APES Unit 3 Test (Ch. 3 and 8)

principles of sustainability

(1) solar energy (2) Population Control (3 Nutrient Recycling (4) Biodiversity

annual rate of natural population change

(Birth Rate-Death Rate) / 1,000 people x 100 or = (Birth Rate-Death Rate) / 10

Population change = ?

(births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)

Transitional stage

(demographic transition) death rate lower, better health care, population grows fast, children are unnecessary, children still used for labor

Industrial stage

(demographic transition) decline in birth rate, population growth slows, people can save for retirement, parents don't need but still want kids

Postindustrial stage

(demographic transition) low birth & death rates, people have 1 or no kids bc expenses, population declines, work force decrease, citizens are more educated, travel becomes a possibility for people, etc

What are the factors that affect CBR?

- importance and value of children for labor and financial aid - cost of raising kids - availability of pension systems (better pensions = less kids) - urbanization (bc in urban areas -> better access to family planning -> fewer kids) - educational and job opportunities for women (more educated -> fewer kids) - infant mortality rates (high rate = more kids) - average age of marriage (lower age = more kids_ - access to abortions - access to birth control - religion/culture

Decreasing age structure

- wider at top (adults and seniors) - smaller at bottom (kids) - less people in the prereproductive stage ex: Germany, Sweden, Japan, etc

advantage of sexual reproduction

-genetic variation - greater chance of being able to reproduce when environmental factors change -males can get food and protect female/young

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

-males don't give birth -increased chance of genetic errors and defects -courtship and mating rituals consume time and energy , transmit diseases, and inflict injury on males as they compete for mates

slow growth age structure

-more even distribution of population between the ages - narrower pyramid shape - still more kids than seniors/adults ex: USA, Canada, Australia

Rapid Growth age structure

-pyramid-shaped (wide) -lots of kids -some parents -even fewer seniors ex: Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, Guatemala

What are the four general types of population fluctuations?

-stable -irruptive -cyclic -irregular

Zero growth age structure

-stable growth -not pyramid anymore -cylindrical shape the pop distribution is very even now ex: Spain, Austria, Greece

prereproductive ages

0-14

What are the patterns of population dispersion?

1- population clumping 2- uniform dispersion 3- random dispersion

What are the ways humans impact the natural ecosystems and systems

1- reduce biodiversity by destroying habitats 2-reduce biodiversity by simplifying and homogenizing natural ecosystems 3- wasting/using a large % of earth's NPP 4- strengthen pops of pests and disease 5-eliminate some predators 6- introducing new species 7- overharvesting 8- interfere with normal chemical and matter cycling 9- become dependant on fossil fuels

why do species live in clumps?

1- resources the species needs vary from place to place 2- living in groups (prey) provides protection from predators 3-living in groups (predators) gives them a better chance to get a meal 4-it allows for some species to form temporary groups to mate and raise offspring

Three reasons to care about sea otters

1- they are keystone species 2- brings enjoyment to man 3-ethical/moral obliagtions

reproductive ages

15-44

Population experts anticipate that China's population will peak around ______.

2040

Overall world population will not decrease immediately because

30% of the people in the world are under 15 years of age and have yet to reproduce

Currently, about ________ of the population growth in the United States resulted from immigration.

45 percent

postreproductive age

45+

At the 1994 United Nations Conference on Population and Development, a major goal was to stabilize the world's population at ________ billion by 2050.

7.8

Human activities have directly affected ________% of the earth's land surface, excluding Antarctica.

83

What percentage of earth's species use sexual reproduction?

97%

metapopulation

A group of spatially separated populations of one species that interact through immigration and emigration. They can exchange genes when they meet.

rule of 70

A method for determining the number of years it will take for some measure to double, given its annual percentage increase. Example: To determine the number of years it will take for the price level to double, divide 70 by the annual rate of inflation.

demographic bottleneck

A population founded when just a few members of a species survive a catastrophic event or colonize new habitat geographically isolated from other members of the same species.

sexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents ex: human

dieback

A sudden population decline; also called a population crash. It occurs after an overshoot

Describe an age-structure diagram of a population that is reducing in size because there are fewer prereproductive-aged individuals in the population.

A top-heavy age structure diagram, like the one for Charlotte County, Florida, as shown in the figure, illustrates a declining population size because the number of prereproductive- and reproductive-aged individuals is low.

What governs population change?

Births, deaths, immigration, and emigration

What species is a K-selected species?

Blue whale

Which of the following countries is not experiencing rapid population growth? a. Nigeria b. Saudi Arabia c. Bulgaria d. Guatemala

Bulgaria

The world's most populous country is

China

Flocks of geese and schools of fish are examples of ________ behavior in a population.

Clumping

Three general patterns of population dispersion are

Clumping, uniform dispersion, and random dispersion

What are the some of the four types of population fluctuations?

Cyclic Stable Irruptive

As countries become more industrialized, first their ________ rates decline and then their ________ rates decline.

Death, birth

A(n) ________ occurs when only a few individuals in a population survive a catastrophic event.

Demographic bottleneck

Competition for resources, predation, parasitism, and disease are examples of ________ population controls.

Density-dependent

A ________ occurs as a result of a population exceeding its carrying capacity.

Dieback

A population ________ follows a period of ________ in a population.

Dieback, overshoot

Since 1963, the rate of the world's annual population growth rate has

Dropped by almost half

Annual plants and most invertebrates have ________ survivorship curves.

Early loss

The three types of survivorship curves are ________, late loss, and constant loss.

Early loss

True or False. When a population exceeds the carrying capacity of an area it has no impact on the area's carrying capacity

False; when population exceeds the carrying capacity it can damage the area and reduce the carrying capacity for the future ex: cows in grasslands bc they ate the grass and allowed sagebrush- which cattle can't eat- to replace the grasses

A variety of plants and animals inhabit a forest ecosystem. Explains why certain organisms would be more likely to survive than others if a forest fire burned the area?

Generalist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources. A specialist species can thrive only in a narrow range of environmental conditions or has a limited diet. Loss of habitat leads to a loss of specialist species before a loss of generalist species.

What best describes a difference between generalist species and specialist species?

Generalists use a large range of resources, while specialists have a limited range of resources they use to survive.

A scientist is studying a biome that experiences large seasonal fluctuations in both temperature and precipitation patterns. What bests characterize the organisms that inhabit the biome?

Generalists would be most abundant, because the resources available would be constantly changing. Generalists have an advantage in habitats that are changing; they are capable of surviving in a wide range of conditions and use a wide range of food resources.

founder effect

Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population.

survivorship curve

Graph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species. type I= late loss type II= constant loss type III= early loss

Replacement level fertility is ________ in developing countries than in developed countries.

Higher

What is not an example of the impact of humans on the environment?

Increase in net primary productivity

Family planning programs have had only moderate to poor results in

India

Describe why birth and death rates are changing in a country that is in Phase 2 of the demographic transition?

Individuals have better sanitation and access to clean drinking water.

The story of the spraying program to combat malaria in Borneo teaches us that

Interfering with an ecosystem may bring unintended consequences

What happens to the growth rate of a population as it nears carrying capacity?

It decreases bc less resources

population density

Number of individuals per unit area

Since 1963, the world's population has risen

Over 100 percent

Which comes first in a population—dieback or overshoot?

Overshoot

What is not one of the four interconnected principles of sustainability?

Pollution cleanup

________ is calculated by subtracting the number of people leaving a population from the number entering it.

Population change

Labor shortages and increased per capita health care costs are associated with

Population decline

life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

A country is currently in the second stage of the demographic transition. Currently the country has a birth rate of 37.9 births per 1,000 individuals and a death rate of 13.4 deaths per 1,000 individuals. What would indicate that the country is moving from the second stage into the third stage of the demographic transition?

The birth rate declines to 25.3 births per 1,000 individuals. The birth rate falls but does not yet match the death rate during the third stage.

Black rhinoceros: 1 offspring per reproductive event, 2-4 years spent with parents after birth, life span = 30-35 years, and type I European toad: offspring per reproductive event= 600-4000, no time w/ parents, Life span = 10 years, Type III Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the table? A The European toad is a K -selected species because it has a Type III survivorship curve. B The black rhino is a K-selected species because it provides no parental care. C The European toad is a K-selected species because it can live up to 10 years. D The black rhino is a K-selected species because it has a low number of offspring per reproductive event.

The black rhino is a K -selected species because it has a low number of offspring per reproductive event. This is an example of a K-selected characteristic and is supported by data in the table.

Biotic potential

The capacity a population has for growth

Describe an age structure diagram of a stable population size with low/slow/no population growth.

The column-shaped diagram indicates population stability. When the top end and bottom are even.

________ occurs when a few individuals colonize a new habitat.

The founder effect

Describe a graph that is typical for a K selected species as it reaches carrying capacity

The growth is originally exponential, then the population of the species passes the carrying capacity (overshoot), there isn't enough resources to support this increased population so there is a dieback (where the pop return to carrying cap or lower), after the pop fluctuates around the carrying cap

Which of the following is not a cause of India's lack of success with family planning? a. Poor planning b. Poverty c. The high status of women d. Bureaucratic inefficiency

The high status of women

True or false? A simplified planet will be depleted of biodiversity.

True

True or false? Access to pension systems tends to reduce the birth rate.

True

True or false? China has achieved a dramatic reduction in its total fertility rate by providing incentives for couples to have no more than one child

True

True or false? Insects are r-selected species.

True

The average total fertility rate in developing countries is ________ in developed countries.

Twice that

The demographic transition model is based on data from

Western Europe in the 19th century

cyclic fluctuations

When a species population rises and falls in a cycle lasting a certain number of years ex: lynx and hare (10yrs) and lemmings (3-4 yrs)

life table

a table that shows the number of individuals at each age on a survivorship curve. it shows projected life expectancy and probability of death

environmental resistance

all factors that act to limit the growth of a population

Humans have unintentionally strengthened some populations of disease-causing bacteria by the overuse of

antibiotics

demographic transition

change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

irregular population change

changes in population that follow no pattern

echo-boom generation

consists of people born since 1977

density-dependent population controls

factors that control/impact population that have a great impact with a greater population density ex: disease, plagues, etc

At present, most of the world's population is under 15 years of age. True or False

false

True or false? Renewable resources can never be depleted.

false

fecundity

fertility

pathogens

fungi, viruses, or bacteria that harm the plants and animals mankind wishes to raise

What is a density-independent factor that can affect the size of a human population?

heat waves

population density

number of individuals in a population

age structure

number of males and females of each age group (prereproductive, productive, postreproductive) in a population.

baby boomer

people born after WWII between 1946-1964

Baby Busters: "Generation X"

people born from 1965-1976

The rule of 70 can be used to determine a population's doubling time. Doubling time is a measure of the

population growth rate

irruptive population change

populations explode and then crash to a more stable level. these increases and falls are related to seasonal changes or nutrient ability ex: algae, insects, etc

population age distribution

proportion of individuals of each age in a population

Song sparrows are found in a variety of habitats, including marshes, grasslands, agricultural fields, and suburban areas. They feed on a variety of organisms, including beetles, caterpillars, snails, and earthworms. They also consume plants, including different types of grains and berries. REPRODUCTIVE DATA FOR SONG SPARROWS Clutch Size 1-6 eggs Number of Broods per year 1-7 broods Incubation Period 12-15 days Nestling Period 9-12 days Based on the description what would the song sparrow be classified as?

r-strategist and generalist song sparrows reproduce multiple times in a year and have limited parental care, traits of r-strategists. Generalists can live in a variety of habitats and have diverse diets.

what are some species that have fairly stable populations?

raccoons, feral house mouse, etc

genetic drift

random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations that can lead to unequal reproductive success

logistic growth

rapid exponential population growth followed by a steady decrease in population growth until the population size levels off

intrinsic rate of increase

rate at which the population of a species would grow if it had unlimited resources

bottom-up control hypothesis

the idea that the predators don't control the prey but instead the prey population affects/controls the predator poulation

carrying capacity

the maximum number of individuals of a particular species that a particular environment can support

Carrying capacity is not a fixed quantity, but rather a variable determined by many factors.

true

overshoot

when a population becomes larger than the environment's carrying capacity

Monoculture

when humans plow grasslands and clear forests and replace it with one plant or animal species

inbreeding

when individuals in a small population mate with one another which can increase the frequency of defective genes within a population and affect its long term survival

Average total fertility rates are highest in

Africa

Which continent has the highest average total fertility rate?

Africa

Rank the regions by crude birth rate, from highest to lowest? Countries: Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America

Africa, Latin America, Asia, Europe

What age structure indicates a decreased population growth?

An age structure that includes a large population of organisms in or about to enter the postreproductive stage

What age structure indicates an increased population growth?

An age structure that includes a large population of young organisms in they're reproductive stage or a large number of organisms about to enter this stage

The demographic transition model describes population change over time as a country becomes more developed. Age-structure diagrams describe how populations are distributed across age ranges. Which of the following age-structure diagrams best displays the age ranges in a country that is in stage 2 of the demographic transition?

An expansive pyramid age-structure diagram. Stage 2 in the demographic transition has high birth rates and fairly high death rates, with a rapidly growing population. This is illustrated by high numbers of prereproductive-age individuals in the age-structure diagram, leading to a pyramid shape.

One consequence for young people of a decline in population will be

An increase in legal immigration

The demographic transition model states that:

As countries become more industrialized, first their death rates and then their birth rates decline

Based on current trends and patterns, how the human population will change over the next 50 years?

As the population density increases, there will be an increase in disease transmission, leading to increased mortality.

Which of the following countries is closest to zero population growth? a. Austria b. United States c. Saudi Arabia d. Canada

Austria

What is a claim that best supports the classification of bees as an organism that displays a Type II survivorship curve?

Away from the colony, bees experience a constant probability of death per unit time as a foraging species.

People born between 1965 and 1976 are part of the

Baby-bust generation

Total fertility rate is

The average number of children a woman gives birth to

total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

biotic potential

capacity for population growth

________ growth starts slowly and then proceeds faster and faster until environmental resistance kicks in.

Exponential

A J-shaped curve is characteristic of

Exponential growth

True or false? A stable population means that the population numbers remain at carrying capacity at all times.

False

True or false? Between developing and developed countries, there is greater disparity in crude death rate than in crude birth rate.

False

True or false? The U.S. population has increased more in 2004 as a result of immigration than of more births than deaths.

False

True or false? The growth rate of a given population increases as its size nears the carrying capacity of its environment, because it is building on a large population base.

False

True or false? The world population growth rate has doubled since 1963.

False

True or false? There is consensus on what the optimum sustainable population of the earth is.

False

Factors that affect birth rates and fertility rates include all except which of the following factors? a. Infant mortality rate b. Cost of raising children c. Immigration rate d. Availability of private and public pension systems

Immigration rate

What is one reason why the human survivor ship curve has shifted from a type III in 1900 to a type I in 1980

Improvements in health-care services and medical research

When a population experiences ________ growth, its growth rate first expands exponentially and then steadily declines until it levels off

Logistic

With ________ the growth rate decreases as the population gets larger.

Logistic growth

Human populations grow or decline through the interplay of births, deaths, and ________

Migration

What is not an example of a density-independent population control?

Predation

Population control, nutrient recycling, biodiversity, and solar energy constitute the

Principles of sustainability

asexual reproduction

Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself. All the offspring are genetic copies of the parent. ex: bacteria

Generally, a species with a high intrinsic rate of increase will

Produce many small offspring

r-selected species do what?

Provide little or no parental care for their offspring and Reproduce rapidly under favorable conditions

family planning

Providing information, clinical services, and contraceptives to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to have.

The difference between a K-selected species and an r-selected species is that

R selected produce more offspring and K selected reproduce later in life

What is an r-selected species?

Ragweed

Some countries have proven that it is possible to achieve ________ within a decade or two.

Replacement-level fertility

What shape is a logistic growth graph?

S-shaped curve (sigmoid)

If age structure diagrams were drawn for the following countries, which would have the broadest base? a. Saudi Arabia b. Austria c. United States d. Canada

Saudi Arabia

Which of the following types of reproduction is more beneficial in a potentially-changing environment?

Sexual

Which kind of reproduction runs a greater risk of genetic error?

Sexual reproduction

infant mortality rate

The number of infant deaths per 1,000 births. (deaths before first birthday)

doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

What is a characteristic of an organism that displays a Type III survivorship curve?

The organism produces large numbers of offspring every time it reproduces.

What happened after 26 reindeer were introduced to an Alaskan island in 1910?

The population increased to 2,000, then crashed to 8

fertility

The production of offspring within a population. it is the number of births that occur to an individual woman or in a population

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

The United States is the ________ most populous country in the world

Third

To reduce world population, we must first achieve a lower ________

Total fertility rate

What best describes the trends seen in the total fertility rates for the world population from 1950 to the projected rates in 2040 ?

Total fertility rates declined rapidly from 1960 to 2000 because women had children later in life as a result of increased educational opportunities.

Density-independent population controls

a factor that affects population size regardless of the population density ex: floods, hurricanes, unseasonable weather, fire, habitat destruction, pesticide spraying, and pollution

early loss population

a population characterized by a high birth rate, a high death rate among juveniles, and lower death rates among adults; early loss populations have a concave survivorship curve ex: annual plants, bony fish, etc

constant loss population

a population characterized by a relatively constant death rate; constant-loss populations have a roughly linear survivorship curve ex: songbirds

late loss population

a population in which most individuals survive into adulthood; late-loss populations have a convex survivorship curve ex: elephants, rhinos, humans

Opportunist species

a species that can thrive in variable environmental conditions and can rapidly take advantage of favorable conditions when they arise - shorter life span -ex: weeds

r-selected species

a species that has a high intrinsic growth rate, which often leads to population overshoots and die-offs. they give little to no parental care and dedicate most of their energy to reproduction. They are opportunist and have irregular/unstable cycles in pop size. ex:annual plants, algae, rodents, etc

K-selected species

a species with a low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches carrying capacity. they reproduce late in life, offer parental care to young, and mature slowly. ex: large mammals, birds of prey, large plants

Preindustrial stage

birth and death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high, children are important for labor and social security

Biotic potential and ________ determine ________.

environmental resistance; carrying capacity

population increases can lead to what

increase of infectious diseases, biodiversity loss, loss of tropical forests, depletion of fisheries, water scarcity, etc

Demography

study of the size, composition, distribution, and changes in human population and the causes and consequence of changes in these characteristics

top-down control hypothesis

suggests that predation or disease limits herbivores. it is the idea that predators reduce the prey population ex: lynx eat hare -> hare pop goes down

population dynamics

the study of how populations change in size, density, and age distribution over time/in response to changes in the environment

Replacement level fertility

the total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size. 2.1 in developed countries and 2.5 in developing countries

population size

the total number of individuals within a defined area at a given time