PSYCH 230 Chapter 2
According to developmental psychologist David Moore, genetic factors ______.
do not determine phenotypes independently from the contexts in which they develop
The prenatal stage that begins about two months after conception is the _______ period.
fetal
Which of the following is the prenatal period that lasts about seven months?
fetal
Approximately how many neurons do babies have when they are born?
100 billion
How many chromosomes does a gamete, or sex cell, have?
23
Which of the following happen during mitosis? (Select all that apply)
A cell's nucleus duplicates itself. Two new cells are formed.
meiosis
A specialized form of cell division forms eggs and sperm only.
Sickle-cell anemia occurs most often in
African Americans
fertilization
An egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.
______ try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of both.
Behavior geneticists
True or false: Researchers have proved that those with XYY syndrome are more prone to aggression and violence.
False
mitosis
Genes direct cells to replicate themselves and to assemble
Which of the following is true regarding maternal exposure to secondhand smoke?
It is associated with numerous negative outcomes for offspring.
Males who have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY, have
Klinefelter syndrome
A powerful magnet and a radio create images that generate a detailed picture of the body's organs and structures. This sort of screening is called a fetal
MRI
Which statement regarding genotype-environment correlations is true?
Passive genotype-environment correlations occur when the biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child.
Which of the following would NOT be an aspect of the genetic susceptibility of an embryo or fetus to a teratogen?
The dose of the teratogen
A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing or part of one X chromosome is deleted is referred to as chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing or part of one X chromosome is deleted is referred to as
Turner syndrome
Someone with which of the following chromosomes has Turner syndrome?
XO
What is the definition of genotype?
a person's genetic material
Phenylketonuria is best treated by
a specialized diet
All of the following are characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome except
an extra Y chromosome
Which of the following is not a characteristic of Down syndrome?
an extra Y chromosome
Which field seeks to discover the influence of environment and heredity on individual differences in human development?
behavior genetics
According to Gilbert Gottlieb's epigenetic view, which of the following characterizes the relationship between heredity and environment in development?
bidirectional
Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the zygote is now a group of cells that is more specifically called the
blastocyst
Which of the following are recessive characteristics? (Choose every correct answer.)
blond hair nearsightedness freckles
All of the following are generally lower in individuals with FASD, except
blood pressure
Which of the following are psychoactive drugs? (Select all that apply)
caffeine alcohol nicotine marijuana
Which activities take place during the germinal period of prenatal development? (Choose every correct answer.)
cell division creation of the fertilized egg attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
Which of the following malformations can be detected by fetal MRI? (Select all that apply)
central nervous system malformations chest malformations genital/urinary tract malformations
______ are threadlike structures made up of DNA that come in 23 pairs, with one member of each pair coming from each parent.
chromosomes
What occurs when a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube?
conception
The two new cells created by mitosis
contain the same DNA as the original cell.
In a gene pair, the _______(one word) gene will always override the potential influence of the other gene of a pair.
dominant
The embryo's outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts, is known as the
ectoderm
The neural tube develops out of the embryo's
ectoderm
Once the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, the mass of cells is known as a(n)
embryo
two weeks to eight weeks, post-conception
embryo
The period that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception is known as the ______ period.
embryonic
The ______ is the inner layer of cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory system.
endoderm
The Blank______ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.
epigenetic
Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors?
evolutionary psychology
Fertilization typically takes place in the ______.
fallopian tubes
True or false: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that pregnant women consume caffeine on a regular basis.
false
True or false: Ultrasound sonography during pregnancy can pose significant risks to both mother and fetus.
false
Prenatal development is divided into which three periods?
fetal embryonic germinal
A cluster of abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy is referred to as
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
two months post-conception to birth
fetus
The basic architecture of the human brain is assembled during the
first two trimesters
______ are units of hereditary information that help cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life.
genes
For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by which of the following?
genetic susceptibility the dosage time of exposure
AIDS is a disease that damages the body's ______ system.
immune
Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to which of the following?
impaired language development cognitive deficits impaired motor development
According to evolutionary psychology, natural selection favors behaviors that
increase reproductive success
All of the following nutritional factors influence whether or not a baby will be born malformed, except
intake of spicy food
Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)
low birth weight lower intelligence
According to a large-scale study, pregnant women's caffeine intake was linked to which of the following in their offspring?
lower birth weight
XYY syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which the
male has an extra Y chromosome
Which factors are considered teratogens? (Choose every correct answer.)
maternal stress infectious disease nutritional deficiencies drugs advanced paternal age
The prenatal testing that should be performed depends on which of the following?
medical history genetic risk factors mother's age
Chromosomal abnormalities result when a chromosome does not separate properly during
meiosis
A common outcome of fragile X syndrome is
mental deficiency
During the germinal period, the zygote is undergoing rapid ______.The process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development is referred to as Blank______.
mitosis
The evolutionary process by which the best-adapted individuals of a species survive and reproduce is called Blank______ selection.
natural
The ______ tube is the beginning of the formation of the nervous system.
neural
During prenatal development, what type of cells move to specific locations in the brain and start getting connected?
neurons
Information processing at the cellular level in the brain is handled by nerve cells known as
neurons
According to the U.S. surgeon general ______.
no alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy
The use of opiate-related pain relievers or synthetic opioids during pregnancy is
not recommended
The process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development is referred to as ______.
organogenesis
Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic disorder in which the red blood cells cannot carry Blank______ properly and die quickly.
oxygen
______ genotype-environment correlations occur because biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.
passive
Bassel's mom is a banker and loves numbers, and Bassel and his mom enjoy solving arithmetic problems. According to Blank______, Bassel will probably grow up to be skilled in arithmetic.
passive genotype-environment correlations
Which of the following is a genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize a certain amino acid and, if left untreated, causes intellectual disability?
phenylketonuria (PKU)
The umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein, and it connects the baby to the
placenta
Genes direct cells to replicate themselves and to assemble
proteins
The building blocks of cells that regulate and direct body processes are called
proteins
The general term for drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods is
psychoactive drugs
In a gene pair, the ______ gene does not always exert its influence.
recessive
Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with
reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference
Human traits and characteristics that are genetically influenced have an evolutionary history that is
retained in our DNA
Women who plan to have children should be given a blood test before they become pregnant to determine whether they are immune to
rubella
It becomes possible for the fetus to survive outside the womb as early as the Blank______ month of pregnancy.
sixth
Which of the following can cross the placental wall?
small molecules
Sudden infant death syndrome, preterm births and low birth weights, respiratory problems, and cardiovascular problems are more common among the offspring of mothers who Blank______ during pregnancy.
smoked
Which of these prescription drugs are most likely to function as teratogens? (Choose every correct answer.)
some antibiotics acne medications synthetic estrogen some antidepressants
Ultrasound sonography uses ______ directed toward the pregnant person's abdomen that produce(s) a visual representation of the fetus.
sound waves
Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n) ______ to the unborn fetus. (Watch your spelling!)
teratogen
Prenatal diagnostic tests include all of the following except
the Apgar Scale
How are characteristics that suit a species for survival transmitted from one generation to the next?
the genetic code inherited from our parents
Fragile X syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which
there is an abnormality on the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks
Approximately how many months after conception is the fetus about three inches long, actively moving its arms and legs and head, and exhibiting a distinguishable face, forehead, eyelid, nose, and chin? (At this stage, however, the mother cannot yet feel the arms and legs moving.)
three
The face, forehead, eyelids, nose, and chin are distinguishable ______ months after conception.
three
Prenatal development is sometimes described in terms of equal three-month periods called ______.
trimesters
True or false: Infants born to women using synthetic opioids or opiate-related pain relievers are at risk for experiencing opioid withdrawal.
true
True or false: The emerging view is that complex behaviors are influenced by genes in ways that give people a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory as well as by complex environments.
true
True or false: Virtually any drug or chemical substance a pregnant woman ingests can cross the placenta.
true
Which of the following would be most commonly used by a behavior geneticist?
twin or adoption studies
Fatty tissues develop, various organ systems function more regularly, and the fetus grows longer and gains about four pounds during the last Blank______ of pregnancy.
two months
Normally conducted seven weeks into the pregnancy, Blank______ is used to detect structural abnormalities in the fetus and, when used later in the pregnancy, can help determine whether the baby is a boy or a girl.
ultrasound sonography
A single cell formed through fertilization is a(n)
zygote
conception to two weeks post-conception
zygote
