APHG Ch 8 Key Issue 3-4

elongated states

*potential isolation*, Long and narrow shape, May suffer from poor internal communications (extremes isolated from capital in center Sub saharan africa: -Malawi is much longer north- south but only 100 km east to west -Gambia is very short north to south, and much longer west to east Chile is super long and very thing east to west. Wedged between pacific coast of SA and andes.

Fragmented states

*problematic*; several discontinuous pieces of territory. All states have offshore islands as part of territory are fragmented. However it is significant to some states. Two types: separated by water; separated by intervening state

Military cooperation in Europe

- many Euro states joined NATO (include US and canada) or Warsaw Pact (communist western Euro) after WWII - NATO's objective was to prevent Soviet Union from taking over West Germany and other small countries - Warsaw Pact gave Soviets a buffer of allied states between it and Germany to discourage third German invasion of Soviet Union; put down communist uprisings; invaded Czechoslovakia to depose a govt committed to reforms - both designed to maintain bipolar Europe balance of powers. - Euro no longer dominated by military confrontation between two groups, Warsaw disbanded and NATO number of troops dropped. - NATO expanded to include former Warsaw pact states, and membership offered gave important sense of security against future russian threat as well as participation in common europe.

State support for terrorism

- providing sanctuary for terrorists wanted by other countries - supplying weapons, money, and intelligence to terrorists - planning attacks using terrorists

Al queda implicated several attacks since 9/11

-13 died in car bomb detonated outside sheradin hotel in Pakistan -35 died in car bombs in saudi arabia -truck bombed in turkey -32 killed at british consulate and british owned bank in istanbul -22 died in attacks on oil company officies in saudi arabia -56 died w trains and buses bombed in london -88 died in resort hotel in egypt -63 died in bomb of american hotel in jordan -53 died in truck bombing in Pakistan -A queda member Umar tried to detonate explosives sown in underpants. failed detonation, passangers put out fire and was landed, he got 4 life sentences

cuban missile crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba. JFK went on news ordering the missiles removal and he ordered blockade preventing soviet materials from reaching Cuba Denied SU placed missiles in cuba but US ambassador have areal footage of them setting up the bombs, and this proof made them dismantle the missiles, ending the crisis

According to the Law of the Sea, how far out to sea from their coastline do states have exclusive economic control?

200 nautical miles

Which of the following continents has the most landlocked states in the world today?

Africa

balance of power

Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries. After WWII, this was bipolar between US and SU

what did the US expect after having invaded Iraq and removed Hussen from power?

Expected entheustiastic welcome from iraq people but instead became embroiled in complex and violent struggle among these various religious sects and tribes

Most of the boundary between the United States and Canada is a straight line that follows the 49° north latitude line. Which of the following types of cultural boundaries is this an example of?

Geometric

What is true of gerrmandering

The process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefitting the party in power

terrorism

The systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands. distinctive characterstics include -trying to achieve objective through organized acts that spread fear and anxiety among pop like bombing kidnapping, and assasination -viewing violence as means of widespread publicity to goals and grievences that are not being addressed in peaceful means -believing an a cause so strong that they don't hesitate to attack even if they know they will die in the act.

Afghanistan: providing sanctuary to al queda

US attacks afghan when its leaders (taliban) sheltered bin laden and other al qaeda terrorits. During battle of tora bora, US overran psitions help by al queda but bin laden escaped. Taliban in power, fuundamentalish islamic (terrible women treatment). 6 year taliban rule supressed civil war raged in afghan. Rule came to an end following US invasion. Destroying taliban needed to get al queda and and Bin ladin living as taliban guest. Removal of taliban unleashed a new struggle for control of Afghan among country's many ethnic groups. America shifted to Iraq and Iran, and taliban regroups and resumed insurgence against the US backed afghan govt

The term Arab Spring refers to __________.

a series of protests across Southwest Asia and North Africa that resulted in government changes

Perforated states

a state that completely surrounds another one. State that is surrounded may face big problem of dependence on or interference from sourroundinng state. SA completely around Lesotho who rely heavily on SA for import and export. Dependency here very difficult when SA had govt controlled by whites who discriminate against black majority another ex- italy surrounds holy see (the vatican) and san marino

frontier

a zone where no state exercises complete political control. Tangible geographic area whereas boundary is infinitely thin line sparsely inhabited or uninhabited frontiers between states have been replaces by boundaries. Modern communications allow countries to monitor and guard boundaries, even in previously unaccesable locations

AU

african union; 53 countries in Africa. Replaced an earlier organization called Organization of african unity (founded to seek end to colonialism and apartheid). New organization has placed more emphasis on promoting economic integration in africa.

Bin laden declaration of war

against US bc of US support for Saudi arabia and israel. Ladan argued that muslims have a duty to wage a holy war against US citizens bc US responsible for maintaining Saud royal fam as rulers of saudi arabia and keeping jew dominating israel. Destruction of saudi monarchy and jewish state of israel would liberate from their control Islam's three holiest states Makka (mecca), madinah, and jerusalem.

The situation in which two sets of allied countries have roughly equal military, political, and economic strength is known as __________.

balance of power

Civil war in afghanistan raging on and off since 1970's

began when king was overthrown in bloodless coup lead by Mohammed Khan - Khan murdered years later and replaced w officers sympathetic to SU. SU sent troops to afghan after fundamentalist muslims started rebellion against pro Soviet govt. The fundamentalist islam (mujahedeen - less equiment and outnumbered) offset soviet advantage by waging guerilla warfare in mountains, where they were more comfortable than SU who's better air defense was ineffective. SU withdrew troops and soviet afghan govt collapsed. Taliban gained control after several years of infighting

unitary state

best in nation states categorized by few internal cultural diffs and strong sense of national unity. Better for smaller states bc requires effective communication w all regions. Common in Europe Some multinational states adopted this so values of one nationality can be imposed on others. Kenya and Rwanda w use of unitary eable one ethnic group to take power France (nation state) has long tradition of unitary govt in whcih strong national govt dominates local decisions. French local govt units are 96 departments. Second tier is thousands of communes. More power given to these in recent years. Also, 22 councils previously had little power and today converted to full fledge local govt units

mountain boundaries

can be effective if difficult to cross. Contact between neighbors may be limited. useful bc usually permanent and inhabited do not always provide amicable separation of neighborhoods. Argentina and chile agreed divided crest of Andes but could not decide percise crest locations. Was crest a jagged line or line curving following continent divide these two countries almost fought war over boundary line. But help of US, finally decided on line connected adjacent mountain peeks

Which of the following shapes of states is considered to be the most efficient?

compact

states compete for many reasons:

control of territory, access to trade and resources, and influence over other states. division of war into military alliances resulted from the emergence of two states as superpowers - US and SU. By end of WWII alliances more economic than military.

shape of states

controls length of boundaries w other states. Shape affects potential for communication and conflict. Part of unique identity. beyond centripetal force value, shape of state can influence ease or difficulty of internal work and can affect social unity 5 basic shapes can be seen in southern africa. Each shape shows distinct character and challenges

Timothy McVeigh

convicted and executed for oklahoma city bombing. Terry Nichols, who assisted, was convicted of conspiracy and involuntary manslaughter but was not executed. McVeigh claimed act was fueled by rage against US govt for actions like 51 day siege of branch davidian religious compound culminating with a result of an attack and 80 deaths.

US suffered terrorist attacks in late 20th century

dec 21, 1988: bomb destroyed pam am flight 103 over scotland killing many on board and some on ground feb 26, 1993: bomb parked under garage damaged world trade centers killing 6 injuring many. april 19, 1995: car bomb killed many in alfred murrah federal building in OKlahoma june 25, 1996: truck bomb blew up apartment complex in saudi arabia killing US soldiers aug 7, 1998: US embassies in kenya and tanzania bombed oct 12, 2000: USS cole was bombed while in the port of aden, Yemen

Checks and Balances: democracy and autocracy diffs

democracy guarentees civil rights to all citizens in daily lives and in acts of politics autocracy has leaders that exercise power w no checks from legislative, judicial, or civil society instituions.

citizen participation: democracy and autocracy diffs

democracy has institutionalized constraints on exercise of power by the executive autocracy has citizens participation sharply restricted or suppressed

selection of leaders: democracy and autocracy diffs

democracy has institutions and procedures through which citizens can express effective preferences about alternative policies and leaders autocracy has leaders selected according to clearly defined (usually hereditary) rules of succession from within established political elite

Since two largest ethnic groups in US (african ams and most hispanics) tend to vote ...

democratic (so majority black pops guarantees election of democrat) republican support a stacked democratic district bc they are better able to draw boundaries that are favorable to their candidates in rest of the state

ethnic boundaries

different langs or religions. religious diffs coincide w boundaries between states byt only in a few cases has religion been used to select boundary south asia, british partitioned india into two states bc of religion. Muslim in pakistan and hindu in independent state of India. draw boundary between two states on Ireland. Most became an independent Ireland country byt northern ireland remained part of UK. Roman cath comprise 95% of pop in 26 countries that joined republic of ireland, where protestants majority in six countries in northern ireland *lang important cultural characterisitic for drawing boundaries, especially in Europe*. England france, portugal and spain Euro states that have defined around langs.

desert boundaries

divide two states bc deserts hard to cross and low habitation. common in africa and asia. In north africa, sahara proved stable boundary separating egypt, libya and others from mali and others. Exception is boundary between chad and libya

cold war competition an alliances

during cold war era, global and regional organizations were established mainly to prevent third world war and to protect countries against foreign attacks. with end of cold war, some of these organizations have flourished and some withered

Jemaah Islamiyah

example of an al qaueda franchise with local concerns like establishing fundamentalist islamic govt. Jamaah terrorist activities have been concentrated in most populous country Indonesia: -nightclub in report town of Kuta on island of bali was bombed, killing 202 -car bombs killed 12 at Marriot hotel in capital jakarta -car bombs killed 3 at austalian embassy, also in jakarta -attacks on a downtown square in Kuta as well as food court in Jimbaran, and in Bali, killed 26 -bombs killed 9 at marriot and ritz hotel in jakarta

physical boundary

features, such as mountains and lakes, that mark the extent of a state's territory and the control that its leaders have three types: deserts, mountains, water

Which of the following types of government characterizes the United States?

federal

COMECON

formed w 10 members - the 8 Eastern European communist states from the Warsaw pact plus Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam. Designed to promote trade and sharing of natural resources. With end of cold war, economic cooperation throughout Europe has become increasingly important

EU

formed with six members (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, and west germany). designed to heal western europe's scar from WWII (which only ended 13 years earlier) when nazi in alliance with italy, conquered the other four countries

many political leaders have been assasinated though not considered terrorism:

four US presidents: Lincoln, Garfield, McKinley, Kennedy Roman emperor Julius Caesar archduke Franz Ferdinand: heir to throne of austria hungary, assassinated by a serb in sarajevo, which led directly to outbreak of WWI

The Philippines is a country consisting of over 7,000 islands in the Pacific Ocean. Which shape best describes the Philippines?

fragmented

An area where no state exercises complete control is known as a(n) __________.

frontier zone

cultural boundaries

geometic and ethnic

State Terrorist Attacks: Libya

govt of libya accused of sponsoring bombing of german nightclub that was pop w US military stationed there. US relationship poor w them whenn US aircraft shot down attacking libya warplanes while conducting exercises over water in Mediterranean that US considered international but Libya considered in its territory. In response to berlin bombing, US bombers attacked Libyan cities of tripoli and benghazi trying to kill their colonal. Libyan agents found to have planted bombs on planes and Qaddafi (the colonel) turned over suspects for the bombing trials. One sentence to life and prison and one aquited. Libya rennounced terrorism and gave money to plane victums. (libya no longer seen as state sponsor of terrorism) Qaddafi tried to crush protests w extreme violence. UN authorized an attack on him. 30 member states launched air and naval attacks where Qaddafi was captured and killed

Some terrorists during 90's were american citizens operating along or w others: Theodore Kaczynki

unabomber; sending bombs through mail during a 17 year period killing 3 and injuring 23. Targets mainly academics in tech disciplines and execs in businesses whos actions he considered to be adversely affecting the enviro

goverment of states organized in one of 2 ways

unitary: most power in hands of central govt officials federal: allocates strong power to units of local govt within country

Pakistan: providing sanctuary to al queda

was on terrorism spilled over from Pakistan neighbor afghanistan. that border is rugged with mountains and several minority ethnicities where taliban hold control. thought bin laden was hiding in taliban mountains of west pakistan but were wrong. Navy killed bin laden in compound in city of abbottabad, close to the capital Pakistan. US believed pakistan security had to be aware Bin laden was hiding in the compound for at least 5 years. compound was fortified and located close to pakistan military academy. Pakistani officials mad US attacked the compound w/o their knowledge

gerrymandering takes 3 forms

wasted vote: spreads opposition supportes across many districts but in the minority excess vote: concentrates opposition supporters into a few districts stacked votes: links distant areas of like minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries.

during cold war....

western euro countries joined EU and NATO, whereas eastern euro countries joined COMECON and Warsaw Pact. COMECON and Warsaw disbanded. NATO and EU accepted and plan to accept new members *So during cold war, two economic alliances formed in Europe: EU and COMECON*

trend toward democracy

world has become more democratic. 3 reasons -replacement of increasing irrelevant and out of touch monarchies with elected govt that are able to regulate, tax, and mobilize citizens in exchange for broadened individual rights and liberties. -widening of participation in policy making to all citizens through universal rights to vote and to serve in govt -diffusion of democratic govt structures created in Europe and NA to other regions of world.

According to recent trends, which form of government is becoming more widespread?

Democratic

era of two superpowers

During the Cold War era, The United States and Soviet Union were the world's two superpowers. both quickly deploy armed forces in diff regions of world. establish military bases in other countries for stability. bases in local areas of conflict. Both demonstrate they use military force to prevent ally from getting too independent. Send help to respective countries to maintain their allies. Before cold war, usually more than 2 superpowers. (Used to be 8: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, UK, US). With this many no single state can dominate. (major powers temporarily joined to form brief alliances) post WWII balance of power was bipolar between US and SU. Power of these two much greater than others making the world comprised of two camps. Other states lost ability to tip scales significantly in favor of one or more superpower. Either ally or foe.

Which of the following organizations is the most important economic organization in Europe today?

EU

the EU in the 21st century

EU expanded from original 6 to 12 countries and later 27 members. recent additions are members of COMECON which disbanded after fall of communism. Future enlargements likely (croatia begun negotiations to join, but EU not yet set a timetable; Macedonia, Montenegro, and other possible candidates not yet negotiated; Iceland and Turkey negotiate to become candidates and Albania a potential candidate) Main task of EU is to promote development within member states through economic and political cooperation: -Euro parliament is elected by people in each member states simultaneously -Subsidies are provided to farmers and to economically depressed regions -Most barriers to free trade removed with few exceptions, goods, services, capital and people can move freely through Europe affects of these actions has been to turn Europe into the world's wealthiest market.

compact states

*Efficient*, Distance from center of state to any boundary does not vary significantly. Ideal theoretical example would be circle-shaped with the capital in the center. good for small bc communication can be more easily established w all regions, especially w capital in center. Compact doesn't exactly mean peace, as compact states likely for civil wars and ethnic rivalries.

Which of the following states has directly sponsored terrorist attacks, including the bombing of a Pan Am flight in Scotland in 1988?

*Libya* has been accused of directly sponsoring terrorist attacks, including the bombing of a nightclub in Germany in 1986 and the bombing of a Pan Am flight over Scotland in 1988. The country is no longer considered to be a direct sponsor of terrorism and has since come under new leadership as a result of the Arab Spring. Afghanistan and Pakistan have both offered safe haven for terrorists, though they have not been proven to be direct supporters of terrorist activities. Ireland was the site of some terrorist activities during the mid- to late-1900s, though this was the work of terrorist organizations and not directly connected with the Irish government.

Proruption states

*access or distruption*; compact w large projecting extention. Created for 2 principle reasons: -provide state w access to resource like water (Dem repub of congo proruption to west along congo river, created by Belgiums to give colony access to atlantic ocean) -to separate two states that otherwise share a boundary (Namibia has proruption to east. When Namibia was a colony, proruption disrupted communications among british colonies of southern africa. Provided germans access to Zambezi, an important african river. ANother ex - afghanistan has proruption to prevent russia from sharing border with Pakistan)

democracy

A country in which citizens elect leaders and can run for office

autocracy

A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people

Which of the following terms refers to a terrorist organization that means "the base" in Arabic?

Al-Qaeda

Boundary definition

An invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory

fragmented states separated by an intervening state

Angola divided into fragments by congo. independence movement is trying to detach cabinda as separate state from angola, with justification that its pop belongs to distinct ethnic groups. Russia has fragment called Kaliningrad separated by states of Lituania and Belarus. SU seized it after german defeat. German fled west and virtually all residents are russian. Russia wants it back bc its largest naval base on baltic sea. Panama fragmented for a while w canal built by US. After US withdrew from canal, panama became elongated

anocracy

Country not fully democratic or autocratic, a mix.

cultural integration in Europe

Crossing border is cultural rather than a political experience (ex highways in netherlands more likely than those in neighboring Belgium to be flanked by well kept crops and paths reserved for bikes). Most noticeable element of cultural diversity within europe is language. Although english become principle lang of business in EU, much of EU budget is spent translating documents into other langs. Biggest obstacle to integration is multiplicity of language Increase tolerance for cultural value to neighbors; opposition to immigration of people from south to east, especially those islam darker people. Immigrants from poor regions fill needed jobs, but many fear this movement will transform their nation states into multiethnic society. Underlying this fear of immigration is recognition that natural increase rates are higher in most african and asian countries than in Europe bc of higher CBR's. Believe immigrants will keep up high CBR's and increase pop in Europe

Two broad categories describe types of boundaries; one is physical and the other is __________.

Cultural

Cyprus's "green line" boundary

Cyprus (island in Mediterranean) contains greek and turkish nationality. Greeks majority even tho closer to turkey. Cyprus gained independence from Britain and constitution guaranteed turkish minority big share of elected offices and self control in culture. Never integrated Turk and Greek. Several greek officers favored unification with Greece control of govt. Turkey invaded to protect minority. Greek removed and elected govt restored but Turkish army remained in cyprus. Turkey in north declared independent byt only Turkey recognizes its separate state *wall made between two areas and buffer zone patrolled by UN. two nationalities became isolated. *Northern Island more turkish and southern greece. Many greeks forced to move from the region controlled by turk, where many turks moved from region seen as greek side. Two sides recently closer w portion of wall demolished. Accepted entire Cyprus island as EU. UN plan for peace w reunification accepted by turk rejected by greek.

Which of the following statements regarding Cyprus is correct?

Cyprus has never peacefully integrated its Greek and Turkish populations.

Supplying Terrorists: Iran

Hostility between US and iran stems back to when revolution forced abdication of Irans pro US Shah Mohammud. Irans majority shiite pop demanded more democry and opposed shahs modern economy program that caused unrest. supporters of exiled ayatolla then proclaimed iran islamic and rewrote the constitution giving power to ayatolla. Militant supporters of ayatolla seized US embessy and held hostage americans. Iran and Iraq war fought over waterway control by tigris and euphrates. Forced to cede control of waterway to iran, iraq took advantage of Iran's revo to seize waterways, but iran not defeated outright, so war begin that neither side won. when US launched war on terrorism after 9/11, afghan was immediate target followed by Iraq. US accused iran (majority shiites) of harboring al qaeda. Iran claimed new weapons for civilian purposes but other countries believed it was intended to develop nuclear weapons. Prolonged negotiations took place to get rid of irans nuclear capabilities without resorting yet another middle east war.

What, jointly staffed by US and Mexico, oversee border treaties and settles differences?

Inter nation boundary and water commission

Which of the following statements regarding terrorism is correct?

Only citizens of foreign countries can be labeled "terrorists." Unselected No country directly supports terrorist activity. *The term applies to groups that operate outside established governments.* Unselected Terrorist attacks are generally aimed at military targets or political leaders.

OSCE

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe: 56 members including most of Europe, Kazakhstan and several other states in Central Asia, Canada and US, established in 1994. when formed it was composed mainly of western euro countries and played small role. With end of scold war, it expanded to include Warsaw countries and became active w countries concerned w ending conflict in Europe (especially Balkans and Caucasus). Does not directly command armed forces, it can call upon member states to supply troops

OAS

Organization of American States. Alliance of nations in Western Hemisphere. (35 states). CUba is member but suspended in 1962. Organization's HQ including permanent council and general assembly are located in DC. Promotes social, political and economic links among member states

Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power. Named after Eldrige Gerry governor of MA and VP of Us at one point, signed a bill redistricting Massacahusetts to benefit his party. Opponent observed offly shaped new district looked like a salamander changing the name to gerrymandering. Newspaper subsequent printed a cartoon of a monster named gerrymander w body shaped like the district. Supreme court ruled this illegal but did not require dismantle of current odd shape districts. Later ruling allowed N carolina to add another odd shape district to ensure election of black democrat. Through gerrymandering only 1/10 congress seats are competitive, making a shift of more than a few seats unlikely from one election to another in US

Which of the following states is perforated?

South africa not lesotho bc lesotho does the perforating

Commonwealth

UK and 52 other states that were once british colonies (like Austalia, bangaladesh, canada, india, nigeria, and pakistan). Most othermembers are african states or island countries in pacific or carribean. seek economic and cultural cooperation

fragmented states separated by water

Tanzania had two ethnicities joining bc share common development goals and political priorities. Indonesia has many islands between indian and pacific oceans. 80% of pop live on only 2 islands (Java and Sumatra) the fragmentation hinders communications and makes integration impossible. To encourage integration, Indonesia encourage move from dense islands to less dense Not all fragments joined Indonesia voluntarily. Indonesia invaded some places. A long struggle against indonesia culminated into independent. Another fragment (West Papua) also claimed to be independent, however attempts to break away came w little support

During the Cold War, which two countries were the world's superpowers?

US and SU

Which of the following statements regarding al-Qaeda is correct?

The organization uses the Hindu religion to justify its attacks. *Al-Qaeda is not a single unified organization*. Al-Qaeda was responsible for the 1995 bombing of a federal building in Oklahoma City. Unselected Al-Qaeda began in Yemen. Al-Qaeda is not a single unified organization, but rather consists of a network of local terrorist cells. The organization uses Islam to justify its attacks and began in Afghanistan around 1990. The Oklahoma City bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building was carried out by domestic terrorists in the United States.

water boundaries

These boundaries are relatively visible on map. offer good protection bc invading would require ships or planes and secure landing spot in country being attacked. State being invaded can concentrate defense at landing point Common east africa -dem repub of congo and uganda boundary runs through lake albert -boundary separating kenya and uganda runs through lake victoria -boundary separating dem repub of congo, burundi and zambia run through lake tanganyika. -boundary between dem repub of congo and zambia runs through lake tanganyika -boundary between malawi and mozambique runs through lake nyasa/malawi may seem permenant but position of water may change overtime. Rivers can slowly change course. Rio grande (separate mexico and US) frequently meandered. some areas on other side of boundary shifted between Mexico and US, but treaties restored land affected by river changes.

Iraq: supplying terrorists

US claims of state sponsored terrorism proved more controversial with regard to iraq than afghanistan. US lead attack against Iraq to depose Saddam Housain. Justification of removal for Housain creating chemical weapons (which could fall into al queda's hands). Husseins behavior raised concern around world. War w neighbor iran happened. Nuclear weapons rumored to hurt israel was destroyed by israel planes. Hussein gased iraqi kurds and invaded kuwait neighbor. US lead gulf war (desert storm operation) drove out Iraq in Kuwait, but failed to remove Hussein from power. Desert storm supported by most UN states bc purpose was end one country's unjustified invasion. Most did not agree w US that Iraq still had weapons of mass destruction. US moved toward war w iraq (went to UN speech to show evidence to world justifying attack against Iraq). Used aerial photos to show weapons of mass destruction. (but did not show clear evidence). *Lacking evidence of weapons of mass destruction and ties to al qaeda, US argued instead that iraq needed a regime change.* Husseins record of brutality justified his replacement w democracy.

job of redrawing boundaries in most European countries is entrusted to...

independent commissions (try to create homogeneous districts w/o regard for voter preferences).

A couple US states including Iowa and WA also use...

independent or bipartisan commission, but in most US states job of redrawing given to state legislature. Political party in control of this legislature redraws to improve chances of their party winning a seat. Stacked vote gerrymandering has been especially attractive for creating districts inclined to elect ethnic minorities.

boundary

invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory completely surround an individual state to mark outer limits of territorial control and give distinct shape. picking these locations difficult historically frontiers rather than boundaries separate states

Landlocked states.

lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is completely surrounded by several other countries. common in africa (15/55 states landlocked). These many africa landlocks bc of colonial era when britain and france controlled many regions. Euro built railroads to connect interior africa to water. Now french and britain empires gone, some railroad lines pass through several new indepedent states. Created new landlocked states. which cooperate w neighbors for sea stuff. direct ocean access critical for international trade. Bulky goods usually transported by ships. Means that a country needs a seaport where goods can be transfered between land and sea. A landlocked state must arrange use of another countries seaport for import and export of goods by sea.

federal state

local govt has big authority to adopt own laws. Multiethnic may adapt this to empower diff ethnicities especially if separate regions. Local govt boundaries can be drawn to correspond w regions w diff ethncities *more suitable for large states* bc capital too remote to provide control over isolated areas. Most of worlds largest federal includeing Canada, US, Russia, Brazil, and India. Size not always accurate determinant: *Belgium (small) is federal where china (big) is unitary* strong global trend to this. Unitary been curtailed in number of countries and got rid of completely in some. W more want for self determination, states restructure govt to transfer some authority from national to local govt. *Ethnicity not sufficienty numerous to gain control nationally woul dbe happy w some local control*

Arab spring

most dramatic shift in govt here w major protests in southwest asia and North africa. protests resulted in forcing from power autocratic rulers in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, and yemen protests include rallies and other civil disobedience. Use of social media to organize protest. Long standing practices by autocratic regimes to suppress TV and newspapers proved ineffective w use of social media.

Eurozone crisis

most dramatic step taken away from integrating Europe nation states into regional organization was the creation of this. A single bank (European central bank) given responsibility for setting interest rates and minimizing inflation in eurozone. Common currency, euro, was created for first electronic and later print transactions. the france's franc, german mark, and italy lira disappeared (23 countries used euro) Euro leaders bet that every country in region would be stronger economically if they replaced its national currency with the euro. that was the case for a few years but later a severse global recession happened. Economically weaker eurozone countries like italy and spain forced to implement harsh policies like raising taxes, whereas strong ones like germany have been forced to subsidize to weak states

9/11

most dramatic terrorist attacks against US on 9/11. Tallest buildings in US, the 110 story twin towers of world trade center in NYC was destroyed. also pentagon was damaged. resulted in 93 passenger death on am airlines(twin tower 1), 65 deaths on united airlines (twin tower one), 2605 in ground of world trade center, 65 on am airlines crash in pentagon, 125 on pentagon ground, 44 with deaths of people who fought terrorists on plane preventing DC attack. (3000 total death) Responsible for al queda lead by osama. rich dad (mohammud bin laden) constructed billion dollar company. Osama got a lot of money and wives and funded al queda. (to unite opposition fighters in afghanistan and supporters of osama). Osama moved to Afghan to support fight against SU (the jihad war), recruited more muslims from arab places for the cause. After SU left, he want back to saudi arabia but was expelled for opposing decisions to allow US to station troops, he goes back sudan but was expelled again for instigating US attacks, so returned to afghan

US assertion that Hussein had close links with al qaeda was also challenged by

most other countries as well as ultimately by US intelligence agencies

Al queda use of religion to justify attacks have posed challenges to....

muslims and non-muslims alike. for many muslims challenge has been expressing disagreements w US and Europe policies yet disavow the use of terrorism. For many ams and euros the challenge is distinguishing between peaceful but familiar principles and practices of world's 1 billion muslims and misus and abuse of islam by terrorists.

Bin lada involved with al queda

number involved in al queda is unknown. Ladan was advised by small leadership council which has several committees. al queda not only did twin towers, but it encompasses local franchises concerned w country specific issues, as well as imitators ideologically aligned w al queda but not financially tied to it

geometric boundaries

part of northern US and canada boundary is straight line/arc along 49 degree north lat. boundary established by treaty between US and great britain which is still control canada. Two countries share another geometric boundary between alaska and Yukon territory along north south arc of 141 degree west long boundary between chad and libya straight line across desert set by french and british to set northern limit of french colonies in africa. Libya claimed straight line would be 100 km to the south. Libya later seized territory and chad expelled libya army w help of french forces and regain control of strip.

The term 'terror' (to frighten in latin) first applied to..

period of french revolution known as reign of terror. The committee of public safety guillotined throusand of political opponents in modern times, terrorism been applied to action by groups operating outside of govt rather than groups of official govt agencies, although some govt provide support to terrism

types of boundaries

physical (coincide w features of landscape) cultural (follow distribution of cultural charactersitics) neither more natural than others, and many boundaries combo of both types boundary locations can make conflict both within and with neighbors. Boundary line must be shared by more than one state, and is only location w direct contact w two states. boundary has potential to becomee focal point of conflict.

electoral geography

politics must follow prescribed rules. All parties to political progress can find ways of bending rules for advantage. (drawing legislative district boundaries - redrawn periodically to ensure each district has approximate same pop. must be redrawn bc migration results in some areas gaining and losing pop. Redrawn every 10 years w census)

democracies and autocracies differ in three essential elements

selection of leaders citizen participation checks and balances

Other terrorist groups loosing associated w al queda: examples

somali terrorist groups killed 10 kenyan dancers and 3 israel tourisms at resort in Kenya, and fired two missiles at an israel airplane taking off local terrorist group blew up several commuting trains in spain

diff between terrorism and assassinations

terrorism has attacks aimed at ordinary people rather than military targets or political leaders. Other types of military action can result in civilian death but average individuals are unintended victims rather than principle targets in most conflicts. A terrorist considers all citizens responsible for action they oppose, so are therefore equally legitimate as victims.