APES: Chapter 7: Test Review (91%)

The crude birth rate is the number of live births per _____ persons in a given year

1,000

Place the following developments of a society in the order they would occur moving from pre-industrial to post-industrial in a demographic transition.

1. Better nutrition and healthcare 2. Death rates decrease 3. The country's population grows 4. Reasons for having children are minimized 5. Birth rates decrease 6. The country's population stabilizes

The doubling time for a population with an annual percentage growth rate of 7.0% is

10 years

Replacement level fertility is where people replace themselves. In developed countries, replacement level fertility is

2.1

The average fertility rate for the entire world is approximately

2.6

1. Number of children born in a year per thousand persons 2. Births plus immigration equals deaths plus emigration 3. Total number of children born to the average woman

3. Total fertility rate 1. Crude birth rate 2. Zero population growth (ZPG)

To calculate a rough estimate of the doubling time of a population, you can divide ______ by the reproduction rate.

70

Which of the following characteristics typically leads to DECREASES in total fertility rates; mark all that apply.

Access to contraception High costs of education Increased age to get married Increased opportunities for education and work for women

The region that had the highest total fertility rate in 1998 was

Africa

Most of the world's human settlements are clustered

Along coastlines and rivers

Which of the following countries is least likely to be one of the five largest in population size in 2050 based on current total fertility rates?

Brazil

Social factors affecting birth and fertility rates include

C) affluence (B) levels of education (E) all of these (A) attitudes toward large families and birth control (D) urbanization

Historical evidence shows that plagues and diseases:

Cause only minor or temporary setbacks in population growth trends

Which two countries have the largest number of people?

China and India

Birth rate would tend to decrease with a

Decrease in affluence

Pronatalist pressures are influences that lead people to

Have more children

For a country to progress into the industrial phase of demographic transition, which of the following changes must be made regarding the status of women in a society?

Increase the availability of contraceptives

"Birth dearths" can be a problem because they cause

Labor shortages Military weakness A decrease in workers A decrease in taxpayers All of these are correct

Which of the following is considered a TRUE pronatalist pressure?

Legitimate needs for support in old age The need for hands to help in farm work and to watch younger siblings Macho pride in men who have many children Woman's status determined by the number of children she has All of these are correct

Less developed countries can best argue that developed countries are primarily responsible for overpopulation problems because

Less developed countries were many times impoverished by colonialism

The I = PAT formula says that our environmental impacts (I) are the product of

The population size times affluence and the technology used to produce goods and services consumed

Which of the following population characteristics is generally associated with developing countries?

Urban Easy access to healthcare Many opportunities for education and work for women

Human population growth most closely resembles

a J-shaped growth curve

ZPG or zero population growth occurs when

births + immigration = deaths + emigration

developed or developing In _______ countries, population growth rates are low, but the number of resources used per person is extremely high.

developed

A demographic transition is expected to accompany

economic development and stabilization

All of the following factors affect the crude death rate of a population EXCEPT

emigration

A pyramid-shaped age-structure histogram is characteristic of a(n) _________ population.

expanding

The main cause of world population growth in the past 300 years has been

falling mortality

The demographic transition refers to a country's change from

high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

Populations entering the industrial phase of demographic transition exhibit

improved status for women

Ninety percent of the world's population growth in the next century is expected to occur in

less-developed countries

Two useful indicators of overall health in a country or region are

life expectancy - the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. infant mortality rate - the number of babies out of 1000 born who die before their first birthday

The total fertility rate is the

number of children born to an average woman in a population during her entire reproductive life

The population theory held by Thomas Malthus was that the human population would

outstrip its resources, then suffer starvation and misery

Crude birth rates are measured in terms of the number of children born

per 1000 people each year

Proponents of social justice believe that environmental and social problems will decrease if

resources are distributed more equitably

Zero population growth requires slightly over two children per couple because

some children die and some couples do not have children

The demographic reasons for Russia's declining population is believed to be

the standard of living has decreased leading to higher death rates and lower birth rates

Women who are least likely to have many children are also likely

to be able to earn an income for themselves

Many demographers believe that birth rates generally decrease as the level of development increases because

women tend to have more influence in family planning