APES Chapter 3

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for every increase/decrease of 1 on the pH scale, the change is equal to an increase/decrease of ______ times

10

what is the 10% rule

10% of energy is lost at each level of the pyramid (100 kg clover ---> 10 kg rabbit ---> .1 kg fox)

What process of the nitrogen cycle changes nitrogen forms

nitrification

What process of the nitrogen cycle is when N2 becomes part of the ground?

nitrogen fixation

what is produced when burning fuel or forests?

nitrous oxide

Where do nitrogen-fixing bacteria live?

nodules

compared to the other cycles, is the phosphorus cycle fast or slow?

slow

trophic level

an organisms feeding status in a food web

secondary consumer

animals that eat both animals/plants

herbivores

animals that eat plants (primary consumers)

What process of the nitrogen cycle eats with nitrogen

assimilation

The nitrogen cycle is a _________________ cycle

atmospheric

the carbon cycle is a _________________ cycle

atmospheric

What organisms do nitrogen fixation?

bacteria

photosynthesis ________ energy, while cellular respiration ___________ energy

captures, releases

What can occur in the dark?

cellular respiration

what can occur in light?

cellular respiration and photosynthesis

where does photosynthesis occur?

chloroplasts

What is net primary productivity (NPP)?

total amount of carbon fixed by organisms into living tissue minus that used for respiration over a period of time.

What is Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

total amount of carbon that was fixed by organisms over a period of time

forming bonds _______ energy; breaking bonds __________ energy

uses, releases

food web

interconnected food chains, and most consumers have multiple food sources

why is photosynthesis described as primary productivity?

it is the basis for all other growth in an ecosystem

food chain

linked feeding series

what are the four major categories of organic compounds?

lipids carbohydrates proteins nucleic acids

what is secondary productivity?

manufacture of biomass by organisms that eat plants

What is the largest reservoir of carbon?

sedimentary rocks (limestone)

what powers evaporation, precipitation, and transpiration?

the sun

why is solar energy essential?

-warmth -photosynthesis

What process of the nitrogen cycle has organisms produce waste with nitrogen

ammonification

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2.

water in the soil reacts with ammonia to form ___________

ammonium ion (NH4+)

equation for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

C in glucose is moved to C in _____________ by cellular respiration

CO2

What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

What is eutrophication?

Excessive nutrients in a water body causing overgrowth of algae.

what is released from decomposition of fertilizer and waste?

N2O

Formula for NPP

NPP = GPP - R

What is chemosynthesis?

When organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates

what is assimilation?

absorption of ammonia, ammonium ion, nitrate for use by plants to make nucleic acids, proteins

nitric acid, when dissolved in water causes _____________

acid rain

Free Nitrogen in the atmosphere is fixed by nitrogen fixing bacteria into _________

ammonia (NH3)

C in organic molecules is moved to C in carbon dioxide by _________________

combustion

what changes organic molecules with phosphorus back into phosphate

decomposition

what is ammonification?

decomposition process that converts organic nitrogen into ammonia (NH₃)

What process of the nitrogen cycle brings nitrogen back into the atmosphere

denitrification

What are all of the steps of the water cycle?

evaporation transpiration condensation precipitation runoff infiltration percolation

what is matter?

everything that has mass and takes up space

Plants and animals can't use free nitrogen gas in the atmosphere, they must have _____________ nitrogen

fixed

C in organic molecules in organisms is moved to C in _________________ over millions of years by pressure, heat, and bacterial action

fossil fuels

what does glucose serve as?

fuel for all metabolic processes

C in CO2 in atmosphere and in H2O is moved to C in _______________ by photosynthesis by producers

glucose

energy is lost as ________ in metabolic processes

heat

The phosphorus cycle is a ________________ cycle

sedimentary

carbon is required for formation of _____________ compounds in living things

organic

decomposers

organisms that recycle dead bodies and remove waste

what four elements make up 96% of the mass of living organisms?

oxygen carbon hydrogen nitrogen

C in limestone is released slowly to C in CO2 when exposed to ___________________

oxygen and/or water

what is a carbon sink?

parts of a cycle that remove/store CO2 from the atmosphere

What is denitrification?

performed by bacteria and fungi and break down nitrates in soil to release nitrogen in atmosphere.

what is nitrogen a limiting factor for?

primary productivity

what is productivity?

the amount of biomass produced in a given area during a given period of time

What is the second largest reservoir of carbon?

the ocean

what is ecology?

the study of the relationship between organisms and their enviornment

how is phosphate on land and in oceans released?

weathering

When is an ecosystem said to have high net primary productivity?

when the ecosystem has an abundant supply of sun and water (ex. coral reefs, rainforests)


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