APES Population

age structure

# and porportion of ppl at each age in a pop.

replacement- level fertility

# of children a couple must have to "replace" themselves

carrying capacity

(K) represents the largest population that can be maintained for an indefinite period by a particular environmnet

moderately developed countries

(b)rates & IMR are higher than MDCs. medium level of industrialization

preindustrial stage

(b)rates and (d)rates are high, pop grows at a modest rate. IMF is high (Finland during the late 1700s)

environmental resistance

All the limiting factors that tend to reduce population growth rates and set the maximum allowable population size or carrying capacity of an ecosystem

LDCs

Bangladesh, Nigera, Ethiopia, Laos, Cambodia

exponential population growth

Growth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment, represented by a J-shaped curve when population size is plotted over time.

natural increase rate

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

demographic transition

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

population ecology

The study of populations in relation to the environment, including environmental influences on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size

MDCs

USA, Canada, France, Germany, Sweden, Australia, Japan

consumption overpopulation

a situation in which each individual in a pop. consumes too large a share of resources, resulting in pollution, environmental degradation, and resources depletion

people overpopulation

a situation in which there are too many ppl in a given area, resulting in pollution, environmental degradation, and resource depletion, even though each individual consumes few resources

density- independent factor

an environmental factor that affects the size of pop but is not influenced by changes in pop density

density- dependent factor

an environmental factor whose effects on a population change as population density change: it tends to retard pop. growth as population density increases and enhance pop growth as pop density decreases

industrial stage

decline in (b)rate and takes place during industrialization process. pop growth, (d)rate is low (Finland in early 1900s)

emigration

dispersal of individuals from a population, bound for another are or country in which to live

immigration

dispersal of individuals into a population from another area or country

demographic fatigue

governments face overwhelming challenges related to population growth

postindustrial stage

heavily industrialized, ppl are better educated adn more affluent. pop grows slowly, decrease in (b)rate and (d)rate

nonrenewable resources

limited supplies and are depleted by use EX) minerals (aluminum, tin, copper), and fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)

MDC

low growth rate highly industrial low birth rates low infant mortality rates longer life expectancy

transitional stage

lowered (d)rate, (b)rate is still high, pop grows rapidly (Finalnd in mid-1800s)

biotic potential

maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions

dispersal

movement of individuals among populations

population density

number of individuals per unit area

LDC

opposite of MDC status

survivorship

probability that a given individual in a population will survive to a particular age

age structure diagram

representing the # of males and females at each age, from birth to death

renewable resources

reused supplies; nature replace these things rapidly and can be used forever EX) trees, water, soil, fishes

infant mortality rate

the # of infant deaths per 1,000 live births

demography

the application of population ecology to the study of humans

ecological footprint

the average amount of land and ocean needed to supply and individual with food, energy, water, housing, transportation,and waste disposal

total fertility rate

the average number of children born to each woman during her lifetime

life expectancy

the average number of years that an individual is likely to continue to live

population growth momentum

the continued growth of a pop. after fertility rates have declined, as a result of a pop's youngs age structure; it can be either positive or negative

compact development

the design of cities so that tall, multiple-unit residential buildings are close to shopping and jobs, all of which are connected by public transportation

urban heat island

the heat released by human activties is retained by the paved streets adn buildings slowly released into the atmosphere

consumption

the human use of materials and energy

growth rate

the natural increase of a population, expressed as percent per year

birth rate

the number of babies born per 1,000 people in an area

death rate

the number of deaths per 1,000 people in an area

doubling time

the number of years it will take a population to double in size, given its current growth rate

urbanization

the process in which people increasingly move from rural areas to densely populated cities

sustainable consumption

the use of goods and services that satsify basic human needs and improve the quality of life but that also minimize the use of nonrenewable and renewable resources so they are available for future generations

zero population growth

when a pop is no longer increasing (or decreasing) (b)rate = (d)rate

pronatalists

who favor population growth