APES Chapter 5

Mutualism

2 species behave in ways that benefit both by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource. Benefit eahc other unitentionally, mutual exploitation.

Too much or too little of any physical or chemical factor can prevent the growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimum conditions. What is this ecological principle?

Limiting factor

Interspecific competition

Members of 2 or more species interact to use the same limited resource such as food, water, light, and space

When two species behave in ways that benefit both by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource, it is called ____.

Mutualism

Limiting factors

One or more factors that are more important that other factors in regulating population growth. Too much of too little of any physical or chemical factor can limit or prevent the growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near optimal range of tolerance.

Parasitism

One species feeds on another organism, usually by living on or inside the host. A parasite is usually much smaller that its host and rarely kills it. Most parasites remain closely associated with its host, draw nourishment from them, and may gradually weaken them over time.

What is said to occur when one organism feeds on another organism by living on or in the other organism?

Parasitism

What is the number of individuals in a population found within a defined area or volume that can limit the size of some populations?

Population density

Coevolution

Populations of 2 different species interact in such a way over a long period of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool of the other.

Which of the following exhibits secondary ecological succession?

Recently flooded land

The situation in which one set of species makes an area suitable for species with different niche requirements and often, less suitable for itself, is called ____.

Facilitation

What occurs when members of two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources?

Interspecific competition

Age structure

Its distribution of individuals among various age groups. Often grouped around reproductive ability.

Population density

The number of individuals in a population found within a defined area or volume.

Range of tolerance

Variations in needs for an organisms physical and chemical environments

Which of the following exhibits primary succession?

A rock exposed by a retreating glacier

Secondary ecological succession

A series of communities or ecosystems with different species develop in places containting soil or bottom sediment. begins in an area where an ecosystem has been distrubed, removed, or destroyed, but some soil or bottom sediemnt remains.

Examples of secondary ecological succession

Abandoned farmland, burned or cut forests, heavily polluted streams, flooded land

Most ecologists now recognize that mature, late-successional ecosystems ____.

Are in a state of continual disturbance and change

Some species that tend to reproduce later in life and have a small number of offspring with long life spans ____.

Are vulnerable to extinction

Examples of Primary Succession

Bare rock exposed by a retreating glacier, newly cooled lava, an abandoned highway parking lot, a newly created shallow pond or resevoir. Usually takes hundreds to thousands of years.

Examples of predation

Bears and salmon, sea otters and sea urchins, cows and grass

Commensalism

Benefits one species but has little, if any, beneficial or harmful effect on the other.

The maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely is the definition of ____.

Carrying capacity

Examples of Mutualism

Clownfish and sea anemones, gut inhabitant mutualism, impala and african birds

Bats prey on certain species of moths by using high frequency echolocation to locate their prey. Certain moths have evolved ears that can hear these frequencies allowing them to escape. This is an example of ____.

Coevolution

Examples of Commensalism

Epiphytes living on tree branches

If multiple species find themselves competing for the same resource, the competition can be reduced by which of the following?

Resource partitioning

Species can, over a long period of time, develop adaptations that allow them to reduce or avoid competition by sharing resources. This is called ____. *

Resource partitioning

Population Crash

Sharp decline in the population of a species.

Resource partitioning

Species competing for similar scarce resources evolve specialize traits that allow them to share resources by using parts of them, using them at different times, or using them in different ways.

Examples of Parasitism

Tapeworms, miseltoe, blood sucking lampreys, ticks

Inertia/persistence

The ability of a living system such as grassland or a forest to survive moderate disturbances.

Resilience

The ability of a living terrestrial system to be restored through secondary ecological succession after a more severe disturbance.

Environmental Resistance

The combination of all factors that act to limit the growth of a population

Primary ecological succession

The gradual establishment of communites of different species in lifeless areas where there is no soil in a terrestrial ecosystem or no bottom sediment in an aquatic ecosystem. Often increase the biodiversity of communities. Facilitation, inhibition, and tolerance.

Carrying capacity

The maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely

Ecological Succession

The normally gradual change in species composition in a given area.

Late successional plants are largely unaffected by plants at earlier stages of succession because they are not in direct competition for resources, a factor called ____.

Tolerance

Predation

one species (the predator) feeds directly on all or part of a living organism (the prey) as part of a food web.