APL: midterm review

Animal

(ex: lion - strength, bunny - innocence, dog - companionship)

shakespearean sonnet

ABAB CDCD EFEF / GG

petrarchean sonnet

ABBA ABBA / CDE CDE

Major playwrights

Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes

deus ex machina

God comes in and fixes everything, something comes out of nowhere and everything is suddenly fine

Wise old sage

Helps hero in the story, action based symbol, power

Cyclical unit of feminine

Maiden, Mother, Crone

Mother

Nurturing, comforting, compassion, gentle guide. Come when potential is realized

iambic rhythm

U / - unstressed syllable, stressed syllable

Pyrrhic rhythm

U U - 2 unaccented syllables in a single foot

anapestic rhythm

U U / - 2 unstressed syllable, 1 stressed syllable. Gallop, hop sound

Seating for Shakespearen theatre

groundlings - lower class, higher up = classier, 1p extra for a cushion, 2 tuppence extra per higher level

Euphony

harmonious sounds that blend together

The Shadow

hidden/dark side, neither good nor evil

Persona

how we want to be perceived

Child

innocent, fragile, uneducated (not always a kid - ex: hobbits)

epic poem

long, written like novels, heroic tales

allusion

making a reference to another literary work, historical figure, or cultural idea for the purpose of drawing a parallel

Animus

masculine

foil

minor character with very similar qualities of the protagonist but with a key difference for the purpose of illuminating a quality (good or bad) of the protagonist

Prologue

minor scene with background information

Number of feet in a line

monometer, dimeter, trimeter, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, heptameter, octometer

feminine rhyme

multi-syllabic rhyme. more complex

Rule of 3

no more than 3 actors on stage at a time

trickster

not inherently evil, creates chaos and obstacles, confuse world, child like, silly

enjambment

not pausing at the end of a line but continuing through to the next line until punctuation indicates a stop

proscenium arches

on either side of inner below, entrance/exit from other cities

caesura

pause in a line or verse indicated by punctuation or syntax

elegy poem

pay tribute to something that is gone or past, mournful, reminiscing

ode poem

pays tribute to something that is current, often speaks to thing it is paying tribute to (apostrophe)

rhymed verse

poetry written in metered, rhyming lines

Father

provider, protector, first line of defense, wise (not always male)

catharsis

purging. the feeling of pity we have towards the subject of tragedy which allows us to "purge" the feeling vicariously through them

ballad poem

quatrains, refrains, usually dialogue, tell a story, rhymed verse

consonance

repetition of a single consonant sound within 2+ words

assonance

repetition of a vowel sound in 2 or more words (slant, near rhyme if it occurs at the end of two lines of poetry)

episode

scene between primary characters, the plot moves forward, usually 4-5 per play

archetype

see it over and over again in stories (ex: knight in shining armor)

Tragedy

serious, complete, and possesses magnitude. far reaching, inevitable consequences

connotation

social or emotional meaning of a word

Hero

start as nothing, go on a journey saving their "town" and discovering themselves

synechdoche

substituting the part for the whole (ex: piece of ass)

metonymy

substituting the whole for something closely associated with it

recognition

the "my bad moment" at which the hero recognizes what they did wrong. Punishes himself (Greek) or dies (Shakespearean)

Protagonist

the character around whom the story revolves

antagonist

the character who opposes the protagonist

roof (S)

the heavens, celestial bodies

figurative language

the language and descriptive techniques that poets use to make their poems powerful

reversal

the point where the hero makes the wrong choice and everything changes. character "falls"

Mandala

the quest for self

alliteration

the repetition of the first sound in two or more words

chorus (greek)

can be the voice of reason but also provides narration of exposition

voice of reason

character who gives us the moral lesson of the text via their interaction with the protagonist

confidant

character whose purpose is to help the reader get insight into the mind of the protagonist through confidential conversations between these two character

ode

chorus speaks, commenting on morality and previous scene as narration

clown

comic relief (just funny)

metaphor

comparing 2 unlike things by substituting one for the other

simile

comparing two unlike things using like or as

imagery

description that uses one or more of the five senses in a vivid, unusual way

denotation

dictionary definition of a word

cacophony

discordant sounds that make a poem sound harsh and jarring

lyric poem

emotion based, heavy imagery and figurative language, usually very short

Parados

entrance of the chorus

parados

entrance of the chorus

exodus

exit of all the characters and chorus, end of show

Anima

feminine

hubris

form of hamartia that is pride/arrogance

Personification

giving human characteristics to inanimate objects or ideas

Dionysus

god of wine, festivals honoring him were the basis of greek theatre

Spondaic rhythm

/ / - 2 unaccented syllables in a single foot

trochaic rhythm

/ U - stressed syllable, unstressed syllable. darker, battle

dactylic rhythm

/ U U - stressed syllable, 2 unstressed syllables. Waltz

sonnet

14 line poem written in iambic pentameter. proposition (set up) and a resolution (punchline). 2 styles - Shakespearean and Petrarchean

stanza terms

2) couplet, 3) triplet, 4) quatrain, 5) quintain, 6) sestet, 7) septet, 8) octave

Chorus (poetics)

Voice of reason and narrator. Gives us the lesson

Theatron

Where people sit in Greek theatre

Orchestra

Where the chorus sings in Greek theatre

symbolic character

a character who represents something beyond their plot function (ex: death, temptation, god(dess), etc). Usually very minor character, here and then gone

Mana

a spiritual power

onamatopoeia

a word that sounds like the thing it represents (ex: swishing, whisper, jarring, crust, crisp)

apostrophe

addressing an inanimate object or idea as though it could reply

fool

also comic relief but has wisdom and moral message (wisdom through humor)

hyperbole

an exaggeration for effect

allegory

an extended metaphor where the entire story or poem works on the literal as well as the symbolic level

litotes

an understatement for effect

tiring house

area backstage

Syzygy

balance between masculine and feminine

inner above (S)

balcony, patron's seats

Skene

building used as dressing room and back drop

hamartia

the tragic flaw in a hero's character which leads to everything falling apart

inner below (S)

under balcony, entrance/exit from "buildings"

free verse

unrhymed and unmetered lines of poetry

blank verse

unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter

masculine rhyme

when the rhyme is only one syllable, simple

The Self

who you are deep down, the purpose of life is to find self

Crone

wise. conquers, creates, and embodies the masculine. Becomes syzygy

Maiden

young woman, untouched, innocent in thought and deed. Their power is their potential