Apparel Industries Final IU
franchises
"Franchisee (owner-operator) pays a fee plus a royaltyon all sales for the right to operate a store with an established name in an exclusive trading area" "The Franchiser (parent company) provides merchandiseand assistance in organizing, plus training."Other examples: Athletes Foot, GymboreeDesigner franchises: Ralph Lauren's Polo Shops, Calvin Klein shops, YSL Rive Gauche shops.
Five parts of a sustainable supply chain
- environmental stewardship -conservation of resources -reduction of carbon footprint -financial savings and viability - social responsibility
what kind of things will innovative farming implement?
-"no till" fields - drip irrigation -heirloom cotton varieties that do not need as many fertilizers or pesticides. -Naturally colored cotton
How to be part of the solution
-Buy less. Even the greenest garment uses resources for production and transport to your home, creating some environmental impact. - Buy clothes from sustainable brands -Buy better quality and fix clothes that start wearing out. -When a garment's life ends, find it a new purpose rather than sending it to the landfill — and consider not replacing it right away. -Buy second hand, swap, & rent clothing. -Reduce the environmental impact of your laundry- wear items more than once, use cold water and ecofriendly soap, use an energy efficient washing machine, avoid drycleaning.
cons of global sourcing
-Hidden costs related to the time and effort employees spend learning about different countries are higher. For young companies, especially, these hidden costs may be high -Your company runs the risk of having legal problems abroad. -Doing business abroad may also come with financial and political risks. In the emerging economies especially, the risk tends to be higher. -Your intellectual property is at greater risk when you adopt a global sourcing strategy. Intellectual property refers to patents, trademarks, slogans, etc.•Time differences. When your supplier is on the other side of the world—which means they're sleeping while you're at work, and vice versa—you can lose precious days waiting for answers to questions.
4 major factors affecting fashion interest and demand:
-Market Segmentation (geographics, demographics, psychographics, and behavior) -Degree of Economic Development -Sociological Characteristics of Class Structure -Psychological Attitudes of Consumers
What is included in sustainable jean technologies
-The newly developed technology -advanced equipment such as laser processing and nanobubble ozone washing machines -expertise of designers to reduce water use by up to 99%*.
what are some ways you can help change microfibers polluting the ocean?
-Using a filter on your washing machine or a special laundry bag to collect the microfibers -Switch to natural fibers like cotton, hemp or linen -Buy fewer items of clothing
3 Challenges to sustainability in the Fashion Industry
-Water Consumption + Pollution - Microplastics -Over Production and Consumption
pros of global sourcing
-You can learn how to succeed in a new market. -Your company may find new business contacts, and maybe even new customers, abroad.•If you find a new and cheaper supplier, you can compete against your rivals more effectively. -Finding new suppliers means you become less reliant on just one or two. -You may be better able to increase your company's technical capabilities by doing business abroad. There might also be an opportunity to increase manufacturing capacity.
why is fashion history important?
-fashion repeats itself bc it is cyclical - certain key periods of history dictated or influenced what happened in fashion - fashion has been and continues to be a reflection of society and current events - fashion trends are influenced by popular figures in culture - clothing styles that were snubbed a decade ago are now enjoying a resurgence in popularity
solution for over production
-hyper localism in rural areas like the American South- (clothes sewn locally from locally produced materials) -return of (smarter) manufacturing in New York, LA, and across Europe -holistic approach to luxury that will trickle down from the Paris runway to the online resellers (Gucci pledged to go carbon neutral) -circular fabrics -scientific breakthroughs that are creating closed loop fabrics (compostable, lab grown) -total rapid rethinking of how we buy and what we wear
Production
-manufacturing
what is the goal of fashion revolution
-radically changing the way our clothes are sourced, produced, and consumed - clothing is made in a safe, clean, and fair way -Collaboration across the whole retail cycle- from farmer to consumer.
what does slow fashion encourage
-slower production schedules -fair wages -lower carbon footprints -zero waste -transparency -educating consumers
Manufacturing:
-the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale -The process of converting raw materials, components, or parts into finished goods that meet a customer's expectations or specifications. Manufacturing commonly employs a man-machine setup with division of labor in a large scale production.
how many people on the planet works in the global fashion supply chain
1 in 6
what are the five principles of fashion
1. Consumers establish fashions by accepting or rejecting the styles offered. 2. Fashions are not based on price. 3.Fashions are evolutionary in nature; the are rarely revolutionary. 4.No amount of sales promotion can change the direction in which fashions are moving. 5.All fashions end in excess.
what are the three pillars of sustainability
1. people 2. planet 3. profits
more than how many people lack access to clean drinking water?
1.2 billion
how many garments does the fashion industry produce per year
150 billion garments
what are microfibers and when were they made?
1989. Microfibers are synthetic fibers that are 2-3 times smaller than a human hair.
The Retail Cycle
1: Research 2: Design 3:Manufacturing 4:Merchandising 5:Retail Selling Unit 6:End-User (Client)
The 6 Stages of Product Development
1:Planning a Line 2: Creating the Design Concept 3: Developing the Designs 4: Planning Production 5: Production 6: Distributing the Line
what percent of workers receive a fair wage
2%
what place is the fashion industry for pollution?
2nd
how many garment workers are women
3 in every 4
how much percent of fashion is never sold
30%
Chain organizations
4 or more stores, centrally owned thathandle similar goods and merchandise Can be general or specialty Can be a mass merchandiser (low prices), deptStore (high quality/mid priced), specialty (high priced/exclusives)•Generally, buyers do category or classification buying Central distribution
Gen Z represents
40% of consumers
how much is the fashion industry water use expected to increase by 2030
50%
How much of our clothes are made from polyester, nylon, acrylic, and other synthetic fibers, (which are all forms of plastic)?
60 percent
what percentage of clothing ends up in incinerators or landfills within a year of being made
60%
how much does the average american buy per year
70 items
how many cubic meters of water does the fashion industry consume
79 billion which is enough to fill 32 million olympic-size swimming pools
how many synthetic chemicals are used in the fashion, textile, and footwear industry that turn raw materials into final products
8,000
Trickle-down theory/downard-flow theory
A Fashion first identified and accepted by top of social pyramid, then accepted by others Upper class - Lower class IE. - Fast Fashion
Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
A computer program that allows designers to manipulate their designs easily
What is WWD?
A daily publication that brings you breaking news about the fashion industry, designers, celebrity trend setters, and extensive coverage of fashion week.
Design Brief
A document that is developed by both designers and merchandisers, often under the approval of creative directors. It is a guide for designers and includes the business aspects of the company to help develop a unified brand identity and strategy.
fad
A fashion that suddenly sweeps into popularity, affects a limited part of the total population, and then quickly disappears
what are regenerated fibers
A fiber created in a laboratory combining natural materials with chemical compounds.
what are synthetic fibers
A fiber produced from basic raw materials such as petroleum or minerals and manufactured in a laboratory. Original form does not resemble a fibe
trend
A general direction or movement
fashion Innovator-
A person who is quicker than his or her associates to try out a new style.
Target Markets
A specific group of potential customers that manufacturers and retailers are attempting to turn into regular customers.
characteristics of flax
Absorbs moisture and dries quickly, Tendency to wrinkle, harder to iron than cotton
what are some characteristics of cotton?
Absorbs moisture quickly, dries quickly, cooling effect
new alternatives for silk
Ahimsa or Peace silk- where worms are allowed to to develop into moths.
What is Eco- Fashion?
Also called sustainable fashion. Any brand or line that attempts to minimize the impact on the environment, and often the health of the consumers and the working conditions for the people that are making the clothes.
Product Lifecycle Management (PLM)
An advanced software technology that helps manage the lifecycle of a product from concept through manufacture
Behavioral
Based on knowledge, attitudes, uses and responses to product Includes the following: Occasions Benefits sought Loyalty Usage Rate- personal care
why is global sourcing important
Because companies sourcing from both inside and outside their country borders are better able to compete. As international demand grows for more and better products and services, competition becomes more intense.
Planning Production begins with what?
Begins With Sourcing
how does fabric begin to be made?
Begins with the creation of yarn from fibers.
5 Basic Psychological Factors that Influence Fashion Demand
Boredom•Curiosity Reaction to Convention Need for Self-Assurance Desire for Companionship
what kind of fibers make up non-woven fabric
Can be made from natural or synthetic fibers
what can product development be
Can be totally new categories, or new colorations/adaptations of existing products.
what is innovative farming practices?
Changing the way farmers produce fibers such as cotton.
Color
Color Forecasting Services Color Association of the US Color Council International Colour Authority Color Marketing Group Color Voyant•Promostyl
where does silk come from
Comes from a cocoon formed by a silkworm.
Line
Consists of one large group or several small groups of apparel and/or accessory items, or styles, developed around the design brief -Used for Moderate and Popular-Priced Apparel
Gen Z wants
Convenience (I want it when I want it)•Authenticity •Transparent•Social-cause or social-oriented voice•Localization, personalization, experience•Technology
the sustainable sources include:
Cotton Soy Hemp Bamboo PET Plastic
examples of plant fibers
Cotton* Flax* Hemp Jute Ramie
Creative Resume
Could include a picture/drawing, color, different fonts, etc. Needs to be clear (recruiters immediately look for certain things- make them easy to find and read)
what is supply and demand
Demand impacts the ability to get goods.
different types of retailers
Department Stores Specialty Stores Discount Store Chain Organizations Leased Departments Franchises
Creating the Design Concept
Design Brief Hand Sketches Technical Sketches CAD Drawings
Who does product design work closely with?
Design, Sourcing, Vendors, and Merchants.
Design Specification (Specs)
Detailed document providing information about the characteristics of a project to set criteria the developers will need to meet.
MARKUP
Difference between Cost and Retail. (Retail- Cost)/Retail= MU%
Corporation disadvantages
Difficult and costly to form/establish/dissolve Tax disadvantage Legal restrictions Depersonalization
Why D2C?
Direct sales allows them to collect customer data. For many brands, the most compelling reason to sell directly to consumers is the potential to collect massive amounts of customer data. ... While selling directly to consumers makes it easier to acquire customer behavior data, companies need to make sense of all that data.
Group
Divided from the line; Linked by a common theme like color, fabric, or style
Partnership advantages
Easy to form Greater financial capacity (than sole proprietorship) Less red tape (than corporation)
what countries garment workers are lowest paid?
Ethiopia
what country is flax imported from
Europe mostly
Themes
Example: -Punk -Mod•Grunge -Romantic -Gender Fluid
characteristics of synthetic fibers
Fabric is smooth and soft, wrinkle resistant but can be machine washed (unlike many natural fibers)
Horizontal-Flow Theory/mass-market theory
Fashions move horizontally across social groups Separate markets - Not everyone wants a variation of the same thing Retailers who adopt this theory pay close attention to own customers
Typical Retail Calendar
February - January a 4-5-4 calendar also known as a Fiscal Calendar Typical Product Release Quarterly (or Seasonally)
Why do some of us choose to follow?
Feelings of Insecurity (Proper interview attire)•Admiration (Imitation)•Lack of Interest (don't care, surrender)•Ambivalence (What feels safe, want it and fear it)•Varying Rates of Response (some followers need time to adjust to new ideas)
Fabrication
Fiber/Material Forecasting - Dupont - WoolMark - Cotton Incorporated - Milliken - Burlington Worldwide Apparel
what is yarn?
Fibers that are spun or twisted into continuous threads
Research
Forecasting and Design Inspiration: -Color -Fabrication -Silhouettes -Themes Some Companies Purchase Forecasting Information Others have in-house Forecasting Teams
Things to consider when picking fabrics:
Functionality, performance Durability Feel, comfort Cost Environmental impact Human impact
off-price retailers
Growing area of business Sell name brand and designer goods at lower than normal prices They are a help to manufacturers (will take their overstocks) and a help to consumers (lower priced goods) Could be a season behind Much higher turnover, usually when an item is gone, it is gone for good.
Developing the Designs
Handful of Designs Chosen•Sample Garments Made Some In-House / Some Sent Out More Samples Are Being Shown Via CAD Instead
Silohuettes
Historical Research Trade Shows -MAGIC IN LAS VEGAS -NY, LA, Chicago, Dallas, Etc. Trade Publications -Women's Wear Daily (WWD) -Earnshaw's (Kids) -Footwear News (Shoes) -Sportwear International (Sportswear) Cyclical -IE. Flare Jeans -> Skinny Jeans
TURN
How many times you will turn over (sell and replace) your inventory in a season or year. Sales/Average Inventory= Turn (always in 2 decimals)
What 3 things do fashion forecaster do?
Hunt, Identify, Gather
largest producers of silk
India and China are largest producers
Boutiques
Individually owned stores, sometimes selling their own designed merchandise. Often carry avant-garde merchandise that is too risky for dept stores.
Trends in the Textile Fabric Industry
Innovations in high-tech fabrics Growing global competition Increased exports Greater diversification of products Increased government regulations New technology and equipment Sustainability and Environmental Impact
advantages of sole proprietorship
Keep all profits Simple to form / dissolve Flexible ownership
Innovators
Leading edge of change. High income. Like luxury goods.
Corporation advantages
Limited financial liability Specialized management skills Greater financial capacity Economies of larger-scale operation Easy to transfer ownership
Specialty stores
Limited line of merchandise Target towards a specific customer Define customers by age, size, orshared tastes. In store entertainment/excitement If small specialty store- owner or store managerusually does the buying. Larger stores have buying teams broken out by department.
what kind of fibers can create a certain type of cotton?
Long and extra long fibers can produce a fine fabric (Pima or Egyptian Cotton)
Survivors
Lowest income. Few resources. Oldest in age. Brand loyal.
how can you be competitive without offering a discount/markdown?
Loyalty program Mix of vendors Exclusive products, vendors, Private Label Partnerships with bloggers, magazines, other vendors, etc. Better technology Better experience
Computer- Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)
Many computers within a manufacturing company are linked from the design through the production stages
Professional Resume
More structured, formatted, black and white only.
department stores
Most familiar General Retailer Mostly anchored malls Typically serve a larger portion of thecommunity and offer a variety ofquality and price ranges Organized into departments (buyersand planners) Entertainment value Loyalty
Strivers
Motivated by achievement. Lower economic or social status. Strive to emulate people.
Achievers
Motivated by achievement. Work-oriented. Favor established products. Show success.
Believers
Motivated by ideals. Conservative. Predictable. Like established brands. Modest incomes.
Thinkers
Motivated by ideals. Mature professionals. High income. Practical consumers.
Makers
Motivated by self-expression. Focused on family. Appreciate practical goods.
Experiencers
Motivated by self-expression. Youngest. Social. Active. Spend a lot. Like new products.
What must be included in a resume?
Name Permanent Address or Temporary (School) Address (can do both as well) Linked In URL (can shorten it on LinkedIn) Phone Number and Email (use school email) Educational Details (school, major, minor, graduation date, gpa)- ON TOP Honors (awards, scholarships)•Activities Work Experience (include dates and location of employment) Special Skills (languages, computer skills, etc.) if important
What is the NRF?
National Retail Federation
what are the three categories of fiber?
Natural, regenerated, synthetic
Trickle-up theory/upward-flow theory
Newer Theory The Young and Low-Income individuals are quickest to adopt new and different fashions Opposite of Downward-Flow Theory/Trickle-Down Theory Historical Example - The T-shirt First made popular by laborers (farm and factory)
what was the first synthetic fiber and when was it made
Nylon -1938
examples of synthetic fibers
Nylon, Acrylic, Spandex, Polyester
factors to consider while sourcing
Overall Stability and Security Bureaucratic Efficiency Infrastructure Labor cost Product quality Geographic location Shipping throughout supply chain Labor Unions/ Human rights
variables of demographics
Population distribution Age Sex Family life cycle Race Religion Nationality Education Occupation Income
Geographics
Population studies that focus on where people live includes the following: -Climate -Density of Population -Region -Good for large international/national
GROSS MARGIN
Profit, expressed in %.
problem with silk
Questions of ethics: traditionally worms are killed.
characteristics of rayon fibers
Rayon is soft, strong, blend-able with other fibers and cost effective
what was the first regenerated fiber and when was it made?
Rayon-1910
MARKDOWNS
Reduction of retail price. Can include Permanent MD's and Promotional MD's. (Ticket price-MD price)/Ticket price= MD %
characteristics of wool
Replenishable, after the coat is sheared a new one will grow. A natural insulator, used to make warm clothes Absorbs moisture slowly and dries more slowly than cotton.
VALS 2 System
Research System
Distributing the Line
Sell the line to retailers (buyers)! This is normally the step where product developers tag in Sales Reps or Merchant/Planning team to take over.
discount stores
Sells goods at less than full retail price Also called mass merchandisers, promotionaldepartment stores, and off-price retailers. Can be general OR specialty Find close-outs and special price promotions. Specialize in low-end open-marketgoods or special lines made just for them. Include Private Label
what is slow fashion?
Slow Fashion is the movement of designing, creating, and buying garments for quality and longevity.
silk characteristics
Smooth, luxurious feel Breathable and strong fabric.
3 major types of business ownership
Sole Proprietorship (one owner) Partnership (a few owners) Corporation (many owners)
Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
Stand-alone computerized manufacturing equipment, including computerized sewing, patternmaking, and cutting machines
how are regenerated fibers made?
Starts as a liquid which is forced through tiny holes of a spinnerette.Fibers are then cut into short lengths and spun into yarn or chemically processed into yarn directly.•
leased departments
Store within a store, leasing the space The vendor pays the store a % of its sales as rent Everything managed by the brand, not department Store Luxury brands Excluded from promotions Advantages? Attracting new customers, branding, becoming a destination, not having to hire and train. Disadvantages? Could conflict with store, customer service issues
Psychographics
Studies that develop fuller, more personal portraits of potential customers, including personality, attitude, interests, personal opinions, and actual product benefits desire.
demographics
Studies that divide broad groups of consumers into smaller, more homogenous target segments
classic
Style or design that remains in basic need and remains in general fashion acceptance for an extended period of time
Category Killers
Superstores or category specialists carry one type of goods that they are able to offer in great amounts and low prices because of volume buying. Narrow but deep assortment.
What does a tech designer do?
Tech Packs Sizing Fitting Sketches Work with PD, Sourcing Team, Merchants, Trend team Competitive Shopping
Collection
Term used to describe an expensive line. (Especially in the US and Europe)
What is the second largest polluter of water globally?
Textile dyeing
What does forecasting also consider?
The Consumer Analytics
Planning Production
The Supply Chain -Global -Comprised millions of small, medium and large manufacturers in every region of the world -All operating under pressure to hold down costs, innovate products and deliver on tight deadlines.
Business
The activity of creating, producing, and marketing products or services [for a profit]
Sourcing
The decision process of determining how and where a company's products or their components will be produced -Sourcing -Choosing - Fabric, Thread, Linings, Facings, Buttons, Trim, ETC. -Do your research on what you need (most cost effective, most durable, most sustainable, etc.). -Determine WHERE to produce your product.
how is uniqlo being sustainable with their jeans?
The entire line up of UNIQLO jeans will be produced with this technology by 2020.
Discretionary Income
The money that an individual or family has to spend or save after buying necessities such as food, clothing, shelter, and basic transportation.
Style Number
The number manufacturers and retailers assigned. The number identifies the product for manufacturing, ordering, and selling Finished Samples Presented to Team -Only Few Selected And Given Style Numbers
Buying Behavior
The process by which individuals search for, select, purchase, use, and dispose of goods and services, in satisfaction of their needs and wants.
Apparel manufacturing
The process of producing clothing and accessories for consumers
Market Segmentation
The separating of the total consumer market into small groups known as market segments.
what colors can cotton come in?
The standard cotton grown is white but other growing methods have developed naturally colored cotton.
Personal Income
The total or gross amount of income received from all sources by the population as a whole. (Includes wages, salaries, interest, dividends, and all other income)
how much stronger is flax than cotton
Twice as strong
Partnership disadvantages
Unlimited financial liability Interpersonal conflicts Lack of continuity if partner dies Harder to dissolve (than sole proprietorship)
disadvantages of sole proprietorship
Unlimited financial liability Limited capital Potential management deficiencies Lack of continuity
Cohorts
Veterans 1925-1945•WWII and Great Depression•Hard working•Cautious/Financially conservative•Baby Boomers 1946-1964•Value individualism•Express creativity•Work ethic•Generation X 1963- 1980•Divorce •Latchkey Children- women in workforce•Work-life balance•Millennials 1980-2000•Technology•Instant communication•Multiculturalism•Generation Z 2000-2015•Diverse•Technology•Still learning....
Not Every Business Has In-House Design
Wholesale Buying Lines (or Product) vs. Designing Lines (or Product) IE. - Saks vs. American Eagle
examples of animal fibers
Wool (sheep)* Silk (worms)* Mohair (goat) Angora (rabbit) Cashmere (goat) Camel
#1 rule in retail
You HAVE to know your customer!
SELL THRU
a % that compares how much you have sold from the amount ofinventory received. Sales units/Total units received= S/T %
how do you become a b corp?
a company must undergo a rigorous assessment, administered by Pennsylvania-based non-profit B Lab
Internal Growth
a company's ability to offer more services and broader assortments to increase profits
Non-woven fabric
a fabric-like material made from staple fibers and long fibers, bonded together by chemical, mechanical, heat or solvent treatment.
Fashion Forecasting
a global career that focuses on upcoming trends.
Sustainable fashion
a movement and process of fostering change to fashion products and the fashion system towards greater ecological integrity and social justice.
OMNICHANNEL
a multichannel approach to sales that seeks to provide a seamless shopping experience.
Design
a particular or individual interpretation, version, or treatment of a style
what is a tarriff
a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.
Hindsighting
a term used to recap what has already happened. What happened last season, last year, etc.? -what worked? -what didn't? -analyzing data
applied design
aesthetic & functional
Preproduction
all product development activities performed before the garment is approved for production
Fast Fashion
an approach to the design, creation, and marketing of clothing fashions that emphasizes making fashion trends quickly and cheaply available to consumers
Textile fabric
any material that is made by weaving, knitting, braiding, knotting, laminating, felting or chemical bonding.
2 main channels for retail
brick and mortar ecommerce (catalog/mail)
Vertical Retailers
businesses that design, manufacture and sell their own products, without using wholesalers. They control every stage of the supply chain and bring more value to their customers.
what is B corp?
businesses that meet the highest standards of verified social and environmental performance, public transparency, and legal accountability to balance profit and purpose
how can greige goods be finished
can be finished by textile mills or converters.
washability of wool
cannot be machine washed on hot with high agitation or will shrink.
hyper localism
clothes sewn locally from locally produced materials
What are the 4 main things to look at when forecasting and getting design inspiration?
color fabrication silhouette theme
color story
color palette identified for each group's fashion season
the business of fashion
competition and price
Manufacturer do what for fabric and materials?
consider the cost of materials and production methods.
Designers do what for fabric and materials?
consider the materials best suited for the silhouette and details of design.
Retailers
consider what materials are appropriate and desirable for their target customer.
the four main disruptions
consumer disruption technological disruption competitive disruption economic disruption
what fiber is the most widely used?
cotton
what are the big four fibers?
cotton flax wool silk
what is Design?
creative problem-solving (v.) product (or idea) resulting from creative problem-solving (n.) conscious creation of a visual experience applied design
Cut Make Trim (CMT) Factories
cutting fabric, making garment, providing trims
Package Factories
do not offer product development services (normal service factories)
what are some finishing techniques for greige goods
dye, printing, waterproofing, fire-retarding
Sustainability
endurance of systems and processes. Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
ethical obligation of business toward the communities as well as the ecological and social environments in which they operate
Sustainable Sourcing
exercise which goes beyond economic considerations and takes into account environmental, social and ethical factors as well.
Vertical Growth
expands its capabilities on levels other than its primary function -Produce own fabric / Offering manufactured goods in retail store
Horizontal Growth
expands its capabilities on the level at which it has been performing successfully -Adding new lines / Offering new product / Open new retail stores
Licensing
extending the value of a brand without actually having to develop and produce a new product
what are the three variations in the fashion cycle?
fad, flop, seasonal staple
what direction is the fashion cycle always moving in?
forward
Infrastructure
fundamental physical and organizational facilities and systems needed for operations in a country
2 broad categories of retail
general specialized
market segmentation
geographics demographics psychographics behavior
what is teh fashion revolution
global movement uniting people and organizations
head to head competition is important why
good for the consumer Offers lower prices Alternative - Offers higher quality Alternative - Offers innovative product
Private Label
goods and services created by one company to be sold and branded by another company manufactured by a contract or third-party manufacturer and sold under a retailer's brand name
what two phenomena is water scarcity being driven by?
growing freshwater use and depletion of usable freshwater resources.
Disposable Personal Income
he amount of money a person has left to spend or save after paying taxes. (Roughly equivalent to "take-home pay")
global sourcing
he practice of sourcing from the global market for goods and services across geopolitical boundaries. Global sourcing often aims to exploit global efficiencies in the delivery of a product or service.
what is the #whomademyclothes campaign
in April, which falls on the anniversary of the Rana Plaza factory collapse.
PD in the Retail cycle incorporates what?
incorporates Research, Design, and ManufacturingAnd a tiny bit of Merchandising
fast fashion
inexpensive clothing produced rapidly by mass-market retailers in response to the latest trends
what does product development start with
innovation
what three stages are there in the fashion cycle?
innovation stage, culmination stage, decline stage
what is one solution to sustainable water use?
innovative farming practices
what 6 stages are within the other three stages of the fashion cycle?
introduction, rise, acceleration, mass acceptance, decline, obsolescence
what is manufacturing
is the making of goods by hand or by machine that upon completion the business sells to a customer. Items used in manufacture may be raw materials or component parts of a larger product. The manufacturing usually happens on a large-scale production line of machinery and skilled labor.
why is textile dyeing an issue?
it poses health hazards for the people who work with them and many of the chemicals also end up in freshwater systems
Trim
labels, hangtags, price tickets, packaging
what is the lifetime of an apparel item in developed countries
less than 3 years
Forecasting
looking to the future. What do you expect or anticipate will happen next season, next year, etc.? -Taking what you learned from hindsighting and applying it to the forecast. -Apply learnings, looking ahead
Synthetic fibers
made in a chemist's lab from noncellulosic substances such as petroleum, coal, natural gas, air and water.
Knit fabric structure
made up of a single yarn, looped continuously to produce a braided look
Direct to consumer (D2C)
means you are selling your product directly to your end customers without third-party retailers, wholesalers, or other middlemen.
sustainability
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
Woven fabric structure
multiple yarns (called a warp and weft) are combined, crossing each other at right angles to form the "grain"
Social (Corporate) Responsibility
n ethical framework and suggests that an entity, be it an organization or individual, has an obligation to act for the benefit of society at large.
The solution to textile dyeing is
new dye technology such as dry dyeing
Can designers, manufacturers, or retailers force unwanted fashion on consumers?
no
What is sustainable apparel?
often refers to fabrics made from eco-friendly resources, such as sustainably grown fiber crops or recycled materials. these sources are rapidly renewable
Transparency
operating in such a way that it is easy for others to see what actions are performed.
Regenerated fibers
part natural part man-made. plant fibers are dissolved in chemicals then reformed into fabric.
Consumer Income
personal disposable personal discretionary
Sustainable Design
philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and services to comply with the principles of social, economic, and ecological sustainability.
natural fiber categories
plant(cellulous), animal(protein)
what does a fashion forecaster predict?
predicts the styles that will be presented on the runway and in the stores for the upcoming seasons.
what are textile fabric manufacturers considered and why
primary suppliers because fabric is the first step in the manufacturing process
Environmental sustainability
rates of renewable resource harvest, pollution creation, and non-renewable resource depletion that can be continued indefinitely.
the garment cycle
raw materials-->manufacturing-->--->assembly--->retail-->use--->recycle or disposal or reuse--->raw materials reuse--->retail
examples of regenerated fibers
rayon,acetate,lyocell
define fashion cycle
refers to the rise, wide popularity, and subsequent decline in acceptance of a style
upcycling
reuse (discarded objects or material) in such a way as to create a product of a higher quality or value than the original.
circular fabrics
scientific breakthroughs that are creating closed loop fabrics (compostable, lab grown)
Fair Trade
social movement whose stated goal is to help producers in developing countries achieve better tradingconditions and to promote sustainability.
Full-Package Factories
source, finance all materials and deliver finished goods in addition to assembling apparel to specs (specification sheets)
Codes of Conduct
statement of principles and standards by which business decisions are made
Another new sustainable water use practice involving jeans are
sustainable jean technologies- Uniqlo
flax sustainability
takes less water and fewer chemicals to grow.
why is the speed that products move through their cycles becoming faster?
technology developments and "instant" communications
Profit
the amount of money a business earns in excess of its expenses [net profit]
what is fabric
the basic material from which most articles of apparel, accessories and home fashions are made
where does wool come from
the coat of a sheep.
what is steeper, the incline or the decline of the fashion cycle?
the decline
supply chain
the entire process of making and selling commercial goods, including every stage from the supply of materials and the manufacture of the goods through to their distribution and sale. also represents the steps it takes to get the product or service from its original state to the customer.
every second, how many textiles is thrown out
the equivalent of one garbage truck of textiles
what is flax used for
the fabric Linen
Details
the individual elements that give a silhouette its form or shape
texture
the look and feel of material
Silhouette
the overall outline or contour
Taste
the prevailing opinion of what is/what is not appropriate for a given occasion
Personalization in retail
the process of using personal data to provide tailored experiences to shoppers of products in a retail environment. Every path to purchase is different, and, personalization in retail aims to serve each individual based on their needs and behaviors.
The manufacturing process begins with what?
the product design and materials specification from which the product is made.
what are greige goods
the raw unfinished fabrics before dyeing or bleaching
The 5 R's
the right merchandise at the right price in the right place at the right time in the right quantities
Fiber is what element of fabric
the smallest element of a fabric
what does flax come from
the stem of the plant
Product Development
the teaming of market and trend research with the merchandising, design, and technical processes that develop a final product.
Natural fibers
they are found in nature and come from a plant (cellulous) or animal (protein) source.
The 3 Theories of Fashion Flow share one common perspective
they recognize that there are both fashion leaders and fashion followers.
when is the term non-woven fabric used
to denote fabrics, such as felt, which are neither woven nor knitted.
Trade Fairs
trade shows designed to get textile and apparel manufacturers and retailers together to facilitate efficient transfer of ownership of products and services
fashion week occurs when and how often
twice a year, february and september
Environmental Impact of standard cotton
water use and pesticides.
Closed Loop Supply Chain
where previously discarded products circle back into the value chain and minimize waste. A previously discarded product can therefore be repaired, resold or even dismantled for parts.
how can yarn be made into fabrics?
woven or knitted into fabrics
If this is an in-house collection what do you do for distributing the line?
you are deciding which stores to put it in and how many units, etc.
If you are a wholesaler what do you do for distributing the line?
you are reaching out to buyers to show the line and have them buy!