APES CH. 2 TEST

Labs

Magma that is released from the lithosphere and flows or spatters across earth's surface

Earthquake Volcanoes Mass wasting Tsunamis

Major types of geologic hazards

Subducted

Melting occurs when tectonic plates are

Changed it's form

Metamorphic means

High temperature and pressure underground.

Metamorphic rock are formed because of

Magma

Molten rock

1,2,3

Most earthquakes are what number

Earthquake Sumatra Tsunamis 228,000 1-2 million

On December 26, 2004 an —- off — triggered a massive — that hid Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, and African counties ——— were killed. —— — were displaced.

Advance warning

One of the best protections against tsunamis

Climate which the. Affects plants and animals

Tectonic movements can also affect

Palate movement Hot spot Volcanic eruptions Pacific plate Hot spot Inactive volcanoes No Pacific Plate northwest direction Furthest away from hot spot

The Hawaii islands are an example of — —- Over a — —. The Hawaiian islands were formed by — —- as the — —- traveled over a geologic —- —. The chain of — — to the northwest of Hawaii shows that those locations used to be over the hot spot. Does the hot spot move? What does? Wheee is the oldest island?

10 10 times greater

The Richter scale increases by a factor of —-, so an earthquake of 7 is —- —- greater than an earthquake of 6

Physical Shape Landscape Environmental systems Life

The ____ processes that take place at and below earth's surface ___ the ___ and lay the foundation for most __ ___ and for __.

Plate movement Lithosphere Spreading Subduction

The arrows indicate the direction of —- —-. New —- is added at — zones and older lithosphere is recycled into the mantle at —- zones.

Crust

Thin, brittle, low density layer of rock that covers earth surface

True

True or false: all rocks can melt

True

True or false: plates touch each other

True

True or false: there are earthquakes constantly occurring, but most not felt

Holocene epoch Melted ice age

We live in the — —

Fault

A fracture in rock caused by a movement of earth's crust

Fault zone

A large expanse of rock where a fault has occurred

Biome

A major regional complex of similar plant communities; a large ecological unit defined by its dominant plant type and vegetation structure

Mineral

A naturally occurring solid element or inorganic compound with a crystal structure, a specific chemical composition, and distinct physical properties

Transform fault boundary San Andreas fault, California

An area where tectonic plates move sideways past each other Example?

In mantle as it pushes soft rock up it warms and down it cool,s

Convection currents temperature

Iron Elastic rock malleable Soft rock Harder rock

Core is —- Mantle is —- — and —- Asthenosphere is — — Lithosphere is — —

Strengths

Earthquakes have different —-. The higher the number the stronger the earthquake

Tsunami

Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and large coastal landslides can all displace huge volumes of ocean water instantaneously and trigger a —-.

Mid Atlantic ridge

Example of divergent plate boundary

Hawaiian islands Volcanic islands

Example of volcanoes that are formed by a hot spot

Oceanic crust slips under continental crust The solid rock melts and becomes part of mantle Subduction zones are very hot This process results in volcanoes

Explain subduction

2 different plates move away from each other. Seafloor spreading new magma is going to come up as the 2 plates move away from each other. Magma will come to to fill the gap and make new lithosphere.

Divergent plate boundary, what happens?

Layers

Earth consists of —-

Vertical zonation

Earth is characterized by distinct —- ——

Core Mantle Asthenosphere Lithosphere Crust

Earth layers in order from inner to outer

15 2-15 cm 1-6 in

How many major plate tectonics What are their rates per year

Pacific plate in northwest direction

Huge plate that is known as ring of fire is moving in what direction.

Convergent plate boundary

An area where plates move toward one another and collide

Richter scale

A scale that measures that largest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake

Rock

A solid aggregation of minerals

Divergent plate boundary

An area beneath the ocean where tectonic plates move away from each other

Volcano

Area where molten rock, hot gas, or ash erupts through earth's surface. Of the creating a mountain over time as cooled lava accumulates.

Earthquake

As the plates move what can it result in

3 eras 11 periods Quaternary period

Geologists have subdivided earths history into — —- and —- —-. The most recent occupies a thin slice of time at the top of the scale period began only 1.8 million years ago called ——

Hot spot

In geology, a place where molten material from earth's mantle reaches the lithosphere

West coast

In the US wh un area has threats for earthquakes due to its position at the boundary of tectonic plates

Lithosphere

Includes rock, sediment, and soil

Igneous rock

Rock formed directly from magma (granite, basalt)

Metamorphic rock

Rock that forms when sedimentary rock, igneous rock, or other metamorphic rock is subjected to high temperature and pressure (marble, slate)

Sedimentary rock

Rock that forms when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed. (Sandstone, limestone, shale)

Nazca plate

Subducted and produces andees mountains which are volcanic

Volcanoes Deep trenches

Subduction often results in But may all's create

Landslide

The collapse and downhill flow of large amounts of rock or soil. A severe and sudden form of mass wasting

Plate tectonics

The crust of our planet is modified by

Mass wasting

The downslope movement of soil and rock due to gravity

Epicenter

The exact point on the surface of earth directly above the location where rock ruptures during an earthquake

Seafloor spreading

The formation of new ocean crust as a result of magma pushing upward and outward from earth's mantle to the surface

Lithification

The formation of sedimentary rock is called

Rock cycle

The geologic cycle governing the constant formation , alteration, and destruction of rock material that results from tectonics, weathering, and erosion, among other processes

Biomes

The locations of — are influenced by plate tectonics

Subduction

The process of one crustal plate passing under another

Scarce minerals and elements

The rock cycle recycle —- —- and elements

Geology

The scientific study of earth's physical features, processes, and history

Geology

The study of Earth's physical features, processes, and history

Tectonic cycle

The sum of the processes that build up and break down the lithosphere

Plate tectonics Lithosphere Plates Moving

The theory of ___ ____ is the idea that the ___ is broken up into ___ which are constantly ___

Plate tectonics

The theory that the lithosphere of earth is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion

Sediments

The worded remains of rock

Heat Hot magma Mantle Hot spots

The —- from within the earth causes plumes of — — to well upward from the —- and produce — —.

Ring of fire Pacific Ocean 90% 50%

The —- — —- circles the —- ocean along the plate boundaries. It has —- of the earthquakes and —- of volcanoes.

Core- center of earth. innermost zone of earth's interior, composed mostly of iron. It includes a sold inner layer and liquid outer layer.

What are the layers of the earth (1)?

Mantle- the layer of earth above the core, containing magma. Less dense than the core. It is a huge portion of the earth.

What are the layers of the earth (2)?

Asthenosphere- the layer of earth located in the outer part of the mantle, composed of semi molten rock. Rock begins to harden. Upper or part of the mantle

What are the layers of the earth (3)?

Lithosphere- the outermost layer of earth, including mantle and crust. Solid piece of mantle.

What are the layers of the earth (4)?

Crust- in geology, the chemically distinct outermost layer of the lithosphere. We walk on it

What are the layers of the earth (5)?

Continental Crust- higher than oceanic. Made up of same stuff, but more sylica. LESS DENSE Oceanic crust- under ocean, pacific plate. HEAVIER, DENSER

What are the two types of crust? What are the differences?

Divergent Convergent Transform fault

What are the types of plate contact?

Rifts

What can be found at divergent plate boundaries

Earthquakes Large coastal landslide Volcanic eruptions

What can cause a tsunami

Actual earth itself Not ocean or atmosphere

What does geology study

Uppermost mantle And the entirety of earths third major layer the crust

What does lithosphere include

Continental collision and form mountains Himalaya mountains

What happens when continental plate meets continental plate What is an example

Subduction Oceanic slips under continental since it is heavier Volcanic mountain ranges from

What happens when oceanic plate meets continental plate What is the result

Subduction Volcanic arcs of islands such as japan, Aleutian Islands of Alaska

What happens when oceanic plate meets oceanic place What happens as a result

Giant oceanic wave hitting land because of water displacement

What is a tsunami

Sudden movement of earth's crust caused by a release of potential energy along a geologic fault and usually causing a vibration or trembling at earth's surface

What is an earthquake?

Mountains

What is the result of continental collision

4.6 billion years ago The same time

When did earth form? Once the earth formed, when did the elements such as chemicals, minerals, and ores start to form?

Instrusive igneous rock Yosemite Granite

When magma cools slowly and solidifies while it is below earth's surface it forms — — —. What is an example

Extrusive igneous rock Basalt

When molten rock is ejected from a volcano, it cools quickly so minerals have little time to grow into coarse crystals this is called — — —. Example?

Plate boundaries Where plates meet each other

Where do most geologic activities take place? What is it?

Us

Where does supervolcanoe lie

Divergent plate boundary

Which is the area of sea floor spreading

Rock cycle Subduction

Which is the slowest cycle and takes millions and millions of years? What does it halons through?

Japan

Who has a lot of volcanoes

Extraction of oil and gas Disposal of wastewater injected

Why could earthquakes increase in oklahomma

Volcanoes Rifts Subduction zones Hotposte

— can form at —, — —, or —-

Convection Mantle Spread apart Subducted Convection currents

—— in the —- causes oceanic plates to —- — as new rock rises to the surface at spreading zones. Where oceanic and continental plate margins come together, older oceanic crust is —- The hot magma produces —- —— because hot magma rises and then sinks and thus causes plates to move.