APES CH. 2 TEST
Labs
Magma that is released from the lithosphere and flows or spatters across earth's surface
Earthquake Volcanoes Mass wasting Tsunamis
Major types of geologic hazards
Subducted
Melting occurs when tectonic plates are
Changed it's form
Metamorphic means
High temperature and pressure underground.
Metamorphic rock are formed because of
Magma
Molten rock
1,2,3
Most earthquakes are what number
Earthquake Sumatra Tsunamis 228,000 1-2 million
On December 26, 2004 an —- off — triggered a massive — that hid Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, and African counties ——— were killed. —— — were displaced.
Advance warning
One of the best protections against tsunamis
Climate which the. Affects plants and animals
Tectonic movements can also affect
Palate movement Hot spot Volcanic eruptions Pacific plate Hot spot Inactive volcanoes No Pacific Plate northwest direction Furthest away from hot spot
The Hawaii islands are an example of — —- Over a — —. The Hawaiian islands were formed by — —- as the — —- traveled over a geologic —- —. The chain of — — to the northwest of Hawaii shows that those locations used to be over the hot spot. Does the hot spot move? What does? Wheee is the oldest island?
10 10 times greater
The Richter scale increases by a factor of —-, so an earthquake of 7 is —- —- greater than an earthquake of 6
Physical Shape Landscape Environmental systems Life
The ____ processes that take place at and below earth's surface ___ the ___ and lay the foundation for most __ ___ and for __.
Plate movement Lithosphere Spreading Subduction
The arrows indicate the direction of —- —-. New —- is added at — zones and older lithosphere is recycled into the mantle at —- zones.
Crust
Thin, brittle, low density layer of rock that covers earth surface
True
True or false: all rocks can melt
True
True or false: plates touch each other
True
True or false: there are earthquakes constantly occurring, but most not felt
Holocene epoch Melted ice age
We live in the — —
Fault
A fracture in rock caused by a movement of earth's crust
Fault zone
A large expanse of rock where a fault has occurred
Biome
A major regional complex of similar plant communities; a large ecological unit defined by its dominant plant type and vegetation structure
Mineral
A naturally occurring solid element or inorganic compound with a crystal structure, a specific chemical composition, and distinct physical properties
Transform fault boundary San Andreas fault, California
An area where tectonic plates move sideways past each other Example?
In mantle as it pushes soft rock up it warms and down it cool,s
Convection currents temperature
Iron Elastic rock malleable Soft rock Harder rock
Core is —- Mantle is —- — and —- Asthenosphere is — — Lithosphere is — —
Strengths
Earthquakes have different —-. The higher the number the stronger the earthquake
Tsunami
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and large coastal landslides can all displace huge volumes of ocean water instantaneously and trigger a —-.
Mid Atlantic ridge
Example of divergent plate boundary
Hawaiian islands Volcanic islands
Example of volcanoes that are formed by a hot spot
Oceanic crust slips under continental crust The solid rock melts and becomes part of mantle Subduction zones are very hot This process results in volcanoes
Explain subduction
2 different plates move away from each other. Seafloor spreading new magma is going to come up as the 2 plates move away from each other. Magma will come to to fill the gap and make new lithosphere.
Divergent plate boundary, what happens?
Layers
Earth consists of —-
Vertical zonation
Earth is characterized by distinct —- ——
Core Mantle Asthenosphere Lithosphere Crust
Earth layers in order from inner to outer
15 2-15 cm 1-6 in
How many major plate tectonics What are their rates per year
Pacific plate in northwest direction
Huge plate that is known as ring of fire is moving in what direction.
Convergent plate boundary
An area where plates move toward one another and collide
Richter scale
A scale that measures that largest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake
Rock
A solid aggregation of minerals
Divergent plate boundary
An area beneath the ocean where tectonic plates move away from each other
Volcano
Area where molten rock, hot gas, or ash erupts through earth's surface. Of the creating a mountain over time as cooled lava accumulates.
Earthquake
As the plates move what can it result in
3 eras 11 periods Quaternary period
Geologists have subdivided earths history into — —- and —- —-. The most recent occupies a thin slice of time at the top of the scale period began only 1.8 million years ago called ——
Hot spot
In geology, a place where molten material from earth's mantle reaches the lithosphere
West coast
In the US wh un area has threats for earthquakes due to its position at the boundary of tectonic plates
Lithosphere
Includes rock, sediment, and soil
Igneous rock
Rock formed directly from magma (granite, basalt)
Metamorphic rock
Rock that forms when sedimentary rock, igneous rock, or other metamorphic rock is subjected to high temperature and pressure (marble, slate)
Sedimentary rock
Rock that forms when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed. (Sandstone, limestone, shale)
Nazca plate
Subducted and produces andees mountains which are volcanic
Volcanoes Deep trenches
Subduction often results in But may all's create
Landslide
The collapse and downhill flow of large amounts of rock or soil. A severe and sudden form of mass wasting
Plate tectonics
The crust of our planet is modified by
Mass wasting
The downslope movement of soil and rock due to gravity
Epicenter
The exact point on the surface of earth directly above the location where rock ruptures during an earthquake
Seafloor spreading
The formation of new ocean crust as a result of magma pushing upward and outward from earth's mantle to the surface
Lithification
The formation of sedimentary rock is called
Rock cycle
The geologic cycle governing the constant formation , alteration, and destruction of rock material that results from tectonics, weathering, and erosion, among other processes
Biomes
The locations of — are influenced by plate tectonics
Subduction
The process of one crustal plate passing under another
Scarce minerals and elements
The rock cycle recycle —- —- and elements
Geology
The scientific study of earth's physical features, processes, and history
Geology
The study of Earth's physical features, processes, and history
Tectonic cycle
The sum of the processes that build up and break down the lithosphere
Plate tectonics Lithosphere Plates Moving
The theory of ___ ____ is the idea that the ___ is broken up into ___ which are constantly ___
Plate tectonics
The theory that the lithosphere of earth is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion
Sediments
The worded remains of rock
Heat Hot magma Mantle Hot spots
The —- from within the earth causes plumes of — — to well upward from the —- and produce — —.
Ring of fire Pacific Ocean 90% 50%
The —- — —- circles the —- ocean along the plate boundaries. It has —- of the earthquakes and —- of volcanoes.
Core- center of earth. innermost zone of earth's interior, composed mostly of iron. It includes a sold inner layer and liquid outer layer.
What are the layers of the earth (1)?
Mantle- the layer of earth above the core, containing magma. Less dense than the core. It is a huge portion of the earth.
What are the layers of the earth (2)?
Asthenosphere- the layer of earth located in the outer part of the mantle, composed of semi molten rock. Rock begins to harden. Upper or part of the mantle
What are the layers of the earth (3)?
Lithosphere- the outermost layer of earth, including mantle and crust. Solid piece of mantle.
What are the layers of the earth (4)?
Crust- in geology, the chemically distinct outermost layer of the lithosphere. We walk on it
What are the layers of the earth (5)?
Continental Crust- higher than oceanic. Made up of same stuff, but more sylica. LESS DENSE Oceanic crust- under ocean, pacific plate. HEAVIER, DENSER
What are the two types of crust? What are the differences?
Divergent Convergent Transform fault
What are the types of plate contact?
Rifts
What can be found at divergent plate boundaries
Earthquakes Large coastal landslide Volcanic eruptions
What can cause a tsunami
Actual earth itself Not ocean or atmosphere
What does geology study
Uppermost mantle And the entirety of earths third major layer the crust
What does lithosphere include
Continental collision and form mountains Himalaya mountains
What happens when continental plate meets continental plate What is an example
Subduction Oceanic slips under continental since it is heavier Volcanic mountain ranges from
What happens when oceanic plate meets continental plate What is the result
Subduction Volcanic arcs of islands such as japan, Aleutian Islands of Alaska
What happens when oceanic plate meets oceanic place What happens as a result
Giant oceanic wave hitting land because of water displacement
What is a tsunami
Sudden movement of earth's crust caused by a release of potential energy along a geologic fault and usually causing a vibration or trembling at earth's surface
What is an earthquake?
Mountains
What is the result of continental collision
4.6 billion years ago The same time
When did earth form? Once the earth formed, when did the elements such as chemicals, minerals, and ores start to form?
Instrusive igneous rock Yosemite Granite
When magma cools slowly and solidifies while it is below earth's surface it forms — — —. What is an example
Extrusive igneous rock Basalt
When molten rock is ejected from a volcano, it cools quickly so minerals have little time to grow into coarse crystals this is called — — —. Example?
Plate boundaries Where plates meet each other
Where do most geologic activities take place? What is it?
Us
Where does supervolcanoe lie
Divergent plate boundary
Which is the area of sea floor spreading
Rock cycle Subduction
Which is the slowest cycle and takes millions and millions of years? What does it halons through?
Japan
Who has a lot of volcanoes
Extraction of oil and gas Disposal of wastewater injected
Why could earthquakes increase in oklahomma
Volcanoes Rifts Subduction zones Hotposte
— can form at —, — —, or —-
Convection Mantle Spread apart Subducted Convection currents
—— in the —- causes oceanic plates to —- — as new rock rises to the surface at spreading zones. Where oceanic and continental plate margins come together, older oceanic crust is —- The hot magma produces —- —— because hot magma rises and then sinks and thus causes plates to move.