Apologia Biology Module #13

Atrium

A heart chamber that receives blood

Answer question 2 on page 426

a)frog b)shark c)lancelet d)carp e)sea squirt f)lamprey eel

List the six common characteristics of amphibians

1)Their endoskeleton is made mostly of bone 2)Their skin is smooth with many capillaries and pigments. Amphibians do not have scales 3)They usually have two pairs of limbs with webbed feet 4)They have as many as four organs of respiration 5)They have a three chambered heart 6)They are oviparous with external fertilization

You see a blood vessel from a creature. You have no idea what creature and you have no idea where it came from. You do notice, however, that the blood vessel wall is very thin. What kind of blood vessel is this?

A capillary

Closed Circulatory System

A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels

Ventricle

A heart chamber from which blood is pumped out

Anadromous

A life cycle in which creatures are hatched in fresh water, migrate to salt water as adults, and then go back to fresh water in order to reproduce

Bile

A mixture of salts and phospholipids that aids in the breakdown of fat.

Notochord

A rod of tough, flexible material that runs the length of a creatures's body, providing the majority of its support

Endoskeleton

A skeleton on the inside of a creature's body, typically composed of bone or cartilage

Bone Marrow

A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells

Hibenation

A state of extremely low metabolism and respiration, accompanied by lower-than-normal body temperatures

Frogs and toads are quite uncoordinated. They move their muscles in a very jerky manner. Which brain lobe is small in amphibians?

Amphibians have small cerebellum.

Answer question 18 on page 427

Answer on page 43 on "Solutions and Tests" question 18

Answer question 20 on page 428

Answer on page 43 on "Solutions and Tests" question 18

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

What do Atlantic salmon and many lampreys have in common?

Both are Anadromous

Ovoviviparous development

Development that occurs in an egg that is hatched inside the female's body

Oviparous Development

Development that occurs in an egg that is hatched outside the female's body

Viviparous development

Development that occurs inside the female, allowing the offspring to gain nutrients and vital substances from the mother through a placenta

What function do the dorsal fins perform in both sharks and bony fish? What function does the anterior dorsal fin play only in bony fish?

For both, dorsal fins are used for balance and in bony fish the anterior dorsal fin is used as defense.

What is the difference between a toad and a frog?

Frogs have smooth, wet skin and live near water. Toads have dry, warty skin and need not live near water.

What protein gives red blood cells their color?

Hemoglobin

Ectothermic

Lacking an internal mechanism for regulating body heat

What is the major difference between the tail of a ray and the tail of a skate?

Rays have thin, whiplike tails, while skates have thicker, fleshy tails.

What do red blood cells do?

Red blood cells carry oxygen

Vertebrae

Segments of bone or some other hard substance that are arranged into a backbone

What function does the lateral line perform in sharks and bony fish?

The lateral line senses vibrations in the water

Cerebellum

The lobe that controls involuntary actions and refines muscle movement

Cerebrum

The lobes of the brain that integrate sensory information and coordinate the creature's response to that information

Optic lobes

The lobes of the brain that receive signals from the receptors in the eyes

Olfactory lobes

The lobes of the brain that receive signals from the receptors in the nose

Medulla oblongata

The lobes that coordinate vital functions

For most amphibians, what is the major respiratory organ?

The major respiratory organ for most amphibians is the skin

Appendicular Skeleton

The portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached

Axial Skeleton

The portion of the skeleton that supports and protects the head, neck, and trunk

What do sea squirts, lampreys, and amphibians have in common?

They all go through metamorphosis from larva to adult

An owl has very sensitive vision. Which brain lobes are larger in the owl compared to the "average" vertebrate?

They have large optic lobes

Capillaries

Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and the cells of the body

Answer question 19 on page 427

a)anterior cardial veins b)efferent brachial arteries c)dorsal aorta d)kidney e)posterior cardial vein f)atrium g)ventricle h) ventral aorta i)afferent brachial arteries j)gills

Answer question 17 on page 427

a)esophagus b)brain c)spinal cord d)stomach e)air bladder f)kidney g)gonad h)anus i)intestine j)pyloric ceca k)gall bladder l)liver m)heart n)gills

What is the difference between cartilage and bone?

cartilage is more flexible and weaker than bone

What is the shark's most sensitive means of finding prey?

it's electrical field sensor

Which has the most inflexible skeleton: a ray, a lamprey, or a salmon?

salmon's skeleton