APES Chapters 4 & 5

Which of the following biogeochemical cycles includes the processes of buffering ocean pH and photosynthesis, as shown in the diagram? A The carbon cycle B The nitrogen cycle C The phosphorus cycle D The potassium cycle

A

The total rate of photosynthesis in a given area. A Primary productivity B Gross primary productivity C Net primary productivity D Cellular respiration

B

Based on the second law of thermodynamics, how much biomass of phytoplankton would be needed to produce 1 kilogram (kg) of large fish in this food web? A 1g B 10g C 100kg D 1,000kg

D

This freshwater biome is characterized by fast-flowing water that can originate from underground springs or runoff, which carries sediment and organic material. A Coral reefs B Freshwater wetlands C Open ocean D Rivers

D

This rate of reaction can be measured in the dark by determining the amount of oxygen gas consumed in a period of time. A Primary productivity B Gross primary productivity C Net primary productivity D Cellular respiration

D

Which of the following best describes an example of resource partitioning in an ecosystem? A Two different bird species feed from the same oak tree; one eats acorns, and the other eats insects in the bark. B A tick uses a white-tailed deer as its host, consuming the deer's blood as food. C Two individuals from the same population of barn owls hunt for the same species of mouse during the night. D A mason bee pollinates a variety of flowers in a botanical garden.

A

Which of the following trophic levels represents a primary producer in an aquatic food chain? A Phytoplankton B Herbivorous zooplankton C Carnivorous zooplankton D Baleen whale

A

Farmers in a suburban coastal town started using no-till agriculture, a practice that reduces soil erosion from their farmland. Use the image above to determine which of the following long-term effects no-till agriculture will have on the ecosystem surrounding the farmland. A There will be an increased need for fertilizer on farmlands. B There will be less algal growth in the nearby ocean. C There will be less phosphorous pollution in the atmosphere. D There will be an increased deposition of phosphorous-rich sediments.

B

Six white-tailed deer and six sika deer were enclosed in a pasture for observation during an eight-year study in central Texas. White-tailed deer are a native species to central Texas, while sika deer are a nonnative species to central Texas. White-tailed deer feed on flowering plants and the tips of trees and shrubs but do not eat grass. Sika deer feed on flowering plants, the tips of trees and shrubs, and grass. All other grazing animals were kept out of the pasture during the study. The number of sika deer more than doubled after the eight years, while the population of white-tailed deer decreased by 50 percent. Which of the following statements best supports the results from the study? A The sika deer are generalists, while the white-tailed deer are specialists. B The sika deer out competed the white-tailed deer in consuming flowering plants and shrubs. C Parasites infected the sika deer population but did not infect the white-tailed deer population. D Change in the local climate reduced the availability of food resources for the white-tailed deer population.

B

Which of the following best identifies a key component of the hydrologic cycle that powers the movement of water and is missing from the diagram? A Terrestrial animals B The Sun C Bacteria D Volcanoes

B

Which of the following processes is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers? A Nitrogen assimilation B Nitrogen fixation C Photosynthesis D Weathering

B

Based on the food web shown above, which of the following correctly describes the flow of energy through the trophic levels from producers to quaternary consumers? A Red-tailed hawk, grasshopper mouse, grasshopper, rattlesnake, brittlebrush B Red-tailed hawk, rattlesnake, grasshopper mouse, grasshopper, brittlebrush C Brittlebrush, grasshopper, grasshopper mouse, rattlesnake, red-tailed hawk D Brittlebrush, red-tailed hawk, rattlesnake, grasshopper mouse, grasshopper

C

Which of the following best describes the flow of energy in most terrestrial and near-surface marine ecosystems? A Decomposers break down dead or decaying organisms to release energy and nutrients to be used by producers. B Chemoautotrophs use inorganic energy sources, such as hydrogen sulfide, to create organic compounds from carbon dioxide. C Apex predators feed on other organisms, which releases heat that can be used by producers and primary consumers. D Producers use energy from the sun to make organic matter, such as sugars, from carbon dioxide and water and are then consumed by organisms higher in the food chain.

D

A temperate grassland biome has a gross primary productivity of 3,480kilocalories/meter2/year and a net primary productivity of 2,000kilocalories/meter2/year. Which of the following is the approximate number of kilocalories/meter2/year available to herbivores in that biome? A 200kilocalories/meter2/year B 1,480kilocalories/meter2/year C 2,000kilocalories/meter2/year D 5,480kilocalories/meter2/year

A

The diagram below shows a model of the global movement of water in the hydrologic cycle. Based on the diagram, which of the following statements about the hydrologic cycle is true? A Water from the ocean evaporates and condenses in the atmosphere. B Surface runoff is the primary recharge of groundwater. C Infiltration of water into the ground prevents water from returning to the oceanic reservoir. D Evapotranspiration from plants decreases atmospheric water vapor.

A

Which of the following best describes a terrestrial ecosystem that will have the highest net primary productivity? A Warm temperatures, high rainfall, and consistent sunlight B Hot temperatures, low rainfall, and consistent sunlight C Cold temperatures, high rainfall, and inconsistent sunlight D Warm temperatures, low rainfall, and inconsistent sunlight

A

Which of the following describes the most likely change to terrestrial biomes resulting from warmer average global temperatures? A The global distribution of midlatitude biomes, such as grasslands and temperate rain forests, would increase. B Deciduous trees found in temperate seasonal forests would flower later in the year. C The latitude range of tropical rain forests would narrow closer to the equator. D High-latitude biomes, such as the tundra, would experience a decrease in net primary productivity.

A

Which represents a carbon sink that holds carbon compounds for the shortest period of time? A Vegetation B Sedimentary Rock C Ocean D Burning fossil fuels

A

Which of the following statements is best supported by the diagram of the phosphorus cycle? A The largest reservoir of phosphorus is in the atmosphere. B The phosphates absorbed by animal tissue through consumption eventually return to the soil. C Plants take up the phosphate ions primarily from the metamorphic rocks. D Phosphates are not soluble in water.

B

Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest net primary productivity? A Desert B Tropical rain forest C Taiga D Savanna

B

Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest primary productivity per unit area? A Desert B Tropical rain forest C Boreal forest D Savanna

B

This biome contains a nutrient-rich environment created by falling leaves and trapped organic materials from the large trees, and it provides the ecosystem service of filtering pollutants from water. A Coral reefs B Freshwater wetlands C Open ocean D Rivers

B

In reef ecosystems, corals often have microalgae living inside them. The algae supply the corals with nutrients, and the coral give shelter to the algae. Which of the following interactions best describes the relationship between the corals and the algae? A Competition B Predation C Mutualism D Parasitism

C

Which trophic level has the least available energy in kilojoules in this food web? A Phytoplankton B Herbivorous zooplankton C Baleen whale D Killer whale

D

This biome is found in shallow waters off the coastline and is Earth's most biologically diverse marine biome. A Coral reefs B Freshwater wetlands C Open ocean D Rivers

A

Which of the following types of organisms are required to complete the nitrogen cycle, including the process of denitrification? A Bacteria B Producers C Consumers D Fungi

A

The diagram below shows the hydrologic cycle. Which of the following smaller reservoirs of freshwater are missing from the diagram? A Fossil fuels B Rocks C Ice caps D Algae

C

The energy available to consumers determined by subtracting the energy used by plants from the total energy transformed by the process of photosynthesis. A Primary productivity B Gross primary productivity C Net primary productivity D Cellular respiration

C

The majority of the nitrogen on Earth can be found in which of the following reservoirs? A Terrestrial plants B Soil bacteria C The atmosphere D Sedimentary rock

C

Energy is transferred along food chains from one stage to the next. Which statement best explains how the energy is transferred? A If a primary consumer stores 100kcal of energy, then a secondary consumer that feeds on the primary consumer will also have 100kcal of energy available. B If a primary producer stores 10,000kcal of energy, then a tertiary consumer will have 10kcal of energy available. C If a primary producer stores 100,000kcal of energy, then a secondary consumer will have 10,000kcal of energy available. D If a secondary consumer stores 500kcal of energy, then a tertiary consumer that feeds on the secondary consumer will have 5,000kcal of energy available.

B

Which of the following best describes what is represented by the arrows in the food web? A The photosynthetic rates of producers B The flow of energy C The movement of predators D The decomposition of matter

B