APES: Chapter 7: Test Review (91%)
The crude birth rate is the number of live births per _____ persons in a given year
1,000
Place the following developments of a society in the order they would occur moving from pre-industrial to post-industrial in a demographic transition.
1. Better nutrition and healthcare 2. Death rates decrease 3. The country's population grows 4. Reasons for having children are minimized 5. Birth rates decrease 6. The country's population stabilizes
The doubling time for a population with an annual percentage growth rate of 7.0% is
10 years
Replacement level fertility is where people replace themselves. In developed countries, replacement level fertility is
2.1
The average fertility rate for the entire world is approximately
2.6
1. Number of children born in a year per thousand persons 2. Births plus immigration equals deaths plus emigration 3. Total number of children born to the average woman
3. Total fertility rate 1. Crude birth rate 2. Zero population growth (ZPG)
To calculate a rough estimate of the doubling time of a population, you can divide ______ by the reproduction rate.
70
Which of the following characteristics typically leads to DECREASES in total fertility rates; mark all that apply.
Access to contraception High costs of education Increased age to get married Increased opportunities for education and work for women
The region that had the highest total fertility rate in 1998 was
Africa
Most of the world's human settlements are clustered
Along coastlines and rivers
Which of the following countries is least likely to be one of the five largest in population size in 2050 based on current total fertility rates?
Brazil
Social factors affecting birth and fertility rates include
C) affluence (B) levels of education (E) all of these (A) attitudes toward large families and birth control (D) urbanization
Historical evidence shows that plagues and diseases:
Cause only minor or temporary setbacks in population growth trends
Which two countries have the largest number of people?
China and India
Birth rate would tend to decrease with a
Decrease in affluence
Pronatalist pressures are influences that lead people to
Have more children
For a country to progress into the industrial phase of demographic transition, which of the following changes must be made regarding the status of women in a society?
Increase the availability of contraceptives
"Birth dearths" can be a problem because they cause
Labor shortages Military weakness A decrease in workers A decrease in taxpayers All of these are correct
Which of the following is considered a TRUE pronatalist pressure?
Legitimate needs for support in old age The need for hands to help in farm work and to watch younger siblings Macho pride in men who have many children Woman's status determined by the number of children she has All of these are correct
Less developed countries can best argue that developed countries are primarily responsible for overpopulation problems because
Less developed countries were many times impoverished by colonialism
The I = PAT formula says that our environmental impacts (I) are the product of
The population size times affluence and the technology used to produce goods and services consumed
Which of the following population characteristics is generally associated with developing countries?
Urban Easy access to healthcare Many opportunities for education and work for women
Human population growth most closely resembles
a J-shaped growth curve
ZPG or zero population growth occurs when
births + immigration = deaths + emigration
developed or developing In _______ countries, population growth rates are low, but the number of resources used per person is extremely high.
developed
A demographic transition is expected to accompany
economic development and stabilization
All of the following factors affect the crude death rate of a population EXCEPT
emigration
A pyramid-shaped age-structure histogram is characteristic of a(n) _________ population.
expanding
The main cause of world population growth in the past 300 years has been
falling mortality
The demographic transition refers to a country's change from
high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates
Populations entering the industrial phase of demographic transition exhibit
improved status for women
Ninety percent of the world's population growth in the next century is expected to occur in
less-developed countries
Two useful indicators of overall health in a country or region are
life expectancy - the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. infant mortality rate - the number of babies out of 1000 born who die before their first birthday
The total fertility rate is the
number of children born to an average woman in a population during her entire reproductive life
The population theory held by Thomas Malthus was that the human population would
outstrip its resources, then suffer starvation and misery
Crude birth rates are measured in terms of the number of children born
per 1000 people each year
Proponents of social justice believe that environmental and social problems will decrease if
resources are distributed more equitably
Zero population growth requires slightly over two children per couple because
some children die and some couples do not have children
The demographic reasons for Russia's declining population is believed to be
the standard of living has decreased leading to higher death rates and lower birth rates
Women who are least likely to have many children are also likely
to be able to earn an income for themselves
Many demographers believe that birth rates generally decrease as the level of development increases because
women tend to have more influence in family planning