APES Unit 4

Measured on the Richter scale, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.0 is ____ times greater than an earthquake with a magnitude of 2.0 (a) 100 (b) 1,000 (c) 10,000 (d) 100,000

100,000

Which term refers to the point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake?

Epicenter

Which of the following combinations correctly identifies and explains the effects of the differences in the distribution of solar radiation on Earth as seen in the diagram above? (a) Global wind patterns are created because uneven solar radiation results in warm air at low latitudes and cool air at high latitudes, resulting in density differences between the air masses. (b) Global rain patterns are created because uneven solar radiation results in warm air at high latitudes and cool air at low latitudes, resulting in evaporation and condensation differences between the air masses. (c) Global wind patterns are created because uneven solar radiation results in warm air at high latitudes and cool air at low latitudes, resulting in density differences between the air masses. (d) Global rain patterns are created because uneven solar radiation results in warm air at low latitudes and cool air at high latitudes, resulting in air masses that do not circulate because they are of equal density.

Global wind patterns are created because uneven solar radiation results in warm air at low latitudes and cool air at high latitudes, resulting in density differences between the air masses.

Evidence for the theory of plate tectonics includes I: deposits of copper ore around the globe II: identical rock formations on both sides of the Atlantic III: fossils of the same species on distant continents

II and III

Based on the diagram, which of the following describes why the summer solstice in Australia occurs in December and not in June? (a) At this time of year, the Earth is closest to the Sun due to its elliptical path. (b) At this time of year, the tilt of Earth causes Australia to receive highly concentrated solar radiation. (c) At this time of year, the tilt of Earth causes Australia to be closer to the Sun. (d) At this time of year, the tilt of Earth causes solar radiation to reach Australia at a low angle of incidence.

At this time of year, the tilt of Earth causes Australia to receive highly concentrated solar radiation.

At which type of boundary does subduction occur?

Convergent Plate Boundary

At which type of boundary does seafloor spreading occur?

Divergent Plate Boundary

During a La Niña event, what environmental changes would the tropical Pacific Ocean and its surrounding landmasses most likely experience? (a) Increased rainfall in the eastern Pacific Ocean leading to flooding and landslides off the coast of South America (b) An area of high pressure forming over landmasses and increasing the chance of typhoons (c) Cooler ocean water in the western Pacific Ocean leading to an increased chance of wildfires (d) Increased upwelling off the coast of South America resulting in increased productivity of fisheries

Increased upwelling off the coast of South America resulting in increased productivity of fisheries

Based on the map above, which of the following best explains why the Atacama Desert has a consistently arid climate? (a) It is on the windward side of the Andes Mountains. (b) It is in the rain shadow of the Andes Mountains. (c) The cold Peru Current brings dry air to the west coast. (d) Compared to the east coast, it has less water available.

It is in the rain shadow of the Andes Mountains.

Based on the diagram, which of the following days in Earth's yearly orbit would have the longest period of daylight in the Northern Hemisphere? (a) March equinox (b) December solstice (c) September equinox (d) June solstice

June solstice

Peru's commercial anchovy industry would most likely be harmed during an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the decline in anchovy during an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event? (a) Acidic ocean waters kill off larval anchovies. (b) Less nutrient-rich water reaches surface waters, disrupting the food web. (c) Ocean currents move toxic contaminants from the sediments into the water column. (d) An increase in phosphate-based nutrients leads to an algal bloom, which would decrease available oxygen for animals like shrimp.

Less nutrient-rich water reaches surface waters, disrupting the food web.

Based on the map, which of the following best explains the area of the Andes Mountains that would have the greatest number of rivers? (a) Equal numbers of rivers would be found on both the east and west sides of the Andes Mountains because water flows downhill. (b) More rivers would be located on the west side of the Andes Mountains because it is the leeward side. (c) More rivers would be located on the east side of the Andes Mountains because the trade winds are coming from the east. (d) More rivers would be located on the south side of the Andes Mountains because it is protected from the drying sunlight.

More rivers would be located on the east side of the Andes Mountains because the trade winds are coming from the east.

Which of the following abiotic factors, when graphed on the x-axis, leads to the curved line in the graph due to variation in the different layers of the atmosphere? (a) Nitrogen (N2) concentration gradients (b) Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration gradients (c) Temperature gradients (d) Ultraviolet radiation gradients

Temperature Gradients

The vast majority of ozone (O3) is found in a thin layer due to a lack of circulation in which of the following atmospheric layers? (a) Thermosphere (b) Mesosphere (c) Stratosphere (d) Troposphere

Stratosphere

Which of the following is the best explanation for the formation of Hadley cells in the tropics, as seen in the diagram, between 30°N and 30°S latitude? (a) Heat from the ocean warms the moist air at the equator and causes it to rise because of its lower density. As the air becomes cooler, it becomes less dense and sinks. (b) The Sun warms the moist air at the equator and causes it to rise because of its lower density. As the warm air moves away from the equator, it cools, becomes denser, and then sinks. (c) Air cools over the land at the equator and then rises as it moves north or south. (d) Rising air over the equator is heated by the Sun, moves north, and then moves south to create the jet stream and trade winds.

The Sun warms the moist air at the equator and causes it to rise because of its lower density. As the warm air moves away from the equator, it cools, becomes denser, and then sinks.

Based on the map above, which of the following best identifies and explains the region of South America that would have a more moderate climate? (a) The west coast would have a more moderate climate because of the Peru Current. (b) The west coast would have a more moderate climate because of the Andes Mountains. (c) The east coast would have a more moderate climate because of its proximity to the equator. (d) The east coast would have a more moderate climate because of the Brazil Current.

The east coast would have a more moderate climate because of the Brazil Current.

Which statement is best illustrated in the diagram above regarding how the Sun's energy affects the Earth's surface from June through September in the Northern Hemisphere? (a) The season changes from autumn to winter, daylight hours decrease, and infrared radiation is the weakest during the June solstice. (b) The season changes from winter to spring, daylight hours increase, and infrared radiation is the weakest during the September equinox. (c) The season changes from summer to autumn, daylight hours decrease, and infrared radiation is the strongest during the June solstice. (d) The season changes from spring to summer, daylight hours increase, and infrared radiation is the strongest during the September equinox.

The season changes from summer to autumn, daylight hours decrease, and infrared radiation is the strongest during the June solstice.

Which of the following is the best explanation for the deflection of the trade winds in both hemispheres, as seen in the diagram above? (a) The wind is deflected east because of varying landmasses at the latitudes. (b) The wind is deflected east because of the waves in the ocean. (c) The wind is deflected west because of the mountains that the air encounters as the wind moves north or south. (d) The wind is deflected west because of Earth's rotation.

The wind is deflected west because of Earth's rotation.

Which of the following layers of the atmosphere contains charged gas molecules that glow and produce light when hit by solar energy, leading to glowing gases such as the northern lights, found over 90 kilometers above Earth's surface? (a) Thermosphere (b) Mesosphere (c) Stratosphere (d) Troposphere

Thermosphere

Fossil records are found in (a) intrusive rock (b) igneous rock (c) metamorphic rock (d) sedimentary rock

sedimentary rock

At which type of boundary do tectonic plates move sideways past each other?

Transform Fault Boundary

What is the order of "spheres" that make up the atmosphere?

Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Exosphere

During an El Niño event, farmers in the southwestern United Stated often benefit from which of the following climatic changes? (a) Longer and cooler summers that increase crop yield (b) Wetter and warmer weather that increases soil moisture (c) Cooler and drier conditions that help cold-weather crops (d) Warmer and drier weather that reduces soil erosion and flooding

Wetter and warmer weather that increases soil moisture

Where would you expect to find extrusive igneous rock? (a) along a transform fault (b) along the ocean floor (c) on the coast of a continent (d) at a continent subduction zone

along the ocean floor

As Earth slowly cooled (a) lighter elements sank to the core and heavier elements moved to the surface (b) lighter elements mixed with heavier elements and sank to the core (c) lighter elements mixed with heavier elements and moved to the surface (d) lighter elements moved to the surface and heavier elements sank to the core

lighter elements moved to the surface and heavier elements sank to the core

The correct vertical zonation of Earth above the core is (a) asthenosphere-mantle-soil-lithosphere (b) asthenosphere-lithosphere-mantle-soil (c) mantle-asthenosphere-lithosphere-soil (d) mantle-lithosphere-soil-asthenosphere

mantle-asthenosphere-lithosphere-soil