000 kcal/m2/yr - 290,000 kcal/m2/yr

- 290,000 kcal/m2/yr

1-6 The following question refers to the figure below, which shows five different marine zones. The zone that has the greatest biodiversity is the... Figure: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/TBYG4LHW4BZAPLOJDRUCTWVTE1/9c257c0b-d51e-4e56-9568-0d0a31ca3a38 - Abyssal zone - Aphotic zone - Photic zone - Open ocean - Coastal (neritic) zone

- Coastal (neritic) zone

1-5 Which of the following biomes is best characterized as an area that forms the narrow band along the coast that experiences a range of environmental conditions (including daily changes in sunlight, temperature, and water)? - Open ocean - Lakes - Coral reefs - Intertidal zones

- Intertidal zones

1-3 Which is true of the environment characterized by this climatogram? Climatogram: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/TBYG4LHW4BZAPLOJDRUCTWVTE1/57d9246c-0f50-40ec-9b16-759d56fc8423 - It would have poor species diversity - It is a temperate grassland - It would have high species diversity - It is a tropical desert - It is found in Canada

- It would have high species diversity

1-4 Which country would have the largest area of boreal forests? - Australia - Brazil - Chile - Russia - United States of America

- Russia

1-1 Wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone National Park in 1995. In addition to tracking changes in the wolf population, scientists were interested in how the wolves would effect other parts of the ecosystem. In particular, they were interested in changes in the population of elk, the wolves' primary prey. The graph shows the population size of elk populations over time. Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone? Graph: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/TBYG4LHW4BZAPLOJDRUCTWVTE1/b0154502-8e7a-48b3-bd52-d3225dbabe32 - The wolves are causing a trophic cascade that could further increase the number of beavers and tree species such as willows and aspens - wolves leaving the park may prey on livestock in grazing land outside the park - Wolves are extremely fast breeeders and may become an invasive species if they get outside the park - the ecosystem could collapse because wolves were never in Yellowstone before 1995

- Wolves are extremely fast breeeders and may become an invasive species if they get outside the park

1-8 Which of the following is true of carbon as it cycles in nature? - carbon dioxide is released during photosynthesis - carbon compounds rarely exist in the gaseous state - carbon sinks include forests and oceans - the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is reduced by cutting trees - carbon is concentrated in igneous rocks

- carbon sinks include forests and oceans

1-24 The mongoose receives it's energy through the process of ___________________, and as a result, breathes out and returns ________________ to the atmosphere. Image: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/TBYG4LHW4BZAPLOJDRUCTWVTE1/cf221b4a-f66a-4dba-8c3d-c1cfdeffaf02 - cellular respiration, carbon dioxide - cellular respiration, oxygen - photosynthesis, carbon dioxide - photosynthesis, oxygen

- cellular respiration, carbon dioxide

1-25 Which trophic level is composed of bacteria and fungi and is responsible for recycling nutrients back into the soil? - decomposers - primary consumers - quintenary consumers - producers

- decomposers

1-18 Of the following organisms, which occupies the lowest trophic level? - spider - deer - lion - hawk - snake

- deer

1-17 Which of the following best describes the movement of energy in an ecosystem? - energy is constantly recycled by decomposers for use by producers - energy is harnessed by producers, and available energy decreases with each trophic level transfer - energy is absorbed by plants through water and soil and then moves up the food chain through consumers - energy is magnified as it moves up the trophic levels, and tertiary consumers store the most energy in a food web

- energy is harnessed by producers, and available energy decreases with each trophic level transfer

1-13 Which of the following processes in the diagram leads to precipitation? Diagram: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/TBYG4LHW4BZAPLOJDRUCTWVTE1/14678c35-089d-4531-a068-fd077c4dec16 - evaporation rate - run off rate - surface infiltration rate - deep infiltration rate

- evaporation rate

1-15 The amount of energy at a trophic level that is available to the next trophic level is represented by the... - net primary productivity - gross primary productivity - optional primary productivity - ultimate primary productivity

- net primary productivity

1-9 Ammonia is converted to nitrite, then to nitrate during... - nitrification - denitrification - assimilation - ammonification - nitrogen fixation

- nitrification

1-7 The two major processes involved in the cycling of carbon are... - weathering and erosion - photosynthesis and respiration - evaporation and transpiration - erosion and deposition - fixation and denitrification

- photosynthesis and respiration

1-23 In the food web, grass belongs on which trophic level? Food Web: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/TBYG4LHW4BZAPLOJDRUCTWVTE1/152d70e5-6915-45bf-8603-44d31be95e30 - decomposers - primary consumers - tertiary consumers - producers

- producers

1-12 The movement of phosphorus between biological organisms and soil is in a steady state in an undisturbed system. Which of the following best explains the reason for this steady movement? Diagram: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/TBYG4LHW4BZAPLOJDRUCTWVTE1/bad94f86-9a5e-4d94-8e7e-5a06a83c54c7 - phosphorus is taken up by plants during photosynthesis to create carbohydrates - a decrease in buffer zones preventsw phosphorus runoff in waterways - There is a rapid influx of phosphorus from the weathering of rocks - readily available organic phosphorus in the soil is assimilated by plants

- readily available organic phosphorus in the soil is assimilated by plants

1-22 What trophic level does the fox occupy in the food web? Food Web: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/TBYG4LHW4BZAPLOJDRUCTWVTE1/e213c31e-0621-4498-a779-4579c956f915 - decomposers - secondary consumer - primary consumer - producer

- secondary consumer

1-19 Which of the following is the primary energy source for producers in near-surface marine communities? - solar energy from the sun - carbon dioxide from consumers - oxygen in the atmosphere - heat from Earth's interior

- solar energy from the sun

1-10 Which of the following biogeochemical cycles is correctly paired with its largest reservoir? - the hydrogen cycle and living things - the nitrogen cycle and the atmosphere - the phosphorus cycle and bacteria - the carbon cycle and glaciers

- the nitrogen cycle and the atmosphere

1-14 The process in the hydrologic cycle in which water vapor is released from leaves into the atmosphere is called... - infiltration - transpiration - sublimation - reflection - percolation

- transpiration

1-11 What processes release phosphorus from it's main reservoir into the environment making it available to plants? - cellular respiration and photosynthesis - nitrification and denitrification - weathering and erosion - evaporation and transpiration

- weathering and erosion

3-7 In the graph below charting the growth of a population of organisms, the horizontal doted line represents the... Graph: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T5D1STG8CNF155LJH50Y8Z6CZK/dc7e59e9-8423-45a2-8cc3-5591b072c0e3 a. Biotic potential of the organism b. Doubling time of the population in the environment c. Carrying capacity of the population d. Reproductive lag time of the organism e. Intrinsic rate of increase of the population in the environment

c. Carrying capacity of the population

2-18 Living organisms must acquire energy from their environment. Examples of adaptations that help organisms acquire this energy include which of the following? I. The dark, heat-absorbing coloration of a reptile. II. The fangs and claws of a lion. III. The light coloration of a peppered moth a. I only b. II only c. I and II only d. II and III only

c. I and II only

2-14 The graph below shows data about three tree species after a glacial retreat. Graph: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/26cfa881-b3fa-47bb-81f9-538d3d392604/T9Q2YZOANIX4HPWTVSCHI1Q1H1/69c660b8-a867-495c-9b68-b9eda0eff4e2 Based on the data shown in the graph, which of the following events occurred after the glacial retreat? a. Primary succession b. Flooding c. Sea level rise d. Global climate change

c. Sea level rise

3-13 Which of the following would characterize the age structure diagram shown? Diagram: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T5D1STG8CNF155LJH50Y8Z6CZK/1f5138a7-ba55-4715-8916-16b51dcdad9e a. The population would be experiencing rapid growth b. The population would be experiencing zero population growth c. The population would be experiencing negative growth d. The population would be growing slowly

c. The population would be experiencing negative growth

2-9 Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following is the most likely reason that an island in the ocean that is 5 kilometers from a continent would have a higher number of species than one that is 15 kilometers from a continent? a. There are more species that have the ability to travel 5 kilometers than can travel 15 kilometers b. Islands that are closer to continents always have a wider range of habitats than more distant islands do c. There are smaller populations of each species on islands that are at greater distances from continents d. Islands that are closer to continents always have more ecological niches than more distant islands do

c. There are smaller populations of each species on islands that are at greater distances from continents

4-1 The following questions refers to the map. Which is an area where new crust is being created at a divergent plate boundary? Map: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T890YD3CTCX5BJSZ5I4EKZMVRV/5c283726-0dd0-4c02-ab88-39a4c4c57191 a. west coast of the United States b. east coast of china c. middle of the Atlantic ocean d. middle of the Pacific ocean

c. middle of the Atlantic ocean

3-20 Which of the following would lower a countries fertility rates? a .Allowing children to work b. high infant mortalities c. opportunities for women d. high levels of poverty e. lack of family planning

c. opportunities for women

3-1 Members of an r-selected species characteristically... a. grow slowly b. produce few offspring c. reach sexual maturity early d. have long lifespans e. are very protective of their offspring

c. reach sexual maturity early

4-6 Of the following, which has the greatest permeability? a. clay b. loam c. sand d. silt e. humus

c. sand

4-12 Which of the following should be included in a watershed map to best determine the non-point source of a pollutant, such as fertilizer, found in a river? a. the total volume of groundwater in the aquifer b. the total area and the average yearly precipitation of the watershed c. the land use upstream of the river and water quality indicators in streams that run downstream from the river d. the total volume of surface water of the river and the land use downstream of the river

c. the land use upstream of the river and water quality indicators in streams that run downstream from the river

4-19 Which of the following is the most likely effect of a strong El Nino event on the weather patterns in the United States? a. wetter weather and cooler temperatures in the Pacific northwest and warmer temperatures with more snow in the northeastern states b. drier weather in the western states and wetter weather in the eastern states c. wetter weather and cooler than average temperatures in the southeastern states and warmer temperatures in the Pacific northwest d. overall warmer temperatures and drier conditions throughout the entire United States

c. wetter weather and cooler than average temperatures in the southeastern states and warmer temperatures in the Pacific northwest

2-2 Which of the following examples illustrates the community with the highest biodiversity? Tables: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/26cfa881-b3fa-47bb-81f9-538d3d392604/T9Q2YZOANIX4HPWTVSCHI1Q1H1/9ce3b29f-9846-4c5c-8a58-e784683259d9

d

3-9 Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. During which year was the population declining at a rapid rate? Graph: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T5D1STG8CNF155LJH50Y8Z6CZK/cce12470-b19d-4e74-8cf5-980c8c8f08e9 a. 1950 b. 1900 c. 1850 d. 1955

d. 1955

3-14 A country currently has a population of 100 million and an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent. If the growth rate remains constant, what will be the population of this country in 40 years? a. 150 million b. 200 million c. 300 million d. 400 million e. 500 million

d. 400 million

2-13 The data shown were collected in a laboratory experiment in which the effect of pH on the survival of water fleas (Daphnia pulex) was examined. In each trial, 40 live water fleas were added to a solution with the pH as indicated. After two hours, observations were made to determine the number of fleas remaining alive in the sample. Results are presented in the table and in graphical form above. Data: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/26cfa881-b3fa-47bb-81f9-538d3d392604/T9Q2YZOANIX4HPWTVSCHI1Q1H1/8445d57d-8625-4503-8ad7-7534c125e684 On the basis of the data, the best prediction of the pH of the water in which Daphnia normally are found in the wild is... a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 7 e. 9

d. 7

2-19 Which of the following best shows the process of evolution? a. A lizard's color becomes brown as it sits on a log b. A bear goes into hibernation c. A plant loses its leaves in a drought d. A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide

d. A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide

2-5 All of the following are negative externalities EXCEPT... a. Illnesses related to living near a manufacturing facility b. Noise associated with living near a major airport c. Air pollution caused by refinery emissions d. Bees pollinating vegetables in addition to creating honey

d. Bees pollinating vegetables in addition to creating honey

3-3 Which of the following species is most likely to provide extensive parental care to its offspring? a. Oysters which produce 5,000,000,000 fertilized eggs per year b. Fish which produces 8000 fertilized eggs per year c. Rabbits which produce 12 fertilized eggs per year d. Bobcats which produce 2 fertilized eggs per year

d. Bobcats which produce 2 fertilized eggs per year

2-17 In North America, native pollinators often increase the quantity and quality of crops of native plants that are insect pollinated more effectively than European honeybees do. The most likely reason for the phenomenon is that native pollinators... a. Are unaffected by commercial pesticides b. Are uniformly smaller than European honeybees c. Have no known native predators d. Have coevolved with native plant species e. Mature quickly without undergoing metamorphosis

d. Have coevolved with native plant species

2-11 For which of the following reasons do small, isolated islands have a greater rate of species extinction than larger, less isolated islands? a. Small, isolated islands are more likely to receive migrating species b. Small, isolated islands provide opportunities for a greater diversity of species c. Because of their size, small, isolated islands accumulate more species by chance d. Small, isolated islands have a lower availability of resources e. Because they have fewer available niches, small, isolated islands are targeted and colonized by species.

d. Small, isolated islands have a lower availability of resources

3-18 Zero population growth is associated with... Demographic transition: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T5D1STG8CNF155LJH50Y8Z6CZK/ab519d6a-a4e6-4c55-aee8-a36b6e330913 a. Stage 1 and 2 b. Stage 2 and 3 c. Stage 1 and 3 d. Stage 1 and 4 e. Stage 3 and 4

d. Stage 1 and 4

1-2 Exemplified by bees consuming nectar and carrying pollen from one flower to another. - commensalism - parasitism - mutualism - predation - competition

mutualism

2-10 Five islands, A, B, C, D, and E, differ only in distance from the mainland, area, and species diversity. Which island would be predicted to have the highest species diversity? Five islands: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/26cfa881-b3fa-47bb-81f9-538d3d392604/T9Q2YZOANIX4HPWTVSCHI1Q1H1/32ef4aa2-b03a-41c6-a2e8-09d73e275d80

a

3-2 The K-selection reproductive strategy maximizes survival of offspring by producing... a. Few offspring with high levels of parental care b. Few offspring with low levels of parental care c. Many offspring with high levels of parental care d. Many offspring with low levels of parental care

a. Few offspring with high levels of parental care

2-1 Which of the following statements about levels of biodiversity is correct? a. Genetic biodiversity is a measure of the total number of genes in a community b. A narrow distribution of habitats leads to an increase in species diversity c. Global hotspots are areas where species diversity is thriving due to habitat restoration d. A population with high genetic diversity is better able to respond to environmental stressors

a. Genetic biodiversity is a measure of the total number of genes in a community

4-4 Which of the lettered choices in the soil profile represents the region with the greatest concentration of organic material? Soil profile: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T890YD3CTCX5BJSZ5I4EKZMVRV/13d7cc28-3b54-4cbb-9acd-a2a3c1e86802 a. O b. A c. B d. C e. R

a. O

2-7 Which of the following correctly describes the disruption of an ecosystem service by an anthropogenic activity? a. Provisioning services are disrupted by increased combustion of fossil fuel, which leads to an increase in air pollution b. Regulating services are disrupted by flash flooding from a hurricane, which decreases available food resources c. Supporting services are disrupted by an earthquake that causes habitat destruction, which displaces plants and animals d. Cultural services are disrupted by a tornado that causes the loss of acres of forest, which reduces the amount of harvestable timber.

a. Provisioning services are disrupted by increased combustion of fossil fuel, which leads to an increase in air pollution

2-6 Which of the following would be categorized as a cultural ecosystem service of forests? a. Recreation and scenic areas for tourism b. Timber and landscape materials c. Mushroom and plant harvests d. Soil stabilization and air purification

a. Recreation and scenic areas for tourism

2-21 Which of the following is the best example of a keystone species? a. Sea Otter b. Sea urchin c. Spotted owl d. Snail darter e. Condor

a. Sea Otter

2-3 A one hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. Which of the following can be estimated from the sample for the invertabrates in the pond. a. Species richness b. The pond's productivity c. The uniformity of the species distribution in the pond d. The degree of disturbance e. The stability of the ecosystem

a. Species richness

2-15 A 163 square kilometer small island is found 2000 km from the mainland. A second, larger 230,000 square kilometer island is found 1000 km from the mainland. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following statements is most likely true about the small island when compared with the large island? a. The rate of immigration is lower for the small island than for the large island. b. The small island has niches that are more like the mainland than the large island. c. The small island has more available resources than the large island. d. The rate of species extinction is lower on the small island than on the large island.

a. The rate of immigration is lower for the small island than for the large island.

2-22 Which tree species grows best in direct sunlight? Graph: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/26cfa881-b3fa-47bb-81f9-538d3d392604/T9Q2YZOANIX4HPWTVSCHI1Q1H1/8fcca273-f0a8-4a8f-aa64-9a36eabb8bf3 a. White oak b. Hickory c. Dogwood d. Sweet gum e. Beech

a. White oak

4-14 The primary cause of earth's seasons is the... a. constant tilt of the earth's rotational axis with respect to the plane of its orbit around the Sun b. changing distance of earth from the sun at different times of the year c. changing relative positions of earth, its moon and the sun d. periodic changes in solar energy output

a. constant tilt of the earth's rotational axis with respect to the plane of its orbit around the Sun

4-2 Most volcanism in the world is associated with... Picture: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T890YD3CTCX5BJSZ5I4EKZMVRV/9be03de1-9378-4d10-8cfe-747c5c7c15fa a. plate boundaries b. midcontinental hot spots c. faulting d. aquifer depletion e. desertification

a. plate boundaries

3-22 Which of the following would exemplify the population distribution of trees in a forest? a. random b. uniform c. clumped d. dispersed e. scattered

a. random

3-19 Which of the following occurred as a result of the population overshoot? Graph: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T5D1STG8CNF155LJH50Y8Z6CZK/7445f198-63a6-4f0f-91a8-d6aa02d79c72 a. the carrying capacity was degraded b. the population was regionally extinct c. the population reached it's biotic potential d. the carrying capacity was enhanced e. resources became more abundant

a. the carrying capacity was degraded

4-7 Region that contains the majority of molecules in the atmosphere. Picture: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T890YD3CTCX5BJSZ5I4EKZMVRV/c61b51e7-68fd-4aa8-8a7c-e2237b8b2719 a. troposphere b. stratosphere c. mesosphere d. thermosphere e. exosphere

a. troposphere

4-18 Brown pelicans are fish eating birds. As a result of an El Nino event, the population of brown pelicans in southern California declines. Which of the following best explains the relationship between the El Nino event and the population decline? a. warmer ocean temperatures can cause fish to move to colder water farther from pelican nest sites b. lower sea surface heights can result in pelican nest sites being isolated too far from their food supply in the ocean c. male pelicans get disoriented due to the lack of moisture and fail to return to the nest with food predatory seal populations increase dramatically due to decreased rainfall d. the female reproductive tract of birds does not function at the lower water temperatures of El Nino

a. warmer ocean temperatures can cause fish to move to colder water farther from pelican nest sites

3-15 If a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1000 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1000, the natural annual percent increase of its population is... a. 0.6% b. 1.6% c. 3% d. 16% e. 32%

b. 1.6%

2-20 According to the graph, at which time after clear-cutting does the ecosystem exhibit the greatest species richness? Graph: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/26cfa881-b3fa-47bb-81f9-538d3d392604/T9Q2YZOANIX4HPWTVSCHI1Q1H1/e1c1237c-8b7c-4828-9882-a2e0c4b78196 a. 50 years b. 100 years c. 150 years d. 200 years e. 250 years

b. 100 years

3-10 Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. During which year was population growing at an increasing rate. Graph: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T5D1STG8CNF155LJH50Y8Z6CZK/014f08e5-dd42-4561-bca0-a56222e941df a. 1830 b. 1945 c. 1985 d. 2000

b. 1945

4-10 Which soil texture would produce the ideal soil balance? Soil triangle: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T890YD3CTCX5BJSZ5I4EKZMVRV/836b468b-7306-4936-ad4d-8768cad3ddc6 a. 75% sand, 20% silt, 5% clay b. 40% sand, 40% silt, 20%clay c. 20% sand, 75% silt, 5% clay d. 20% sand, 5% silt, 75% clay

b. 40% sand, 40% silt, 20%clay

2-8 The consumption of mosquitos by bats and the control of flooding provided by tropical forests in mountainous areas of Central America are examples of... a. Adaptive radiation b. Ecosystem services c. Evolution by natural selection d. Ecological equilibrium

b. Ecosystem services

4-9 Which of the following is the source of energy driving the Hadley cell circulation pattern? Picture: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T890YD3CTCX5BJSZ5I4EKZMVRV/646025cb-5b08-485a-81c8-5d9af7c1225b a. Coriolis effect b. solar radiation c. earth's magnetic field d. the spinning core of the earth

b. solar radiation

3-25 Which is an example of a density dependent limiting factor? a. a volcanic eruption kills 100,000 spruce trees b. squirrels and deer compete for acorns in an oak forest c. a long drought decreases the number of deer in a forest d. a severe freeze kills half the citrus harvest in Florida

b. squirrels and deer compete for acorns in an oak forest

3-11 What period of time represents the maximum number of water fleas that can be supported by a particular ecosystem on a long term basis Graph: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T5D1STG8CNF155LJH50Y8Z6CZK/2a26e0f4-8e45-470f-bb0e-d7e3f439d38a a. 40-60 days b. 20-40 days c. 140-170 days d. 60-100 days

c. 140-170 days

3-8 Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. During which year was the population growing at a decreasing rate? Graph: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T5D1STG8CNF155LJH50Y8Z6CZK/90cc5600-b29c-42cf-8978-e063fc40e954 a. 1955 b. 1905 c. 2008 d. 1900

c. 2008

8-8 The beneficial ozone layer is in this region of the atmosphere. a. thermosphere b. exosphere c. troposphere d. mesosphere e. stratosphere

e. stratosphere

4-20 A science class wanted to test the effects of an intensifying El Nino event on the amount of rainfall in their local area in the southeastern United States. For a measure of El Nino intensity, they monitored sea surface temperatures off the coast of Ecuador for a six month period by consulting an oceanography web site. They measured rainfall locally with rain gauges for the six month period. The table below shows the results compared to a typical or non El Nino year. sea surface total rainfall temperature over six mths. increase period Typical normal .4 degrees C 40 cm year El Nino year 30 degrees C 63cm In this order, identify the independent, dependent, and a controlled variable in this experiment. Picture: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T890YD3CTCX5BJSZ5I4EKZMVRV/03933d8b-aab0-4088-8043-236ef2466ce6 a. El Nino effects on the SEUS, six month period, total rainfall b. El Nino effects on the SEUS, total rainfall, six month period c. six month period, total rainfall, El Nino effects on SEUS d. total rainfall, El Nino effects on SEUS, six month period

b. El Nino effects on the SEUS, total rainfall, six month period

3-17 During which stage of demographic transition shown above does a population begin to experience an explosive increase in growth? Demographic transition: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T5D1STG8CNF155LJH50Y8Z6CZK/66071fb5-9b05-48b3-953a-33c0422b55ad a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. Stage 3 d. Stage 4 e .Stage 5

b. Stage 2

3-23 Which of the following is an example of a population overshoot and it's consequences? a. The Tragedy of the Commons b. The Lesson of the Kaibab c. A mass extinction d. Natural logistic growth

b. The Lesson of the Kaibab

3-4 A certain species of dinosaur laid large numbers of eggs, and the hatchlings had high mortality early in life. But if they survived, the young dinosaurs were able to grow at a rapid pace and disperse into the environment in order to thrive. Based on this information and the graph above, which of the following best characterizes this species of dinosaur. The graph shows three different survivorship curves. Graph: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T5D1STG8CNF155LJH50Y8Z6CZK/b770aa25-f512-4c51-a663-3f338a7891b9 a. The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type I survivorship curve. b. The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type III survivorship curve. c. The dinosaurs were K-strategists and exhibited a Type II survivorship curve. d. The dinosaurs were K-strategists and exhibited a Type I survivorship curve.

b. The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type III survivorship curve.

2-12 Which of the following best identifies the author's claim? Reading Passage: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/26cfa881-b3fa-47bb-81f9-538d3d392604/T9Q2YZOANIX4HPWTVSCHI1Q1H1/32de2606-3944-4e8d-b2ad-d53f2fd4feff a. The increased size of the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico is forecasted to benefit the fishing industry in the United States. b. The increased rainfall events in the United States are decreasing the tolerance of fish and other marine species in the Gulf of Mexico because of a decreased concentration of oxygen. c. Many marine species are migrating away from the Gulf of Mexico as a result of increased nutrient pollution from increased rainfall events. d. The large hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico is directly linked to climate change in the Mississippi River watershed.

b. The increased rainfall events in the United States are decreasing the tolerance of fish and other marine species in the Gulf of Mexico because of a decreased concentration of oxygen.

2-16 The graph below shows the change in sea level from the Cambrian period to today compared to today's sea level. Graph: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/26cfa881-b3fa-47bb-81f9-538d3d392604/T9Q2YZOANIX4HPWTVSCHI1Q1H1/9b94544a-2c26-4ffe-a944-184e34add392 Which of the following statements correctly describes the trends seen in the data? a. The highest sea level occurred in the Triassic period. b. The lowest sea level occurred during the Paleogene period. c. The first rise in sea level occurred during the Cretaceous period. d. Sea level decreased from the beginning of the Triassic period to the end of the Cretaceous period.

b. The lowest sea level occurred during the Paleogene period.

4-16 Which of the following best explains why the coast regularly receives more rain than the desert? Picture: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T890YD3CTCX5BJSZ5I4EKZMVRV/64d22ef3-7a7b-4611-b42a-8da02235c037 a. As air rises up the side of the mountain near the coast, the temperature and the relative humidity increase, causing increased precipitation on the other side of the mountain over the desert. b. Air is forced upward on the side of the mountain near the desert leading to the formation of stratospheric clouds. c. The urban heat island from the desert causes a warmer climate that leads to reduced cloud formation. d. The rain shadow effect causes the desert to be drier because the mountain blocks precipitation from reaching the city.

d. The rain shadow effect causes the desert to be drier because the mountain blocks precipitation from reaching the city.

3-12 Which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with a country that demonstrates the age structure in the diagram shown ? Diagram: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T5D1STG8CNF155LJH50Y8Z6CZK/ea0a01e1-0e03-410a-bc5b-f58f4a3589b5 a. There is a low infant mortality rate. b. A high percentage of the population has access to medical care. c. There is a low population growth rate. d. There is a high total fertility rate.

d. There is a high total fertility rate.

4-3 The rapid rate of this process in tropical forests results in low nutrient soils... a. photosynthesis b. eutrophication c. denitrification d. decomposition e. transpiration

d. decomposition

4-11 Which of the following is a biome found at 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S in the diagram? Biome diagram: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T890YD3CTCX5BJSZ5I4EKZMVRV/2febe4ec-8317-4d2c-bbac-b45db610ffec a. rain forest b. tundra c. coniferous forest d. desert

d. desert

3-21 Which of the following would be an example of a LDC? a. affluence b. pension systems c. low replacement fertility d. high fertility rates e. higher than normal life expectancy

d. high fertility rates

4-15 The sun's radiation provides the energy for all of the following except... a. plant growth b. ocean currents c. hurricanes d. plate tectonics e. cloud formation

d. plate tectonics

4-5 Which soil indicated on the soil triangle would most likely have the highest water holding capacity? Soil triangle: https://lists.office.com/Images/a071818d-dec3-4d05-b934-d92dde4c6afb/7eefd599-58ec-4f1f-9212-358b039b45be/T890YD3CTCX5BJSZ5I4EKZMVRV/ad5ff98d-753d-4d66-a100-15144f4a1209 a. loamy sand b. medium loam c. silty loam d. silty clay e. medium loam

d. silty clay

4-13 Which of the following best describes why understanding a watershed and its boundaries is important in designing housing developments along a river? a. the water contained in a watershed is more likely to become polluted if the soil has high permeability, so it is important to locate all point sources to reduce contamination b. watersheds provide habitat for hundreds of marine species, so it is important to protect thier feeding and nesting sites when designing housing for humans c. watersheds provide space for cultivating land to produce food and other products, so it is important to avoid locating a housing development on the most fertile land d. surface water and stormwater runoff will drain downstream within the watershed boundaries, so it is important to understand the flow of water through the watershed

d. surface water and stormwater runoff will drain downstream within the watershed boundaries, so it is important to understand the flow of water through the watershed

4-17 Which of the following does not exert a major influence on earth's overall climate? a. the annual amount of solar radiation that reaches earth's surface b. the concentrations of the specific gases in earth's atmosphere c. the distribution of land masses and oceans, in combination with earth's topography d. the seasonal development of temperature inversions in geographical basins

d. the seasonal development of temperature inversions in geographical basins

3-24 Which of the following has the highest human population? a. United States b. Japan c. India d. Belgium e. China

e. China

2-4 Which of the following can be used to assess the biological diversity of an area? a. Population size of each species and area occupied by each population b. Minimum population area and minimum viable population size c. Ratio of r-strategists to K-strategists and life expectancy of K-strategists d. Number of individuals under fifteen years old and number of individuals over sixty five years old e. Genetic variation within each species and number of species present

e. Genetic variation within each species and number of species present

3-5 Factors that effect the total fertility rate of a human population include which of the following? I. Cultural traditions II. Government policies and economic incentives III. Education level and economic opportunities for females a. I only b. II only c. I and II only d. II and III only e. I, II, and III

e. I, II, and III

3-16 Which of the following describes the changes in a country's demographics as it begins its transition from a preindustrial to an industrial state? a. Population increases rapidly, birth rate declines, death rate increases b. Population increases rapidly, birth rate declines, death rate remains high c. Population decreases rapidly, birth rate declines, death rate decreases d. Population decreases rapidly, birth rate remains high, death rate increases e. Population increases rapidly, birth rate remains high, death rate decreases

e. Population increases rapidly, birth rate remains high, death rate decreases

3-6 Which of the following measures would be most likely to promote fertility above replacement level? a. Government endorsement of the two child family b. Education of society on the long term benefits of having smaller families c. Government advocacy of abstinence to discourage teen pregnancies d. Elimination of tax benefits for families with more than two children e. Public housing priority for families with more than two children

e. Public housing priority for families with more than two children