Applying Inquiry and Research Skills

Simon is researching statistics on the number of times people eat fast food in a week. Which source is most likely to be reliable? An interview with the owner of a fast-food restaurant A survey in a personal blog created by a fast-food enthusiast A scientific study about fast-food consumption conducted by a government agency A company website of a fast-food restaurant chain marketing the restaurant's popularity

C

In Fast Food Nation, the best reason that the author offers for the fast-food industry's strict regimen for productivity is that once an order is placed, glowing buttons suggest other menu items. company operation manuals can be updated more often. it gives the companies power over their employees. flashing lights can help tell employees what to do.

B

Michaela is presenting research on modern trends in the fast food industry. Which should be one of the first things she includes in her presentation? A conclusion that summarizes the main ideas An explanation of the research question Supporting evidence from research Data from scientific surveys

B

Which research question on the topic of cybersecurity is strong and open-ended? How have cybersecurity breaches changed business practices during the last 10 years? What companies work to protect businesses from cybersecurity breaches? How many companies have suffered the consequences of cybersecurity breaches? Does cybersecurity threaten the democratic process in the United States?

A How have cybersecurity breaches changed business practices during the last 10 years?

Read the procedural text. Connecting Your Phone to Speakers Turn down the volume on your phone. Locate the speakers' input cable. Most speakers are connected, and one has an input cable. Turn down the speaker volume. Plug the input speaker cable into your cell phone's headset jack. Play a music file while you slowly turn up the speaker volume. Which text feature, if added, would best aid the reader's understanding of the passage? statement of purpose diagrams of phone and speakers list of materials needed sequenced, numbered steps

Probably B but idk

Read the excerpt from E.O. Wilson's "The Environmental Ethic."Species are disappearing at an accelerating rate through human action, primarily habitat destruction but also pollution and the introduction of exotic species into residual natural environments. I have said that a fifth or more of the species of plants and animals could vanish or be doomed to early extinction by the year 2020 unless better efforts are made to save them. . . . As the last forests are felled in forest strongholds like the Philippines and Ecuador, the decline of species will accelerate even more. In the world as a whole, extinction rates are already hundreds or thousands of times higher than before the coming of man. They cannot be balanced by new evolution in any period of time that has meaning for the human race.What message does the author convey in this excerpt? Humans need to take action to end further destruction of the natural environment. In the coming years, humans will put forth stronger efforts to save plants and animals. The extinction of plant and animal species is problematic in the Philippines and Ecuador. In recent years, the extinction rate for many animal species has significantly increased.

A NOT D

A student is researching the effects of fast food on health in America. Which sources are likely to provide reliable, credible information? Check all that apply. A fast-food company's website page displaying weekly meal deals A scholarly journal from 2020 about diseases caused by fast-food consumption A hospital's study from 2019 about causes of diabetes and its relation to fast food Data from a 1987 scientific lab experiment analyzing the nutrition facts of fast food A 2018 documentary about healthy food choices available at different fast-food restaurants

B C E

Which questions are strong research questions on the topic of fast food? Check all that apply. How much money do fast-food restaurants make in a year? What role do fast-food companies play in local economies? Which fast-food restaurant has the most locations in America? Do Americans prefer fast-food Mexican restaurants or Italian restaurants? How have fast-food restaurants updated their menus to be more healthful?

B E

Yuki wants to do a multimedia presentation on all the effects of disposing waste in the ocean. Which roadblock is Yuki most likely to experience during the research process? She would find too few sources on the effects of disposing waste in the ocean. The research required would not fit with Yuki's timeline for conducting research. The inability to understand the topic would create a need for an alternative. There would be too much information, and Yuki would need to narrow the topic.

D

Salvatore is creating a multimedia presentation on the social effects of the Civil War. What guideline should he keep in mind when placing text on a slide? Provide as much information as possible on each slide. Place one sentence of text on each slide. Provide more text than multimedia elements. Condense slide text to essential information.

D Condense slide text to essential information.

Yuki wants to do a multimedia presentation on all the effects of disposing waste in the ocean. Which roadblock is Yuki most likely to experience during the research process? She would find too few sources on the effects of disposing waste in the ocean. The research required would not fit with Yuki's timeline for conducting research. The inability to understand the topic would create a need for an alternative. There would be too much information, and Yuki would need to narrow the topic.

D There would be too much information, and Yuki would need to narrow the topic.

Kami wants to use the following research question for a multimedia presentation. How did colonialism impact modern society? Which statement best describes Kami's research question? It is an open-ended question that needs to be more specific. It is a close-ended question that is too broad in scope. It has a limited set of responses and is too narrow. It is a very strong and very specific research question.

NOT It is a very strong and very specific research question. NOT It is an open-ended question that needs to be more specific.

Which text feature is best for helping readers identify the main ideas in a procedural text? headings charts diagrams tables

headings

Read the passage from "Introduction to the Holocaust." In the aftermath of the Holocaust, many of the survivors found shelter in displaced persons (DP) camps administered by the Allied powers. Between 1948 and 1951, almost 700,000 Jews emigrated to Israel, including 136,000 Jewish displaced persons from Europe. Other Jewish DPs emigrated to the United States and other nations. The last DP camp closed in 1957. The crimes committed during the Holocaust devastated most European Jewish communities and eliminated hundreds of Jewish communities in occupied eastern Europe entirely. Which phrase best describes the main purpose of this passage? to explain why the Holocaust occurred in Europe to summarize the impact of the Holocaust on European Jews to explain why many Jews were placed in DP camps after the Holocaust to summarize European emigration statistics between 1948 and 1951

to summarize the impact of the Holocaust on European Jews

Which phrase best describes the commentary in an informational text? factual information and data that support ideas an explanation of how evidence supports central ideas a summary of the key concepts presented in the text a statement of the informational text's central idea

B

Shayla is researching the impact youth groups are having on climate change awareness. Which of these digital sources would be the most reliable? an article on a government site that describes the effects of climate change a timeline of climate activism by youth on a website that promotes solar energy a blog about youth groups written on an open-source collaborative platform an article about youth groups who combat climate change on a newspaper website

D

Jordan wants to research how cryptocurrencies are affecting worldwide financial systems. Which search terms would most effectively yield results from an online search? cryptocurrencies financial impact number of Bitcoin systems How do cryptocurrencies affect financial systems? the impact of Bitcoin on world finances

A

Read the following excerpt from Neil deGrasse Tyson's "Death by Black Hole."That's the gory moment when your body snaps into two segments, breaking apart at your midsection. Upon falling further, the difference in gravity continues to grow, and each of your two body segments snaps into two segments. Shortly thereafter, those segments each snap into two segments of their own, and so forth, and so forth, bifurcating your body into an ever-increasing number of parts: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, etc.Read the following excerpt from Billy Collins's "Man Listening to Disc."The music is loud yet so confidentialI cannot help feeling even morelike the center of the universethan usual as I walk along to a rapidlittle version of "The Way You Look Tonight,"What do these two excerpts reveal about the difference in ideas presented by Tyson and Collins? Tyson stresses humanity's relative insignificance in the universe, while Collins stresses man's perceived importance. Tyson describes man's place in the universe, while Collins focuses primarily on the role of mankind itself. Tyson's essay is a serious discussion of black holes, while Collins's poem mocks the importance of music. Tyson discusses the probability of being swallowed by black holes, while Collins describes the effects of listening to music.

A

Jorge is making a presentation based on research. Which strategies should he implement when designing the presentation? Check all that apply. Using visuals to support content Condensing text to essential content Using detailed paragraphs to convey ideas Maximizing images to make the presentation fun Creating a balance between text and multimedia elements

A B E

Read the excerpt from Freakonomics.It's worth thinking about the incentive a wrestler might have to throw a match. Maybe he accepts a bribe (which would obviously not be recorded in the data). Or perhaps some other arrangement is made between the two wrestlers. Keep in mind that the pool of elite sumo wrestlers is extraordinarily tight-knit. Each of the sixty-six elite wrestlers fights fifteen of the others in a tournament every two months. Furthermore, each wrestler belongs to a stable that is typically managed by a former sumo champion, so even the rival stables have close ties.Which of the following claims is best supported by the evidence in this excerpt? The offering of a bribe is a guaranteed enticement for a champion sumo wrestler to purposely lose a match in a tournament. The close relationship between sumo wrestlers could be an incentive for an elite wrestler to throw a match he doesn't need to win. Because sumo wrestlers have strong social ties, it is a dishonor to throw a match in a tournament. There is great pressure for sumo wrestlers to cheat in order to beat wrestlers from rival stables.

B

Maria is researching the topic of how the newest fast food chains affect the diets of children living in New York City. Which roadblocks is the student most likely to experience? Check all that apply. The topic is too broad. The topic is too narrow. The student will find too much information. The student will not find enough information. The research question will need to be revised.

B D E

Jasmine is creating a multimedia presentation on the impact of Jane Goodall's work with chimpanzees. Which element would add to the impact of her presentation? a long quote from Goodall's diaries and notebooks a table with chimpanzee populations in different countries a photograph showing Goodall interacting with wild chimps a funny and entertaining image of chimpanzees

C a photograph showing Goodall interacting with wild chimps

Read the procedural text. A Guide to Training for a 5K Race This is a guide for beginners who have never run. This is just the beginning of your running journey. First, sign up for a 5K race in your area. This is your motivation. Then follow the numbered list provided to run 3 days per week. It really is that simple. Let's get started. Running Workouts Walk for 5 minutes at a brisk pace. This is your warm-up. Stretch. Try to stretch both your arms and legs. Reach for the sky and then for your toes. Jog the Monday mileage on your chart for week one. It is ok to walk! Just finish your distance. Walk for 5 minutes at a slow pace. This is your cooldown. Repeat the procedure for the distances for Wednesday and Friday. Repeat the procedure for the distances on MWF for the next 7 weeks until Race Day. Remember, it is ok to walk. How does the numbered list support the purpose of the text? It motivates runners to finish a 5K race in the fastest time possible. It shows runners the best way to warm up just before a 5K race. It provides a schedule for runners to follow as they train for a 5K race. It tells new runners how to sign up for and win a 5K race.

C?

Which answer choice best explains a drawback of print sources? Print sources frequently provide unreliable information. Print sources contain less information than digital sources. A researcher must have a library card to access print sources. A researcher has to be in the same physical location as a print source.

D

Read the following prompt. Then, write an effective research question on the topic. You will create a research-based presentation to examine one aspect of the fast-food industry and explain its effects on consumers or society as a whole.

In general, however, a good research question should be: Clear and focused. In other words, the question should clearly state what the writer needs to do. Not too broad and not too narrow.

Read the passage from "What Your Most Vivid Memories Say about You," which is an informational text that explores what makes up a person's identity. In an intriguing study, Connecticut College psychologist Jefferson Singer and his colleagues (2007) compared older adults with college students on self-defining memories. They found that older adults tended to come up with more general memories that linked several events together and that, in general, older adults tended to feel more positively about their self-defining memories, even if the memories were of events that were negative in nature. These findings fit with other lines of research suggesting that older adults have found ways to make sense out of their life stories. They convert memories of troubling events into stories of redemption in which they make peace with their past struggles. For younger adults, events of a negative nature had more rough edges, causing them to experience greater distress when they recalled them. What is the author's most likely reason for writing this passage? to provide evidence that connects age with self-defining memories to suggest that negative self-defining memories are not important to encourage young people to think more positively about memories to summarize the impact of negative memories on older people

MAYBE A BUT IDK

Connor is creating a multimedia presentation arguing that it is possible to colonize Mars. Which element would provide evidence to support his claim? a list of the NASA missions that traveled to the Earth's moon a quote from a science fiction book on Martian colonization pictures of the surfaces of other planets in the solar system a NASA experiment where crops grew in soil similar to that on Mars

NOT C

Read the following excerpt from E. O. Wilson's "The Environmental Ethic."It is also easy to overlook the services that ecosystems provide humanity. They enrich the soil and create the very air we breathe. Without these amenities, the remaining tenure of the human race would be nasty and brief. The life-sustaining matrix is built of green plants with legions of microorganisms and mostly small, obscure animals—in other words, weeds and bugs. Such organisms support the world with efficiency because they are so diverse, allowing them to divide labor and swarm over every square meter of the earth's surface. They run the world precisely as we would wish it to be run, because humanity evolved within living communities and our bodily functions are finely adjusted to the idiosyncratic environment already created.The author tries to persuade the reader to agree with his claim about the importance of ecosystems by providing facts. presenting statistics. restating his claim. using deductive reasoning.

NOT D MAYBE B UPDATE: NOT B NOT C THEN IT'S A

Read this excerpt from Levitt and Dubner's Freakonomics.The incentive scheme that rules sumo is intricate and extraordinarily powerful. Each wrestler maintains a ranking that affects every slice of life; how much money he makes, how large an entourage he carries, how much he gets to eat, sleep, and otherwise take advantage of his success. The sixty-six highest-ranked wrestlers in Japan, comprising the makuuchi and juryo divisions, make up the sumo elite. A wrestler near the top of this elite pyramid may earn millions and is treated like royalty. Any wrestler in the top forty earns at least $170,000 a year. The seventieth-ranked wrestler in Japan, meanwhile, earns only $15,000 a year. Life isn't very sweet outside the elite. Low-ranked wrestlers must tend to their superiors, preparing their meals and cleaning their quarters and even soaping up their hardest-to-reach body parts. So ranking is everything.A wrestler's ranking is based on his performance in the elite tournaments that are held six times a year. Each wrestler has fifteen bouts per tournament, one per day over fifteen consecutive days. If he finishes the tournament with a winning record (eight victories or better), his ranking will rise. If he has a losing record, his ranking falls. If it falls far enough, he is booted from the elite rank entirely. The eighth victory in any tournament is therefore critical, the difference between promotion and demotion; it is roughly four times as valuable in the rankings as the typical victory.Based on the excerpt, which statement provides the best example of incentive for a sumo wrestler to cheat? Sumo wrestling is revered in a way that American sports can never be. A sumo wrestler near the top of the elite pyramid may earn millions of dollars. Sumo wrestling has fifteen bouts in each elite tournament. A sumo wrestler must participate in elite tournaments six times a year.

NOT D MAYBE B

Read this excerpt from Levitt and Dubner's Freakonomics.The incentive scheme that rules sumo is intricate and extraordinarily powerful. Each wrestler maintains a ranking that affects every slice of life; how much money he makes, how large an entourage he carries, how much he gets to eat, sleep, and otherwise take advantage of his success. The sixty-six highest-ranked wrestlers in Japan, comprising the makuuchi and juryo divisions, make up the sumo elite. A wrestler near the top of this elite pyramid may earn millions and is treated like royalty. Any wrestler in the top forty earns at least $170,000 a year. The seventieth-ranked wrestler in Japan, meanwhile, earns only $15,000 a year. Life isn't very sweet outside the elite. Low-ranked wrestlers must tend to their superiors, preparing their meals and cleaning their quarters and even soaping up their hardest-to-reach body parts. So ranking is everything.A wrestler's ranking is based on his performance in the elite tournaments that are held six times a year. Each wrestler has fifteen bouts per tournament, one per day over fifteen consecutive days. If he finishes the tournament with a winning record (eight victories or better), his ranking will rise. If he has a losing record, his ranking falls. If it falls far enough, he is booted from the elite rank entirely. The eighth victory in any tournament is therefore critical, the difference between promotion and demotion; it is roughly four times as valuable in the rankings as the typical victory.Based on the excerpt, which of the following statements best summarizes the incentive system that ranks sumo wrestlers? The incentive system penalizes elite sumo wrestlers. The incentive system rewards elite sumo wrestlers. The incentive system treats all sumo wrestlers equally. The incentive system treats all sumo wrestlers like royalty.

B

UNIT TEST 52% :( Read the excerpt from Freakonomics.It's worth thinking about the incentive a wrestler might have to throw a match. Maybe he accepts a bribe (which would obviously not be recorded in the data). Or perhaps some other arrangement is made between the two wrestlers. Keep in mind that the pool of elite sumo wrestlers is extraordinarily tight-knit. Each of the sixty-six elite wrestlers fights fifteen of the others in a tournament every two months. Furthermore, each wrestler belongs to a stable that is typically managed by a former sumo champion, so even the rival stables have close ties.Which of the following claims is best supported by the evidence in this excerpt? The offering of a bribe is a guaranteed enticement for a champion sumo wrestler to purposely lose a match in a tournament. The close relationship between sumo wrestlers could be an incentive for an elite wrestler to throw a match he doesn't need to win. Because sumo wrestlers have strong social ties, it is a dishonor to throw a match in a tournament. There is great pressure for sumo wrestlers to cheat in order to beat wrestlers from rival stables.

B The close relationship between sumo wrestlers could be an incentive for an elite wrestler to throw a match he doesn't need to win.

Healthy Food Options Some fast food restaurants have healthy options with fewer calories. Salad A has 300 calories, while Salad B has 320 and Salad C has 380. Salad D had the fewest calories coming in at 280. How should this information be reorganized to make it easier for an audience to understand? The sentences should be shortened. A photograph of a salad should be added. The data should be placed in a table or chart. White space should be added in between the lines of text.

C

Francisco wants to do a presentation on how the Ford Model T automobile, produced between 1908 and 1927, changed travel in the United States. He wants to research how the introduction of this mass-produced car affected road construction and the development of the tourism industry. He also wants to include in-person interviews with people who owned Ford Model Ts as well as pictures of the cars. Which roadblock is Francisco most likely to encounter? He will be unable to locate historical information on the impact of the Model T on life in America. He will find too many resources on the tourism industry during that time period in America. He'll have difficulty finding people who owned the cars for interviews. There will be few resources and photographs available from the time period.

C He'll have difficulty finding people who owned the cars for interviews.

Fatima placed the following text on a slide. During 2013-2016, 36.6% of adults consumed fast food on a given day. How can she make this data clearer to the audience? Place a bullet point after the comma. Select an image of a person eating in a restaurant. Use a pie chart to provide a visual for the percentage. Create a timeline of 2013 to 2016.

C Use a pie chart to provide a visual for the percentage.

Fast food consumption has been associated with increased intake of calories, fat, and sodium. A previous report estimated that adults consumed 11.3% of their total daily calories from fast food. Consumers can find nutritional information on calories on the menu in most fast food establishments and restaurants. -"Fast Food Consumption Among Adults in the United States, 2013-2016,"CDC Samir is researching the question: How much fast food do people eat? Based on the source, which is the best way to refine the research question? How much fast food do children eat? Which types of fast food do people prefer the most? Where can consumers find nutritional information about fast food? How does fast food consumption affect the daily diet of most Americans?

D

If you are unable to find enough material on your topic, how can you adjust your research plan? Revise your timeline for conducting research Make your research question narrower Generate a list of potential roadblocks Use different search terms

D

Kumail wants to learn more about the topic of healthy options for fast food in America. Which research question is the best? Do fast food restaurants offer healthy food choices? What choices for fast food do people in America have? Do Americans eat healthy fast food when given the choice? How are fast-food restaurants adding healthy choices to their menus?

D

Read the excerpt from Neil deGrasse Tyson's "Death by Black Hole."That's the gory moment when your body snaps into two segments, breaking apart at your midsection. Upon falling further, the difference in gravity continues to grow, and each of your two body segments snaps into two segments. Shortly thereafter, those segments each snap into two segments of their own, and so forth, and so forth, bifurcating your body into an ever-increasing number of parts: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, etc. After you've been ripped into shreds of organic molecules, the molecules themselves begin to feel the continually growing tidal forces. Eventually, they too snap apart, creating a stream of their constituent atoms. And then, of course, the atoms themselves snap apart, leaving an unrecognizable parade of particles that, minutes earlier, had been you.Which statement best describes how the author conveys the message that humans are no match for the power of a black hole? He explains scientific theories to the reader and provides the definitions for difficult terms and words. He uses logic and reason to lay out each individual step of human combustion as it is absorbed by the tidal force. He provides helpful comparisons of black holes with other cosmic phenomena that the reader may already know. He personalizes the experience for the reader and uses vivid imagery to create a clear mental picture.

D

EXAM 90% Galena's research question is "How has hip-hop music changed since its beginnings during the 1970s?" Which search term would most effectively yield results from an online search? How has hip-hop music changed since the 1970s? the changes in hip-hop since its beginnings hip-hop music 2020 history hip-hop

D history hiphop

Read the passage from "What Your Most Vivid Memories Say about You," which is an informational text that explores what makes up a person's identity. In an intriguing study, Connecticut College psychologist Jefferson Singer and his colleagues (2007) compared older adults with college students on self-defining memories. They found that older adults tended to come up with more general memories that linked several events together and that, in general, older adults tended to feel more positively about their self-defining memories, even if the memories were of events that were negative in nature. These findings fit with other lines of research suggesting that older adults have found ways to make sense out of their life stories. They convert memories of troubling events into stories of redemption in which they make peace with their past struggles. For younger adults, events of a negative nature had more rough edges, causing them to experience greater distress when they recalled them. What is the author's most likely reason for writing this passage? to provide evidence that connects age with self-defining memories to suggest that negative self-defining memories are not important to encourage young people to think more positively about memories to summarize the impact of negative memories on older people

IDK MAYBE A

UNIT REVIEW Review the procedural text. EVACUATION PLAN Which text feature, if added, would best aid the reader's understanding of the document? use of bold font on the labels explanation of different symbols description of why an evacuation plan is needed list of potential problems using the evacuation plan

NOT A B

Read the passage from "Carrots with Character," which is an informational text about the health benefits of genetically modified carrots. The researchers, led by plant geneticist Philipp Simon, haven't limited themselves to the color orange. They've selectively bred a rainbow of carrots—purple, red, yellow, even white. Scientists are learning that these plant pigments perform a range of protective duties in the human body—which is not surprising, says Simon, since many of the pigments serve to shield plant cells during photosynthesis. Red carrots derive their color mainly from lycopene, a type of carotene believed to guard against heart disease and some cancers. Yellow carrots accumulate xanthophylls, pigments similar to beta-carotene that support good eye health. Purple carrots possess an entirely different class of pigments—anthocyanins—which act as powerful antioxidants. While colored carrots are unusual, they're not exactly new. "Purple and yellow carrots were eaten more than 1,000 years ago in Afghanistan and 700 years ago in western Europe," says Simon. "But the carrot-breeding process has gone on intensively for just 50 years." Simon and his team of ARS researchers and colleagues at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW) have recently shown that their highly pigmented carrots are a ready source of some sought-after nutrients. What is one example from the passage that provides evidence to support the central idea of the text? "The researchers, led by plant geneticist Philipp Simon, haven't limited themselves to the color orange." "They've selectively bred a rainbow of carrots—purple, red, yellow, even white." "Red carrots derive their color mainly from lycopene, a type of carotene believed to guard against heart disease and some cancers." "Purple and yellow carrots were eaten more than 1,000 years ago in Afghanistan and 700 years ago in western Europe,' says Simon."

NOT A MAYBE C

LaVonda wrote the following research question for a paper to be presented in her language arts class. Does texting affect how teens learn? Why is this a weak research question? The topic would provide information that is not specific. This question has a limited set of responses. The topic is not interesting to the intended audience. This question requires an answer that is too broad.

NOT A The topic would provide information that is not specific.

Read the excerpt from Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner's Freakonomics.The incentive scheme that rules sumo is intricate and extraordinarily powerful. Each wrestler maintains a ranking that affects every slice of his life; how much money he makes, how large an entourage he carries, how much he gets to eat, sleep, and otherwise take advantage of his success. The sixty-six highest-ranked wrestlers in Japan, comprising the makuuchi and juryo divisions, make up the sumo elite. A wrestler near the top of this elite pyramid may earn millions and is treated like royalty. Any wrestler in the top forty earns at least $170,000 a year. The seventieth-ranked wrestler in Japan, meanwhile, earns only $15,000 a year. Life isn't very sweet outside the elite. Low-ranked wrestlers must tend to their superiors, preparing their meals and cleaning their quarters, and even soaping up their hardest-to-reach body parts. So ranking is everything.Which sentence from the excerpt best supports the idea that the high-ranking sumo wrestlers enjoy many luxuries? The incentive scheme that rules sumo is intricate and extraordinarily powerful. The sixty-six highest-ranked wrestlers in Japan, comprising the makuuchi and juryo divisions, make up the sumo elite. A wrestler near the top of this elite pyramid may earn millions and is treated like royalty. The seventieth-ranked wrestler in Japan, meanwhile, earns only $15,000 a year.

NOT B The sixty-six highest-ranked wrestlers in Japan, comprising the makuuchi and juryo divisions, make up the sumo elite.

Connor is creating a multimedia presentation arguing that it is possible to colonize Mars. Which element would provide evidence to support his claim? a list of the NASA missions that traveled to the Earth's moon a quote from a science fiction book on Martian colonization pictures of the surfaces of other planets in the solar system a NASA experiment where crops grew in soil similar to that on Mars

NOT C pictures of the surfaces of other planets in the solar system D

Read the following excerpt from Levitt and Dubner's Freakonomics.In the real world, Feldman learned to settle for less than 95 percent. He came to consider a company "honest" if its payment rate was above 90 percent. He considered a rate between 80 and 90 percent "annoying but tolerable." If a company habitually paid below 80 percent, Feldman might post a hectoring note, like this one:The cost of bagels has gone up dramatically since the beginning of the year. Unfortunately, the number of bagels that disappear without being paid for has also gone up. Don't let that continue. I don't imagine that you would teach your children to cheat, so why do it yourselves?The excerpt serves as which type of support for the authors' argument? a claim an example a conclusion a counterclaim

an example

Read the passage from "Carrots with Character," which is an informational text about the health benefits of genetically modified carrots. The researchers, led by plant geneticist Philipp Simon, haven't limited themselves to the color orange. They've selectively bred a rainbow of carrots—purple, red, yellow, even white. Scientists are learning that these plant pigments perform a range of protective duties in the human body—which is not surprising, says Simon, since many of the pigments serve to shield plant cells during photosynthesis. Red carrots derive their color mainly from lycopene, a type of carotene believed to guard against heart disease and some cancers. Yellow carrots accumulate xanthophylls, pigments similar to beta-carotene that support good eye health. Purple carrots possess an entirely different class of pigments—anthocyanins—which act as powerful antioxidants. While colored carrots are unusual, they're not exactly new. "Purple and yellow carrots were eaten more than 1,000 years ago in Afghanistan and 700 years ago in western Europe," says Simon. "But the carrot-breeding process has gone on intensively for just 50 years." Simon and his team of ARS researchers and colleagues at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW) have recently shown that their highly pigmented carrots are a ready source of some sought-after nutrients. What is one example from the passage that provides evidence to support the central idea of the text? "The researchers, led by plant geneticist Philipp Simon, haven't limited themselves to the color orange." "They've selectively bred a rainbow of carrots—purple, red, yellow, even white." "Red carrots derive their color mainly from lycopene, a type of carotene believed to guard against heart disease and some cancers." "Purple and yellow carrots were eaten more than 1,000 years ago in Afghanistan and 700 years ago in western Europe,' says Simon."

not A maybe c

Read the procedural text about viewing videos from a camera on a TV. Which question will best help a reader complete this procedure for the first time? What should I do if the cables are not secure? What should I do to edit my videos? How do I improve the quality of my video recordings? How many settings are there on my TV?

probably A

Read the passage from "What Your Most Vivid Memories Say about You," which is an informational text that explores what makes up a person's identity. In an intriguing study, Connecticut College psychologist Jefferson Singer and his colleagues (2007) compared older adults with college students on self-defining memories. They found that older adults tended to come up with more general memories that linked several events together and that, in general, older adults tended to feel more positively about their self-defining memories, even if the memories were of events that were negative in nature. These findings fit with other lines of research suggesting that older adults have found ways to make sense out of their life stories. They convert memories of troubling events into stories of redemption in which they make peace with their past struggles. For younger adults, events of a negative nature had more rough edges, causing them to experience greater distress when they recalled them. What is the author's most likely reason for writing this passage? to provide evidence that connects age with self-defining memories to suggest that negative self-defining memories are not important to encourage young people to think more positively about memories to summarize the impact of negative memories on older people

to provide evidence that connects age with self-defining memories

Which text feature is best for helping readers identify the main ideas in a procedural text? headings charts diagrams tables

A headings

Read the procedural text. Improving Photo Composition Composition is a term that refers to where objects are placed in relation to each other in a frame. Basically, it's the skill of arranging items in a pleasing way. First, you'll want to decide on a distance from your subject: the farther you are, the more of the surroundings will be included in your photo. Of course you can always crop later but don't rely on this. Camera orientation and angle are also important. Experiment with tilting your phone or kneeling down to see how the composition changes in your viewfinder. According to the text, what should a photographer do if he only wants the subject in the photo? rearrange items in the background tilt the phone so the lighting improves kneel down to add more area to the viewfinder get as close to the subject as possible

A? ACTUALLY I THINK C

Amir is researching how fast food impacts young adults. He finds hundreds of sources on the topic and realizes he needs to revise his research plan. What's the best way to do this? Include impacts on both children and adults. Refocus on a specific impact on young adults. Include the impacts of additional types of food. Focus on the impact of fast food on a specific adult.

B

Deondre is interested in learning how having technology to answer questions affects human memory. He has identified several sources and where to find them. What is Deondre's next step in the research process? Revise his main research question to include more information. Create a timeline for collecting research on the topic. Ask a teacher for assistance with understanding the topic. Create a list of solutions for potential roadblocks during research.

B

Read the excerpt from Fast Food Nation.Up and down Academy Boulevard, along South Nevada, Circle Drive, and Woodman Road, teenagers like Elisa run the fast food restaurants of Colorado Springs. Fast food kitchens often seem like a scene from Bugsy Malone, a film in which all the actors are children pretending to be adults. No other industry in the United States has a workforce so dominated by adolescents.How does Schlosser effectively build his argument in this excerpt? He uses anecdotal evidence to share a personal experience of eating fast food. He uses analogical evidence to help the reader visualize his point about the workers. He uses testimonial evidence to explain the health risks of eating fast food. He uses statistical evidence to prove that adults make better employees than teens.

B He uses analogical evidence to help the reader visualize his point about the workers.

Garret is researching how eating breakfast impacts students' overall performance at school. Which source is most likely to provide reliable, credible information? a vlog created by a high school sophomore about how eating breakfast improved her academic performance a newspaper article from 2019 on the effects of a government program funding heathy breakfasts in schools an infographic about using components of a specific diet program to make a healthy breakfast a website for a restaurant association providing healthy breakfasts in schools and workplaces

B a newspaper article from 2019 on the effects of a government program funding heathy breakfasts in schools

Read the excerpt from Freakonomics.Now let's look at the win-loss percentage between the 7-7 wrestlers and the 8-6 wrestlers the next time they meet, when neither one is on the bubble. In this case, there is no great pressure on the individual match. So you might expect the wrestlers who won their 7-7 matches in the previous tournament to do about as well as they had in earlier matches against these same opponents—that is, winning roughly 50 percent of the time. You certainly wouldn't expect them to uphold their 80 percent clip.As it turns out, the data show that the 7-7 wrestlers win only 40 percent of the rematches. Eighty percent in one match and 40 percent in the next? How do you make sense of that?Which type of evidence does the authors use in this excerpt to support the claim that some sumo wrestlers will intentionally lose a match? anecdotal testimonial statistical analogical

C statistical NOT A

Read the procedural text about viewing videos from a camera on a TV. Which question will best help a reader complete this procedure for the first time? What should I do if the cables are not secure? What should I do to edit my videos? How do I improve the quality of my video recordings? How many settings are there on my TV

MAYBE A?

Read the passage from "Carrots with Character," which is an informational text about the health benefits of genetically modified carrots. The researchers, led by plant geneticist Philipp Simon, haven't limited themselves to the color orange. They've selectively bred a rainbow of carrots—purple, red, yellow, even white. Scientists are learning that these plant pigments perform a range of protective duties in the human body—which is not surprising, says Simon, since many of the pigments serve to shield plant cells during photosynthesis. Red carrots derive their color mainly from lycopene, a type of carotene believed to guard against heart disease and some cancers. Yellow carrots accumulate xanthophylls, pigments similar to beta-carotene that support good eye health. Purple carrots possess an entirely different class of pigments—anthocyanins—which act as powerful antioxidants. While colored carrots are unusual, they're not exactly new. "Purple and yellow carrots were eaten more than 1,000 years ago in Afghanistan and 700 years ago in western Europe," says Simon. "But the carrot-breeding process has gone on intensively for just 50 years." Simon and his team of ARS researchers and colleagues at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW) have recently shown that their highly pigmented carrots are a ready source of some sought-after nutrients. What is one example from the passage that provides evidence to support the central idea of the text? "The researchers, led by plant geneticist Philipp Simon, haven't limited themselves to the color orange." "They've selectively bred a rainbow of carrots—purple, red, yellow, even white." "Red carrots derive their color mainly from lycopene, a type of carotene believed to guard against heart disease and some cancers." "Purple and yellow carrots were eaten more than 1,000 years ago in Afghanistan and 700 years ago in western Europe,' says Simon."

NOT "The researchers, led by plant geneticist Philipp Simon, haven't limited themselves to the color orange."

Read the passage from "Stalin: A Brutal Legacy Uncovered," which is an informational text about Stalin's atrocities and how he used ambition and fear to rule over people of the Soviet Union. As Khrushchev informed the closed session of the Party apparatchiks, his report—which has entered history as the "Secret Speech"—was based on research by a special commission of senior leaders of the Communist Party. It covered primarily only one part of Stalin's murderous record: the peak years of his savage "Great Purge" in the mid- and late 1930s, a massacre that wiped out a whole generation of Bolsheviks, the Party's oldest and most faithful members. Khrushchev, who went on to become the Soviet prime minister, said next to nothing about the rest of Stalin's victims, who have been estimated at more than 20 million. Stalin's genocidal record was the product of a ruthless, steely personality hardened by searing hardships in his youth: first, brutal beatings by his alcoholic, dirt-poor father; and later, several rounds of imprisonment and exile—from which he often escaped—following his expulsion from a Russian Orthodox seminary for fomenting a strike of railroad workers. For the 20-year-old Stalin, an outstanding student with top marks in Bible and Church studies, the strike was the first step on a new road - a career of rebellion, crime, and radical politics that eventually made him the unquestioned boss of the Communist Party and of 140 million people in the Soviet Union. Which phrase best explains the purpose of the underlined text? to give evidence of Stalin's genocidal actions to explain why Stalin became a ruthless murderer to focus the reader's thoughts on Stalin's personality to summarize Stalin's time as a Communist leader

NOT C IT'S A

Read the following excerpt from E. O. Wilson's "The Environmental Ethic."It is also easy to overlook the services that ecosystems provide humanity. They enrich the soil and create the very air we breathe. Without these amenities, the remaining tenure of the human race would be nasty and brief. The life-sustaining matrix is built of green plants with legions of microorganisms and mostly small, obscure animals—in other words, weeds and bugs. Such organisms support the world with efficiency because they are so diverse, allowing them to divide labor and swarm over every square meter of the earth's surface. They run the world precisely as we would wish it to be run, because humanity evolved within living communities and our bodily functions are finely adjusted to the idiosyncratic environment already created.The author tries to persuade the reader to agree with his claim about the importance of ecosystems by providing facts. presenting statistics. restating his claim. using deductive reasoning.

NOT D NOT B APPARENTLY NOT C IT'S A

Shayla is researching the impact youth groups are having on climate change awareness. Which of these digital sources would be the most reliable? an article on a government site that describes the effects of climate change a timeline of climate activism by youth on a website that promotes solar energy a blog about youth groups written on an open-source collaborative platform an article about youth groups who combat climate change on a newspaper website

an article about youth groups who combat climate change on a newspaper website

Read the excerpt from "Death by Black Hole."Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, published in 1916, provides the insight to understand the bizarre structure of space and time in a high-gravity environment. Later research by the American physicist John A. Wheeler, and others, helped to formulate a vocabulary as well as the mathematical tools to describe and predict what a black hole will do to its surroundings.Read the excerpt from "Man Listening to Disc."And I bow deeply to Thelonious Monkfor figuring out a wayto motorize—or whatever—his huge pianoso he could be with us today.These excerpts are similar because both texts show a connection between math and music. reference musicians the narrators admire. make predictions about the future of mankind. credit people who have inspired the authors.

credit people who have inspired the authors.

Read the procedural text about viewing videos from a camera on a TV. View on your TV Which question will best help a reader complete this procedure for the first time? What should I do if the cables are not secure? What should I do to edit my videos? How do I improve the quality of my video recordings? How many settings are there on my TV?

idk PROBABLY A

Read the passage from "The Salem (and Other) Witch Hunts," which is an informational text about witch hunts in the late 1600s. The sentencing of Bridget Bishop, the first victim of the witch trials, was typical of the Salem justice. Bishop was accused of not living "a Puritan lifestyle" because she wore black clothing. Her coat had been found to be oddly "cut or torn in two ways," and her behavior was regarded as "immoral." Thus convicted of witchcraft, she was tried on June 10, 1692, and executed by hanging the same day. Immediately following this execution, the court adjourned for 20 days and asked for advice from New England's most influential ministers "upon the state of things as they then stood." A mere five days later, they produced a voluble answer penned by Cotton Mather, the prolific pamphleteer of the period, assuring the court and the grand jury that they had done well. The prominent ministers "humbly recommend[ed]" more of the same: that is, "the speedy and vigorous prosecution of such as have rendered themselves obnoxious, according to the direction given in the laws of God, and the wholesome statutes of the English nation . . . " More people were accused, arrested and examined, but historians believe that by September 1692 the hysteria had begun to abate and public opinion turned against the trials. Which text structure supports the idea that the sentencing was swift and the hysteria surrounding the witch hunts was relatively short-lived? sequence comparison-contrast cause-effect problem-solution

sequence

Read the excerpt from "The Environmental Ethic."It is fashionable in some quarters to wave aside the small and obscure, the bugs and weeds, forgetting that an obscure moth from Latin America saved Australia's pastureland from overgrowth by cactus, that the rosy periwinkle provided the cure for Hodgkin's disease and childhood lymphocytic leukemia, that the bark of the Pacific yew offers hope for victims of ovarian and breast cancer, that a chemical from the saliva of leeches dissolves blood clots during surgery, and so on down a roster already grown long and illustrious despite the limited research addressed to it.Which of the following claims is best supported by the evidence in this excerpt? All species are worth protecting because even the small organisms contribute important functions in the environment. Every effort should be made to protect each bug and weed species regardless of its potential to cause destruction. All of the species that are now extinct or are becoming extinct could have cured a disease. Only the species that can be used for medical purposes are worth protecting from extinction.

A

Tia is researching the effects of earning a college degree. She has found hundreds of good sources but does not have time to read them all. What is a solution to this roadblock in Tia's research? Narrow her research to focus on the economic effects of earning a college degree. Choose three of the best sources and conduct her research using them. Include information on reasons to earn a college degree. List more possible sources, including where to find them.

A Narrow her research to focus on the economic effects of earning a college degree.

Read the passage from "The Salem (and Other) Witch Hunts," which is an informational text about witch hunts in the late 1600s. The sentencing of Bridget Bishop, the first victim of the witch trials, was typical of the Salem justice. Bishop was accused of not living "a Puritan lifestyle" because she wore black clothing. Her coat had been found to be oddly "cut or torn in two ways," and her behavior was regarded as "immoral." Thus convicted of witchcraft, she was tried on June 10, 1692, and executed by hanging the same day. Immediately following this execution, the court adjourned for 20 days and asked for advice from New England's most influential ministers "upon the state of things as they then stood." A mere five days later, they produced a voluble answer penned by Cotton Mather, the prolific pamphleteer of the period, assuring the court and the grand jury that they had done well. The prominent ministers "humbly recommend[ed]" more of the same: that is, "the speedy and vigorous prosecution of such as have rendered themselves obnoxious, according to the direction given in the laws of God, and the wholesome statutes of the English nation . . . " More people were accused, arrested and examined, but historians believe that by September 1692 the hysteria had begun to abate and public opinion turned against the trials. Which text structure supports the idea that the sentencing was swift and the hysteria surrounding the witch hunts was relatively short-lived? sequence comparison-contrast cause-effect problem-solution

A sequence

Read the excerpt from "The Environmental Ethic."It is fashionable in some quarters to wave aside the small and obscure, the bugs and weeds, forgetting that an obscure moth from Latin America saved Australia's pastureland from overgrowth by cactus, that the rosy periwinkle provided the cure for Hodgkin's disease and childhood lymphocytic leukemia, that the bark of the Pacific yew offers hope for victims of ovarian and breast cancer, that a chemical from the saliva of leeches dissolves blood clots during surgery, and so on down a roster already grown long and illustrious despite the limited research addressed to it.Which of the following claims is best supported by the evidence in this excerpt? All species are worth protecting because even the small organisms contribute important functions in the environment. Every effort should be made to protect each bug and weed species regardless of its potential to cause destruction. All of the species that are now extinct or are becoming extinct could have cured a disease. Only the species that can be used for medical purposes are worth protecting from extinction.

All species are worth protecting because even the small organisms contribute important functions in the environment.

Javier presented the following research question for a history class. In what ways does the Treaty of San Francisco, which ended World War II, continue to affect life in Japan? Which statement best describes Javier's research question? It is too limited, and there will not be enough information to answer it. It is close-ended and does not require an in-depth response. It is specific but not too narrow, and is phrased to allow for an in-depth response. It is close-ended and would not allow for additional questions to guide research.

C

Kami wants to use the following research question for a multimedia presentation. How did colonialism impact modern society? Which statement best describes Kami's research question? It is an open-ended question that needs to be more specific. It is a close-ended question that is too broad in scope. It has a limited set of responses and is too narrow. It is a very strong and very specific research question.

C

Mindy generated the following research question, but she wants to improve it. Does consuming fast food influence health? Which revision to the research question is best? Do healthy people eat and enjoy fast food? Are people affected by consuming too much fast food? In which ways does consuming fast food impact diet and weight? What is the most unhealthy option on a typical fast food menu?

C

Read the excerpt from "The Environmental Ethic."Mother Earth . . . is no more than the commonality of organisms and the physical environment they maintain with each passing moment, an environment that will destabilize and turn lethal if the organisms are disturbed too much. . . . To disregard the diversity of life is to risk catapulting ourselves into an alien environment. We will have become like the pilot whales that inexplicably beach themselves on New England shores.Which of the following choices best expresses the type of appeal Wilson uses in this passage? The author uses logos to develop his argument by providing factual information about pilot whales in New England. The author uses logos to develop his argument by gaining sympathy for the pilot whales in New England. The author uses pathos to develop his argument by including emotionally charged language to evoke a response. The author uses pathos to develop his argument by chastising the reader for the destruction of the environment.

C

Read the excerpt from E.O. Wilson's "The Environmental Ethic."Why should we care? What difference does it make if some species are extinguished, if even half of all the species on earth disappear? Let me count the ways. New sources of scientific information will be lost. Vast potential biological wealth will be destroyed. Still undeveloped medicines, crops, pharmaceuticals, timber, fibers, pulp, soil-restoring vegetation, petroleum substitutes, and other products and amenities will never come to light. It is fashionable in some quarters to wave aside the small and obscure, the bugs and weeds, forgetting that an obscure moth from Latin America saved Australia's pastureland from overgrowth by cactus, that the rosy periwinkle provided the cure for Hodgkin's disease and childhood lymphocytic leukemia, that the bark of the Pacific yew offers hope for victims of ovarian and breast cancer, that a chemical from the saliva of leeches dissolves blood clots during surgery, and so on down a roster already grown long and illustrious despite the limited research addressed to it.Which techniques does Wilson use in this excerpt to convey important information to his readers? Wilson uses humorous anecdotes that make the information more interesting. Wilson uses metaphors that appeal to a wide range of the reader's senses. Wilson relates the significance of the information directly to the reader's life. Wilson refers to empirical statistics to relate the importance of his message.

C

Read the excerpt from Neil deGrasse Tyson's "Death by Black Hole."If you stumbled upon a black hole and found yourself falling feet-first toward its center, then as you got closer, the black hole's force of gravity would grow astronomically. Curiously, you would not feel this force at all because, like anything in free fall, you are weightless. What you do feel, however, is something far more sinister. While you fall, the black hole's force of gravity at your two feet, they being closer to the black hole's center, accelerates them faster than does the weaker force of gravity at your head.Read the excerpt from Billy Collins's "Man Listening to Disc."the only true point of view,is full of the hope that he,the hub of the cosmoswith his hair blown sideways,will eventually make it all the way downtown.Which choice best describes the differing views Tyson and Collins present of humanity? Tyson describes a sinister universe where men are eaten by black holes, while Collins describes a cosmos full of hope for a better future. Tyson writes about a scientific fact of life, while Collins writes about an emotionally charged event in his life. Tyson presents humans as powerless against the forces of nature, while Collins presents an individual creating his own destiny. Tyson suggests that people have no control of their lives in a dangerous world, while Collins reminds people to take control and be focused.

C

Read the procedural text. A Guide to Training for a 5K Race This is a guide for beginners who have never run. This is just the beginning of your running journey. First, sign up for a 5K race in your area. This is your motivation. Then follow the numbered list provided to run 3 days per week. It really is that simple. Let's get started. Running Workouts Walk for 5 minutes at a brisk pace. This is your warm-up. Stretch. Try to stretch both your arms and legs. Reach for the sky and then for your toes. Jog the Monday mileage on your chart for week one. It is ok to walk! Just finish your distance. Walk for 5 minutes at a slow pace. This is your cooldown. Repeat the procedure for the distances for Wednesday and Friday. Repeat the procedure for the distances on MWF for the next 7 weeks until Race Day. Remember, it is ok to walk. How does the numbered list support the purpose of the text? It motivates runners to finish a 5K race in the fastest time possible. It shows runners the best way to warm up just before a 5K race. It provides a schedule for runners to follow as they train for a 5K race. It tells new runners how to sign up for and win a 5K race.

C

Read the procedural text. Improving Photo Composition Composition is a term that refers to where objects are placed in relation to each other in a frame. Basically, it's the skill of arranging items in a pleasing way. First, you'll want to decide on a distance from your subject: the farther you are, the more of the surroundings will be included in your photo. Of course you can always crop later but don't rely on this. Camera orientation and angle are also important. Experiment with tilting your phone or kneeling down to see how the composition changes in your viewfinder. According to the text, what should a photographer do if he only wants the subject in the photo? rearrange items in the background tilt the phone so the lighting improves kneel down to add more area to the viewfinder get as close to the subject as possible

C

What is the main idea of step 5 in the procedure? to make sure the engine is turned off when using the jack to alert other drivers that you are about to change a tire to secure the car so it does not roll while changing the tire to make it easier to move the car while using the jack

C

Which question is an expert most likely to ask when developing a procedural text for a new homeowner about replacing the batteries in smoke detectors? How do smoke detectors work? Why do smoke detectors need batteries? Where are the smoke detectors located? When were the smoke detectors installed?

C

Read the procedural text. A Guide to Training for a 5K Race This is a guide for beginners who have never run. This is just the beginning of your running journey. First, sign up for a 5K race in your area. This is your motivation. Then follow the numbered list provided to run 3 days per week. It really is that simple. Let's get started. Running Workouts Walk for 5 minutes at a brisk pace. This is your warm-up. Stretch. Try to stretch both your arms and legs. Reach for the sky and then for your toes. Jog the Monday mileage on your chart for week one. It is ok to walk! Just finish your distance. Walk for 5 minutes at a slow pace. This is your cooldown. Repeat the procedure for the distances for Wednesday and Friday. Repeat the procedure for the distances on MWF for the next 7 weeks until Race Day. Remember, it is ok to walk. How does the numbered list support the purpose of the text? It motivates runners to finish a 5K race in the fastest time possible. It shows runners the best way to warm up just before a 5K race. It provides a schedule for runners to follow as they train for a 5K race. It tells new runners how to sign up for and win a 5K race.

C It provides a schedule for runners to follow as they train for a 5K race.

During 2013-2016, approximately 37% of adults consumed fast food on a given day. The overall percentage of adults who consumed fast food decreased with age, increased with income, and was higher among non-Hispanic black persons compared with other race and Hispanic-origin groups. In addition, a higher percentage of non-Hispanic white adults consumed fast food than did non-Hispanic Asian adults. Among men and women who consumed fast food, a higher percentage of men ate it for lunch, while a higher percentage of women ate it as a snack. -"Fast Food Consumption Among Adults in the United States, 2013-2016,"CDC Kendra is researching this question: Which ethnicities consume more fast food in America? Which information from the source is most relevant to her research? Approximately thirty-seven percent of adults consumed fast food on a given day. The overall percentage of adults who consumed fast food decreased with age. Fast-food consumption was higher among non-Hispanic white and black people. A higher percentage of men ate fast food for lunch than women.

C OR D

Michaela is researching the question, "How does gender affect the consumption of fast food?" She finds this source, titled "Fast-Food Consumption among Adults in the United States, 2013-2016" from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. During 2013-2016, approximately 37% of adults consumed fast food on a given day. The overall percentage of adults who consumed fast food decreased with age, increased with income, and was higher among non-Hispanic black persons compared with other race and Hispanic-origin groups. In addition, a higher percentage of non-Hispanic white adults consumed fast food than did non-Hispanic Asian adults. Among adults who consumed fast food, the most commonly reported eating occasions were lunch (43.7%) and dinner (42.0%), followed by breakfast (22.7%) and snacks (22.6%). A higher percentage of men (48.3%) than women (39.1%) consumed fast food during lunch, while a higher percentage of women (25.7%) than men (19.5%) consumed fast food from snacks. Which information from the source is most relevant to her research? The overall percentage of adults who consumed fast food decreased with age. Most adults consumed fast food for lunch (43.7%) and dinner (42.0%). Approximately 37% of adults consumed fast food on a given day. More men (48.3%) than women (39.1%) consumed fast food during lunch.

C OR D D More men (48.3%) than women (39.1%) consumed fast food during lunch.

UNIT TEST RETAKE 64% :| Read the excerpt from "The Environmental Ethic." Mother Earth . . . is no more than the commonality of organisms and the physical environment they maintain with each passing moment, an environment that will destabilize and turn lethal if the organisms are disturbed too much. . . . To disregard the diversity of life is to risk catapulting ourselves into an alien environment. We will have become like the pilot whales that inexplicably beach themselves on New England shores. Which of the following choices best expresses the type of appeal Wilson uses in this passage? The author uses logos to develop his argument by providing factual information about pilot whales in New England. The author uses logos to develop his argument by gaining sympathy for the pilot whales in New England. The author uses pathos to develop his argument by including emotionally charged language to evoke a response. The author uses pathos to develop his argument by chastising the reader for the destruction of the environment.

C The author uses pathos to develop his argument by including emotionally charged language to evoke a response.

Read the excerpt from E.O. Wilson's "The Environmental Ethic."Why should we care? What difference does it make if some species are extinguished, if even half of all the species on earth disappear? Let me count the ways. New sources of scientific information will be lost. Vast potential biological wealth will be destroyed. Still undeveloped medicines, crops, pharmaceuticals, timber, fibers, pulp, soil-restoring vegetation, petroleum substitutes, and other products and amenities will never come to light. It is fashionable in some quarters to wave aside the small and obscure, the bugs and weeds, forgetting that an obscure moth from Latin America saved Australia's pastureland from overgrowth by cactus, that the rosy periwinkle provided the cure for Hodgkin's disease and childhood lymphocytic leukemia, that the bark of the Pacific yew offers hope for victims of ovarian and breast cancer, that a chemical from the saliva of leeches dissolves blood clots during surgery, and so on down a roster already grown long and illustrious despite the limited research addressed to it.Which techniques does Wilson use in this excerpt to convey important information to his readers? Wilson uses humorous anecdotes that make the information more interesting. Wilson uses metaphors that appeal to a wide range of the reader's senses. Wilson relates the significance of the information directly to the reader's life. Wilson refers to empirical statistics to relate the importance of his message.

C Wilson uses metaphors that appeal to a wide range of the reader's senses.

Read the following excerpt from Levitt and Dubner's Freakonomics.There is a tale, "The Ring of Gyges," that Feldman sometimes tells his economist friends. It comes from Plato's Republic. A student named Glaucon offered the story in response to a lesson by Socrates—who, like Adam Smith, argued that people are generally good even without enforcement. Glaucon, like Feldman's economist friends, disagreed. He told of a shepherd named Gyges who stumbled upon a secret cavern with a corpse inside that wore a ring. When Gyges put on the ring, he found that it made him invisible. With no one able to monitor his behavior, Gyges proceeded to do woeful things—seduce the queen, murder the king, and so on. Glaucon's story posed a moral question: could any man resist the temptation of evil if he knew his acts could not be witnessed? Glaucon seemed to think the answer was no. But Paul Feldman sides with Socrates and Adam Smith—for he knows the answer, at least 87 percent of the time, is yes.Feldman reaches the conclusion that most people are honest without receiving an incentive by making a claim about his individual experiences and looking for evidence. making a broad generalization about morality and looking for evidence. studying his individual experiences and arriving at a broad generalization. studying a counterclaim about morality and arriving at a broad generalization.

C studying his individual experiences and arriving at a broad generalization.

Michaela is researching the question, "How does gender affect the consumption of fast food?" She finds this source, titled "Fast-Food Consumption among Adults in the United States, 2013-2016" from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. During 2013-2016, approximately 37% of adults consumed fast food on a given day. The overall percentage of adults who consumed fast food decreased with age, increased with income, and was higher among non-Hispanic black persons compared with other race and Hispanic-origin groups. In addition, a higher percentage of non-Hispanic white adults consumed fast food than did non-Hispanic Asian adults. Among adults who consumed fast food, the most commonly reported eating occasions were lunch (43.7%) and dinner (42.0%), followed by breakfast (22.7%) and snacks (22.6%). A higher percentage of men (48.3%) than women (39.1%) consumed fast food during lunch, while a higher percentage of women (25.7%) than men (19.5%) consumed fast food from snacks. Which information from the source is most relevant to her research? The overall percentage of adults who consumed fast food decreased with age. Most adults consumed fast food for lunch (43.7%) and dinner (42.0%). Approximately 37% of adults consumed fast food on a given day. More men (48.3%) than women (39.1%) consumed fast food during lunch.

D

Read the following excerpt from E. O. Wilson's "The Environmental Ethic."Species are disappearing at an accelerating rate through human action, primarily habitat destruction but also pollution and the introduction of exotic species into residual natural environments. I have said that a fifth or more of the species of plants and animals could vanish or be doomed to early extinction by the year 2020 unless better efforts are made to save them. . . . As the last forests are felled [destroyed] in forest strongholds like the Philippines and Ecuador, the decline of species will accelerate even more. In the world as a whole, extinction rates are already hundreds or thousands of times higher than before the coming of man. They cannot be balanced by new evolution in any period of time that has meaning for the human race.Why should we care? What difference does it make if some species are extinguished, if even half of all the species on earth disappear? Let me count the ways. New sources of scientific information will be lost. Vast potential biological wealth will be destroyed. Still undeveloped medicines, crops, pharmaceuticals, timber, fibers, pulp, soil-restoring vegetation, petroleum substitutes, and other products and amenities will never come to light.Based on the excerpt, which statement best summarizes the author's beliefs about the disappearing species? The loss of plant species and habitats will lead to widespread animal extinction. The loss of plant species and habitats will lead to environmental problems in remote regions. The loss of plant species and habitats will displace animals and decrease human wealth. The loss of plant species and habitats will devastate animals and hinder human progress.

D

Read the following excerpt from E. O. Wilson's "The Environmental Ethic."Species are disappearing at an accelerating rate through human action, primarily habitat destruction but also pollution and the introduction of exotic species into residual natural environments. I have said that a fifth or more of the species of plants and animals could vanish or be doomed to early extinction by the year 2020 unless better efforts are made to save them. . . . As the last forests are felled [destroyed] in forest strongholds like the Philippines and Ecuador, the decline of species will accelerate even more. In the world as a whole, extinction rates are already hundreds or thousands of times higher than before the coming of man. They cannot be balanced by new evolution in any period of time that has meaning for the human race.Why should we care? What difference does it make if some species are extinguished, if even half of all the species on earth disappear? Let me count the ways. New sources of scientific information will be lost. Vast potential biological wealth will be destroyed. Still undeveloped medicines, crops, pharmaceuticals, timber, fibers, pulp, soil-restoring vegetation, petroleum substitutes, and other products and amenities will never come to light.Based on the excerpt, which statement best summarizes the author's beliefs about the disappearing species? The loss of plant species and habitats will lead to widespread animal extinction. The loss of plant species and habitats will lead to environmental problems in remote regions. The loss of plant species and habitats will displace animals and decrease human wealth. The loss of plant species and habitats will devastate animals and hinder human progress.

MAYBE A MAYBE D I PUT D DOE

Read the excerpt from Freakonomics.Now let's look at the win-loss percentage between the 7-7 wrestlers and the 8-6 wrestlers the next time they meet, when neither one is on the bubble. In this case, there is no great pressure on the individual match. So you might expect the wrestlers who won their 7-7 matches in the previous tournament to do about as well as they had in earlier matches against these same opponents—that is, winning roughly 50 percent of the time. You certainly wouldn't expect them to uphold their 80 percent clip.As it turns out, the data show that the 7-7 wrestlers win only 40 percent of the rematches. Eighty percent in one match and 40 percent in the next? How do you make sense of that?Which type of evidence does the authors use in this excerpt to support the claim that some sumo wrestlers will intentionally lose a match? anecdotal testimonial statistical analogical

NOT A maybe c

Read the excerpt from Freakonomics.Now let's look at the win-loss percentage between the 7-7 wrestlers and the 8-6 wrestlers the next time they meet, when neither one is on the bubble. In this case, there is no great pressure on the individual match. So you might expect the wrestlers who won their 7-7 matches in the previous tournament to do about as well as they had in earlier matches against these same opponents—that is, winning roughly 50 percent of the time. You certainly wouldn't expect them to uphold their 80 percent clip.As it turns out, the data show that the 7-7 wrestlers win only 40 percent of the rematches. Eighty percent in one match and 40 percent in the next? How do you make sense of that?Which type of evidence does the authors use in this excerpt to support the claim that some sumo wrestlers will intentionally lose a match? anecdotal testimonial statistical analogical

NOT A anecdotal MAYBE C

Read the excerpt from Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner's Freakonomics.The incentive scheme that rules sumo is intricate and extraordinarily powerful. Each wrestler maintains a ranking that affects every slice of his life; how much money he makes, how large an entourage he carries, how much he gets to eat, sleep, and otherwise take advantage of his success. The sixty-six highest-ranked wrestlers in Japan, comprising the makuuchi and juryo divisions, make up the sumo elite. A wrestler near the top of this elite pyramid may earn millions and is treated like royalty. Any wrestler in the top forty earns at least $170,000 a year. The seventieth-ranked wrestler in Japan, meanwhile, earns only $15,000 a year. Life isn't very sweet outside the elite. Low-ranked wrestlers must tend to their superiors, preparing their meals and cleaning their quarters, and even soaping up their hardest-to-reach body parts. So ranking is everything.Which sentence from the excerpt best supports the idea that the high-ranking sumo wrestlers enjoy many luxuries? The incentive scheme that rules sumo is intricate and extraordinarily powerful. The sixty-six highest-ranked wrestlers in Japan, comprising the makuuchi and juryo divisions, make up the sumo elite. A wrestler near the top of this elite pyramid may earn millions and is treated like royalty. The seventieth-ranked wrestler in Japan, meanwhile, earns only $15,000 a year.

NOT B MAYBE C

Read the passage from "Stalin: A Brutal Legacy Uncovered," which is an informational text about Stalin's atrocities and how he used ambition and fear to rule over people of the Soviet Union. As Khrushchev informed the closed session of the Party apparatchiks, his report—which has entered history as the "Secret Speech"—was based on research by a special commission of senior leaders of the Communist Party. It covered primarily only one part of Stalin's murderous record: the peak years of his savage "Great Purge" in the mid- and late 1930s, a massacre that wiped out a whole generation of Bolsheviks, the Party's oldest and most faithful members. Khrushchev, who went on to become the Soviet prime minister, said next to nothing about the rest of Stalin's victims, who have been estimated at more than 20 million. Stalin's genocidal record was the product of a ruthless, steely personality hardened by searing hardships in his youth: first, brutal beatings by his alcoholic, dirt-poor father; and later, several rounds of imprisonment and exile—from which he often escaped—following his expulsion from a Russian Orthodox seminary for fomenting a strike of railroad workers. For the 20-year-old Stalin, an outstanding student with top marks in Bible and Church studies, the strike was the first step on a new road - a career of rebellion, crime, and radical politics that eventually made him the unquestioned boss of the Communist Party and of 140 million people in the Soviet Union. Which phrase best explains the purpose of the underlined text? to give evidence of Stalin's genocidal actions to explain why Stalin became a ruthless murderer to focus the reader's thoughts on Stalin's personality to summarize Stalin's time as a Communist leader

NOT C To focus the reader's thoughts on Stalin's personality. IT'S A

Connor is creating a multimedia presentation arguing that it is possible to colonize Mars. Which element would provide evidence to support his claim? a list of the NASA missions that traveled to the Earth's moon a quote from a science fiction book on Martian colonization pictures of the surfaces of other planets in the solar system a NASA experiment where crops grew in soil similar to that on Mars

NOT C pictures of the surfaces of other planets in the solar system MAYBE D

Read the passage from "Stalin: A Brutal Legacy Uncovered," which is an informational text about Stalin's atrocities and how he used ambition and fear to rule over people of the Soviet Union. As Khrushchev informed the closed session of the Party apparatchiks, his report—which has entered history as the "Secret Speech"—was based on research by a special commission of senior leaders of the Communist Party. It covered primarily only one part of Stalin's murderous record: the peak years of his savage "Great Purge" in the mid- and late 1930s, a massacre that wiped out a whole generation of Bolsheviks, the Party's oldest and most faithful members. Khrushchev, who went on to become the Soviet prime minister, said next to nothing about the rest of Stalin's victims, who have been estimated at more than 20 million. Stalin's genocidal record was the product of a ruthless, steely personality hardened by searing hardships in his youth: first, brutal beatings by his alcoholic, dirt-poor father; and later, several rounds of imprisonment and exile—from which he often escaped—following his expulsion from a Russian Orthodox seminary for fomenting a strike of railroad workers. For the 20-year-old Stalin, an outstanding student with top marks in Bible and Church studies, the strike was the first step on a new road - a career of rebellion, crime, and radical politics that eventually made him the unquestioned boss of the Communist Party and of 140 million people in the Soviet Union. Which phrase best explains the purpose of the underlined text? to give evidence of Stalin's genocidal actions to explain why Stalin became a ruthless murderer to focus the reader's thoughts on Stalin's personality to summarize Stalin's time as a Communist leader

NOT C to focus the reader's thoughts on Stalin's personality IT'S A

Read this excerpt from Levitt and Dubner's Freakonomics.The incentive scheme that rules sumo is intricate and extraordinarily powerful. Each wrestler maintains a ranking that affects every slice of life; how much money he makes, how large an entourage he carries, how much he gets to eat, sleep, and otherwise take advantage of his success. The sixty-six highest-ranked wrestlers in Japan, comprising the makuuchi and juryo divisions, make up the sumo elite. A wrestler near the top of this elite pyramid may earn millions and is treated like royalty. Any wrestler in the top forty earns at least $170,000 a year. The seventieth-ranked wrestler in Japan, meanwhile, earns only $15,000 a year. Life isn't very sweet outside the elite. Low-ranked wrestlers must tend to their superiors, preparing their meals and cleaning their quarters and even soaping up their hardest-to-reach body parts. So ranking is everything.A wrestler's ranking is based on his performance in the elite tournaments that are held six times a year. Each wrestler has fifteen bouts per tournament, one per day over fifteen consecutive days. If he finishes the tournament with a winning record (eight victories or better), his ranking will rise. If he has a losing record, his ranking falls. If it falls far enough, he is booted from the elite rank entirely. The eighth victory in any tournament is therefore critical, the difference between promotion and demotion; it is roughly four times as valuable in the rankings as the typical victory.Based on the excerpt, which statement provides the best example of incentive for a sumo wrestler to cheat? Sumo wrestling is revered in a way that American sports can never be. A sumo wrestler near the top of the elite pyramid may earn millions of dollars. Sumo wrestling has fifteen bouts in each elite tournament. A sumo wrestler must participate in elite tournaments six times a year.

NOT D

Read the following excerpt from E. O. Wilson's "The Environmental Ethic."It is also easy to overlook the services that ecosystems provide humanity. They enrich the soil and create the very air we breathe. Without these amenities, the remaining tenure of the human race would be nasty and brief. The life-sustaining matrix is built of green plants with legions of microorganisms and mostly small, obscure animals—in other words, weeds and bugs. Such organisms support the world with efficiency because they are so diverse, allowing them to divide labor and swarm over every square meter of the earth's surface. They run the world precisely as we would wish it to be run, because humanity evolved within living communities and our bodily functions are finely adjusted to the idiosyncratic environment already created.The author tries to persuade the reader to agree with his claim about the importance of ecosystems by providing facts. presenting statistics. restating his claim. using deductive reasoning.

NOT D NOT B APPARENTLY NOT C IT'S A

Read this excerpt from Levitt and Dubner's Freakonomics.The incentive scheme that rules sumo is intricate and extraordinarily powerful. Each wrestler maintains a ranking that affects every slice of life; how much money he makes, how large an entourage he carries, how much he gets to eat, sleep, and otherwise take advantage of his success. The sixty-six highest-ranked wrestlers in Japan, comprising the makuuchi and juryo divisions, make up the sumo elite. A wrestler near the top of this elite pyramid may earn millions and is treated like royalty. Any wrestler in the top forty earns at least $170,000 a year. The seventieth-ranked wrestler in Japan, meanwhile, earns only $15,000 a year. Life isn't very sweet outside the elite. Low-ranked wrestlers must tend to their superiors, preparing their meals and cleaning their quarters and even soaping up their hardest-to-reach body parts. So ranking is everything.A wrestler's ranking is based on his performance in the elite tournaments that are held six times a year. Each wrestler has fifteen bouts per tournament, one per day over fifteen consecutive days. If he finishes the tournament with a winning record (eight victories or better), his ranking will rise. If he has a losing record, his ranking falls. If it falls far enough, he is booted from the elite rank entirely. The eighth victory in any tournament is therefore critical, the difference between promotion and demotion; it is roughly four times as valuable in the rankings as the typical victory.Based on the excerpt, which statement provides the best example of incentive for a sumo wrestler to cheat? Sumo wrestling is revered in a way that American sports can never be. A sumo wrestler near the top of the elite pyramid may earn millions of dollars. Sumo wrestling has fifteen bouts in each elite tournament. A sumo wrestler must participate in elite tournaments six times a year.

NOT D A sumo wrestler must participate in elite tournaments six times a year.

Kami wants to use the following research question for a multimedia presentation. How did colonialism impact modern society? Which statement best describes Kami's research question? It is an open-ended question that needs to be more specific. It is a close-ended question that is too broad in scope. It has a limited set of responses and is too narrow. It is a very strong and very specific research question.

NOT D It is a very strong and very specific research question. NOT A It is an open-ended question that needs to be more specific.

Read the excerpt from Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner's Freakonomics.The incentive scheme that rules sumo is intricate and extraordinarily powerful. Each wrestler maintains a ranking that affects every slice of his life; how much money he makes, how large an entourage he carries, how much he gets to eat, sleep, and otherwise take advantage of his success. The sixty-six highest-ranked wrestlers in Japan, comprising the makuuchi and juryo divisions, make up the sumo elite. A wrestler near the top of this elite pyramid may earn millions and is treated like royalty. Any wrestler in the top forty earns at least $170,000 a year. The seventieth-ranked wrestler in Japan, meanwhile, earns only $15,000 a year. Life isn't very sweet outside the elite. Low-ranked wrestlers must tend to their superiors, preparing their meals and cleaning their quarters, and even soaping up their hardest-to-reach body parts. So ranking is everything.Which sentence from the excerpt best supports the idea that the high-ranking sumo wrestlers enjoy many luxuries? The incentive scheme that rules sumo is intricate and extraordinarily powerful. The sixty-six highest-ranked wrestlers in Japan, comprising the makuuchi and juryo divisions, make up the sumo elite. A wrestler near the top of this elite pyramid may earn millions and is treated like royalty. The seventieth-ranked wrestler in Japan, meanwhile, earns only $15,000 a year.

NOT The sixty-six highest-ranked wrestlers in Japan, comprising the makuuchi and juryo divisions, make up the sumo elite.

RETAKE UNIT TEST TRY 3 Read the excerpt from Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner's Freakonomics.Let's now consider the following statistic, which represents the hundreds of matches in which a 7-7 wrestler faced an 8-6 wrestler on a tournament's final day: 7-7 WRESTLER'S PREDICTED WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 8-6 OPPONENT: 48.77-7 WRESTLER'S ACTUAL WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 8-6 OPPONENT: 79.6So the 7-7 wrestler, based on past outcomes, was expected to win just less than half the time. This makes sense; their records in this tournament indicate that the 8-6 wrestler is slightly better. But in actuality, the wrestler on the bubble won almost eight out of ten matches against his 8-6 opponent. Wrestlers on the bubble also do astonishingly well against 9-5 opponents:7-7 WRESTLER'S PREDICTED WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 9-5 OPPONENT: 47.27-7 WRESTLER'S ACTUAL WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 9-5 OPPONENT: 73.4The authors use the statistics in this excerpt to describe the complexity of sumo scorekeeping. explain in detail the intricacies of sumo wrestling. make a case for the idea that sumo wrestling is rigged. show the similarities in Japanese sumo and American wrestling.

NOT describe the complexity of sumo scorekeeping.

Read the excerpt from Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner's Freakonomics.Let's now consider the following statistic, which represents the hundreds of matches in which a 7-7 wrestler faced an 8-6 wrestler on a tournament's final day: 7-7 WRESTLER'S PREDICTED WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 8-6 OPPONENT: 48.77-7 WRESTLER'S ACTUAL WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 8-6 OPPONENT: 79.6So the 7-7 wrestler, based on past outcomes, was expected to win just less than half the time. This makes sense; their records in this tournament indicate that the 8-6 wrestler is slightly better. But in actuality, the wrestler on the bubble won almost eight out of ten matches against his 8-6 opponent. Wrestlers on the bubble also do astonishingly well against 9-5 opponents:7-7 WRESTLER'S PREDICTED WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 9-5 OPPONENT: 47.27-7 WRESTLER'S ACTUAL WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 9-5 OPPONENT: 73.4 The authors use the statistics in this excerpt to describe the complexity of sumo scorekeeping. explain in detail the intricacies of sumo wrestling. make a case for the idea that sumo wrestling is rigged. show the similarities in Japanese sumo and American wrestling.

NOT describe the complexity of sumo scorekeeping.

Read the excerpt from Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner's Freakonomics.Let's now consider the following statistic, which represents the hundreds of matches in which a 7-7 wrestler faced an 8-6 wrestler on a tournament's final day: 7-7 WRESTLER'S PREDICTED WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 8-6 OPPONENT: 48.77-7 WRESTLER'S ACTUAL WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 8-6 OPPONENT: 79.6So the 7-7 wrestler, based on past outcomes, was expected to win just less than half the time. This makes sense; their records in this tournament indicate that the 8-6 wrestler is slightly better. But in actuality, the wrestler on the bubble won almost eight out of ten matches against his 8-6 opponent. Wrestlers on the bubble also do astonishingly well against 9-5 opponents:7-7 WRESTLER'S PREDICTED WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 9-5 OPPONENT: 47.27-7 WRESTLER'S ACTUAL WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 9-5 OPPONENT: 73.4The authors use the statistics in this excerpt to describe the complexity of sumo scorekeeping. explain in detail the intricacies of sumo wrestling. make a case for the idea that sumo wrestling is rigged. show the similarities in Japanese sumo and American wrestling.

NOT describe the complexity of sumo scorekeeping.

Read the excerpt from Freakonomics.It's worth thinking about the incentive a wrestler might have to throw a match. Maybe he accepts a bribe (which would obviously not be recorded in the data). Or perhaps some other arrangement is made between the two wrestlers. Keep in mind that the pool of elite sumo wrestlers is extraordinarily tight-knit. Each of the sixty-six elite wrestlers fights fifteen of the others in a tournament every two months. Furthermore, each wrestler belongs to a stable that is typically managed by a former sumo champion, so even the rival stables have close ties.Which of the following claims is best supported by the evidence in this excerpt? The offering of a bribe is a guaranteed enticement for a champion sumo wrestler to purposely lose a match in a tournament. The close relationship between sumo wrestlers could be an incentive for an elite wrestler to throw a match he doesn't need to win. Because sumo wrestlers have strong social ties, it is a dishonor to throw a match in a tournament. There is great pressure for sumo wrestlers to cheat in order to beat wrestlers from rival stables.

The close relationship between sumo wrestlers could be an incentive for an elite wrestler to throw a match he doesn't need to win.

Read this excerpt from Levitt and Dubner's Freakonomics.The incentive scheme that rules sumo is intricate and extraordinarily powerful. Each wrestler maintains a ranking that affects every slice of life; how much money he makes, how large an entourage he carries, how much he gets to eat, sleep, and otherwise take advantage of his success. The sixty-six highest-ranked wrestlers in Japan, comprising the makuuchi and juryo divisions, make up the sumo elite. A wrestler near the top of this elite pyramid may earn millions and is treated like royalty. Any wrestler in the top forty earns at least $170,000 a year. The seventieth-ranked wrestler in Japan, meanwhile, earns only $15,000 a year. Life isn't very sweet outside the elite. Low-ranked wrestlers must tend to their superiors, preparing their meals and cleaning their quarters and even soaping up their hardest-to-reach body parts. So ranking is everything.A wrestler's ranking is based on his performance in the elite tournaments that are held six times a year. Each wrestler has fifteen bouts per tournament, one per day over fifteen consecutive days. If he finishes the tournament with a winning record (eight victories or better), his ranking will rise. If he has a losing record, his ranking falls. If it falls far enough, he is booted from the elite rank entirely. The eighth victory in any tournament is therefore critical, the difference between promotion and demotion; it is roughly four times as valuable in the rankings as the typical victory.Based on the excerpt, which of the following statements best summarizes the incentive system that ranks sumo wrestlers? The incentive system penalizes elite sumo wrestlers. The incentive system rewards elite sumo wrestlers. The incentive system treats all sumo wrestlers equally. The incentive system treats all sumo wrestlers like royalty.

The incentive system rewards elite sumo wrestlers.

Read the following excerpt from E. O. Wilson's "The Environmental Ethic."Species are disappearing at an accelerating rate through human action, primarily habitat destruction but also pollution and the introduction of exotic species into residual natural environments. I have said that a fifth or more of the species of plants and animals could vanish or be doomed to early extinction by the year 2020 unless better efforts are made to save them. . . . As the last forests are felled [destroyed] in forest strongholds like the Philippines and Ecuador, the decline of species will accelerate even more. In the world as a whole, extinction rates are already hundreds or thousands of times higher than before the coming of man. They cannot be balanced by new evolution in any period of time that has meaning for the human race.Why should we care? What difference does it make if some species are extinguished, if even half of all the species on earth disappear? Let me count the ways. New sources of scientific information will be lost. Vast potential biological wealth will be destroyed. Still undeveloped medicines, crops, pharmaceuticals, timber, fibers, pulp, soil-restoring vegetation, petroleum substitutes, and other products and amenities will never come to light.Based on the excerpt, which statement best summarizes the author's beliefs about the disappearing species? The loss of plant species and habitats will lead to widespread animal extinction. The loss of plant species and habitats will lead to environmental problems in remote regions. The loss of plant species and habitats will displace animals and decrease human wealth. The loss of plant species and habitats will devastate animals and hinder human progress.

The loss of plant species and habitats will lead to widespread animal extinction.