APES Chapter 6-7
Infant Mortality Rate
Number of deaths of children under 1 years old per 1,000 births
Child Mortality rate
Number of deaths of children under 5 per 1,000 births
Secondary Succession
Occurs in areas that have been disturbed but have not lost their soil
Exponential Growth Model
Predicting the future population size
Individual
Simplest level of the ecosystem, a single organism
K-Selected Species
Species with a low intrinsic growth rate, which causes their population to increase slowly until they reach the carrying capacity
R-Selected Species
Species with high intrinsic growth rate because they reproduce often and produce large numbers of offspring
Carrying Capacity
The limit of how many individuals the food supply can sustain.
Survivorship Curves
Distinct patterns of survival over time
J-Shaped Curved
Exponential Growth Model Shape
Density-Independent Factors
Have the same effect on an individual's probability of survival and amount of reproduction at any population size
Population Distribution
How individuals are distributed with respect to one another 1) Random 2) Uniform 3) Clumped
Density-Dependent Factors
Influence an individual's probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that depends on the size of the population. For example, the amount of available food
True Predators
Kill their prey and consume of of what they kill
Factors Influencing species Richness
Latitude: Moving North or South of the equator, species decline Time: The longer a habitat exists, the more colonization speciation, and extinction can occur there
Parasites
Live on or in the organism they consume, referred to as their host
Developing Countries
Lo levels of industrialization and incomes of less than $3 per person per day
S-Shaped Curve
Logistic Growth Model Shape
Intrinsic Growth Rate
Maximum potential for growth under ideal conditions with unlimited resources available
Primary Succession
Occurs on surfaces that are initially devoid of soil, such as an abandoned paring lot, newly exposed rock left behind after a glacial retreat, or newly cooled lava
Commensalism
One species benefits but the other is neither hurt nor helped. Example, birds using treats and perches and fish using coral reefs as places to hide from predators
Parasitoids
Organisms that lay eggs inside other organisms. When the eggs hatch, they parasitoid larvae slowly consume the host from the inside out eventually leading to the host's death
Pathogens
Parasites that cause disease in their host
Immigration
People entering the country
Emigration
People leaving the country
Overshoot
Population becoming larger than the spring carrying capacity
Corridors
Strips of natural habitat that connect the separated populations
Community Ecology
Studies of interactions, which determine the survival of a specials in a habitat
Net migration rate
The Difference between immigration and emigration in a give year per 1,000 people
Replacement level fertility
The TFR required to offset the average number of deaths in a population so that the current population size stays stable
Life expectancy
The average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average life span and death rate in the country
Ecosystem
All biotic and abiotic components in a particular location
Doubling Time
70/growth rate
Metapopulation
A group of spatially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of individuals between them
Die Off
Population crash
Demographers
Scientists who study human populations and population trends
Growth Rate
The umber of offspring an individual can produce in a given time period, minus the deaths of the individual or its offspring during the same period.
Predation
The use of one species as a resource by another
Competitive Exclusion Principle
Two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist
Resource Partitioning
Two species divide a resource based on differences in the species' behavior or morphology
National Population Growth Rate
[(CBR+immigration) - (CDR + emigration)]/10= %
Developed Countries
Countries with relatively high levels of industrialization and income
Ecosystem Engineers
Create or maintain a habitat for other species
Theory of Island Biogeography
Demonstrates how habitat size and distance determine species richness
Logistic Growth Model
Describes a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment (K)
Population Age Structure
Description of how many individuals fit into particular age categories
Herbivores
Consume plants as prey. Typically eat only a fraction of an individual plant without killing it
Global Population Growth Rate
(CBR-CDR)/10= %
Limiting Resource
A resource that a population cannot live without and which occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size
Keystone Species
A species that plays a role in its community that is far more important than its relative abundance might suggest
Pioneer Species
Ability to colonize new areas rapidly and grow well in full sunshine
Population
All individuals that belong to the same species and live in a given area at a particular time
Biosphere
All of earth's ecosystems
Community
All of the populations of organisms within a given area
Total Fertility Rate
Average number of children each women in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years
Mutualism
Benefits two interacting species by increasing both species' chances of survival or reproduction. Example, Plants and pollinators
Crude Birth Rate
The number of births per 1,000 individuals
Crude Death Rate
The number of deaths per 1,000 individuals
Population Density
The number of individuals per unit area
Ecological Succession
The predictable replacement of one group of species by another group of species over time
Population Sex Ratio
The ration of males to females
Population Momentum
The reason population keeps on growing after birth control policies or voluntary birth reductions have begun to lower the crude birth rate
Competition
The struggle of individuals to obtain a limiting resource
Population Ecology
The study of factors that cause populations to increase of decrease
Demography
The study of human populations and population trends
Population Size
The total number of individuals within a defined areas at a given time
