APES: Chapter 19 test review

World's most abundant fossil fuel

Coal

U.S. oil production ________. A) falls far short of U.S. oil consumption B) is sufficient to meet national needs thanks to major conservation efforts C) will peak out in 2100, requiring for the first time imports to meet growing demand D) is now high enough for us to export nearly 50% E) has to fit the quotas imposed by OPEC

Falls far short of U.S oil consumption

Which of the following is considered nonrenewable

Fossil Fuel

Crude oil is ________. A) composed of less than ten different hydrocarbon molecules B) usable in its raw form C) formed less than 100 yards below the surface; in deeper places with more pressure, coal is formed D) formed in a wide range of temperature and pressure circumstances E) fractionated to separate the chemicals used for gasoline, lubricants, plastics and other products

Fractionated to separate the chemicals used for gasoline, lubricants, plastics and other products

One of the problems with finding new fossil fuel deposits in developing countries is that ________. A) it is very expensive to transport the deposit elsewhere B) those countries tend to keep the resource for themselves, not sharing with other countries C) international companies move in to harvest the new deposit, and very little money or resource remains in the country D) their governments seldom allow extraction of the deposit without meeting expensive environmental regulations E) their governments seldom allow extraction of the deposit without imposing huge taxes to fund new social benefits for the country

International companies move in to harvest the new deposit, and very little money or resource remains in the country

Carbon sequestration ________. A) has been used by US electrical plants since 1955, converting carbon dioxide to limestone B) involves capturing carbon emissions and then releasing them into the stratosphere C) has proved to be more dangerous to the environment than releasing carbon emissions D) is an unproven technology only begun in 2008. E) permanently removes captured carbon from the environment

Is an unproven technology only begun in 2008

Scientists currently assessing the environmental impacts of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico report that ________. A) the damage was limited to wildlife kills immediately after the spill B) the entire Gulf food web will eventually collapse C) it may take years or decades before the full impacts are known D) Gulf productivity has already returned to normal and no further effects will be felt E) the coastal marshes of Louisiana suffered no measurable damage it may take years or decades before the full impacts are known

It may take years or decades before the full impacts are known

For the United States, the primary fuel that we use for our energy is

Oil

Natural gas ________. A) primary component is octane B) produces less greenhouse gases per energy unit than coal or oil C) discovered by Bunsen in 1885 D) will be depleted by 2030 at current usage rates E) is transported primarily by truck and rail

Produces less greenhouse gases per energy unit than coal or oil

The energy bill passed by the U.S. Congress in 2007 ________. A) primarily focused on major new policies for conservation and for development of renewable energy sources B) primarily focused on taxing polluters and those who profit from the fossil fuel industry C) will, according to analysts, allow us to import only 25% of our oil instead of 60% D) mandates the rapid development of all remaining fossil fuel resources as quickly as possible E) raised the CAFE standard to 35mpg for vehicles by the year 2020

Raised the CAFE standard to 35 mpg for vehicles by the year 2020

________ is NOT a part of the technology of "clean coal." A) Removing sulfur oxides from the emissions B) Capturing and sequestering carbon emissions C) Converting coal to syngas (natural gas) D) Removing carbon content from coal before combustion E) Injecting captured carbon dioxide into rock formations deep underground

Removing carbon content from coal before combustion

Scientists search for fossil fuels in many ways. Sending a sounds wave into the ground (by exploding dynamite, thumping the ground with a large weight, or using an electric vibrating machine) and measuring its return to the surface at receiving stations is called

Seismic surveying

Coal continues to be the main fuel used to generate electricity in the United States. This is partially because ________. A) the country has such large reserves of coal B) the quality of coal in the United States is very consistent from deposit to deposit C) coal causes almost no air pollution when burned D) coal deposits in the United States lie very close to the surface and are easily extracted E) compared to natural gas and oil, coal contains very few impurities, such as sulfur

The country has such large reserves of coal

Secondary extraction of petroleum ________. A) occurs immediately after primary extraction B) is less expensive than primary extraction C) uses solvents, water, or steam D) allows the oil to be extracted to the last drop E) causes less environmental damage than tertiary extraction

Uses solvents water, or steam

Solar radiation makes several other energy sources possible, including

Wind energy

Energy conservation in the United States ________. A) can be accomplished only through changes in environmental laws B) is unlikely to ever occur C) can be accomplished by changes in tax laws D) will be a reality only if there is another major war E) can be improved as individuals make conscious choices to reduce personal consumption

can be improved as individuals make conscious choices to reduce personal consumption

Energy can be conserved by ________. A) cogeneration in power plants, fuel efficient transportation, reengineered appliances B) cogeneration in automobiles, especially in SUVs C) replacing compact florescent with tungsten bulbs D) replacing mass transit with more and larger roads for cars and trucks E) repealing the Law of Entropy

cogeneration in power plants, fuel efficient transportation, reengineered appliances

When assessing energy resources, it is helpful to use a measure called EROI, which is ________. A) energy returned minus energy invested B) energy returned plus energy invested C) amount of energy invested minus heat released into the environment D) money invested in extraction and processing minus money in sales E) energy returned divided by energy invested

energy returned divided by energy invested

Oil shale and oil sands ________. A) can be pumped from underground reservoirs like conventional crude oil B) are only a tiny fraction of the U.S. and Canadian potential oil reserves C) contain solid organic kerogens than can be mined and processed into petroleum D) have been too expensive to extract and use as energy resources E) deposits are concentrated in the Middle East. contain solid organic kerogens than can be mined and processed into petroleum

have been too expensive to extract and use as energy resources

Organizations like OPEC have formed _______. A) in order to take maximum advantage of developed nations dependence on imported oil B) to develop technologies to conserve non-renewable energy resources C) to protect their national members' petroleum reserves for their own use D) as a military alliance to protect developed nations' energy reserves E) to ensure that developing nations get their fair share of fossil fuels

in order to take maximum advantage of developed nations dependence on imported oil

The oil spill resulting from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster ________. A) is considered a minor incident compared to other oil spills B) is the worst oil spill in US history, causing damage to marine and coastal ecosystems C) resulted in a permanent ban on all offshore drilling in US coastal waters D) eclipsed all non-point oil spills by 500% E) was quickly cleaned up preventing loss of wildlife and damage to fisheries

is the worst oil spill in US history, causing damage to marine and coastal ecosystems

The average miles per gallon rating of U.S. vehicles has ________. A) doubled in the past two decades B) made no improvement the past two decades C) now matched the 45 mpg rating mandated by the European union D) been raised to 40 mpg because of the 2010 energy bill passed by Congress E) doubled since the 2008 election

made no improvement the past two decades

Many developed nations have their economies closely tied to imported fossil fuels. One important consideration is that ________. A) the economy can be disrupted by the decisions made in fuel exporting nations B) the economy will only improve if the price of fossil fuels increases C) as supplies decrease, fossil fuels decline in price D) if energy conservation is put into place, the cost of fossil fuels will decrease E) if energy conservation is put into place, the cost of fossil fuels will increase

the economy can be disrupted by the decisions made in fuel exporting nations

When we burn fossil fuels, ________. A) we liberate carbon back into the carbon cycle, increasing the amount available for plant growth B) the resulting carbonic acid leads to acid rain C) the greatest environmental impact is the impact on the ozone layer D) the greatest environmental impact is increased greenhouse gases E) the greatest environmental impact is the local damage from extraction

the greatest environmental impact is increased greenhouse gases

Of the available policy options regarding eventual conversion to renewable energy sources, environmentalists would probably prefer that ________. A) we pass laws immediately banning the use of fossil fuels B) we pass laws immediately banning the exploration and development of further fossil fuel resources C) we encourage, with subsidies, tax rebates, and grants, the rapid development and widespread use of renewable alternative energy resources D) we prepare for a gradual changeover by slowly increasing funding and putting alternative energy resources into place over the next 100 years E) we plan for the switch to renewable energy sources, but not implement any plans until all fossil fuels have been depleted

we encourage, with subsidies, tax rebates, and grants, the rapid development and widespread use of renewable alternative energy resources