Appendicular Division of Skeletal System
The pelvic girlde consists of
2 hip bones, pelvic bones or coxal bones
There are _____ bones in the lower limb
30 (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges)
The ankle, or tarsus, contains ____ tarsal bones
7: talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, and three cuneiform bones
How many bones form the wrist and what are the categories
8 bones, 4 proximal carpal bones and 4 distal carpal bones
The fibula does not form part of the knee joint nor does it bend, but if it fractures walking is difficult. Why?
Although the fibula is not part of the knee joint and does not bear weight, it is an important point of attachment for many leg muscles. When the fibula is fractured, these muscles can't function properly to move the leg and walking is difficult and painful. The fibula also helps stabilize the ankle joint.
Where does the weight of the body rest during dorsiflexion? During plantar flexion?
During dorsiflexion (digging in the heels) all of the body weight rests on the calcaneus During plantar flexion (standing on tiptoes) the talus and calcaneus transfer the weight to the metatarsal bones and phalanges through more anterior tarsal bones
The supraglenoid tubercle is the origin of what muscle
Long head of biceps brachii
What fracture site is common with clavicles
Medial portion - because falling on the palm of an outstretched hand produces compressive forces that are conducted to the clavicle and its joint with the manubrium of the sternum
Which bone(s) forms the wrist joint
Only the radius, the articular cartilage and an articulating disc separate the ulna from teh wrist
what is the function of the olecranon
Point of the elbow, during extension of the elbow, the olecranon swings into the olecranon fossa on the posterior surface of the humerus to prevent overextension
Which forearm bone is lateral in the anatomical position
Radius
What are the proximal bones of the wrist called
Scaphoid, lunate, triquestrum and pisiform
Which bone is the only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton
The clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum, this provides the only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton
Compared to males, how is the female pelvis adapted for childbirth
The female pelvis is adapted for supporting the weight of the developing fetus and allowing the newborn to pass through the pelvic outlet during delivery. Compared to males, such adaptations of the female pelvis include the following: an enlarged pelvic outlet less curvature on the sacrum and coccyx a wider, more circular pelvic inlet a relatively broad, low pelvis ilia that project farther laterally but do not extend as far superior to the sacrum a broader pubic arch with the inferior angle between the pubic bones greater than 100 degrees
Is the fibula part of the knee joint? The ankle joint?
The fibula is not part of the knee joint and does not transfer weight to the ankle and foot, however, it is an important site for muscle attachment
Why does a broken clavicle affect the mobility of the scapula
The mobility of the scapula is affected because the clavicle attaches the scapula to the sternum and thus restricts the scapula's range of movement. If the clavicle is broken, the scapula will have a greater range of movement and will be less stable.
Why are the shoulders extremely mobile but not very strong
The scapula have no direct bony or ligamentous connections to the thoracic cage
Why is a certain area of the humerus termed the funny bone
The ulnar nerve crosses the posterior side of the medial epicondyle, bumping this side of the elbow strikes this nerve and produces a temporary numbness and paralysis of muscles on the anterior surface of the forearm, this causes an odd sensation sometimes called the funny bone
What connects the two pubic bones at the pubic symphysis
a pad of fibrous cartilage
The ______ end of the clavicle is broader and flatter than the sternal end
acromial end
The broad, relatively flat portion of the clavicle that articulates with the scapula is the
acromial end
The acromion articulates with the clavicle at the _____- joint
aromioclavicular
The posterior surface of the calcaneus is a rough, knob-shaped projection and is the attachment site for the
calcaneal tendon - Achilles tendon that comes from the strong calf muscles
What is the largest carpal bone
capitate
The disc shaped head of the radius articulates with the ______ of the humerus
capitulum
Components of the pectoral girdle
clavicle and scapula
A small part of the radial head enters the radial fossa as the forearm ______ at the elbow
flexes
At the ___ the scapula articulates with the proximal end of the humerus to form the _________-
glenoid cavity, glenohumeral joint or shoulder joint
Structural characteristics of the pelvic girdle that allow it to bear the body's weight include
heavy bones, stable joints, limited range of movements
What two joints make up the elbow joint
humer-ulnar joint and humeroradial joint
Genu valgum in women
knock knee deformity
The distal fibular process termed the ____ gives stability to the ankle joint by preventing the tibia from sliding medially across the surface of the talus
lateral malleolus
The protuberance that you feel on the lateral side of the ankle is the
lateral malleolus
The fibula attaches to the tibia at the
lateral tibial condyle
The infraglenoid tubercle is the origin of the what muscle
long head of triceps brachii
The femur is the _______ and ______ bone in the body
longest and heaviest
Weight transfer occurs along the ______ arch of the foot
longitudinal
The clavicle forms joints with the ______ of the sternum and the _____ of the scapula.
manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula
the _____ supports the ankle joint and prevents the tibia from sliding laterally across the talus
medial malleolus
The surgical neck of the humerus marks the _________ and the name reflects what
metaphysis of the growing bone, the name reflects the fact that fractures typically occur at this site
Distally the femur articulates with the ____ and the ______, proximally the head of the femur articulates with the _________ at the acetabulum.
patella and the tibia of the leg at the knee joint pelvis
When you are standing normally, the pelvic transmits your weight to the ground as follows ----> ____--> ____ ---> ___----> _____----> ground
pelvis, femur, tibia, calcaneus, ground
On the posterior surface of the tibia, the soleal line, or popliteal line, is the attachment site for several leg muscles, including the _____ and the ______
popliteus and the soleus
The medial and lateral epicondyles function to do what
processes that provide additonal surface area for muscle attachment
The radio-ulnar joint allows for what two motions of the wrist/hand
pronation and supination
What runs in the radial groove
radial nerve, a large nerve that provides sensory information from the back of the hand and controls the large muscles that extend the elbow
Lateral to the coronoid process, a smooth ___________ articulates with the head of the radius at the proximal radio-ulnar joint
radial notch
The capitulum of the humerus articulates with the head of the _____
radius, the lateral bone of the borearm
A bowlegged stance of the femus is characteristic of ______, a metabolic disorder.
rickets
The coracoid process serves as the origin for what muscle
short head of the biceps brachii muscle
From the _____ end the clavicle curves in an S shape laterally and posteriorly until it articulates with the acromion of the scapula
sternal end
The ____ of the radius assists in stabilizing the wrist joint
styloid process
Each clavicle originates at the ________ border of the manibrium of the sternum, lateral to the jugular notch
superolateral border
The inferior surface of the tibia forms a hinge joint with the _____, the proximal bone of the ankle
talus
The most important distal tibial joint is between the _____ and the _____
talus and the tibia
The prominent posterior ridge of the scapular spine is an attachment site for what two muscles
the deltoid and the trapezius
The head of the humerus articulates with what joint cavity
the glenoid cavity of the scapula
The pelvis is subdivided into the greater (false) pelvis and the lesser (true) pelvis, what makes up each category
the greater pelvis consists of the expanded, bladelike protection sof each ilium superior to the iliopectineal line, the greater pelvis protects the ilipectineal line from the lesser pelvis the structures of the lesser pelvis are the inferior portions of each ilium, both pubic bones, the ischia, the sacrum and the coccyx
What articulates with the acetabulum
the head of the femur
Which hip bone forms 2/5ths of the acetabular surface
the ilium
Each hip bone of the adult pelvic girdle consists of three fused bones, what are they
the ilium, ischium and pubis
What separates the lesser and greater tubercles of the humerus
the intertubercular sulcus
What tuberosity supports your weight when you are sitting
the ischial tuberosities
Which is the strongest of the hip bones
the ischium
Which wrist bone extends farther medially than any other carpal bone in the proximal or distal rows
the pisiform - small, pea-shaped
The patella forms within what tendon
the quadriceps femoris - a group of anterior thigh muscles that extends the knee
Where on the radius is the attachment site for the biceps brachii
the radial tuberosity
What is the only direct bony connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton
the s-shaped clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
What is the wrist bone adjacent to the styloid process of the radius
the scaphiod bone
What is the most frequently fractured carpal bone
the scaphoid
What passes through the greater sciatic notch
the sciatic nerve passes through the sciatic notch as it travels into the lower limb
What three muscles originate on the scapula
the supraspinatus inserts onto the upper most impression the infraspinatus onto the middle and the teres minor onto the lowermost
What does the acromion of the scapula serve as an attachment site for
the trapezius of the back
What is the smallest distal carpal bone
the trapezoid
The _____ is the spool-shaped medial portion of the humerus condyle that articulates with the ulna, the medial bone of the forearm.
the trochlea (pulley)
What are the two main functions of the lower limb
transits force from the ground to the axial skeleton, and positions the lower limb so that movement from one place to another can occur
What are the distal bones of the wrist called
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate
The olecranon of the _____ bone forms the point of the elbow
ulna
The posterior margin of the ulnar head has a short __________
ulnar styloid process