APES Chapter 5 and 9 Test

what percentage of the world's known plant species have been examined for medicinal properties?

0.5%

Biodiversity experts estimate that during this century, the extinction rate due to human activities will rise to ___ times the background extinction rate

10,000

when the Endangered Species Act was established in 1973...

1394

if estimates of an extinction rate 10,000 times greater than the background rate are correct...

25-50%

a 2006 study estimated the total polar bear population is like to decline by how much by 2025

30-35%

by 1900, white-tailed deer populations in the U.S. were reduced to about ___, but now since laws...their population is over ___ in the U.S.

50,000; 25 million

what percentage of the world's 10,000 bird species is declining in number?

70%

we know that the introduction of nonnative species often results in unforeseen consequences.

precautionary principle

what idea proposes that we take measures to prevent harm to the environmental and human health...

precautionary principle

the best way to limit the impact of invasive species is to ___.

prevent them from being introduced in the first place

what invasive species threatens the Florida Everglades?

pythons

each population in an ecosystem has a ___ to variations in its physical and chemical environment

range of tolerance

which of the following exhibits secondary ecological succession

recently flooded land

what refers to the ability of a living system to be restored after a period of moderate to severe disturbance?

resilience

which scenario would be allowed under a habitat conservation plan?

a landowner, logger, or developer could destroy some critical habitat

some species that tend to reproduce later in life and have a small number of offspring with long life spans ___.

are vulnerable to extinction

biodiversity hotspots are ___.

areas with a variety of threatened or endangered species

the max population of a given species...

carrying capacity

some prey species discourage predators with chemicals that are poisonous, irritating, foul smelling, or bad tasting. what is this called?

chemical warfare

what is the most common distribution of populations

clumped

a population increases through birth and ___.

immigration

because birds live in every climate and biome, and because they are easy to track and count, they serve as excellent ___.

indicator species

the ability of a living system to survive moderate disturbances in called ___.

inertia

population declines among birds, especially long-distance migrant birds...

intentional poisoning

what occurs when members of two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources?

interspecific competition

a threatened species...

is one that is likely to become endangered

which of the following statements about kudzu is false

it can be controlled by normal weed control measures

the relationship between bacteria that live in the digestive systems...

mutualism

the relationship between clownfish and sea anemone is called ___.

mutualism

when two species behave in ways that benefit both by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource is called ___.

mutualism

bees use ___ to make ___.

nectar; honey

which statement about the introduction of nonnative species is false?

nonnative species provide no benefits to their new habitats

which of the following has caused the population of the southern sea otters to fluctuate?

parasites from house cats

what is said to occur when one organism feeds on another organism by living on or in the other organism?

parasitism

Bioprospectors are ___.

people who search for plants and animals scientist can use to make medical drugs

illegal hunting for profit is called ___.

poaching

the key role of a honeybee is to ___ plants and flowers

pollinate

a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species...

population

what would cause a population to overshoot its carrying capacity?

a reproductive time lag between birth and death rates

which of the following exhibits primary succession?

a rock exposed by a retreating glacier

if the resilience of a damaged ecosystem is low enough, the degraged area may not be restored...

a tipping point

what is a population's distribution of individuals among various age groups called?

age structure

there are ___ limits to population growth in nature

always

___ are most threatened with extinction because of human activities

amphibians

the primary reason why southern sea otter recovery is important is because they ___.

are a keystone species

most ecologists now recognize that mature, late-successional ecosystems ___.

are in a state of continual disturbance and change

parasites ___.

are usually microscopic

the rate at which extinctions occurred prior to the evolution of modern humans is called the

background extinction rate

DDT use in the 1950s and 1960s was nearly responsible for the extinction...

bald eagle

some toxic chemicals, such as those in DDT...

biomagnification

captive breeding programs in zoos ___.

can be used for most species except mammals

when the populations of two different species interact over long periods of time...

coevolution

what is the most common interaction between species

commensalism

what occurs when an interaction benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other?

commensalism

what species was intentionally introduced into the United States?

common pigeon

HIPPCO is a(n) ___.

company specializing in solving environmental problems

if multiple species find themselves competing for the same resource, the competition can be reduced by which of the following?

cooperation

in terms of habitat destruction, the greatest eliminator of species is the ___.

deforestation in tropical areas

what describes an organism that is too old to reproduce

elderly

plants such as bromeliads share a commensalism interaction with large trees in tropical and subtropical forests...

epiphytes

when plotting the number of individuals in a population against time, the data yield a J-shaped curve. what does this curve indicate?

exponential growth

the situation in which one set of species makes an area suitable for species with different nice requirements and often, less suitable for itself, is called ___.

facilitation

biologists believe the Endangered Species Act has been successful...

federal regulators have been heavy handed in enforcing the act

according to researchers, the greatest threat to wild species is ___.

habitat destruction

four of the following are ways that the pressure can be taken off of some endangered species; one is not

harvesting endangered species to preserve their skins and bones

the biggest problem with invasive species is that in the new location, the ___.

have no population controls such as predators

from the __ point of view, parasites are harmful, but from the __ perspective, parasites can promote diversity.

host's; population's

too much or too little of any physical or chemical factor can prevent the growth of a population...

limiting factor

exponential growth followed by a steady decrease in population growth...

logistic growth

grasslands have ___ and can burn easily

low resilience

the extinction of many species in a relatively short period of geologic time is called ___.

mass extinction

an endangered species ___.

may soon become extinct over all or most of its range

what group of animals receives the most protection by the use of wildlife refugees?

migratory waterfowl

species can, over a long period of time, develop adaptations that allow them to reduce or avoid...

resource partitioning

when a large, contiguous area of habitat is reduced in area and divided into smaller, more scattered patches, the process is called ___.

resource partitioning

kelp forests are composed of large concentrations of a(n) ___.

seaweed

what is succession that begins in an area where an ecosystem has been disturbed, removed, or destroyed...

secondary succession

kelp forests help reduce ___ by blunting the force of incoming waves and trapping some of the outgoing sand

shore erosion

four of the following are characteristics that make some species especially vulnerable to ecological and biological extinction...

small territories

kelp forests are a very important ecosystem in marine waters by supporting important biodiversity...

southern sea otters

there are many actions an individual can do take to help protect endangered and threatened species...

spread the word about the importance of this issue

the capacity to withstand external stress and disturbance is called ___.

stability

egg pulling refers to ___.

techniques used to extend the breeding span of captured birds

the most far-reaching and controversial environment law ever adopted requiring the identification of endangered and threatened species is ___.

the Endangered Species Act

the estimate of the background extinction rate is thought to be too low...

the growing human population is using fewer resources per person

the Convention of Biological Diversity, ratified by 191 countries...

the lack of ratification by the U.S.

which effect below is not a result of global warming?

the polar bear's hunting season is getting longer

what is the number of individuals in a population found within a defined area or volume that can limit the size of some populations?

the range of tolerance

what was the primary reason the southern sea otter nearly went extinct by the early 1900s

they have thick, luxurious fur

after a mass extinction, what happens to biodiversity rates?

they recover over millions of years

late successional plantsare largely unaffected by plants at earlier stages of succession because they are not in direct competition for resources, a factor called ___.

tolerance

CITES is a(n) ___.

treaty controlling the international trade in endangered wildlife

which of the following is not considered a form of nondestructive behavior?

using the energy or body of another organisms as a food source

the non-poisonous ___ butterfly gains protection by looking like the bad-tasting ___ butterfly, which is a protective device known as ___.

viceroy, monarch, camoflauge

biologists think there are four major reasons why we should work to prevent human activities from causing the extinction of other species...

we need animals, especially rare animals, for zoos

colony collapse disorder is ___.

when honey bees leave in winter and don't return to their hives in the spring