Psychology Chapter 1

Pavlov's work with learning in dogs focused on the concept of

Conditioning

A professional who holds A doctoral degree (buy has not attended medical school) and May work in a wide number of vocational settings would be a(n)

Psychologist

Scientists reported their results Even if an experiment failed because

Researchers studying the same thing will gain from what has already been learned

When Rashid graduated from college, he believed he had finally achieved his full potential. Maslow called Rashid's type of achievement

Self-actualization

Which of the following is true of doing research with people?

Sometimes people react in unexpected ways to the manipulations in an experiment.

Which perspective focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share

The evolutionary perspective

The idea that sexual orientation May be related to the birth order of male children was posited by researchers in the field

biopsychology

Today, Gestalt ideas are part of which branch of psychology?

cognitive psychology

Biopsychology has found mounting evidence of a biological cause for

schizophrenia

What is the main advantage of laboratory observation

the degree of control it gives the researcher

the sociocultural perspective studies

the effect people have on one another, both individually and in a large group

One drawback to the survey method is

the way in which a question is worded can affect the answer

In psychology in the twenty-first century:

there are seven major perspectives that are used to explain human behavior and mental processes

A(n) _______ reviews a proposed study and judges it according to safety and consideration for its participants

Institutional Review Board

Wilhelmina Wundt describes the process of objectively examining and measuring ones own thoughts and mental activities as

Objective introspection

Interesting weather viewing violence on television causes children to behave in increasingly violent ways the best method would be

An experiment

______ research is research for the sake of gaining scientific knowledge

Basic

Geo informed his current therapist, Dr. Harvey, that since his visit to the Grand Canyon, he has experienced such an intense fear of heights that he can no longer drive to his job, which requires him to cross a bridge. After realizing that Geo almost suffered a fall while at the Grand Canyon, Dr. Harvey concluded that Geo's fear of heights must be associated with his near-fall experience. Dr. Harvey's conclusion best relates to which early approach to psychology?

Behaviorism

Since birth, Jared has experienced a disturbing twitch that interferes with his ability to function. Through careful observation, it was discovered that Jared's uncontrollable behavior may be the result of a genetic predisposition. The psychological perspective that correlates best with this finding is _______. 1. behaviorism 2. evolutionary psychology 3. biopsychology 4. cognitive psychology

Biopsychology

Which research method will allow researchers to determine the cause of a behavior?

Conducting an experiment

The best method to use to determine the cause of a behavior is the

Experiment

Consider the following statement: "some women avoid computer science because it is stereotypically dominated by male. This, in turn, leads other woman to feel that this field is not accessible to them." This is an example of

Explanation

Dr. Garfield believes that while poverty can be detrimental to society, it does provide employment for many in fields such as social work, medicine, psychology, politics, and non-profit organizations. Dr. Garfield's belief relates best to which early field of psychology?

Functionalism

Which early perspective in psychology, associated with William James, focused on how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play?

Functionalism

William James was responsible for developing the theory of

Functionalism

How does humanism differ from psychodynamic theory and behaviorism?

Humanism focuses on people's ability to direct their own lives.

A(n) ______\ is a tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observation

Hypothesis

________ Was denied a PHD because She was a woman. She went on to achieve many professional achievements, including becoming the first female president of the American psychological Association in 1905

Mary Whiton Calkins

Studying children's interaction by watching them play on a school playground is an example of

Naturalistic observation

A(n) _______Specifically names the step that the experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in the experiment

Operationalization

In an effort to learn more about religious cults, Asma Attends the meeting of a religious group won't know for their court like practices and pretend to be interested in joining the group. Which of the following techniques best describes Asma's approach to gathering research information?

Participant observation

The textbook defines a ______As someone who seeks wisdom and knowledge through thinking and discussion

Philosopher

Waston's work with "little Albert" supported the idea that

Phobias can be learned through the process of conditioning

If a researcher find that people's shoe size increase as their height increases, then shoe size and height have a(n)

Positive correlation

Freud proposed that there is a(n) _______ mind into which we repress all of our threatening urges and desires

Unconscious

Which of the following examples best illustrates the placebo effect

You drink a non-alcoholic beverage that tastes like beer and begin to feel intoxicated.

Talking, facial expressions, and movements are elements of

behavior

____ are personal judgements based on beliefs rather than facts

biases

If deception is necessary, participants must then be _________ after the study.

debriefed

In psychology, researchers try to find the answers to

empirical questions

Dr. Eckler is looking for new ideas to examine and is interested in testing the notion that students who prepare for their exams by cramming will perform more poorly than students who study regularly throughout the semester. The notion being tested best depicts which of the following research concepts?

hypothesis

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment is the

independent variable

Which of the following is true about gestalt psychology ?

it focused on perception of patterns and whole figures and events

_____ is the rule of thumb stating that if there are two explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest explanation is more often the best one.

law of parsimony

Wundt referred to the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities as

objective introspection

_______ Refers to the tendency of observers to see what they expect to see

observer bias

_______ suggests that behavioral responses are reinforced when rewarded with pleasurable consequences

operant conditioning

Pia believes that she is an undercover CIA agent working for the President of the United States. Her delusions disappear, however, whenever she takes her psychotropic medication. Pia is most likely being treated by which of the following?

psychiatrist

Doreena is seeing a psychologist because of her intense fear of closed-in spaces. Doreena's therapist believes that her fear is the result of unresolved conflicts regarding her parents, as well as childhood experiences she had with them. To which school of psychology does Doreena's therapist most likely belong?

psychoanalysis

Mary is a psychologist who focuses on the role of the conscious and unconscious minds. To which perspective does Mary ascribe?

psychodynamic