APES Chapter 5 and 9 Test
what percentage of the world's known plant species have been examined for medicinal properties?
0.5%
Biodiversity experts estimate that during this century, the extinction rate due to human activities will rise to ___ times the background extinction rate
10,000
when the Endangered Species Act was established in 1973...
1394
if estimates of an extinction rate 10,000 times greater than the background rate are correct...
25-50%
a 2006 study estimated the total polar bear population is like to decline by how much by 2025
30-35%
by 1900, white-tailed deer populations in the U.S. were reduced to about ___, but now since laws...their population is over ___ in the U.S.
50,000; 25 million
what percentage of the world's 10,000 bird species is declining in number?
70%
we know that the introduction of nonnative species often results in unforeseen consequences.
precautionary principle
what idea proposes that we take measures to prevent harm to the environmental and human health...
precautionary principle
the best way to limit the impact of invasive species is to ___.
prevent them from being introduced in the first place
what invasive species threatens the Florida Everglades?
pythons
each population in an ecosystem has a ___ to variations in its physical and chemical environment
range of tolerance
which of the following exhibits secondary ecological succession
recently flooded land
what refers to the ability of a living system to be restored after a period of moderate to severe disturbance?
resilience
which scenario would be allowed under a habitat conservation plan?
a landowner, logger, or developer could destroy some critical habitat
some species that tend to reproduce later in life and have a small number of offspring with long life spans ___.
are vulnerable to extinction
biodiversity hotspots are ___.
areas with a variety of threatened or endangered species
the max population of a given species...
carrying capacity
some prey species discourage predators with chemicals that are poisonous, irritating, foul smelling, or bad tasting. what is this called?
chemical warfare
what is the most common distribution of populations
clumped
a population increases through birth and ___.
immigration
because birds live in every climate and biome, and because they are easy to track and count, they serve as excellent ___.
indicator species
the ability of a living system to survive moderate disturbances in called ___.
inertia
population declines among birds, especially long-distance migrant birds...
intentional poisoning
what occurs when members of two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources?
interspecific competition
a threatened species...
is one that is likely to become endangered
which of the following statements about kudzu is false
it can be controlled by normal weed control measures
the relationship between bacteria that live in the digestive systems...
mutualism
the relationship between clownfish and sea anemone is called ___.
mutualism
when two species behave in ways that benefit both by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource is called ___.
mutualism
bees use ___ to make ___.
nectar; honey
which statement about the introduction of nonnative species is false?
nonnative species provide no benefits to their new habitats
which of the following has caused the population of the southern sea otters to fluctuate?
parasites from house cats
what is said to occur when one organism feeds on another organism by living on or in the other organism?
parasitism
Bioprospectors are ___.
people who search for plants and animals scientist can use to make medical drugs
illegal hunting for profit is called ___.
poaching
the key role of a honeybee is to ___ plants and flowers
pollinate
a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species...
population
what would cause a population to overshoot its carrying capacity?
a reproductive time lag between birth and death rates
which of the following exhibits primary succession?
a rock exposed by a retreating glacier
if the resilience of a damaged ecosystem is low enough, the degraged area may not be restored...
a tipping point
what is a population's distribution of individuals among various age groups called?
age structure
there are ___ limits to population growth in nature
always
___ are most threatened with extinction because of human activities
amphibians
the primary reason why southern sea otter recovery is important is because they ___.
are a keystone species
most ecologists now recognize that mature, late-successional ecosystems ___.
are in a state of continual disturbance and change
parasites ___.
are usually microscopic
the rate at which extinctions occurred prior to the evolution of modern humans is called the
background extinction rate
DDT use in the 1950s and 1960s was nearly responsible for the extinction...
bald eagle
some toxic chemicals, such as those in DDT...
biomagnification
captive breeding programs in zoos ___.
can be used for most species except mammals
when the populations of two different species interact over long periods of time...
coevolution
what is the most common interaction between species
commensalism
what occurs when an interaction benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other?
commensalism
what species was intentionally introduced into the United States?
common pigeon
HIPPCO is a(n) ___.
company specializing in solving environmental problems
if multiple species find themselves competing for the same resource, the competition can be reduced by which of the following?
cooperation
in terms of habitat destruction, the greatest eliminator of species is the ___.
deforestation in tropical areas
what describes an organism that is too old to reproduce
elderly
plants such as bromeliads share a commensalism interaction with large trees in tropical and subtropical forests...
epiphytes
when plotting the number of individuals in a population against time, the data yield a J-shaped curve. what does this curve indicate?
exponential growth
the situation in which one set of species makes an area suitable for species with different nice requirements and often, less suitable for itself, is called ___.
facilitation
biologists believe the Endangered Species Act has been successful...
federal regulators have been heavy handed in enforcing the act
according to researchers, the greatest threat to wild species is ___.
habitat destruction
four of the following are ways that the pressure can be taken off of some endangered species; one is not
harvesting endangered species to preserve their skins and bones
the biggest problem with invasive species is that in the new location, the ___.
have no population controls such as predators
from the __ point of view, parasites are harmful, but from the __ perspective, parasites can promote diversity.
host's; population's
too much or too little of any physical or chemical factor can prevent the growth of a population...
limiting factor
exponential growth followed by a steady decrease in population growth...
logistic growth
grasslands have ___ and can burn easily
low resilience
the extinction of many species in a relatively short period of geologic time is called ___.
mass extinction
an endangered species ___.
may soon become extinct over all or most of its range
what group of animals receives the most protection by the use of wildlife refugees?
migratory waterfowl
species can, over a long period of time, develop adaptations that allow them to reduce or avoid...
resource partitioning
when a large, contiguous area of habitat is reduced in area and divided into smaller, more scattered patches, the process is called ___.
resource partitioning
kelp forests are composed of large concentrations of a(n) ___.
seaweed
what is succession that begins in an area where an ecosystem has been disturbed, removed, or destroyed...
secondary succession
kelp forests help reduce ___ by blunting the force of incoming waves and trapping some of the outgoing sand
shore erosion
four of the following are characteristics that make some species especially vulnerable to ecological and biological extinction...
small territories
kelp forests are a very important ecosystem in marine waters by supporting important biodiversity...
southern sea otters
there are many actions an individual can do take to help protect endangered and threatened species...
spread the word about the importance of this issue
the capacity to withstand external stress and disturbance is called ___.
stability
egg pulling refers to ___.
techniques used to extend the breeding span of captured birds
the most far-reaching and controversial environment law ever adopted requiring the identification of endangered and threatened species is ___.
the Endangered Species Act
the estimate of the background extinction rate is thought to be too low...
the growing human population is using fewer resources per person
the Convention of Biological Diversity, ratified by 191 countries...
the lack of ratification by the U.S.
which effect below is not a result of global warming?
the polar bear's hunting season is getting longer
what is the number of individuals in a population found within a defined area or volume that can limit the size of some populations?
the range of tolerance
what was the primary reason the southern sea otter nearly went extinct by the early 1900s
they have thick, luxurious fur
after a mass extinction, what happens to biodiversity rates?
they recover over millions of years
late successional plantsare largely unaffected by plants at earlier stages of succession because they are not in direct competition for resources, a factor called ___.
tolerance
CITES is a(n) ___.
treaty controlling the international trade in endangered wildlife
which of the following is not considered a form of nondestructive behavior?
using the energy or body of another organisms as a food source
the non-poisonous ___ butterfly gains protection by looking like the bad-tasting ___ butterfly, which is a protective device known as ___.
viceroy, monarch, camoflauge
biologists think there are four major reasons why we should work to prevent human activities from causing the extinction of other species...
we need animals, especially rare animals, for zoos
colony collapse disorder is ___.
when honey bees leave in winter and don't return to their hives in the spring
