APES Chapter 6-7

Infant Mortality Rate

Number of deaths of children under 1 years old per 1,000 births

Child Mortality rate

Number of deaths of children under 5 per 1,000 births

Secondary Succession

Occurs in areas that have been disturbed but have not lost their soil

Exponential Growth Model

Predicting the future population size

Individual

Simplest level of the ecosystem, a single organism

K-Selected Species

Species with a low intrinsic growth rate, which causes their population to increase slowly until they reach the carrying capacity

R-Selected Species

Species with high intrinsic growth rate because they reproduce often and produce large numbers of offspring

Carrying Capacity

The limit of how many individuals the food supply can sustain.

Survivorship Curves

Distinct patterns of survival over time

J-Shaped Curved

Exponential Growth Model Shape

Density-Independent Factors

Have the same effect on an individual's probability of survival and amount of reproduction at any population size

Population Distribution

How individuals are distributed with respect to one another 1) Random 2) Uniform 3) Clumped

Density-Dependent Factors

Influence an individual's probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that depends on the size of the population. For example, the amount of available food

True Predators

Kill their prey and consume of of what they kill

Factors Influencing species Richness

Latitude: Moving North or South of the equator, species decline Time: The longer a habitat exists, the more colonization speciation, and extinction can occur there

Parasites

Live on or in the organism they consume, referred to as their host

Developing Countries

Lo levels of industrialization and incomes of less than $3 per person per day

S-Shaped Curve

Logistic Growth Model Shape

Intrinsic Growth Rate

Maximum potential for growth under ideal conditions with unlimited resources available

Primary Succession

Occurs on surfaces that are initially devoid of soil, such as an abandoned paring lot, newly exposed rock left behind after a glacial retreat, or newly cooled lava

Commensalism

One species benefits but the other is neither hurt nor helped. Example, birds using treats and perches and fish using coral reefs as places to hide from predators

Parasitoids

Organisms that lay eggs inside other organisms. When the eggs hatch, they parasitoid larvae slowly consume the host from the inside out eventually leading to the host's death

Pathogens

Parasites that cause disease in their host

Immigration

People entering the country

Emigration

People leaving the country

Overshoot

Population becoming larger than the spring carrying capacity

Corridors

Strips of natural habitat that connect the separated populations

Community Ecology

Studies of interactions, which determine the survival of a specials in a habitat

Net migration rate

The Difference between immigration and emigration in a give year per 1,000 people

Replacement level fertility

The TFR required to offset the average number of deaths in a population so that the current population size stays stable

Life expectancy

The average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average life span and death rate in the country

Ecosystem

All biotic and abiotic components in a particular location

Doubling Time

70/growth rate

Metapopulation

A group of spatially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of individuals between them

Die Off

Population crash

Demographers

Scientists who study human populations and population trends

Growth Rate

The umber of offspring an individual can produce in a given time period, minus the deaths of the individual or its offspring during the same period.

Predation

The use of one species as a resource by another

Competitive Exclusion Principle

Two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist

Resource Partitioning

Two species divide a resource based on differences in the species' behavior or morphology

National Population Growth Rate

[(CBR+immigration) - (CDR + emigration)]/10= %

Developed Countries

Countries with relatively high levels of industrialization and income

Ecosystem Engineers

Create or maintain a habitat for other species

Theory of Island Biogeography

Demonstrates how habitat size and distance determine species richness

Logistic Growth Model

Describes a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment (K)

Population Age Structure

Description of how many individuals fit into particular age categories

Herbivores

Consume plants as prey. Typically eat only a fraction of an individual plant without killing it

Global Population Growth Rate

(CBR-CDR)/10= %

Limiting Resource

A resource that a population cannot live without and which occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size

Keystone Species

A species that plays a role in its community that is far more important than its relative abundance might suggest

Pioneer Species

Ability to colonize new areas rapidly and grow well in full sunshine

Population

All individuals that belong to the same species and live in a given area at a particular time

Biosphere

All of earth's ecosystems

Community

All of the populations of organisms within a given area

Total Fertility Rate

Average number of children each women in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years

Mutualism

Benefits two interacting species by increasing both species' chances of survival or reproduction. Example, Plants and pollinators

Crude Birth Rate

The number of births per 1,000 individuals

Crude Death Rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 individuals

Population Density

The number of individuals per unit area

Ecological Succession

The predictable replacement of one group of species by another group of species over time

Population Sex Ratio

The ration of males to females

Population Momentum

The reason population keeps on growing after birth control policies or voluntary birth reductions have begun to lower the crude birth rate

Competition

The struggle of individuals to obtain a limiting resource

Population Ecology

The study of factors that cause populations to increase of decrease

Demography

The study of human populations and population trends

Population Size

The total number of individuals within a defined areas at a given time