APES UNIT 3 AP CLASSROOM

The following age structure diagrams were created for various counties in the United States from 2000 census data.In a given county, the population size is decreasing because there are fewer prereproductive-aged individuals in the population. Which of the age structure diagrams best illustrates the population of this county? A A B B C C D D

A A

Based on the data in the graph, when did more-developed regions first reach replacement level fertility? A 1950 B 1970 C 1990 D 2010

B 1970

Which of the following density-independent factors can affect the size of a human population? A Disease B Availability of food C Heat waves D Access to clean water

C heat waves

The demographic transition model describes population change over time as a country becomes more developed. Age-structure diagrams describe how populations are distributed across age ranges. Which of the following age-structure diagrams best displays the age ranges in a country that is in stage 2 of the demographic transition? A A stationary age-structure diagram B An inverted pyramid age-structure diagram C A constrictive age-structure diagram D An expansive pyramid age-structure diagram

D An expansive pyramid age-structure diagram

Which of the following graphs best displays population size over time of an r-selected species that has just colonized a new habitat with abundant resources? A. J curve B. Negative parabola C. J curve with overshoots and die offs D. Sharp Curves

A. J curve

The graph below shows three different survivorship curves. Cycads are gymnosperms that were diverse and abundant during the Mesozoic era. Extant species of cycads share many traits with those from the Mesozoic era. Cycads bear cones, are long-lived with slow growth rates, show late reproductive maturity, and have very few offspring. Based on this description, the cycads are A. K-strategists with a Type I survivorship curve. B. r-strategists with a Type III survivorship curve. C. K-strategists with a Type III survivorship curve. D. r-strategists with a Type II survivorship curve.

A. K-strategists with a Type I survivorship curve.

Based on the data in the graph, what was the average number of children born per woman in less-developed regions in 1975 ? A 1.9 B 3.9 C 4.7 D 5.4

C 4.7

Raccoons eat a variety of foods and can live in a variety of habitats, including locations near humans. Tiger salamanders eat an abundance of worms and insects and require wetland habitats so they do not dry out. Which of the following best identifies the two different species? A. Raccoons are decomposers, and tiger salamanders are scavengers. B. Raccoons are carnivores, and tiger salamanders are herbivores. C. Raccoons are generalists, and salamanders are specialists. D. Raccoons have a Type II survivorship curve, and tiger salamanders have a Type I survivorship curve.

C. Raccoons are generalists, and salamanders are specialists.

A variety of plants and animals inhabit a forest ecosystem. Which statement correctly explains why certain organisms would be more likely to survive than others if a forest fire burned the area? A Specialist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions and they have a limited diet. B Specialist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a large range of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources. C Generalist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions and they have a limited diet. D Generalist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources.

D Generalist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources.

Which of the age structure diagrams best illustrates a county that has a stable population size and slow or no population growth? A A B B C C D D

D D

Which of the following species is most likely to provide extensive parental care to its offspring? A. Species / Number of Fertilized Eggs Produced per Year Oyster / 5,000,000,000 B. Species / Number of Fertilized Eggs Produced per Year Fish / 8,000 C. Species / Number of Fertilized Eggs Produced per Year Rabbit / 12 D. Species / Number of Fertilized Eggs Produced per Year Bobcat / 2

D. Species / Number of Fertilized Eggs Produced per Year Bobcat / 2

Which of the following best describes the change in the carrying capacity of the human population if growth is limited by conditions set forth by the Malthusian theory? A. The carrying capacity will increase, and the human population size will grow exponentially. B. The carrying capacity will remain constant, and the human population size will stabilize. C. The carrying capacity will remain constant, and the human population size will experience an overshoot. D. The carrying capacity will decrease, and the human population size will experience a dieback.

D. The carrying capacity will decrease, and the human population size will experience a dieback.

The graphs below show changes in a population over time. The dashed line represents the carrying capacity of the species. Which of the following graphs best shows the population size of a K-selected species over time in a stable environment?

Graph c

Which of the following best describes a difference between generalist species and specialist species? A Generalists use a large range of resources, while specialists have a limited range of resources they use to survive. B Generalists can thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions, while specialists thrive in a variety of environmental conditions. C Generalists are often herbivores, while specialists are often omnivores. D Generalists are more prone to extinction than specialists are.

A Generalists use a large range of resources, while specialists have a limited range of resources they use to survive.

Which of the following statements best describes why birth and death rates are changing in a country that is in Phase 2 of the demographic transition? A Individuals have better sanitation and access to clean drinking water. B Individuals have increased availability of birth control and have smaller family sizes. C The population has a high infant mortality rate because of the lack of health care. D The population size stops increasing and may decline if birth rates are lower than death rates.

A Individuals have better sanitation and access to clean drinking water.

A country is currently in the second stage of the demographic transition. Currently the country has a birth rate of 37.9 births per 1,000 individuals and a death rate of 13.4 deaths per 1,000 individuals. Which of the following changes would indicate that the country is moving from the second stage into the third stage of the demographic transition? A The birth rate declines to 25.3 births per 1,000 individuals. B The birth rate declines to 13.1 births per 1,000 individuals. C The birth rate rises to 43.1 births per 1,000 individuals. D The death rate rises to 37.9 deaths per 1,000 individuals.

A The birth rate declines to 25.3 births per 1,000 individuals.

The rule of 70 can be used to determine a population's doubling time. Doubling time is a measure of the A population growth rate B environmental impact of each individual in a population C length of time an individual born in a population is expected to live D average age of the first reproductive event per 1,000 women in a country

A population growth rate

Salamanders, ospreys, snapping turtles, and beavers all live in aquatic habitats. Salamanders lay their eggs in small freshwater pools and feed on insects. Osprey habitats include rivers, bays, and swamps and the birds feed on fish and other animals in the water or on land. Snapping turtles live in fresh or brackish water and feed on plants, fish, frogs, and snakes. Beavers build lodges on islands, pond banks, and lake shores and eat a variety of shrubs, grasses, and crops. Based on the information provided above, which of the following species would best be classified as a specialist? A. Salamanders B. Ospreys C. Snapping turtles D. Beavers

A. Salamanders

Which of the following species is most likely to be an invasive species if introduced into a favorable new habitat? A. Species / Number of Fertilized Eggs Produced per Year Oyster / 5,000,000,000 B. Species / Number of Fertilized Eggs Produced per Year Fish / 8,000 C. Species / Number of Fertilized Eggs Produced per Year Rabbit / 12 D. Species / Number of Fertilized Eggs Produced per Year Bobcat / 2

A. Species / Number of Fertilized Eggs Produced per Year Oyster / 5,000,000,000

Figure 1 shows the population sizes for the moose population and the wolf population on Isle Royale. Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph for the population of wolves between 1975 and 1985? A. The population declined following depletion of food resources after a population overshoot. B. The population reached its carrying capacity in 1980 because there was abundant prey. C. The population increased exponentially when a new predator species was introduced to the island. D. The population declined slightly and then returned to its carrying capacity following the outbreak of a disease.

A. The population declined following depletion of food resources after a population overshoot.

In 1950, a country had a total fertility rate of 5.9. In 2010, the total fertility rate of the country was 2.3. Which of the following is most likely the reason for the change in total fertility rate? A. Women had increased educational opportunities and had children later in life. B. Families had limited access to family planning and contraceptives. C. There were lower infant mortality rates as a result of increased access to healthcare. D. The country shifted to a more agricultural-based economy and the need for child labor decreased.

A. Women had increased educational opportunities and had children later in life.

Based on current trends and patterns, which of the following statements best predicts how the human population will change over the next 50 years? A As the amount of available food and drinking water increases, the population size will also increase. B As the population density increases, there will be an increase in disease transmission, leading to increased mortality. C A decrease in the number and magnitude of earthquakes and tsunamis will decrease the amount of land available for agriculture, leading to decreased fecundity. D As educational and economic opportunities increase for women in less developed countries, both the total fertility rate and the population size will increase.

B As the population density increases, there will be an increase in disease transmission, leading to increased mortality.

A scientist is studying a biome that experiences large seasonal fluctuations in both temperature and precipitation patterns. Which of the following would best characterize the organisms that inhabit the biome? A Habitat specialists would be most abundant, because they have broad niches. B Generalists would be most abundant, because the resources available would be constantly changing. C Generalists that feed only on animals would be more abundant in the summer months, while generalists that feed only on plants would be more abundant in the winter months. D Specialists that live in trees would be more abundant in the summer months, whereas specialists that live in caves would be more abundant in the winter months.

B Generalists would be most abundant, because the resources available would be constantly changing.

Scientists collected data for 35 years on the populations of mice and owls in a given area.Which of the following claims is best supported by the data shown in the table above? A The owl population experienced increased mortality between 2010 and 2015 because of small prey populations. B The owl population experienced population overshoot between 1995 and 2000 because of increased competition for resources. C The mouse population experienced increased fecundity between 2000 and 2005 because of declining resources. D The mouse population experienced zero population growth between 1985 and 1990 because of the large number of predators.

B The owl population experienced population overshoot between 1995 and 2000 because of increased competition for resources.

Researchers monitored the number of reindeer over time on an island off the coast of Alaska. The reindeer were introduced in year 1, and the population size was counted every 5 years. The data are shown in the table above. Which of the following claims about trends in the population size over time is best supported by the data? A The population did not have enough males to help the herd survive, so the population declined over time. B The population exceeded the carrying capacity of the island, which led to a decrease in the population size following extreme resource depletion. C The population experienced significant reindeer immigration after year 20. D The reindeer formed mutualistic relationships and thrived between year 10 and year 20.

B The population exceeded the carrying capacity of the island, which led to a decrease in the population size following extreme resource depletion

Which of the following statements best describes the pattern seen in age structure diagram C? A The county has very little difference between the number of individuals in younger age groups and in older age groups, indicating a declining population size. B There is an imbalance between males and females, with a ratio of 1.5 men to every woman in the population. C The county most likely has a total fertility rate of less than 2.0. D There are more women than men between the ages of 35-49 as a result of immigration of women into the county.

B There is an imbalance between males and females, with a ratio of 1.5 men to every woman in the population

The graph below shows the survivorship curve for bees over time.Which of the following claims best supports the classification of bees as an organism that displays a Type II survivorship curve, as shown in the graph above? A Queen bees are capable of laying up to 2,000 eggs in one day. B Away from the colony, bees experience a constant probability of death per unit time as a foraging species. C Bees communicate using chemical signals and exchange information through vibration of their wings. D Populations of bees are declining in North America due to habitat loss and pesticide use.

B Away from the colony, bees experience a constant probability of death per unit time as a foraging species.

Song sparrows are found in a variety of habitats, including marshes, grasslands, agricultural fields, and suburban areas. They feed on a variety of organisms, including beetles, caterpillars, snails, and earthworms. They also consume plants, including different types of grains and berries. The table below summarizes the reproductive data for song sparrows. Based on the description and the data table above, which of the following combinations best classifies the song sparrow? A K-strategist and generalist B r-strategist and generalist C K-strategist and specialist D r-strategist and specialist

B r-strategist and generalist

The tropical rain forests are known to have a large variety of animals. One example is the orchid mantis that is highly camouflaged when standing on a certain species of orchid found in tropical environments. Another species, the tropical cockroach, can live anywhere in the rain forest where it can find water and a food source. Which of the following statements best describes why it is predicted that the orchid mantis will be more affected by global climate change than the tropical cockroach will be? A. As the climate changes, the number of orchids is likely to increase, leading to more competition for space by the mantis population. B. Orchid mantises tend to be advantaged in habitats that remain constant; the rain forest habitat is likely to shift because of global climate change. C. Orchid mantises are generalists, so global climate change will give them more diverse habitats to colonize. D. Climate change will lead directly to the clear-cutting of the forests, resulting in a smaller habitat for both the mantis and the tropical cockroach.

B. Orchid mantises tend to be advantaged in habitats that remain constant; the rain forest habitat is likely to shift because of global climate change.

The graph below shows three different survivorship curves. A certain species of dinosaur laid large numbers of eggs, and the hatchlings had high mortality early in life. But if they survived, the young dinosaurs were able to grow at a rapid pace and disperse into the environment in order to thrive. Based on this information and the graph above, which of the following best characterizes this species of dinosaur? A. The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type I survivorship curve. B. The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type III survivorship curve C. The dinosaurs were K-strategists and exhibited a Type II survivorship curve. D. The dinosaurs were K-strategists and exhibited a Type I survivorship curve.

B. The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type III survivorship curve

Based on the survivorship curves shown below, which of the following is a possible reason for the change in the shape of the curve from 1900 to 1980? A Increased immigration and decreased emigration B Increased infant mortality rate C Improvements in health-care services and medical research D Decreased urbanization

C Improvements in health-care services and medical research

The graph illustrates the total fertility rates measured from 1950 to 2020. The total fertility rates are projected from 2020 to 2040.Which of the following best describes the trends seen in the total fertility rates for the world population from 1950 to the projected rates in 2040 ? A Total fertility rates fell below carrying capacity after 1965 because of an increase in global conflicts. B Total fertility rates remained fairly steady from 1970 to 1985 as less-developed regions shifted to more agricultural-based economies. C Total fertility rates declined rapidly from 1960 to 2000 because women had children later in life as a result of increased educational opportunities. D Total fertility rates are projected to increase slightly from 2000 to 2040 as a result of technological advances and access to health care.

C Total fertility rates declined rapidly from 1960 to 2000 because women had children later in life as a result of increased educational opportunities

Scientists collected data for 35 years on the populations of mice and owls in a given area.Based on the trends shown in the table, in which of the following years was the owl population at carrying capacity? A 1985 B 1990 C 2015 D 2020

C 2015

The graph below shows the three types of survivorship curves over time.Which of the following is a characteristic of an organism that displays a Type III survivorship curve, as shown in the graph above? A The organism has a fairly constant mortality rate over time. B The organism reaches reproductive maturity after many years. C The organism produces large numbers of offspring every time it reproduces. D The organism provides constant parental care to its offspring for several years.

C The organism produces large numbers of offspring every time it reproduces.

Figure 1 shows the population sizes for the moose population and the wolf population on Isle Royale. Based on the data in Figure 1, which of the following is the best estimate of the carrying capacity of the moose population? A. 30 B. 50 C. 1,500 D. 2,500

C. 1,500

Country Population (millions) Births (per 1,000 individuals) Deaths (per 1,000 individuals) Total Fertility Rate Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 births) Life Expectancy at Birth (years) A 39.9 26 6 3.0 21 74 B 25.7 45 13 5.9 83 54 C 1.4 15 2 2.1 76 76 D 50.7 9 5 1.5 3.0 82 Which of the following countries has achieved replacement-level fertility? A. Country A B. Country B C. Country C D. Country D

C. Country C

The graph below shows three different survivorship curves. Scientists determined that a species of a reptile dinosaur cohort had 20% survivorship during the first two years of life, but then the survivorship of those individuals that survived to age 2 had a 70% survivorship to middle age. Survivorship declined later in life. Which of the following best illustrates the shape of the survivorship curve for this species? A. U line B. Z line C. Decreasing S line D. Square line

C. Decreasing S line

The graph below shows the total fertility rate in 2010 for several countries. Which of the following statements best describes the trends in the data shown in the graph above? A. Countries that are larger in total area have higher total fertility rates. B. Rwanda and Zambia are most likely experiencing population decline. C. More-developed countries tend to have lower total fertility rates than less-developed countries. D. By 2010, all countries had reached replacement-level fertility rates.

C. More-developed countries tend to have lower total fertility rates than less-developed countries.

Figure 1 shows the population sizes for the moose population and the wolf population on Isle Royale. Which of the following best explains the change in the moose population from 1995 to 1997? A. The large moose population led to a significant increase in the wolf population from 1995 to 1996, leading to increased predation of moose by wolves. B. The high density of moose in the population led to a large number of moose emigrating from the island in search of mates and territory. C. Plants in the area could not support the large population of moose in 1995. D. The small number of wolves on the island could not support the large number of moose in 1995.

C. Plants in the area could not support the large population of moose in 1995.

Country Population (millions) Births (per 1,000 individuals) Deaths (per 1,000 individuals) Total Fertility Rate Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 births) Life Expectancy at Birth (years) A 39.9 26 6 3.0 21 74 B 25.7 45 13 5.9 83 54 C 1.4 15 2 2.1 76 76 D 50.7 9 5 1.5 3.0 82 The total fertility rate in country A was 6.8 in 1980. Which of the following statements best supports the change in the total fertility rate in country A between 1980 and 2015? A. The total fertility rate increased as a result of improved health care and better nutrition. B. The total fertility rate remained constant even though there was improved access to clean water. C. The total fertility rate decreased as a result of a delay in age of first marriage and increased contraceptive use. D. The total fertility rate decreased as a result of increased infant mortality rate.

C. The total fertility rate decreased as a result of a delay in age of first marriage and increased contraceptive use.

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the table? A The European toad is a K -selected species because it has a Type III survivorship curve. B The black rhino is a K -selected species because it provides no parental care. C The European toad is a K -selected species because it can live up to 10 years. D The black rhino is a K -selected species because it has a low number of offspring per reproductive event.

D The black rhino is a K -selected species because it has a low number of offspring per reproductive event.

The supply of Earth's fresh water is fixed and is being depleted at a rapid rate. Which of the following best describes the effects of a limited freshwater supply on human populations? A. Disease transmission will decrease as access to water decreases, leading to improved public health. B. Conservation measures will increase per capita water consumption, leading to an improved global economy. C. Desalinization facilities will be used to process water stored in glaciers and snow packs, leading to new sources of drinking water. D. World food production will decrease, leading to increased famine.

D. World food production will decrease, leading to increased