Apologia Biology Module #13
Atrium
A heart chamber that receives blood
Answer question 2 on page 426
a)frog b)shark c)lancelet d)carp e)sea squirt f)lamprey eel
List the six common characteristics of amphibians
1)Their endoskeleton is made mostly of bone 2)Their skin is smooth with many capillaries and pigments. Amphibians do not have scales 3)They usually have two pairs of limbs with webbed feet 4)They have as many as four organs of respiration 5)They have a three chambered heart 6)They are oviparous with external fertilization
You see a blood vessel from a creature. You have no idea what creature and you have no idea where it came from. You do notice, however, that the blood vessel wall is very thin. What kind of blood vessel is this?
A capillary
Closed Circulatory System
A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels
Ventricle
A heart chamber from which blood is pumped out
Anadromous
A life cycle in which creatures are hatched in fresh water, migrate to salt water as adults, and then go back to fresh water in order to reproduce
Bile
A mixture of salts and phospholipids that aids in the breakdown of fat.
Notochord
A rod of tough, flexible material that runs the length of a creatures's body, providing the majority of its support
Endoskeleton
A skeleton on the inside of a creature's body, typically composed of bone or cartilage
Bone Marrow
A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells
Hibenation
A state of extremely low metabolism and respiration, accompanied by lower-than-normal body temperatures
Frogs and toads are quite uncoordinated. They move their muscles in a very jerky manner. Which brain lobe is small in amphibians?
Amphibians have small cerebellum.
Answer question 18 on page 427
Answer on page 43 on "Solutions and Tests" question 18
Answer question 20 on page 428
Answer on page 43 on "Solutions and Tests" question 18
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Veins
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
What do Atlantic salmon and many lampreys have in common?
Both are Anadromous
Ovoviviparous development
Development that occurs in an egg that is hatched inside the female's body
Oviparous Development
Development that occurs in an egg that is hatched outside the female's body
Viviparous development
Development that occurs inside the female, allowing the offspring to gain nutrients and vital substances from the mother through a placenta
What function do the dorsal fins perform in both sharks and bony fish? What function does the anterior dorsal fin play only in bony fish?
For both, dorsal fins are used for balance and in bony fish the anterior dorsal fin is used as defense.
What is the difference between a toad and a frog?
Frogs have smooth, wet skin and live near water. Toads have dry, warty skin and need not live near water.
What protein gives red blood cells their color?
Hemoglobin
Ectothermic
Lacking an internal mechanism for regulating body heat
What is the major difference between the tail of a ray and the tail of a skate?
Rays have thin, whiplike tails, while skates have thicker, fleshy tails.
What do red blood cells do?
Red blood cells carry oxygen
Vertebrae
Segments of bone or some other hard substance that are arranged into a backbone
What function does the lateral line perform in sharks and bony fish?
The lateral line senses vibrations in the water
Cerebellum
The lobe that controls involuntary actions and refines muscle movement
Cerebrum
The lobes of the brain that integrate sensory information and coordinate the creature's response to that information
Optic lobes
The lobes of the brain that receive signals from the receptors in the eyes
Olfactory lobes
The lobes of the brain that receive signals from the receptors in the nose
Medulla oblongata
The lobes that coordinate vital functions
For most amphibians, what is the major respiratory organ?
The major respiratory organ for most amphibians is the skin
Appendicular Skeleton
The portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached
Axial Skeleton
The portion of the skeleton that supports and protects the head, neck, and trunk
What do sea squirts, lampreys, and amphibians have in common?
They all go through metamorphosis from larva to adult
An owl has very sensitive vision. Which brain lobes are larger in the owl compared to the "average" vertebrate?
They have large optic lobes
Capillaries
Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and the cells of the body
Answer question 19 on page 427
a)anterior cardial veins b)efferent brachial arteries c)dorsal aorta d)kidney e)posterior cardial vein f)atrium g)ventricle h) ventral aorta i)afferent brachial arteries j)gills
Answer question 17 on page 427
a)esophagus b)brain c)spinal cord d)stomach e)air bladder f)kidney g)gonad h)anus i)intestine j)pyloric ceca k)gall bladder l)liver m)heart n)gills
What is the difference between cartilage and bone?
cartilage is more flexible and weaker than bone
What is the shark's most sensitive means of finding prey?
it's electrical field sensor
Which has the most inflexible skeleton: a ray, a lamprey, or a salmon?
salmon's skeleton