APHUG - Industry Study Guide

reserved for quick delivery of small-bulk and high value packages

Airplane shipping qualities

They made them in their homes or got them in the local village

How did people make tools and farm equipment before the industrial revolution?

Regardless of transportation mode, costs increase each time products are transferred from one mode to another- workers must unload goods from a truck and reload them onto a plane

How do cost increase with all shipping modes?

Factories and power plants use water for cooling and then release the warm water back into nature, Fish adapted to cold water (salmon or trout), might not survive the warmer water

How does factory and power plant water use hurt wildlife

World steel production is declining in developed countries and increasing in developing countries; Overall world steel production doubled 1980-2013- biggest increase in China

How does the production of steel vary in Developed vs Less Developed countries, how has the amount if it changes, and who had the biggest increase?

Aquatic plants and animals consume oxygen and so does the organic waste that humans dump, If too much waste is in water, the water becomes oxygen starved and the fish die

How does water pollution impact aquatic life

By Conservation - Factories have reduced their demand for petroleum by using more natural gas, and Higher gas mileage standards have been enacted to lower demand

How has demand for petroleum has been lowered in MDCs

by 25% last 200 years

How has fossil fuel use increased

from industrial centers in NW Europe towards S and E Europe; Eastern European countries have become major centers of industrial investment since 1990- they offer labor and market proximity; Workers are less skilled but much cheaper than in Western Europe and they are more skilled than workers in Asia and Latin America, The region is also close to the wealthy markets of Western Europe

How has manufacturing diffused in Europe ad why

7% of all solid waste in 1970 to 34% in 2013; 87 million tons of solid waste in the U.S. in 2013 was recycled; 50% of paper products and 24% of yard trimmings are recycled

How has recycling increased/used in the US

1970 - 1/2 in Europe, 1/3 in North America; Now, both have 1/4, other regions have gone from 1/6 in 1970, to half in 2010

How has the concentration of industry changed over time

1880-2014 - 1.6 F

How has the worlds temp increased

Fabric used to be worn together on a loom- One set of threads is strung lengthwise, A second set of threads is inserted over and under the first; In mechanized weaving, labor makes up a high percentage of the production cost- primarily found in low-wage countries

How has weaving changed, whats takes up most of the cost for the new kind and where is it found?

They have harvested Plutonium for making nuclear weapons from this waste -but No one has yet devised permanent storage for radioactive waste

How have people found use for nuclear waste?

As a bulk-reducing industry (the input heavier than the final product), copper concentration mills and sellers are built near the mines to minimize transportation cost

How is copper an example of proximity to inputs

Natural nuclear reactions make Earth's interior hot, especially in volcanic areas; The hot rocks heat groundwater or steam that can be tapped by wells-mostly at the sites of man earthquakes and volcanoes

How is geothermal energy created?

They are by-products from manufacturing or waste to be discarded after usage

How is hazardous waste produced?

Away from from traditional industrial areas of NW Europe and NE U.S., and towards the south and west in the US and towards peripheral areas in Europe - encouraged by govt there

How is industry shifting in developed countries?

90 Million

How many new vehicles are sold every year

25

How many states have right-to-work laws

World reserves - 1.16 trillion tons; will last 131 years at current demand; Developed and developing regions each have one-half of the supply

How much Coal is in the world reserve, how long will it last a current demand, and what kind of country has the supply?

200 trillion cubic meters; Will last 53 years at current demand; Less than 10% of proven reserves are in developed countries

How much Natural Gas is in the world reserve, how long will it last a current demand, and what kind of country has the supply?

1.6 trillion barrels; will last 51 years at current demand

How much Petroleum is in the world reserve and how long will it last a current demand?

4 pounds of solid waste ; Residences create 60% of solid waste - businesses 40%

How much waste does the average American generate per day, what percentage do residencies and businesses both create?

950 billion gallons of water per year

How much water do humans use per year?

iron was useful before but hard to produce; steam engine helped process

How was Iron impacted by the Industrial Revolution?

canals and railroads made shipping faster and cheaper

How was Transportation impacted by the Industrial Revolution?

French started canning food to fed factory workers

How was food processing impacted by the Industrial Revolution?

machines were made to untangle cotton - too large for homes - put in factories

How were Textiles impacted by the Industrial Revolution?

chemical industry started to dye and bleach clothing

How were chemicals impacted by the Industrial Revolution?

Longer-distance transportation is cheaper - more product moving leads to more profit

Is long distance transport more expensive or cheaper? Why?

turning over production to independent suppliers

Outsourcing definition

Oil Sands use examples - what are oil sand, how has them, and how have they benefited from it

Sands saturated with Petroleum; Alerta has some - mining is profitable, giving Canada 11% of proven petroleum reserves

Ships are slower, but unlike trains or trucks, they can cross oceans

Ship shipping qualities

used to ship to destinations that take longer than one day to reach; Loading trains takes longer than loading trucks, but trains aren't required to make daily stops like trucks

Train shipping quilities

short-distance delivery; can be loaded and unloaded quickly and at low costs

Trucks shipping qualities

Canada and Saudi Arabia

What 2 countries share higher shares of Oil to the US now

When the U.S. bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan

What 2 times has nuclear power been used in warfare?

Depleted resources (petroleum, natural gas, coal) for energy and destroyed resources through pollution of air, water, and soil

What Two issues are important when considering resources

skilled labor and rapid delivery to market

What Two location factors influence industries to remain traditional regions

Much of the future manufacturing growth expected to happen in these countries - Brazil, Russia, India, and China - south africa was added - They control ¼ of the world's land area and contain 3 billion people

What are BRIC countries are why are they important? - what country was added

newspapers and paper towels; aluminum, plastic, and glass soft-drink containers; steel cans; and plastic laundry detergent bottles

What are Common household items that contain remanufactured materials

Chinas coast and Japan

What are East Asian Industrial areas?

Unique characteristics of a location; labor, capital, and land

What are Site factors?

transporting materials to and from a factory; Location should minimize cost of transporting materials to the factory and finished goods to consumers

What are Situation factors

iron ore and coal; majority produced at large mills; They process iron ore, convert coal into coke, then convert the iron into steel, and form steel sheets, beams, rods, etc.

What are The two principle inputs in steel production, where is most steel produced, and how does it get to its final form

Systems that collect solar energy and convert it either to heat energy or to electricity- can happen either directly or indirectly; direct electric conversion - solar radiation is captured with cells that convert light energy to electrical energy; indirect electric conversion- solar radiation is first converted to heat and then to electricity

What are active solar energy systems, What are the 2 ways it can happen

Oil sands and fracking

What are current examples of exploiting an unconventional source

energy sources formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago; As sediment covered these remains, pressure and chemical reactions slowly converted them into fossil fuels; coal, petroleum, and natural gas

What are fossil fuels and how are they made - give examples of fossil fuels?

Plants in Mexico near the US border; Companies receive tax breaks if they ship materials from the U.S., assemble the components at a maquiladora in Mexico, and export the finished product back to the U.S.

What are maquiladoras and why are they used

Systems that capture energy without using special devices - Use south-facing windows and dark surfaces to heat and light building on sunny days; Greenhouses

What are passive solar energy systems - example

The supply in undiscovered deposits but thought to exist; extraction is expensive

What are potential reserves, and what is the downside to extraction?

The supply of energy remaining in deposits tat have been discovered

What are proven reserves

Industries ; Transportation; Homes; Commercial

What are the 4 main places demand for energy comes from?

via ship, rail, truck, or air

What are the 4 ways Inputs and products are transported

Transportation, Labor, Agglomeration, Deglomeration

What are the Categories of Cost that Weber Considered?

High labor costs reduce profit - so put your factory where there is a supply of cheap, non-union labor (to offset transportation costs)

What are the Labor Cost rules?

It produces radioactive waste which can be lethal and last for many years - Pipes, concrete, and water near the fissioning fuel also become "hot" with radioactivity; Power plants can have meltdowns - possible steam explosions and scattering of radioactive material into the atmosphere (Chernobyl, Japan)

What are the dangerous aspects of nuclear power? - give examples

Carbon monoxide, Hydrocarbons, ad Particulates

What are the elements of urban air pollution

spinning fibers to make yarn; weaving yarn into fabric; and assembly of fabric into products - all labor intensive

What are the three principal steps in the production of textiles and clothing and what is their labor classification?

Metallic- machinery, vehicles, and other elements of contemporary society; Non-Metalic - more than 90% of minerals- building stones, gemstones, and fertilizers

What are the two categories of minerals, and what are they used for?

Factories operate efficiently when laid out in one-story buildings; Raw materials are delivered at one end and moved through the factory in conveyors or forklifts; The land needed is more available in suburban and rural locations

What building type is best for factories and why and where is the land needed more available?

Factories and power plants produce sulfur dioxides and solid particulates (burning coal); Vehicles release Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxide

What causes air pollution?

The U.S. and Europe import over half their petroleum, and Japan more than 90%

What countries import the most petroleum - percentages?

U.S., Philippines, and Indonesia are the leading producers of geothermal power; In Iceland's capital almost all buildings are heated with geothermal

What countries produce the most geothermal energy, and what country is especiallyunique and why?

China

What country uses the most energy?

Animate power and energy flowing from water and brining biomass fuel

What did people rely on historically to provide power?

Situation factors and Sit Factors

What do Geographers use to explain why one location may be more profitable for a factory than others

Coal, Petroleum, and Natural Gas

What forms of energy does the US most depend on?

The U.S. lost 2.3 million manufacturing jobs; NE lost 3.7 million - South added 1.3 million manufacturing jobs, and the far western states gained 1.1 million

What happened to jobs in the us between 1950-2015

By government policies to reduce historical disparities; The Tennessee Valley Authority brought electricity to the rural South, and roads were built in previously inaccessible sections; Steel, textiles, tobacco products, and furniture industries have become dispersed through the South (in search of a labor force willing to work for less pay and not join a union); Car production is an example of an industry that has been attracted to the South on account of these factors

What has Industrial growth in the south has been stimulated by? - give examples

vertical integration- company controls all phases of production process

What has outsourcig replaced?

An Industry where pay to employees makes up a high percentage of expenses; not the same as a high-wage industry

What is A Labor-intensive industry

Industry that makes something that gains volume or weight during production;To reduce transportation costs, it needs to locate near where the product is sold

What is A bulk-gaining industry, how does it reduce transportation cost?

The accumulation of acids on Earth's surface; Sulfur and nitrogen oxide from burning of fossil fuels, combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric and nitric acid, and are deposited on Earth's surface

What is Acid deposition, and how does it happen

The conversion of sulfur and nitrogen oxides that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog; kills fish and plants in lakes and injures plants, worms, and insects on land, and corrodes Marble and limestone structures

What is Acid precipitation and what are its dangers

When a group of industries cluster together for mutual benefit (shared services, facilities) - it lowers overall cost

What is Agglomeration and what does it do?

The concentration of trace substances/gasses at a greater level than occurs in average air

What is Air Pollution

The use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid; Agriculture

What is Consumptive water usage and who uses it

What factories assigned each worker one repetitive task - Ford was one of the first to do it

What is Fordist production ad why was it named that

Fracking is shooting high-pressure water into cracks to break up rocks, releasing gasses that sometimes fill spaces between rocks

What is Fracking?

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed- parts arrive at a factory daily or even hourly; This minimizes the costs of wasteful inventory and storage space; However natural disasters, traffic, and labor unrest can disrupt it

What is Just in time delivery, why is it useful, but what are its set-backs

The use of water that is returned to nature as a liquid - Industry and Municipal

What is Nonconsumptove water usage what who uses it

Pollution that comes from a large, diffused area - in greater quantities and are harder to control; Agriculture - fertilizers and pesticides carried into rivers and lakes by runoff

What is Nonpoint source pollution, how does it compare - examples

resources thatform so slowly that they cannot be renewed; Fossil Fuels, Uranium

What is Nonrenewable energy - 2 examples

the fusing of hydrogen atoms to form helium; can occur only at million degree temps that cannot be generated with current technology

What is Nuclear Fusion? - some think it might address some power plant issues

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; created by countries in SW Asia/North Africa to let oil-rich countries gain control over their resources

What is OPEC and why was it formed?

Pollution that enters a body of water at a specific location; usually smaller in quantity and much easier to control - Water-using manufacturers and municipal sewage

What is Point source pollution, How does it compare- examples

when more waste is added than air, water, and land resources can handle

What is Pollution

separation, collection, processing, and reuse of uunwanted material

What is Recycling

rebuilding of a product using reused, repaired, and new parts

What is Remanufacturing

Fibers are spun from natural or synthetic elements; Main natural fiber is cotton, but synthetics makes up ¾ of thread production; done in low-wage countries; China produces ¼ and India ⅕ of the worlds cotton thread

What is Spinning, what are it main fibers, where is it done, and what countries produce the most of it?

Solar Energy

What is The ultimate renewable resource for sustainable development - could greatly help LDCs

The weight of the final product is less than the weight of the raw material going into making the product

What is The weight losing case

manufacturing plants will locate where costs are the least

What is Weber's Least-Cost Theory

A location where transfer among transportation modes is possible; Used by Industries which use different shipping modes; ex- seaports, airports

What is a break of bulk Point and what is it used for? give examples

An industry with a lower-than-average percentage of spending on labor

What is a capital intensive industry

incineration, but burning releases some toxins into the air and ash

What is a rapidly growing alternative to land fills but what is a dowside to it

sites where waste is isolated from the environment until it is safe - become the most common strategy for disposal of solid waste in the U.S

What is a sanitary landfill and how has it become popular

A mixture of two or more metals; ferrous alloy contains iron and a nonferrous does not

What is an alloy/ferrous/non-ferrous alloy?

Uranium; will last 124 years at current rates of use; Reserves are not distributed evenly - Australia has 23%, Kazakhstan 15%, and Russia 10%

What is an example of a limited reserve, ad how long will it last, and where is it distributed?

The production of textiles and clothing

What is an example of an industry that requires less-skilled, low cost workers

Power supplied by animals or humans

What is animate power

The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose organic waste

What is biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste; wood can produce heat and electricity, crops can produce motor-vehicle, fuel

What is biomass fuel, what are two examples of sources and what can they produce

The increase in earth temp caused by the greenhouse gas effect of CO2 from burned fossil fuels trapping some of radiation from the earths surface - as a countries income increases co2 levels also increase

What is climate change - what is it effected by

When too much agglomeration happens (cities are too crowded with industry) - compete instead of help each other

What is deglomeration?

The splitting of Uranium atoms - A nuclear power plant produces electricity from itit

What is fission and what is it used for?

Energy from hot water or steam inside the earth

What is geothermal energy

heavy metals (mercury), oils from electrical equipment, cyanides, acid

What is hazardous waste? (examples)

Generating electricity from the movement of water; the second most popular source of electricity after coal, 2/3 in developing countries, 1/3 in developed; Brazil relies 80% o it, US 8% on it

What is hydroelectric power, how popular is it, how is it used in developing vs developed (example)

the manufacturing of goods in a factory

What is modern Industry?

Transnational corporations using low paid and low skilled workers in developing countries to save money in production

What is outsourcing - exsplanation

A lean, or flexible, production approach; teams, problem solving, leveling -managers and veterans treated just like new recruits-, and productivity-machines do most of production - so skilled operators needed to run them

What is post-Fordist production and what 4 factors distinguish by

resources that have an unlimited supply and are not depleted when used by people - Water, Wind, Sun

What is renewable energy - 3 examples

The layer that absorbs dangerous ultraviolet rays from the Sun. Without it, UV rays would damage plants, cause skin cancer, and disrupt food chains; layer is threatened by pollutants called chlorofluorocarbons - caused by refrigerators, air conditioners

What is the Ozone layer, what does it protect us from, and what threatens it

The best site is where the cost to transport raw materials and finished products is the lowest - MOST IMPORTANT cost

What is the Transportation Cost rules?

Labor-intensive is measured as a percentage, whereas high wage is measured in dollars; Motor vehicle workers get higher wages than textile workers, yet the textile industry is labor intensive

What is the difference between the measurements of a labor intensive industry, and a high-wage industry - give example

Factory workers in MDCs can get 35$ and house while workers in LDCs can get on 2$ and hour

What is the difference in wages and benefits for workers in MDCs vs LDCs

The transfer of some jobs to developing countries

What is the international division of labor

Mining copper ore is a bulk-reducing industry - heavy ore extracted from mines is mostly waste; Then concentration mills grind the ore into fine particles that produce copper; Copper smelters then remove more impurities; Purified copper is treated at refineries to produce copper cathodes; (refineries are located near smelters)

What is the process of getting copper

It requires a factory to maintain an "open shop" and prohibits a "closed shop"; In a "closed shop" a company and union agree that everyone must join a union to work in the factory - The percentage of workers who are union members is much lower in the South than rest of the U.S.

What is the right-to-work law

the final product is heavier than the raw material that requires transport.

What is the weight gaining case

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch (twice the size of Texas); 90% of all trash in the ocean is plastic

What is the worlds largest landfil, how big is it, and what is most trash in the ocean made of

Developing countries

What kids of countries currently uses more energy

Developed countries do more assembling than spinning and weaving - most consumers are in developed countries

What kind of clothing production do developed countries mostly do?

Low-cost Energy; Large quantities are required to run factories and transport inputs into factories and products from factories; Also to make food, heat/cool homes, and transport people

What kind of energy is industry dependant on and why?

Fossil Fuels in developed; Biomass in Developing Countries

What kind of fuel do people use in developed countries vs developing ones?

Paper mills, steel mills, and plastic inverters, and iron and steel foundries

What kinds of factories make up most of recycling activity?

Paper products account for the largest share of solid waste; Manufacturers throw away large quantities of metals and paper

What material accoutns for the largest share of solid waste, and who producesalot of that along with other waste?

14% of the world's electricity; Two-thirds of it is generated in developed countries -Europe ⅓ and North America ⅓; 30 countries use nuclear power in some way- 19 developed and 11 developing

What percentage of energy does nuclear power supply, who generates it and how much, and who uses it?

China and Other Asian countries- 26% each;North America/Europe 19% each

What percentage of motor vehicle production does China/Other Asian countries and North America/ Europe have

China- 27%; Other Asian Countries- 22%; North America- 23%; Europe- 17%

What percentage of new cars are sold in China, Other Asian countries, North America, and Europe

Global - Climate Change, and Ozone; Regional- Acid Deposition; Local - Everyday emissions

What scales do geographers use to measure air pollution? Give examples of each

garments, carpets, home products (sheets, curtains) and industrial items (car seats)

What the 4 main types of products that textiles are cut and sewn into? (Assembling)

US and European companies were selling the petroleum at low prices to developed countries and keeping most of the profits

What triggered OPEC?

Developed countries

What types of countries have The highest per capita use of energy

Hyundai

What vehicle is made in South Korea

VM, Nissan and Fiat Chrysler

What vehicles are made in Europe

Toyota and Honda

What vehicles are made in Japan

Top 8- Ford and GM

What vehicles are made in North America

a series of improvements in technology that changed how we manufacture goods; came from the gradual diffusion of ideas

What was the Industrial Revolution?And how did it duffuse?

Countries possessing the oil started controlling the fields, and prices were set by governments rather than petroleum companies- world oil prices have increased sharply on several occasions

What was the affect of OPEC?

home-based manufacturing

What was the cottage industry system?

The Industrial Revolution resulted in new social, economic, and political inventions; New Tech created more productivity, and higher standard of living

What was the result of the industrial revolution and the new tech

Iron,Transportation,Textiles,Chemicals,Food processing

What were the first industries impacted by the Industrial Revolution?

At some point extracting the remaining reserves will be so expensive and environmentally damaging that use of alternative energy sources will accelerate, and dependence on petroleum will diminish - all countries will need to pursue sustainable development strategies based on renewable energy resources

What will cause dependancy on petroleum to diminish?

aluminum, copper, lead, lithium, magnesium, zinc

Whats Metals are used to make products that don't contain iron and steel

Chromium, manganese, nickel, tin, titanium

Whats Metals used to make ferrous alloys

specialized manufacturer with only 1-2 customers; close proximity to the customers

Whats is A single-market manufacturer and what is their optimal location?

bulk-gaining industries, single-market manufacturers, and perishable-products companies

Whats kinds of industries is proximity to market important too? (3)

Petroleum and natural gas formed millions of years ago from residue on the seafloor

When/from what did Petroleum and natural gas form?

18th century northern England and southern Scotland to Europe and North America in 19th-century ad other regions in 20th century

Where and where was The hearth of modern industry and where did it diffuse to?

In regions with abundant energy, raw materials, and labor

Where are European industrial areas located?

Near their markets

Where are motor vehicles usually built?

Great Lakes to the East Coast and the California Coast

Where are the North American industrial areas?

Russia to Europe; SW Asia to Europe and Japan

Where are the largest flows of oil?

China - 2nd, Brazil - 7th, Russia - 9th, India - 11th

Where do BRIC countries economies rank in the world?

iron ore - worlds most widely used ore

Where is Iron extracted from?

In lush, swampy tropical areas; China produces ½ the world's coal, other developing countries ¼ - U.S. - ¼

Where is coal formed? Who produces the most and how much do they produce?

Europe, North America, and East Asia

Where is industry concentrated?

SW Asia/N. Africa and Central Asia

Where is most petroleum produced

Some is beneath some seas (Persian Gulf, North Sea) but other reserves are located beneath land that was underwater millions of years ago

Where is some petroleum and natural gas located ?

90% of wind energy production is in China, North America, and Europe; turbines are too expensive for developing countries; Critics complain bc noisy, lethal for birds and bats, and are an eyesore

Where is wind power used, why can't developing countries use wind turbines, and why are there complaints about wind turbines

Malcom McLean

Who invented Containerization

Alfred Weber made a theory of industrial location in which an industry is located where the transportation costs of raw materials and the final product are a minimum

Who is Alfred Weber and what did he do

Russia, Middle East and US

Who produces the most Petroleum and Natural gas?

hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight form photochemical smog, which causes respiratory problems, stinging in the eyes, and a haze over cities

Why are hydrocarbons ni the air dangerous

Elaborate safety measures are required, obtaining uranium requires a lot of steps that ca pollute water and damage miners health, need secure transportation

Why are nuclear power plants so high in cost (billions to build)?

dust and smoke particles (smoke from factory, exhaust from truck)

Why are particulates in the air dangerous

because that region's financial institutions were more willing than eastern banks to lend money to the industry; two-thirds of high-tech industries fail but Silicon Valley has continued to lend money to engineers who have good ideas so that they can get started; The ability to borrow money has become a critical factor in industry in developing countries

Why did the US's car industry concentrate in Michigan (example of Capitol)

trucks transport most inputs and products, so proximity to major highways, a long distance route and the beltway (ring road that encircles most cities) is important

Why do factories care about their proximity to roads?

Because of the right-to-work laws

Why do manufacturers locate in the South?

Manufacturers purchase from suppliers of inputs (minerals, materials, machinery); They sell to companies and individuals who purchase the products;The farther a product is transported, the higher the cost, so manufacturers put factories as close as possible to input and market

Why do situation factors matter?

NAFTA eliminates trade barriers in North America and Mexico is the nearest low-wage country

Why does Mexico attracts labor-intensive industries that also need proximity to the U.S. market

because the loading and unloading expenses differ for each mode

Why does the cost per kilometer shipped change for each mode of transport?

breathing it reduces oxygen levels in blood, impairs vision and alertness, and threatens those with breathing problems

Why is Carbon Monoxide in the air dangerous

It uses lots of water - in high demand in West and can cause environmental damage by pumping so much water below surface

Why is Fracking Controversial?

It can damage property and the health of people, animals, and vegetation

Why is air pollution bad?

Containers can be put on train, transferred to container ship, and unloaded into trucks at the other end; Large ships are built to hold large amounts of rectangular containers

Why is containerization useful?

If wastes are not placed in protective containers, they may leach into the soil and contaminate groundwater or escape into the atmosphere

Why is hazardous waste a problem?

There is a large amount of energy released from a small amount of material - makes it a good alternative; One kg of enriched nuclear fuel contains 2 million times the energy in one kg of coal

Why is nuclear power seen as a replacement to Fossil Fuels - and what is the ratio of nuclear power to coal power?

Steel mills use scrap metal from minimis and primary input;Minimills are less expensive to operate and they can be near their markets because their main input is widely available

Why is the emergence of Steel Minimills an example of Proximity to market

The energy required to produce crops is as much as the energy supplied by the crops; The sources already serve their purposes - food, clothing, and shelter; wood burning can hurt forest

Why is the use of biomass fuel insufficient

stores and offices have energy needs like homes

Why is there demand for energy in Commercial?

Natural gas and coal provide equal shares of home energy needs

Why is there demand for energy in Homes?

Factories use 40% natural gas, 30% coal, and 30% petroleum

Why is there demand for energy in Industries?

Almost all transportation systems use petroleum

Why is there demand for energy in Transportation?

easy to dump waste into a river where it becomes someone else's problem downstream

Why is water pollution so popular

No incentive - coal remains cheap and lots of money has been put into nuclear power; Growing market in developing countries - but the cost of cells must drop and effinciancy must improve

Why isn't solar power used more - Only 1% in US; Where is it rising, and what msut happen for it to really do so

They demand more than they produce

Why must developed countries import fossil fuels from developing countries?

To deliver products to consumers quickly; bakers,milk,newspaper,

Why must perishable product industries be located near their markets? give examples