APL: midterm review
Animal
(ex: lion - strength, bunny - innocence, dog - companionship)
shakespearean sonnet
ABAB CDCD EFEF / GG
petrarchean sonnet
ABBA ABBA / CDE CDE
Major playwrights
Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes
deus ex machina
God comes in and fixes everything, something comes out of nowhere and everything is suddenly fine
Wise old sage
Helps hero in the story, action based symbol, power
Cyclical unit of feminine
Maiden, Mother, Crone
Mother
Nurturing, comforting, compassion, gentle guide. Come when potential is realized
iambic rhythm
U / - unstressed syllable, stressed syllable
Pyrrhic rhythm
U U - 2 unaccented syllables in a single foot
anapestic rhythm
U U / - 2 unstressed syllable, 1 stressed syllable. Gallop, hop sound
Seating for Shakespearen theatre
groundlings - lower class, higher up = classier, 1p extra for a cushion, 2 tuppence extra per higher level
Euphony
harmonious sounds that blend together
The Shadow
hidden/dark side, neither good nor evil
Persona
how we want to be perceived
Child
innocent, fragile, uneducated (not always a kid - ex: hobbits)
epic poem
long, written like novels, heroic tales
allusion
making a reference to another literary work, historical figure, or cultural idea for the purpose of drawing a parallel
Animus
masculine
foil
minor character with very similar qualities of the protagonist but with a key difference for the purpose of illuminating a quality (good or bad) of the protagonist
Prologue
minor scene with background information
Number of feet in a line
monometer, dimeter, trimeter, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, heptameter, octometer
feminine rhyme
multi-syllabic rhyme. more complex
Rule of 3
no more than 3 actors on stage at a time
trickster
not inherently evil, creates chaos and obstacles, confuse world, child like, silly
enjambment
not pausing at the end of a line but continuing through to the next line until punctuation indicates a stop
proscenium arches
on either side of inner below, entrance/exit from other cities
caesura
pause in a line or verse indicated by punctuation or syntax
elegy poem
pay tribute to something that is gone or past, mournful, reminiscing
ode poem
pays tribute to something that is current, often speaks to thing it is paying tribute to (apostrophe)
rhymed verse
poetry written in metered, rhyming lines
Father
provider, protector, first line of defense, wise (not always male)
catharsis
purging. the feeling of pity we have towards the subject of tragedy which allows us to "purge" the feeling vicariously through them
ballad poem
quatrains, refrains, usually dialogue, tell a story, rhymed verse
consonance
repetition of a single consonant sound within 2+ words
assonance
repetition of a vowel sound in 2 or more words (slant, near rhyme if it occurs at the end of two lines of poetry)
episode
scene between primary characters, the plot moves forward, usually 4-5 per play
archetype
see it over and over again in stories (ex: knight in shining armor)
Tragedy
serious, complete, and possesses magnitude. far reaching, inevitable consequences
connotation
social or emotional meaning of a word
Hero
start as nothing, go on a journey saving their "town" and discovering themselves
synechdoche
substituting the part for the whole (ex: piece of ass)
metonymy
substituting the whole for something closely associated with it
recognition
the "my bad moment" at which the hero recognizes what they did wrong. Punishes himself (Greek) or dies (Shakespearean)
Protagonist
the character around whom the story revolves
antagonist
the character who opposes the protagonist
roof (S)
the heavens, celestial bodies
figurative language
the language and descriptive techniques that poets use to make their poems powerful
reversal
the point where the hero makes the wrong choice and everything changes. character "falls"
Mandala
the quest for self
alliteration
the repetition of the first sound in two or more words
chorus (greek)
can be the voice of reason but also provides narration of exposition
voice of reason
character who gives us the moral lesson of the text via their interaction with the protagonist
confidant
character whose purpose is to help the reader get insight into the mind of the protagonist through confidential conversations between these two character
ode
chorus speaks, commenting on morality and previous scene as narration
clown
comic relief (just funny)
metaphor
comparing 2 unlike things by substituting one for the other
simile
comparing two unlike things using like or as
imagery
description that uses one or more of the five senses in a vivid, unusual way
denotation
dictionary definition of a word
cacophony
discordant sounds that make a poem sound harsh and jarring
lyric poem
emotion based, heavy imagery and figurative language, usually very short
Parados
entrance of the chorus
parados
entrance of the chorus
exodus
exit of all the characters and chorus, end of show
Anima
feminine
hubris
form of hamartia that is pride/arrogance
Personification
giving human characteristics to inanimate objects or ideas
Dionysus
god of wine, festivals honoring him were the basis of greek theatre
Spondaic rhythm
/ / - 2 unaccented syllables in a single foot
trochaic rhythm
/ U - stressed syllable, unstressed syllable. darker, battle
dactylic rhythm
/ U U - stressed syllable, 2 unstressed syllables. Waltz
sonnet
14 line poem written in iambic pentameter. proposition (set up) and a resolution (punchline). 2 styles - Shakespearean and Petrarchean
stanza terms
2) couplet, 3) triplet, 4) quatrain, 5) quintain, 6) sestet, 7) septet, 8) octave
Chorus (poetics)
Voice of reason and narrator. Gives us the lesson
Theatron
Where people sit in Greek theatre
Orchestra
Where the chorus sings in Greek theatre
symbolic character
a character who represents something beyond their plot function (ex: death, temptation, god(dess), etc). Usually very minor character, here and then gone
Mana
a spiritual power
onamatopoeia
a word that sounds like the thing it represents (ex: swishing, whisper, jarring, crust, crisp)
apostrophe
addressing an inanimate object or idea as though it could reply
fool
also comic relief but has wisdom and moral message (wisdom through humor)
hyperbole
an exaggeration for effect
allegory
an extended metaphor where the entire story or poem works on the literal as well as the symbolic level
litotes
an understatement for effect
tiring house
area backstage
Syzygy
balance between masculine and feminine
inner above (S)
balcony, patron's seats
Skene
building used as dressing room and back drop
hamartia
the tragic flaw in a hero's character which leads to everything falling apart
inner below (S)
under balcony, entrance/exit from "buildings"
free verse
unrhymed and unmetered lines of poetry
blank verse
unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter
masculine rhyme
when the rhyme is only one syllable, simple
The Self
who you are deep down, the purpose of life is to find self
Crone
wise. conquers, creates, and embodies the masculine. Becomes syzygy
Maiden
young woman, untouched, innocent in thought and deed. Their power is their potential