APHG AGRICULTURE 12.1 and 12.2

three continents had crops and animals diffused widely btw 15th century

asia, europe, and africa

Pastoral Nomadism

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

intensive subsistence agriculture

A form of subsistence agriculture characteristics of Asia's major population concentrations in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.

mixed crop and livestock systems

Another type of intensive commercial agriculture practiced frequently is mixed crop and livestock systems , in which both crops and livestock are raised for profit. There are two types of mixed farming: on-farm and between-farm. In on-farm mixed farming, the crops and livestock are raised on the same farm. In between-farm mixing, two farmers share resources, with one growing crops and the other raising livestock. One example of this is livestock ranchers in the United States who buy feed from grain-producing farms.

Commercial agriculture (intensive, extensive)

Ariculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. Two types: intensive(ex: terracing in South Asia) and extensive (ex: farming in Southern MN)

climate

Climate varies greatly across the globe and is based on four key factors: distance from the Equator, wind and ocean currents, proximity to large bodies of water, and topography. These components interact with one another in different ways to create different climate regions

shifting cultivation

One type of extensive subsistence agriculture that uses relatively simple technology requiring little capital investment is shifting cultivation. Shifting cultivation is the practice of growing crops or grazing animals on a piece of land for a year or two, then abandoning that land when the nutrients have been depleted from the soil and moving to a new piece of land where the process is repeated.

Dispersed settlement

Settlements characterized by widespread farms, relatively isolated from neighbors.

Stimulus Diffusion

Stimulus diffusion which is the spread of an idea which is then changed by new adopters, is the main way that agriculture diffused from the hearths.

mediterranean agriculture

consists of growing hardy trees (such as olive, fruit, and nut trees) and shrubs (like grape vines) and raising sheep and goats. These animals forage in the sparse, scrubby summer growth and maneuver around the region's steep landscape.

monoculture

refers to the agricultural system of planting one crop or raising one type of animal annually. In the years following World War II, farmers in the American Midwest shifted from farming many crops to focus on one or two crops—typically corn and soybeans, depending on market prices

Ranching

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.

Grain Farming

A type of commercial agriculture, is considered extensive and mechanized, that produces mainly wheat.

subsistance agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

Mediterranean agriculture

An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, olives, and a host of nuts, fruits, and vegetables comprise profitable agricultural operations.

nomadic herding/pastoral nomadism

Another example of extensive subsistence farming is nomadic herding , also called pastoral nomadism . People who practice this type of agriculture move their animals seasonally or as needed to allow the best grazing. It requires far-reaching areas of land to prevent overgrazing—the destruction of feed plants that results from livestock overpopulation or overfeeding.

intensive commerial agriculture

Farmers who use farming as a way for profit may make large investments in labor and capital in an attempt to produce large yields of farm products - to then sell for profit.

monocropping

Many people who participate in intensive commercial agriculture in the United States focus on monocropping , the cultivation of one or two crops that are rotated seasonally—commonly corn, soybeans, wheat, or cotton.

Commercial Gardening

The intensive production of nontropical fruits, vegetables, and flowers for sale off the farm.

Diffusion

The process or spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time. This is how everything is spread around the world.

Green Revolution

a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties.

Second Agricultural Revolution

dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm products.

market gardening

is farming that produces fruits, vegetables, and flowers and typically serves a specific market, or urban area, where farmers can conveniently sell to local grocery stores, restaurants, farmers' markets, and road stands. The practice of market gardening is driven by the perishability of the products, or their likeliness to spoil, and the demand by local consumers for fresh fruits and vegetables.

LDCs

less developed countries

bid rent theory II

which is used to describe how land costs are determined, was developed in 1964 by American economic geographer William Alonso. This theory explains the relationships between land value, commercial location, and transportation (primarily in urban areas) using a bid-rent gradient, or slope. The gradient is based on the practice of land users bidding against one another for land. The most desirable land, which is also the most accessible, receives the highest bids.

MDCs

Countries such as the United States, Germany, and Australia who have the highest levels of economic development

bid-rent theory explains

Both subsistence and commercial agriculture are practiced at different scales known as intensive and extensive scales. The bid-rent theory explains how land value determines how a farmer will use the land—either intensively or extensively. Where land value is high, farmers will buy less land and use it intensively to produce the most agricultural yield per unit of land. Where land has a lower value or is farther from the market, farmers will buy more land and use it less intensively, or extensively.

environmental factors

Cultivating plants or raising animals requires adaptation to environmental limitations. Sunlight, water, and nutrients are all factors that affect plant growth

Third Agricultural Revolution

Currently in progress, the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's)

First Agricultural Revolution

Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

subsistence agriculture

For some farmers, growing food is a matter of survival. They grow and raise a diverse range of crops and livestock for their family's consumption. This form of farming is called subsistence agriculture , which you briefly read about in Chapter 3. Occasionally, subsistence farmers enjoy a plentiful harvest and produce more than meets their needs.

linear settlement pattern

In a linear settlement pattern, houses and buildings extend in a long line that usually follows a land feature, such as a riverfront, coast, or hill, or aligns along a transportation route. The linear features—including railroads and roads—generally predate the settlement, and people settle along these features because they provide access to water or transportation.

commercial agriculture

Other farmers grow crops and raise livestock for profit to sell to customers, who buy these goods in a form of agriculture known as commercial agriculture . The goods commercial farmers produce depend on a range of geographic and economic factors, including the comparative advantages.

slash and burn

Some farmers, including those in Colombia and Brazil in South America and Papua New Guinea in Oceania, use traditional subsistence farming techniques, such as slash and burn —a type of shifting cultivation—to maintain the land. They clear the land by cutting down the trees and brush, and after the vegetation dries, burning this "slash," resulting in a nutrient-rich ash fertilizer. The cleared land is then cultivated for several years until the soil becomes infertile.

transhumance

Some nomads engage in transhumance , the movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter. For example, the Kohistani people of eastern Afghanistan are nomads who move their herds of livestock among five different altitude levels from 2,000 to 14,000 feet above sea level over the course of a year.

climate regions

The combination of temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and topography produces different climate regions , or areas that have similar climate patterns generally based on their latitude and their location on coasts or continental interiors.

central business district (CBD)

The majority of consumer services are located in the center of a city because the accessibility of the location attracts these services. This central location is called the central business district (CBD) . The demand for central locations is translated into high land values. As the distance away from the CBD increases, land value decreases. The bid-rent theory assumes there is one CBD

clustered settlement

The most common form of settlement is a clustered settlement (also known as a nucleated settlement), in which residents live in close proximity. Houses and farm buildings are near one another, with farmland and pasture land surrounding the settlement. This settlement pattern promotes social unity. Its physical closeness also allows residents to share common resources and expand their land outward.

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. Transhumance is defined as the seasonal movement of livestock (herding) between mountains and lowland pastures. Typically, livestock is moved to the lowlands in the winters and to the highlands in the summers.

intensive agriculture

With intensive agriculture , farmers expend a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land. To achieve high productivity, they rely on high levels of "inputs" and energy. In some regions, commonly used inputs include chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and growth regulators. In other regions, the inputs may be human or animal labor, natural fertilizers, and thoughtful care of the soil.

extensive agriculture

With relatively few inputs and little investment in labor and capital, farmers who participate in extensive agriculture typically have lower outputs than farmers who employ intensive practices. Like intensive agriculture, extensive agriculture can be practiced in subsistence agricultural regions as well as in commercial agricultural regions. Extensive agriculture is found in countries in the periphery and semi-periphery, as well as in ranching enterprises in core countries.

monocropping

can strip nutrients from the soil; for instance, intensive cotton production leads to soil exhaustion. One way to prevent this depletion of nutrients is through crop rotation , the varying of crops from year to year to allow for the restoration of valuable nutrients and the continuing productivity of the soil

plantation agriculture

involves large-scale commercial farming of one particular crop grown for markets often distant from the plantation. This type of intensive commercial agriculture typically takes place in peripheral and semi-peripheral economies in the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Major plantation crops include cotton, tobacco, tea, coffee, sugarcane, bananas, palm oil, and rubber.

agriculture

is the purposeful cultivation of plants or raising of animals to produce goods for survival.