APHUG - Industry Study Guide
reserved for quick delivery of small-bulk and high value packages
Airplane shipping qualities
They made them in their homes or got them in the local village
How did people make tools and farm equipment before the industrial revolution?
Regardless of transportation mode, costs increase each time products are transferred from one mode to another- workers must unload goods from a truck and reload them onto a plane
How do cost increase with all shipping modes?
Factories and power plants use water for cooling and then release the warm water back into nature, Fish adapted to cold water (salmon or trout), might not survive the warmer water
How does factory and power plant water use hurt wildlife
World steel production is declining in developed countries and increasing in developing countries; Overall world steel production doubled 1980-2013- biggest increase in China
How does the production of steel vary in Developed vs Less Developed countries, how has the amount if it changes, and who had the biggest increase?
Aquatic plants and animals consume oxygen and so does the organic waste that humans dump, If too much waste is in water, the water becomes oxygen starved and the fish die
How does water pollution impact aquatic life
By Conservation - Factories have reduced their demand for petroleum by using more natural gas, and Higher gas mileage standards have been enacted to lower demand
How has demand for petroleum has been lowered in MDCs
by 25% last 200 years
How has fossil fuel use increased
from industrial centers in NW Europe towards S and E Europe; Eastern European countries have become major centers of industrial investment since 1990- they offer labor and market proximity; Workers are less skilled but much cheaper than in Western Europe and they are more skilled than workers in Asia and Latin America, The region is also close to the wealthy markets of Western Europe
How has manufacturing diffused in Europe ad why
7% of all solid waste in 1970 to 34% in 2013; 87 million tons of solid waste in the U.S. in 2013 was recycled; 50% of paper products and 24% of yard trimmings are recycled
How has recycling increased/used in the US
1970 - 1/2 in Europe, 1/3 in North America; Now, both have 1/4, other regions have gone from 1/6 in 1970, to half in 2010
How has the concentration of industry changed over time
1880-2014 - 1.6 F
How has the worlds temp increased
Fabric used to be worn together on a loom- One set of threads is strung lengthwise, A second set of threads is inserted over and under the first; In mechanized weaving, labor makes up a high percentage of the production cost- primarily found in low-wage countries
How has weaving changed, whats takes up most of the cost for the new kind and where is it found?
They have harvested Plutonium for making nuclear weapons from this waste -but No one has yet devised permanent storage for radioactive waste
How have people found use for nuclear waste?
As a bulk-reducing industry (the input heavier than the final product), copper concentration mills and sellers are built near the mines to minimize transportation cost
How is copper an example of proximity to inputs
Natural nuclear reactions make Earth's interior hot, especially in volcanic areas; The hot rocks heat groundwater or steam that can be tapped by wells-mostly at the sites of man earthquakes and volcanoes
How is geothermal energy created?
They are by-products from manufacturing or waste to be discarded after usage
How is hazardous waste produced?
Away from from traditional industrial areas of NW Europe and NE U.S., and towards the south and west in the US and towards peripheral areas in Europe - encouraged by govt there
How is industry shifting in developed countries?
90 Million
How many new vehicles are sold every year
25
How many states have right-to-work laws
World reserves - 1.16 trillion tons; will last 131 years at current demand; Developed and developing regions each have one-half of the supply
How much Coal is in the world reserve, how long will it last a current demand, and what kind of country has the supply?
200 trillion cubic meters; Will last 53 years at current demand; Less than 10% of proven reserves are in developed countries
How much Natural Gas is in the world reserve, how long will it last a current demand, and what kind of country has the supply?
1.6 trillion barrels; will last 51 years at current demand
How much Petroleum is in the world reserve and how long will it last a current demand?
4 pounds of solid waste ; Residences create 60% of solid waste - businesses 40%
How much waste does the average American generate per day, what percentage do residencies and businesses both create?
950 billion gallons of water per year
How much water do humans use per year?
iron was useful before but hard to produce; steam engine helped process
How was Iron impacted by the Industrial Revolution?
canals and railroads made shipping faster and cheaper
How was Transportation impacted by the Industrial Revolution?
French started canning food to fed factory workers
How was food processing impacted by the Industrial Revolution?
machines were made to untangle cotton - too large for homes - put in factories
How were Textiles impacted by the Industrial Revolution?
chemical industry started to dye and bleach clothing
How were chemicals impacted by the Industrial Revolution?
Longer-distance transportation is cheaper - more product moving leads to more profit
Is long distance transport more expensive or cheaper? Why?
turning over production to independent suppliers
Outsourcing definition
Oil Sands use examples - what are oil sand, how has them, and how have they benefited from it
Sands saturated with Petroleum; Alerta has some - mining is profitable, giving Canada 11% of proven petroleum reserves
Ships are slower, but unlike trains or trucks, they can cross oceans
Ship shipping qualities
used to ship to destinations that take longer than one day to reach; Loading trains takes longer than loading trucks, but trains aren't required to make daily stops like trucks
Train shipping quilities
short-distance delivery; can be loaded and unloaded quickly and at low costs
Trucks shipping qualities
Canada and Saudi Arabia
What 2 countries share higher shares of Oil to the US now
When the U.S. bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan
What 2 times has nuclear power been used in warfare?
Depleted resources (petroleum, natural gas, coal) for energy and destroyed resources through pollution of air, water, and soil
What Two issues are important when considering resources
skilled labor and rapid delivery to market
What Two location factors influence industries to remain traditional regions
Much of the future manufacturing growth expected to happen in these countries - Brazil, Russia, India, and China - south africa was added - They control ¼ of the world's land area and contain 3 billion people
What are BRIC countries are why are they important? - what country was added
newspapers and paper towels; aluminum, plastic, and glass soft-drink containers; steel cans; and plastic laundry detergent bottles
What are Common household items that contain remanufactured materials
Chinas coast and Japan
What are East Asian Industrial areas?
Unique characteristics of a location; labor, capital, and land
What are Site factors?
transporting materials to and from a factory; Location should minimize cost of transporting materials to the factory and finished goods to consumers
What are Situation factors
iron ore and coal; majority produced at large mills; They process iron ore, convert coal into coke, then convert the iron into steel, and form steel sheets, beams, rods, etc.
What are The two principle inputs in steel production, where is most steel produced, and how does it get to its final form
Systems that collect solar energy and convert it either to heat energy or to electricity- can happen either directly or indirectly; direct electric conversion - solar radiation is captured with cells that convert light energy to electrical energy; indirect electric conversion- solar radiation is first converted to heat and then to electricity
What are active solar energy systems, What are the 2 ways it can happen
Oil sands and fracking
What are current examples of exploiting an unconventional source
energy sources formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago; As sediment covered these remains, pressure and chemical reactions slowly converted them into fossil fuels; coal, petroleum, and natural gas
What are fossil fuels and how are they made - give examples of fossil fuels?
Plants in Mexico near the US border; Companies receive tax breaks if they ship materials from the U.S., assemble the components at a maquiladora in Mexico, and export the finished product back to the U.S.
What are maquiladoras and why are they used
Systems that capture energy without using special devices - Use south-facing windows and dark surfaces to heat and light building on sunny days; Greenhouses
What are passive solar energy systems - example
The supply in undiscovered deposits but thought to exist; extraction is expensive
What are potential reserves, and what is the downside to extraction?
The supply of energy remaining in deposits tat have been discovered
What are proven reserves
Industries ; Transportation; Homes; Commercial
What are the 4 main places demand for energy comes from?
via ship, rail, truck, or air
What are the 4 ways Inputs and products are transported
Transportation, Labor, Agglomeration, Deglomeration
What are the Categories of Cost that Weber Considered?
High labor costs reduce profit - so put your factory where there is a supply of cheap, non-union labor (to offset transportation costs)
What are the Labor Cost rules?
It produces radioactive waste which can be lethal and last for many years - Pipes, concrete, and water near the fissioning fuel also become "hot" with radioactivity; Power plants can have meltdowns - possible steam explosions and scattering of radioactive material into the atmosphere (Chernobyl, Japan)
What are the dangerous aspects of nuclear power? - give examples
Carbon monoxide, Hydrocarbons, ad Particulates
What are the elements of urban air pollution
spinning fibers to make yarn; weaving yarn into fabric; and assembly of fabric into products - all labor intensive
What are the three principal steps in the production of textiles and clothing and what is their labor classification?
Metallic- machinery, vehicles, and other elements of contemporary society; Non-Metalic - more than 90% of minerals- building stones, gemstones, and fertilizers
What are the two categories of minerals, and what are they used for?
Factories operate efficiently when laid out in one-story buildings; Raw materials are delivered at one end and moved through the factory in conveyors or forklifts; The land needed is more available in suburban and rural locations
What building type is best for factories and why and where is the land needed more available?
Factories and power plants produce sulfur dioxides and solid particulates (burning coal); Vehicles release Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxide
What causes air pollution?
The U.S. and Europe import over half their petroleum, and Japan more than 90%
What countries import the most petroleum - percentages?
U.S., Philippines, and Indonesia are the leading producers of geothermal power; In Iceland's capital almost all buildings are heated with geothermal
What countries produce the most geothermal energy, and what country is especiallyunique and why?
China
What country uses the most energy?
Animate power and energy flowing from water and brining biomass fuel
What did people rely on historically to provide power?
Situation factors and Sit Factors
What do Geographers use to explain why one location may be more profitable for a factory than others
Coal, Petroleum, and Natural Gas
What forms of energy does the US most depend on?
The U.S. lost 2.3 million manufacturing jobs; NE lost 3.7 million - South added 1.3 million manufacturing jobs, and the far western states gained 1.1 million
What happened to jobs in the us between 1950-2015
By government policies to reduce historical disparities; The Tennessee Valley Authority brought electricity to the rural South, and roads were built in previously inaccessible sections; Steel, textiles, tobacco products, and furniture industries have become dispersed through the South (in search of a labor force willing to work for less pay and not join a union); Car production is an example of an industry that has been attracted to the South on account of these factors
What has Industrial growth in the south has been stimulated by? - give examples
vertical integration- company controls all phases of production process
What has outsourcig replaced?
An Industry where pay to employees makes up a high percentage of expenses; not the same as a high-wage industry
What is A Labor-intensive industry
Industry that makes something that gains volume or weight during production;To reduce transportation costs, it needs to locate near where the product is sold
What is A bulk-gaining industry, how does it reduce transportation cost?
The accumulation of acids on Earth's surface; Sulfur and nitrogen oxide from burning of fossil fuels, combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric and nitric acid, and are deposited on Earth's surface
What is Acid deposition, and how does it happen
The conversion of sulfur and nitrogen oxides that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog; kills fish and plants in lakes and injures plants, worms, and insects on land, and corrodes Marble and limestone structures
What is Acid precipitation and what are its dangers
When a group of industries cluster together for mutual benefit (shared services, facilities) - it lowers overall cost
What is Agglomeration and what does it do?
The concentration of trace substances/gasses at a greater level than occurs in average air
What is Air Pollution
The use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid; Agriculture
What is Consumptive water usage and who uses it
What factories assigned each worker one repetitive task - Ford was one of the first to do it
What is Fordist production ad why was it named that
Fracking is shooting high-pressure water into cracks to break up rocks, releasing gasses that sometimes fill spaces between rocks
What is Fracking?
Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed- parts arrive at a factory daily or even hourly; This minimizes the costs of wasteful inventory and storage space; However natural disasters, traffic, and labor unrest can disrupt it
What is Just in time delivery, why is it useful, but what are its set-backs
The use of water that is returned to nature as a liquid - Industry and Municipal
What is Nonconsumptove water usage what who uses it
Pollution that comes from a large, diffused area - in greater quantities and are harder to control; Agriculture - fertilizers and pesticides carried into rivers and lakes by runoff
What is Nonpoint source pollution, how does it compare - examples
resources thatform so slowly that they cannot be renewed; Fossil Fuels, Uranium
What is Nonrenewable energy - 2 examples
the fusing of hydrogen atoms to form helium; can occur only at million degree temps that cannot be generated with current technology
What is Nuclear Fusion? - some think it might address some power plant issues
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; created by countries in SW Asia/North Africa to let oil-rich countries gain control over their resources
What is OPEC and why was it formed?
Pollution that enters a body of water at a specific location; usually smaller in quantity and much easier to control - Water-using manufacturers and municipal sewage
What is Point source pollution, How does it compare- examples
when more waste is added than air, water, and land resources can handle
What is Pollution
separation, collection, processing, and reuse of uunwanted material
What is Recycling
rebuilding of a product using reused, repaired, and new parts
What is Remanufacturing
Fibers are spun from natural or synthetic elements; Main natural fiber is cotton, but synthetics makes up ¾ of thread production; done in low-wage countries; China produces ¼ and India ⅕ of the worlds cotton thread
What is Spinning, what are it main fibers, where is it done, and what countries produce the most of it?
Solar Energy
What is The ultimate renewable resource for sustainable development - could greatly help LDCs
The weight of the final product is less than the weight of the raw material going into making the product
What is The weight losing case
manufacturing plants will locate where costs are the least
What is Weber's Least-Cost Theory
A location where transfer among transportation modes is possible; Used by Industries which use different shipping modes; ex- seaports, airports
What is a break of bulk Point and what is it used for? give examples
An industry with a lower-than-average percentage of spending on labor
What is a capital intensive industry
incineration, but burning releases some toxins into the air and ash
What is a rapidly growing alternative to land fills but what is a dowside to it
sites where waste is isolated from the environment until it is safe - become the most common strategy for disposal of solid waste in the U.S
What is a sanitary landfill and how has it become popular
A mixture of two or more metals; ferrous alloy contains iron and a nonferrous does not
What is an alloy/ferrous/non-ferrous alloy?
Uranium; will last 124 years at current rates of use; Reserves are not distributed evenly - Australia has 23%, Kazakhstan 15%, and Russia 10%
What is an example of a limited reserve, ad how long will it last, and where is it distributed?
The production of textiles and clothing
What is an example of an industry that requires less-skilled, low cost workers
Power supplied by animals or humans
What is animate power
The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose organic waste
What is biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste; wood can produce heat and electricity, crops can produce motor-vehicle, fuel
What is biomass fuel, what are two examples of sources and what can they produce
The increase in earth temp caused by the greenhouse gas effect of CO2 from burned fossil fuels trapping some of radiation from the earths surface - as a countries income increases co2 levels also increase
What is climate change - what is it effected by
When too much agglomeration happens (cities are too crowded with industry) - compete instead of help each other
What is deglomeration?
The splitting of Uranium atoms - A nuclear power plant produces electricity from itit
What is fission and what is it used for?
Energy from hot water or steam inside the earth
What is geothermal energy
heavy metals (mercury), oils from electrical equipment, cyanides, acid
What is hazardous waste? (examples)
Generating electricity from the movement of water; the second most popular source of electricity after coal, 2/3 in developing countries, 1/3 in developed; Brazil relies 80% o it, US 8% on it
What is hydroelectric power, how popular is it, how is it used in developing vs developed (example)
the manufacturing of goods in a factory
What is modern Industry?
Transnational corporations using low paid and low skilled workers in developing countries to save money in production
What is outsourcing - exsplanation
A lean, or flexible, production approach; teams, problem solving, leveling -managers and veterans treated just like new recruits-, and productivity-machines do most of production - so skilled operators needed to run them
What is post-Fordist production and what 4 factors distinguish by
resources that have an unlimited supply and are not depleted when used by people - Water, Wind, Sun
What is renewable energy - 3 examples
The layer that absorbs dangerous ultraviolet rays from the Sun. Without it, UV rays would damage plants, cause skin cancer, and disrupt food chains; layer is threatened by pollutants called chlorofluorocarbons - caused by refrigerators, air conditioners
What is the Ozone layer, what does it protect us from, and what threatens it
The best site is where the cost to transport raw materials and finished products is the lowest - MOST IMPORTANT cost
What is the Transportation Cost rules?
Labor-intensive is measured as a percentage, whereas high wage is measured in dollars; Motor vehicle workers get higher wages than textile workers, yet the textile industry is labor intensive
What is the difference between the measurements of a labor intensive industry, and a high-wage industry - give example
Factory workers in MDCs can get 35$ and house while workers in LDCs can get on 2$ and hour
What is the difference in wages and benefits for workers in MDCs vs LDCs
The transfer of some jobs to developing countries
What is the international division of labor
Mining copper ore is a bulk-reducing industry - heavy ore extracted from mines is mostly waste; Then concentration mills grind the ore into fine particles that produce copper; Copper smelters then remove more impurities; Purified copper is treated at refineries to produce copper cathodes; (refineries are located near smelters)
What is the process of getting copper
It requires a factory to maintain an "open shop" and prohibits a "closed shop"; In a "closed shop" a company and union agree that everyone must join a union to work in the factory - The percentage of workers who are union members is much lower in the South than rest of the U.S.
What is the right-to-work law
the final product is heavier than the raw material that requires transport.
What is the weight gaining case
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch (twice the size of Texas); 90% of all trash in the ocean is plastic
What is the worlds largest landfil, how big is it, and what is most trash in the ocean made of
Developing countries
What kids of countries currently uses more energy
Developed countries do more assembling than spinning and weaving - most consumers are in developed countries
What kind of clothing production do developed countries mostly do?
Low-cost Energy; Large quantities are required to run factories and transport inputs into factories and products from factories; Also to make food, heat/cool homes, and transport people
What kind of energy is industry dependant on and why?
Fossil Fuels in developed; Biomass in Developing Countries
What kind of fuel do people use in developed countries vs developing ones?
Paper mills, steel mills, and plastic inverters, and iron and steel foundries
What kinds of factories make up most of recycling activity?
Paper products account for the largest share of solid waste; Manufacturers throw away large quantities of metals and paper
What material accoutns for the largest share of solid waste, and who producesalot of that along with other waste?
14% of the world's electricity; Two-thirds of it is generated in developed countries -Europe ⅓ and North America ⅓; 30 countries use nuclear power in some way- 19 developed and 11 developing
What percentage of energy does nuclear power supply, who generates it and how much, and who uses it?
China and Other Asian countries- 26% each;North America/Europe 19% each
What percentage of motor vehicle production does China/Other Asian countries and North America/ Europe have
China- 27%; Other Asian Countries- 22%; North America- 23%; Europe- 17%
What percentage of new cars are sold in China, Other Asian countries, North America, and Europe
Global - Climate Change, and Ozone; Regional- Acid Deposition; Local - Everyday emissions
What scales do geographers use to measure air pollution? Give examples of each
garments, carpets, home products (sheets, curtains) and industrial items (car seats)
What the 4 main types of products that textiles are cut and sewn into? (Assembling)
US and European companies were selling the petroleum at low prices to developed countries and keeping most of the profits
What triggered OPEC?
Developed countries
What types of countries have The highest per capita use of energy
Hyundai
What vehicle is made in South Korea
VM, Nissan and Fiat Chrysler
What vehicles are made in Europe
Toyota and Honda
What vehicles are made in Japan
Top 8- Ford and GM
What vehicles are made in North America
a series of improvements in technology that changed how we manufacture goods; came from the gradual diffusion of ideas
What was the Industrial Revolution?And how did it duffuse?
Countries possessing the oil started controlling the fields, and prices were set by governments rather than petroleum companies- world oil prices have increased sharply on several occasions
What was the affect of OPEC?
home-based manufacturing
What was the cottage industry system?
The Industrial Revolution resulted in new social, economic, and political inventions; New Tech created more productivity, and higher standard of living
What was the result of the industrial revolution and the new tech
Iron,Transportation,Textiles,Chemicals,Food processing
What were the first industries impacted by the Industrial Revolution?
At some point extracting the remaining reserves will be so expensive and environmentally damaging that use of alternative energy sources will accelerate, and dependence on petroleum will diminish - all countries will need to pursue sustainable development strategies based on renewable energy resources
What will cause dependancy on petroleum to diminish?
aluminum, copper, lead, lithium, magnesium, zinc
Whats Metals are used to make products that don't contain iron and steel
Chromium, manganese, nickel, tin, titanium
Whats Metals used to make ferrous alloys
specialized manufacturer with only 1-2 customers; close proximity to the customers
Whats is A single-market manufacturer and what is their optimal location?
bulk-gaining industries, single-market manufacturers, and perishable-products companies
Whats kinds of industries is proximity to market important too? (3)
Petroleum and natural gas formed millions of years ago from residue on the seafloor
When/from what did Petroleum and natural gas form?
18th century northern England and southern Scotland to Europe and North America in 19th-century ad other regions in 20th century
Where and where was The hearth of modern industry and where did it diffuse to?
In regions with abundant energy, raw materials, and labor
Where are European industrial areas located?
Near their markets
Where are motor vehicles usually built?
Great Lakes to the East Coast and the California Coast
Where are the North American industrial areas?
Russia to Europe; SW Asia to Europe and Japan
Where are the largest flows of oil?
China - 2nd, Brazil - 7th, Russia - 9th, India - 11th
Where do BRIC countries economies rank in the world?
iron ore - worlds most widely used ore
Where is Iron extracted from?
In lush, swampy tropical areas; China produces ½ the world's coal, other developing countries ¼ - U.S. - ¼
Where is coal formed? Who produces the most and how much do they produce?
Europe, North America, and East Asia
Where is industry concentrated?
SW Asia/N. Africa and Central Asia
Where is most petroleum produced
Some is beneath some seas (Persian Gulf, North Sea) but other reserves are located beneath land that was underwater millions of years ago
Where is some petroleum and natural gas located ?
90% of wind energy production is in China, North America, and Europe; turbines are too expensive for developing countries; Critics complain bc noisy, lethal for birds and bats, and are an eyesore
Where is wind power used, why can't developing countries use wind turbines, and why are there complaints about wind turbines
Malcom McLean
Who invented Containerization
Alfred Weber made a theory of industrial location in which an industry is located where the transportation costs of raw materials and the final product are a minimum
Who is Alfred Weber and what did he do
Russia, Middle East and US
Who produces the most Petroleum and Natural gas?
hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight form photochemical smog, which causes respiratory problems, stinging in the eyes, and a haze over cities
Why are hydrocarbons ni the air dangerous
Elaborate safety measures are required, obtaining uranium requires a lot of steps that ca pollute water and damage miners health, need secure transportation
Why are nuclear power plants so high in cost (billions to build)?
dust and smoke particles (smoke from factory, exhaust from truck)
Why are particulates in the air dangerous
because that region's financial institutions were more willing than eastern banks to lend money to the industry; two-thirds of high-tech industries fail but Silicon Valley has continued to lend money to engineers who have good ideas so that they can get started; The ability to borrow money has become a critical factor in industry in developing countries
Why did the US's car industry concentrate in Michigan (example of Capitol)
trucks transport most inputs and products, so proximity to major highways, a long distance route and the beltway (ring road that encircles most cities) is important
Why do factories care about their proximity to roads?
Because of the right-to-work laws
Why do manufacturers locate in the South?
Manufacturers purchase from suppliers of inputs (minerals, materials, machinery); They sell to companies and individuals who purchase the products;The farther a product is transported, the higher the cost, so manufacturers put factories as close as possible to input and market
Why do situation factors matter?
NAFTA eliminates trade barriers in North America and Mexico is the nearest low-wage country
Why does Mexico attracts labor-intensive industries that also need proximity to the U.S. market
because the loading and unloading expenses differ for each mode
Why does the cost per kilometer shipped change for each mode of transport?
breathing it reduces oxygen levels in blood, impairs vision and alertness, and threatens those with breathing problems
Why is Carbon Monoxide in the air dangerous
It uses lots of water - in high demand in West and can cause environmental damage by pumping so much water below surface
Why is Fracking Controversial?
It can damage property and the health of people, animals, and vegetation
Why is air pollution bad?
Containers can be put on train, transferred to container ship, and unloaded into trucks at the other end; Large ships are built to hold large amounts of rectangular containers
Why is containerization useful?
If wastes are not placed in protective containers, they may leach into the soil and contaminate groundwater or escape into the atmosphere
Why is hazardous waste a problem?
There is a large amount of energy released from a small amount of material - makes it a good alternative; One kg of enriched nuclear fuel contains 2 million times the energy in one kg of coal
Why is nuclear power seen as a replacement to Fossil Fuels - and what is the ratio of nuclear power to coal power?
Steel mills use scrap metal from minimis and primary input;Minimills are less expensive to operate and they can be near their markets because their main input is widely available
Why is the emergence of Steel Minimills an example of Proximity to market
The energy required to produce crops is as much as the energy supplied by the crops; The sources already serve their purposes - food, clothing, and shelter; wood burning can hurt forest
Why is the use of biomass fuel insufficient
stores and offices have energy needs like homes
Why is there demand for energy in Commercial?
Natural gas and coal provide equal shares of home energy needs
Why is there demand for energy in Homes?
Factories use 40% natural gas, 30% coal, and 30% petroleum
Why is there demand for energy in Industries?
Almost all transportation systems use petroleum
Why is there demand for energy in Transportation?
easy to dump waste into a river where it becomes someone else's problem downstream
Why is water pollution so popular
No incentive - coal remains cheap and lots of money has been put into nuclear power; Growing market in developing countries - but the cost of cells must drop and effinciancy must improve
Why isn't solar power used more - Only 1% in US; Where is it rising, and what msut happen for it to really do so
They demand more than they produce
Why must developed countries import fossil fuels from developing countries?
To deliver products to consumers quickly; bakers,milk,newspaper,
Why must perishable product industries be located near their markets? give examples
