PSYCH 230 Chapter 2

According to developmental psychologist David Moore, genetic factors ______.

do not determine phenotypes independently from the contexts in which they develop

The prenatal stage that begins about two months after conception is the _______ period.

fetal

Which of the following is the prenatal period that lasts about seven months?

fetal

Approximately how many neurons do babies have when they are born?

100 billion

How many chromosomes does a gamete, or sex cell, have?

23

Which of the following happen during mitosis? (Select all that apply)

A cell's nucleus duplicates itself. Two new cells are formed.

meiosis

A specialized form of cell division forms eggs and sperm only.

Sickle-cell anemia occurs most often in

African Americans

fertilization

An egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.

______ try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of both.

Behavior geneticists

True or false: Researchers have proved that those with XYY syndrome are more prone to aggression and violence.

False

mitosis

Genes direct cells to replicate themselves and to assemble

Which of the following is true regarding maternal exposure to secondhand smoke?

It is associated with numerous negative outcomes for offspring.

Males who have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY, have

Klinefelter syndrome

A powerful magnet and a radio create images that generate a detailed picture of the body's organs and structures. This sort of screening is called a fetal

MRI

Which statement regarding genotype-environment correlations is true?

Passive genotype-environment correlations occur when the biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child.

Which of the following would NOT be an aspect of the genetic susceptibility of an embryo or fetus to a teratogen?

The dose of the teratogen

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing or part of one X chromosome is deleted is referred to as chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing or part of one X chromosome is deleted is referred to as

Turner syndrome

Someone with which of the following chromosomes has Turner syndrome?

XO

What is the definition of genotype?

a person's genetic material

Phenylketonuria is best treated by

a specialized diet

All of the following are characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome except

an extra Y chromosome

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Down syndrome?

an extra Y chromosome

Which field seeks to discover the influence of environment and heredity on individual differences in human development?

behavior genetics

According to Gilbert Gottlieb's epigenetic view, which of the following characterizes the relationship between heredity and environment in development?

bidirectional

Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the zygote is now a group of cells that is more specifically called the

blastocyst

Which of the following are recessive characteristics? (Choose every correct answer.)

blond hair nearsightedness freckles

All of the following are generally lower in individuals with FASD, except

blood pressure

Which of the following are psychoactive drugs? (Select all that apply)

caffeine alcohol nicotine marijuana

Which activities take place during the germinal period of prenatal development? (Choose every correct answer.)

cell division creation of the fertilized egg attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

Which of the following malformations can be detected by fetal MRI? (Select all that apply)

central nervous system malformations chest malformations genital/urinary tract malformations

______ are threadlike structures made up of DNA that come in 23 pairs, with one member of each pair coming from each parent.

chromosomes

What occurs when a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube?

conception

The two new cells created by mitosis

contain the same DNA as the original cell.

In a gene pair, the _______(one word) gene will always override the potential influence of the other gene of a pair.

dominant

The embryo's outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts, is known as the

ectoderm

The neural tube develops out of the embryo's

ectoderm

Once the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, the mass of cells is known as a(n)

embryo

two weeks to eight weeks, post-conception

embryo

The period that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception is known as the ______ period.

embryonic

The ______ is the inner layer of cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory system.

endoderm

The Blank______ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

epigenetic

Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors?

evolutionary psychology

Fertilization typically takes place in the ______.

fallopian tubes

True or false: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that pregnant women consume caffeine on a regular basis.

false

True or false: Ultrasound sonography during pregnancy can pose significant risks to both mother and fetus.

false

Prenatal development is divided into which three periods?

fetal embryonic germinal

A cluster of abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy is referred to as

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

two months post-conception to birth

fetus

The basic architecture of the human brain is assembled during the

first two trimesters

______ are units of hereditary information that help cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life.

genes

For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by which of the following?

genetic susceptibility the dosage time of exposure

AIDS is a disease that damages the body's ______ system.

immune

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to which of the following?

impaired language development cognitive deficits impaired motor development

According to evolutionary psychology, natural selection favors behaviors that

increase reproductive success

All of the following nutritional factors influence whether or not a baby will be born malformed, except

intake of spicy food

Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)

low birth weight lower intelligence

According to a large-scale study, pregnant women's caffeine intake was linked to which of the following in their offspring?

lower birth weight

XYY syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which the

male has an extra Y chromosome

Which factors are considered teratogens? (Choose every correct answer.)

maternal stress infectious disease nutritional deficiencies drugs advanced paternal age

The prenatal testing that should be performed depends on which of the following?

medical history genetic risk factors mother's age

Chromosomal abnormalities result when a chromosome does not separate properly during

meiosis

A common outcome of fragile X syndrome is

mental deficiency

During the germinal period, the zygote is undergoing rapid ______.The process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development is referred to as Blank______.

mitosis

The evolutionary process by which the best-adapted individuals of a species survive and reproduce is called Blank______ selection.

natural

The ______ tube is the beginning of the formation of the nervous system.

neural

During prenatal development, what type of cells move to specific locations in the brain and start getting connected?

neurons

Information processing at the cellular level in the brain is handled by nerve cells known as

neurons

According to the U.S. surgeon general ______.

no alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy

The use of opiate-related pain relievers or synthetic opioids during pregnancy is

not recommended

The process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development is referred to as ______.

organogenesis

Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic disorder in which the red blood cells cannot carry Blank______ properly and die quickly.

oxygen

______ genotype-environment correlations occur because biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.

passive

Bassel's mom is a banker and loves numbers, and Bassel and his mom enjoy solving arithmetic problems. According to Blank______, Bassel will probably grow up to be skilled in arithmetic.

passive genotype-environment correlations

Which of the following is a genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize a certain amino acid and, if left untreated, causes intellectual disability?

phenylketonuria (PKU)

The umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein, and it connects the baby to the

placenta

Genes direct cells to replicate themselves and to assemble

proteins

The building blocks of cells that regulate and direct body processes are called

proteins

The general term for drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods is

psychoactive drugs

In a gene pair, the ______ gene does not always exert its influence.

recessive

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with

reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference

Human traits and characteristics that are genetically influenced have an evolutionary history that is

retained in our DNA

Women who plan to have children should be given a blood test before they become pregnant to determine whether they are immune to

rubella

It becomes possible for the fetus to survive outside the womb as early as the Blank______ month of pregnancy.

sixth

Which of the following can cross the placental wall?

small molecules

Sudden infant death syndrome, preterm births and low birth weights, respiratory problems, and cardiovascular problems are more common among the offspring of mothers who Blank______ during pregnancy.

smoked

Which of these prescription drugs are most likely to function as teratogens? (Choose every correct answer.)

some antibiotics acne medications synthetic estrogen some antidepressants

Ultrasound sonography uses ______ directed toward the pregnant person's abdomen that produce(s) a visual representation of the fetus.

sound waves

Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n) ______ to the unborn fetus. (Watch your spelling!)

teratogen

Prenatal diagnostic tests include all of the following except

the Apgar Scale

How are characteristics that suit a species for survival transmitted from one generation to the next?

the genetic code inherited from our parents

Fragile X syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which

there is an abnormality on the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks

Approximately how many months after conception is the fetus about three inches long, actively moving its arms and legs and head, and exhibiting a distinguishable face, forehead, eyelid, nose, and chin? (At this stage, however, the mother cannot yet feel the arms and legs moving.)

three

The face, forehead, eyelids, nose, and chin are distinguishable ______ months after conception.

three

Prenatal development is sometimes described in terms of equal three-month periods called ______.

trimesters

True or false: Infants born to women using synthetic opioids or opiate-related pain relievers are at risk for experiencing opioid withdrawal.

true

True or false: The emerging view is that complex behaviors are influenced by genes in ways that give people a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory as well as by complex environments.

true

True or false: Virtually any drug or chemical substance a pregnant woman ingests can cross the placenta.

true

Which of the following would be most commonly used by a behavior geneticist?

twin or adoption studies

Fatty tissues develop, various organ systems function more regularly, and the fetus grows longer and gains about four pounds during the last Blank______ of pregnancy.

two months

Normally conducted seven weeks into the pregnancy, Blank______ is used to detect structural abnormalities in the fetus and, when used later in the pregnancy, can help determine whether the baby is a boy or a girl.

ultrasound sonography

A single cell formed through fertilization is a(n)

zygote

conception to two weeks post-conception

zygote