Appreciation of the Visual Arts - Test 2
"Del otro lado de la veocidad (On the Other Side of Speed)", Betsabee Romero
(tire)
Photography
-"light writing" -uses in journalism, science, advertising, and personal record keeping -allows for selection of cameras, lens, and film as well as composition -exposure controls light and darkness -concept preceded medium by more than 300 years -Three important adjustments: focal length, aperture, shutter speed -public reluctant to accept as art (reliance on mechanical device) -photographers = witness of each generation -visual statement more believable than in any other medium (lends itself to documentation = awareness of events) -vehicle of truth -camera never lies
"Shaft", Gordon Parks
-1970s Blaxploitation movement -proved successful with white audiences as well -showed gritty urban life in Harlem with new clarity
cast iron
-19th century uniform smelting technology -lighter exterior walls/flexible interior spaces
"Rainbow Array 1", Brenna Murphy (3D printed sandstone, pigment)
-3D printing/ limited editions made by artist -4 editions
Le Corbusier, Domino Construction System (steel and reinforced concrete)
-6 steel supports placed in concrete slabs like spots on a domino game piece -supporting floors and roof on interior load-bearing rather than exterior -more windows/flexible living spaces
'Video Flag Z", Nam June Paik (video art)
-84 television screens resembling American flag -old Hollywood films flicker across screens
"The Battery Chair", Andrew Jones
-Battery Park Conservancy, NY -rethought mundane chair -overall shape suggests flower -stackable design -cartoony shape suggests informality and relaxation -encourages relaxed posture -product design
Alex Monroe Jewelry Store
-DSDHA
Drawing Tools
-Dry media: pencil, charcoal, and Conte crayon, pastel -Wet media: ink brush, ink fountain pen, other variations of ink pen
Reasons to make Prints
-Less expensive than paintings or sculpture so they can be purchased by a wider group of viewers -Easy way to influence social change via wide distribution, in comparison to unique works of art -Fascination with the process and craft
Wainwright Building, St. Louis (steel and reinforced concrete)
-Louis Sullivan -early skyscrapers -exterior reflects interior frame -"form ever follows function" allowed rethinking of structure from inside out
Seagram Building, New York (steel frame construction/reinforced concrete
-Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson
"Terada Design Architects, N Building", Tachikawa Japan
-QR code --2009 building in Japan built one onto its surface --information about building hours, sales, recent tweets from users --alternative to billboards --doesn't push content on anyone --requires user to activate
"Princess Mononoke" (animation)
-Studio Ghibli
"Drowning in Advertising", Jonathan Barnbrook, Virus Fonts, from "Olympukes" set of pictograms
-Virus Fonts -series of pictograms called "Olympukes" for 2010 Winter Olympic Games -available for free as wallpaper for iPhones -poster
"The Silence is Twice as Fast Backwards I", Jane and Louise Wilson (photograph)
-Wilson sisters' careful positioning of trees in photograph
"Bop", Elizabeth Murray (oil)
-abstract and representational art, painting and sculpture
"Mother and Child", Elizabeth Catlett" (wood carving)
-abstract composition of sweeping curves and essential shapes -highly polished smooth wood
tempera advantages
-achieving sharp lines and precise details -does not darken with age
"American Alphabet", Heidi Cody
-all 26 letters in the initials of corporate logos -American grocery products
"Lorna", Lynn Hershman Leeson
-allowed viewers to intervene in character's life
Typography
-art and technique of composing printed material from letterforms (typeface or font) -decades ago, typewriters mostly had the same typeface -since Chinese invention of printing, thousands of typefaces have been created -Roman letters: based on capital letters carved into stone by early Romans, strokes end in serifs, not italic -sans serif fonts have modern look -today, redesigns incorporate readability and contemporary preference
traditional chinese watercolor technique
-artist employs water-based black ink -often uses ink without color -regard painting as descended from calligraphy
Purposes of Drawing
-as a notation, sketch, or record of something seen, remembered, or imagined -as a study or preparation for another usually larger and complex work -as an end in itself, a complete work of art
color photography
-b&w first hundred years -development began in 1907 improved in 1932 with Eastman Kodak Company color film -disdain for use in art throughout 1960s -color associated with family photos
Aqua Tower, Chicago, Jeanne Gang (building green)
-balconies reduce sway in winds -structural supports on upper floors = less material -heat resistant glass -80,000 sqft garden on roof -strikingly tall buildings -force to reconsider what is possible
"Father Figure", Charles Ray (casting)
-based on green toy tractor -enlarged to life size -cast in solid steel, weighs more than 18 tons
"Untitled (Hive I)", Rachel Whiteread (casting)
-beekeeper hive filled with brown-orange resin -give absence a new kind of haunting presence
"BMW Concept e Scooter"
-benefited from lithium ion batteries -broadened use of electricity -no gas tank or tailpipe -structure suggests speed -nearly silent -zero emissions -IAA 2011 International Motor Show in Frankfurt, Germany -product design
"Teknolust", Lynn Hershman Leeson
-bio-geneticist downloads DNA into computer
"Boys Wading", Winslow Homer (watercolor&gouache)
-boys and water seem sketched -Homer devoted to watercolor
suspension structure technique
-bridges/tents
cross laminated timber (CLT)
-carbon-neutral building material -laminated slabs of wood -grains at angle -strong as concrete -much lighter -fire-resistant
"Man with Camera", Duane Hanson (casting)
-cast actual people -silicone rubber applied to skin -cut cast away -painted skin tones, added human hair and clothing -jolt of realism
"Saks Fifth Avenue Logo", Michael Beirut
-challenge of renewing a brand -64 square pieces sliced from original logo and recombined -still recognizable but innovative
"Clearview Hwy Typeface", Donald Meeker
-changes to Hwy typeface -expanded hallow spaces for better readability -interstate highway signs
"Lincoln Center Infopeel", Karin Fong and Mark Gardner
-coining "infopeel" -template of moving shapes with spaces for the insertion of dates of upcoming events and photos of performers -emphasis on relationship between image, story, and word
tempera disadvantages
-colors change during drying -difficult to rework and not flexible -requires pale underpainting
"Science, Fiction", Diana Thater
-combined digital video with other art forms
"Two Pairs of Legs", Manuel Alvarez Bravo (gelatin silver print)
-combines billboard and building site -delightful revelations in shadows
Posters
-combines type and images in a single panel to provide information -concept more than a hundred years old -early posters mostly lithographs (Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec) -advances in technology in 1920s and 30s -social causes easily expressed (Black Panther, Chicano movement)
"The Horse In Motion", Eadweard Muybridge
-commissioned to capture horse's legs to settle bet made by Leland Stanford -proved Stanford correct -documentation improved by faster exposure mechanisms
"African American Flood Victims Lined Up", Margaret Bourke-White
-concept of photographic essay -collection of photographs on a single subject -arranged to tell story/convey mood -vehicle of truth
"DiNA", Lynn Hershman Leeson
-confronts issue of digital simulation -explores human-tech interface -video cyborg -running for imaginary office of Telepresident -searches in real time to answer viewers' questions
"Blighted", Nichola Lopez (woodcut/woodblock and lithograph)
-contemporary approach -combined printmaking techniques with other media
"Mr. Terrific", Ellen Gallagher
-contemporary approach -prints from 40s with polymer clay on top
"Adrift 1979 - Rosalba Llanos de Munoz", Michelle Murillo (sandblasted kiln-formed glass)
-contemporary approach/ 3D -similar to silkscreening to embed image onto surface of blue glass
Betsabee Romero
-contemporary artist of Mexico -buys used tires with eroded treads to carve relief patterns -based on Mexican pop culture motifs (skeletons and flowers) -easily inked for printing long sheets (sold by the yard or exhibited with the tires)
"El Capitan, Yosemite, CA, May 22", Binh Danh (daguerreotype, unique in camera exposure)
-creating memories for himself and viewers -used daguerreotype process -viewer sees themselves in reflection of silver plate
"Hominid", Martin Puryear (assembled sculpture and carving)
-creation shows obvious craftsmanship -work designed to suggest shapes -viewers then complete in their minds -"the difference is so great when you go into the third dimension" -served in Peace Corps in Sierra Leone -Admired woodworkers for resourcefulness/skill
"The Long Goodbye", Robert Altman
-decline of production code in 1960s -directors re-thought old genres
"Endgame: A Cold War Love Story", Tal Halpern
-digital artform -available on smartphone and interactive
"Ideogenetic Machine", Nova Jiang
-digital artforms -motion sensor
"Place de l'Europe Behind the Gare St. Lazare, Paris", Henri Cartier-Bresson (photograph)
-drama and parallelism of man jumping like dancer in poster behind him -captured decisive moments in work
styles, materials, methods
-dry masonry -post and beam (post and lintel) -round arch, vault, dome -trusses and balloon frames -cast iron -steel and reinforced concrete
"Quiver", Tanja Softic (lithograph)
-each layer of image = own color -relates to process of memory -"visual poems"
"Parcours", Vera Molnar (digital artforms)
-early effort using computer to program an image made with a plotter
"Five Cents a Spot", Jacob Riis (gelatin silver print)
-early leader of social change photography -drew attention to squalid living conditions -led to improved housing/work safety -flash photography
"CREMASTER Cycle", Matthew Barney (video art)
-elaborately symbolic storylines -apprentice passes through obstacles at the Guggenheim Museum
"Vectorial Elevation", Rafael Lozano-Hemmer (digital artform)
-engage viewers directly in creative process -viewers could program an array of searchlights, locally or via website -artist shared responsibility of creation
intaglio types
-engraving -drypoint -etching
"Clearing Winter Storm, Yosemite National Park, California", Ansel Adams (photograph)
-environmentalism -need for conservation of natural environment -grandeur of nature -symbols of spiritual life, transcending the conflicts of society
"I Have Special Reservations..." Elizabeth Catlett (linocut)
-even, white gouges -socially conscious printmaking -dignified images of African Americans
Art museums
-exhibit cutting-edge architecture
"Untitled (Nehi Bottle on Car Hood)", William Eggleston (color photograph)
-exhibit in color at MoMA in 1976 -Los Alamos Portfolio: elegant compositions of everyday things -skillful arrangement of off-balance diagonals -evokes specific setting
"Dog Star Man", Stan Brakhage
-experimental cinema -1960s = artists who made movies considered work underground -separation between artists and directors as complete as it would ever be -early leader in underground cinema movement -began painting directly on raw film then scratching through it -filmed birth of child in 1959 (forbidden by production code)
"Scorpio Rising", Kenneth Anger
-experimental cinema but influenced mainstream -rituals of a Brooklyn motorcycle gang/ Biker movie genre
"9812", James Welling (inkjet on rag paper)
-explicitly maximize editing potential on software -began using film but embraced new technology -series of layered photos -modern dance companies, landscapes, government buildings -saturated in color then mixed together
"Gibbous Moon Cloud", Susan Derges (Unique Ilfochrome print)
-explore techniques to go beyond photography's limits -lays sheets of photosensitive paper on bottom of shallow ponds at night -shines light on paper through surrounding bushes to emphasize shadows -creates landscape looking up from below water
"Grim Boy", Lara Schnitger (mixed media)
-fabric over wooden armatures creating sculpture and hollow interior -elements of fashion design -dressmaking = a feminine message -6 feet tall, gangly teen -tense, lurking, birdlike stare
"Trial Frames for Title Sequence to Rubicon", Karin Fong
-fast moving sequence -work nominated for Emmy -hand drawn look -main titles invite audience to "leave real world and go to this other place" -animating new narratives -motion graphics
Oil
-favorite medium of Western art for 5 centuries
"Circles", Oskar Fischinger
-first experimental color film -screened under pretenses of advertisement during suppressive Nazi regime -cinema is a mass art closely monitored by those in authority -creative people have been making experimental films (cinema) for generations
The Y. S. Sun Green Building Research Center, Joe Shih Architects (building green)
-first in Asia to earn LEED platinum rating -roof = drought tolerant plants/ solar panels -wind turbines generate energy -concrete sustainably produced -no materials imported
"Throne of Blood", Akira Kurosawa
-foreign directors = groundbreaking movies -Japanese, adapted European plays/stories through own vision -retelling of MacBeth in ancient Japanese setting -Western directors have adapted or remade Kurosawa movies
"La Dolce Vita", Federico Fellini
-foreign directors = groundbreaking movies -told non-Hollywood stories -foreshadowing today's critique of mass media -advent of the world paparazzi, from character Paparazzo
Integration of 3 Issues
-function (how a building is used) -form (how it looks) -structure (how it stands up)
Book Covers
-function like corporate logos -uniting image and text to extend message of books
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (museums), Frank O. Gehry
-functional sculpture -called design a "metallic flower"
"The Battleship Potemkin", Sergei Eisenstein
-further developed Griffith's techniques -skillful use of montage -combining a number of brief shots to represent distinct but related subject matter -realistic portrayal of tragic events -close-ups and long shots gave audience a sense of fear and tragedy
"Waterfall", Olafur Eliasson (site-specific)
-gardens of Versailles -huge cascade appears to emerge out of nowhere -extreme versions of waterfalls and foundations on the grounds
Denver International Airport (suspension structure technique)
-giant tent roof of woven fiberglass -inspired by Rocky Mountains
"The Crystal Palace", Joseph Paxton (cast iron) and glass
-glass and cast iron note applied as ornamentation, but structure -inspired by leaf structures -flexible modular units -showed defect of susceptibility to fire -buckling of unprotected metal struts -burned in 1936
"The Sonic Sea", Henry Chang, Imaginary Forces
-graphics and color scheme are peaceful -links to take action
mkSolaire, Michelle Kaufmann (building green)
-green single-family home design -efficient insulation/low-flow fixtures
State of Play, INKS
-handheld device game app -state of play games -interactive but artistic -results can be saved, printed, or shared -users can amass a gallery of own creations
TR-610 Transistor Radio, Sony Corporation, 1957
-handheld, small speaker, antenna -customers could choose color -more than 2 million sold in 2 years -product design
Types of Hatching
-hatching -cross-hatching -contour hatching
Great Zimbabwe before 1450 (masonry)
-height of wall 30'
Sculpture = 3D dimensions
-height, breadth, depth -experience existing in space -two main types: freestanding and relief
"Boy Returning Joyfully, with Plough and Oxen", William Blake (wood engraving)
-high detail with engraving tools -early pioneer of wood engraving -illustrated Thornton's Pastorals of Virgil in 1821
"Cactus Flats, NV, Distance - 18 Miles", Trevor Paglen (c-print)
-highlights contemporary questions about government secrets -Limit Telephotography: -got close to secret government installations as legally allowed -results are blurry but still better than naked eye
early buildings
-housing evolution from caves in hunter-gatherer times -huts and tents to more substantial structures -regional styles developed from available materials -not yet modern transportation or technology to spread styles
oil application techniques
-impasto -thinned -wet onto wet (direct) -wet onto dry
"Ambassadeurs: Aristide Bruant", Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (lithograph)
-innovative works -bright colorfs and flattened compositions -new style of lithographic poster
Unique Characteristics of Video
-instant feedback -inexpensive cassettes (storage, erased, re-recorded) -early videos = simple -no editing possible -b&w image incompatible with color television broadcasts -medium best suited for private screenings for small groups
Bauhaus Building exterior, Walter Gropius (steel and reinforced concrete)
-international style -Dessau, Germany -non-weight-bearing curtain walls made of glass
"Rayograph", Man Ray (gelatin silver print)
-invented "rayographs" by placing objects on light sensitive paper and exposing them to sunlight -not really photographs (no camera or lens) -subjects sometimes unclear
"Citizen Kane", Orson Welles
-landmark in cinema -Welles coauthored script, directed, played leading role -thinly veiled biography of William Randolph Hearst -unprecedented cinematic devices -extreme angles, clever editing
"Bankrupt Bank Series", Superflex, Sovereign Bank logo; Colonial Bank logo
-lantern sheds light -based on letter C, image of eagle standing guard
photo screen (screenprinting)
-latest development using light-sensitive gelatin to screen fabric
"Marshall Islands", Chris Steele-Perkins
-like to focus on human impact -makeshift sea wall -collaborated on book and exhibition
"Army on the March", Angkor Wat, Cambodia (low/bas relief)
-low relief carving
"Throne for the Greatest Rapper of All Time", Marc Andre Robinson (assembled sculpture)
-lower center of found chairs (from thrift or used furniture stores) -higher back and wings dignify the intended sitter
"Spring Showers, New York", Alfred Stieglitz (photograph)
-magazine Camera Work published with art essays -showed influence from paintings -Alfred = early crusader
"Detour", Edgar G. Ulmer
-main character suspect in murder -film noir
Website
-major source of information for all of us -well-designed site makes information-gathering enjoyable
"Naked Balzac", Auguste Rodin (modeling)
-man crossed arms with huge stick up ass -small armature -gradually added plaster -when plaster dried, he removed armature
"Corporate Wars: Wall of Influence", Robert Longo (high relief)
-more than half of natural circumference projects from surface
"Title Sequence for Se7en", Kyle Cooper
-most original use of new technologies -layered images, film clips, spoiled type -motion graphics
"Title Sequence for Psycho", Saul Bass
-motion graphics
Shono Hakuu (Light Rain at Shono)", Utagawa Hiroshige (woodcut/woodblock)
-multiple wood blocks registered (aligned) carefully
Steel and reinforced concrete
-multistory steel-frame construction in late 1880s -elevators -Louis Sullivan = first great modern architect -International Style: expressed function, works with underlying structure, logical
"Ballplayer with Three-Part Yoke and Bird Headdress" (modeling)
-naturalistic clay sculpture -fingerprint impressions visible
pointed arch and vault
-new in western world -seen in the center aisle, cathedral of Notre-Dome de Chartres (interior, nave) -steeper than round -weight directly downward -sideways thrust countered by supports -Gothic -Buttresses at right angles to outer walls bear thrust -flying buttresses in some (weight outward) -highest part above main altar
digital video art
-new technologies of flat screens and DVDs -line between video art and cinema have blurred -many artists combine digital video with other artforms
"Inopportune: Stage One", Cai Guo-Qiang (mixed media)
-nine automobiles perforated with light tubes -references both contemporary action movie and car bombings with terrorists
Museum of Contemporary Art, Denver, David Adiaye (building green)
-no heating/traditional AC = saves energy
"Vink', Ken Price (modeling)
-non-representational -clay layered in acrylic paint -mysterious, iridescent quality
"Birth of a Nation", D. W. Griffith
-not well received from Northern critics -banned -racial overtones
"Rue Transnonain", Honore Daumier (lithograph)
-one of first lithographic artists -captures event of militia killing innocent tenants of apartment -published day after event
The Radiator Building, Portland (cross-laminated timber)
-one of largest structures -vertical accents -programmable slats over windows -automated response to earthquakes
staining technique of watercolor
-paint applied in thin, translucent washes -highlights obtained by leaving areas of white paper unpainted -Opaque (non-translucent) detailing
"Volcano Saga", Joan Jonas (video art)
-past and present represented through main character's journey -mythological Icelandic figure, Gudrun
True Fresco (buon fresco)
-pigments suspended in water applied to damp lime-plaster surface -most modern frescoes utilize cartoons -plaster dries quickly -popular in Renaissance Italy -favored medium for Church walls -Sistine Chapel -rapid staining process -durable surface -revival in Mexico in 20s -government support -Diego Rivera = leader
"Le Voyage dans la lune (Voyage to the Moon)", Georges Melies
-pioneered dissolves between scenes -astronauts find culture on the moon -films enjoyed worldwide
"Maternity", Julio Gonzalez (constructed sculpture)
-pioneered use of a welding torch in metal sculpture -assisted Picasso -airy, playful, feminine shape
contemporary approaches
-poisonous sludge from Ohio -airbrushes -graffiti artists (quickness of execution)
"Chroma S1 17", John Sabraw (contemporary approach)
-poisonous sludge from streams in Ohio -derives power pigments -blends with usual binders and vehicles
"Polar Bear Outside Barrow, Alaska", Gary Braasch
-political/social change & awareness
assembled / constructed sculpture
-popular in early 20th century -constructing and assembling -Julio Gonzalez -Phyllida Barlow -Marc Andre Robinson -Martin Puryear
"You See I Am Here After All", Zoe Leonard
-postcards with Niagara Falls -artifacts -more about relationships have next to each other
"Absolute Power", Chaz Maviyane-Davies
-poster
"Everyone Has the Right to Nationality and to Change It", Chaz Maviyane-Davies
-poster
"Matter of Monument", Michiel Schuurman
-poster
"Newyorkistan", Maira Kalman and Rick Meyerowitz
-poster
etching
-prepared metal plate (copper or zinc) with wax or varnish -artist draws through surface to expose metal -plate into nitric acid that makes grooves according to strength of acid and amount of time in bath -lines generally more relaxed and irregular than engraving
portrait
-prior to camera, only wealthy could afford painted portraits -development of less toxic technology
graphic design
-process of working with words and pictures to enhance visual communication -mostly involving designing materials to be printed -most frequent art form encountered in daily life -creative process employing art and technology
"OLPC XO-3", Fuseproject
-product design
Apple Macintosh 1984, Frogdesign/Harmut Esslinger
-product design
Mission One Electric-Powered Motorcycle 2009
-product design
QR5 wind turbine, Quietrevolution Ltd.
-product design
Hollywood
-production site for vast majority of the world's movies in 1930s -Motion Picture Production Code -attempted to regulate moral content of film -Gone With the Wind fined $5,000 for "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn." -Films lacking MPPCA approved had no chance of wide distribution
"Airborne", Rafael Lozano-Hemmer (installation)
-projected news stories onto wall -viewers' shadows blocked the texts -new way for viewers to interact with daily news
"Guerrilla Girls", Metropolitan Museum Poster
-protest inadequate representation of women in the art world
oil advantages
-provides both increased opacity and when thinned greater transparency -slow drying time -pigments change little when drying -flexible (use of canvas)
BMW Guggenheim Lab, Atelier Bow-Wow (carbon fiber)
-public seminar space -components light enough to be handled by one person -elements on pulleys -housed seminars on 3 continents
"Hard World for Small Things", Janicza Bravo
-puts viewer in backseat of convertible as it drives through South Central Los Angeles -viewable on smartphone
Disk (Bi) China. Western Han Dynasty (jade carving)
-raised bosses on surface of disk
digital artforms
-range of computer-linked equipment -creating finished works -generating ideas for other media -solving design problems -barriers between traditional and digital manipulation eroding -take advantage of computer's ability to process massive amounts of data
The Green Building, Kentucky (building green)
-re-adapted 120 yr old store -brick walls insulated with material from recycled jeans -flooring 100% recycled -reduced energy flow -geothermal wells below building tapped for heating air and water -solar panels
"Iridescence of Life #7", Binh Danh
-recorded photographs onto plant material -uses images of victims of warfare in Southeast Asia -work seems fragile, precious, beautiful
"Febrile Type Font", Jonathan Cuervo Cisneros
-redesigns and updates old fonts -based on black letter typefaces found on documents in colonial Latin America -slanted the letters backwards -added frilly details to capitals -created digitally
"Seeking Asylum is a Human Right", Chaz Maviyane-Davies
-reminds us of human right to seek asylum
modern (digital) camera
-resembles traditional camera obscura -lens collects light -image sensor collects image upside down -sensor converts light into an electric charge
"Port Scene", Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (woodcut/woodblock)
-roughness/texture obvious -image almost indecipherable -direct and expressive approach = revolt against polished effects of other European printmakers
"Prometheus", Ridley Scott
-shot using multiple digital cameras -opened in 49 countries over a 10 day period -scenes seamlessly blend human actors with digital animation -Black Rain 1989
"Un Chien Andalou", Salvador Dali and Luis Bunuel
-silent with musical accompaniment -sequence of seemingly irrational events -overall theme of unrealized sexual desire -inspired hallucinogenic feel of later music videos
Hagia Sophia, Byzantine cathedral (dome)
-six century -Islamic Minaret towers added later -dome resting on triangular pendentives -carry enormous weight down to squares of supporting walls -appears to float due to row of windows encircling base
"Rembrandt's Indulgence was Van Gogh's Dilemma", Tom Wudl (direct oil painting)
-smoothed brushstrokes heighten trompe l'oeil quality
40 Tenth Avenue, New York City, Jeanne Gang (building green)
-solar carved silhouette -designed to maximize solar exposure on streets/park -surfaces align with sun's path
challenges of designers
-solving problems and presenting solutions -working in a number of disciplines
Dolmens, Golan Heights, Syria
-southwest England -North of Carnac, France -one of the oldest surviving structures -most likely served in housing the dead
"Pan's Labyrinth", Guillermo del Toro
-special effects -Spanish-American production -intersection of fantasy and reality -exhibits imagination helping us cope with adversity
"Rainbow", Bob Hoskins
-special effects -first all digital feature length film -digital files had to be converted for theaters
"Star Wars Episode I - The Phantom Menace", George Lucas
-special effects -first to combine film and digital cinematography -strongly influenced the adoption of digital projection equipment in theaters
Etching technique AQUATINT
-sprinkling acid-resistant powder over areas that need gray tone -varying values -combined with other techniques in "The Letter"
Steel frame construction
-steel and reinforced concrete -non-load-bearing glass walls -vertical lines emphasize height and pattern -gained interior floor space -embodies less is more
"Tilted Arc", Richard Serra (site-specific installation)
-steel blade 12 ft high -blocked view, collected graffiti, became homeless shelter in middle of federal office plaza -artist sued when city wanted to relocate work -claimed it was meant for that spot -court ruled that government as owner of work could dispose of it
"Intolerance (The Modern Story)", D. W. Griffith
-suggested movie camera from stage bound position -film editing -editor selects the best shots from raw footage and reassembles them into meaningful sequences -used parallel editing -first use of close-up, long shot, etc.
"Paul and Virginia", Julia Margaret Cameron (Albumen print)
-suggestions of characters in a popular novel
"Voices in the Night", Janet Hansen
-suggests a turned-down bedsheet -book cover
Three Essential Components
-supporting skeleton -outer skin -operating equipment (plumbing, electrical wiring, etc. which was not included in earlier centuries)
carbon fiber
-technical advance=allows for weaving of buildings -aircraft parts, racing-car bodies, bicycle frames
"Biophilia Apps", Scott Snibble
-title screen from album by Bjork -motion graphics
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France (limestone/vault/arcade)
-top level carried water -first level = bridge for traffic -introduced liquid concrete -cheap, stonelike, versatile, strong
"Five Deer Hermitage" Li Shida (watercolor and ink)
-towns surrounded by trees, Chinese
building green
-try to reduce impact on environment -Green Building Council in US = awards for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) -rehabilitate old buildings rather than build new -most skyscanners are energy inefficient
"Awakening Slave", Michelangelo Buonarroti (marble carving)
-unfinished piece revealing process
"Untitled: Stilted Crates 2015", Phyllida Barlow (assembled sculpture)
-ungainly constructions that fill galleries to point of obstruction -teetering piece is a visual jolt to viewers -carefully engineered for safety
"C.F.A.O.", Martin Puryear (freestanding)
-unpainted stacks of wood on one side -large curving shape based on African mask on other side
"Meta-Harmonie II", Jean Tinguely (kinetic sculpture)
-used electricity -viewers activate work -creates a cacophony of sound
"Sculpture", Nick Cave (mixed media)
-used extremely wide variety of media -antique couch, ceramic dog, metal flowers, light fixtures, etc. -strong element of fantasy -creatures sculpture that juxtaposes recognizable things
"Poster for Portlandia", Cold Open
-uses humor
Fallingwater, Frank Lloyd Wright (steel and reinforced concrete)
-vertical accents influenced by trees -seems to float -in harmony with nature -building with awareness of surroundings -first to use open planning -eliminated walls between rooms -placed windows in corners -sliding glass doors inspired by Japanese screens -used cantilevers
"Song 1", Doug Aitken
-video art
"Today's Ideology", Casey Reas
-video screen connected to database of day's worth of photos from New York Times -gives viewers a unique perspective on contemporary events
"Boy Falls from Tree", Jeff Wall (color photography)
-vividly real yet stagy -blown up to maximum size -seems documentary -combination of images
"Three Flags", Jasper Johns (encaustic)
-waxy consistency yields textured surface -can see every stroke
Escritura Hurtado (Hurtado Writing), Jesus Rafael Soto (kinetic sculpture)
-wire slowly swaying in response -resembles strokes of handwriting
relief types
-wood engraving -linocut -woodcut
Materials and Methods
-wood, stone, brick -each had strengths and weaknesses -light wood used for roof beams -heavy stone used for load-bearing but ineffective as beam -most architecture composed of stone because of its permanence, availability, and beauty
industrial design
-works to make everyday products more beautiful, useful., sustainable -integrate utility, technology, cutting-edge design
architecture
The art and science of designing and constructing buildings not only for practical purposes -symbolic and aesthetic -seeks to enhance our daily lives -a physics problem: must design to accommodate compression (pushing), tension (stretching), and bending (curving) -combination of physical forms
Cantilever
a beam or slab projecting a substantial distance beyond its supporting post or wall
long shot
a camera shot taken at a distance from the subject' used to emphasize groups of people or a panoramic setting
Lost-wax
a casting method: first a model is made from wax and encased in clay or casting plaster; when the clay is fired to make a mold, the wax melts away, leaving a void that can be filled with molten metal or other self-hardening liquid to produce a cast -Lost-wax process = mold only used once -solid or hallow
Mold
a cavity usually created out of plaster, clay, or plastic for use in casting
blaxploitation movement
a cinema movement of the 1970s in which studios employed African-American directors and actors in action-adventure movies that were set mostly in urban neighborhoods
Boss
a circular, often dome-shaped, decoration that protrudes from a flat surface
typeface
a complete set of letterforms, including all capitals, lower case, numerals, and accent marks in all sizes and weights; also called a font
Arch
a curved structure designed to span an opening, usually made of stone or another masonry; Roman arches are semicircular, Islamic and Gothic arches come to a point at the top -supported by column or pier -called barrel vault when extended into tunnel-like structure
Vault
a curving masonry roof or ceiling constructed on the principle of the arch -Roman construction
Pendentive
a curving triangle that points downward; a common support for domes in Byzantine architecture
Conte crayon
a drawing medium developed in the late eighteenth century; similar to pencil in its graphic content, includes clay and small amounts of wax
Charcoal
a dry drawing medium made from charred twigs, usually vine or willow
matte
a dull finish or surface
Cartoon
a full-size drawing made as a guide for a large work in another medium, particularly a fresco painting, mosaic, or tapestry; a humorous or satirical drawing
Post-Impressionist
a general term applied to various personal styles of painting by French artists (or artists living in France) that developed from about 1885 to 1900 in reaction to what artists saw as the somewhat formless and aloof quality of Impressionist painting; Post-Impressionist painters were concerned with the significance of form, symbols, expressiveness, and psychological intensity
Dome
a generally hemispherical roof or vault built up from a circular or polygonal base -weight pushes downward and outward along circumference
film noir
a genre of dark and brooding black-and-white movies originating in Hollywood in the 1940s -brooding, dealt with murder -dark side of the American dream
Fixative
a light, liquid varnish sprayed over finished charcoal or pastel drawings to prevent smudging
Concrete
a liquid building material invented by the Romans; made of water, sand, gravel, and a binder of gypsum, lime, or volcanic ash
vehicle
a liquid emulsion used as a carrier or spreading agent in paints -turpentine in oils and water in watercolors
wood engraving
a method of relief printing in wood; made with denser wood, cutting into the end of the grain rather than the side -book illustrations -very dense wood set on end (durable) -use of metal tools
gesso
a mixture of glue and chalk, thinned with water and applied as a ground before painting with oil or egg tempera -preferred ground for egg tempera -chalky, water-based liquid
a multiple original impression made from a plate, stone, woodblock, or screen by an artist or made under the artist's supervision; usually made in editions, with each print numbered and signed by the artist -more accessible forms of art -low price/wide distribution -can be defined as works of art with siblings; all original -developed in 9th century China and Europe in 15th century -demand for inexpensive religious icons and playing cards -illustrated books
Curtain wall
a non-load-bearing wall, typical of the International Style; generally well-endowed with windows
daguerreotype
a photograph taken by an early photographic process developed in the 1830s, in which a treated metal plate was exposed to light, and the chemical reactions on the plate created the first satisfactory photographic images -chemical development: iodized silver plates exposed to mercury vapor then fixed by mineral salt solution -long exposure time = stationary objects recorded -first figure = man getting shoes shined 1839
lithography
a planographic printmaking technique based on the antipathy of oil and water; the image is drawn with a grease crayon or painted with tusche on a stone or grained aluminum plate; the surface is then chemically treated and dampened so that it will accept ink only where the crayon or tusche has been used -faster/more flexible -INK ON TOP BLOCK WITH PAPER PUSHED OVER
primer
a primary layer of paint applied to a surface that is to be painted
Casting
a process that involves pouring liquid material such as molten metal, clay, wax, or plaster into a mold; when the liquid hardens, the mold is removed, and a form in the shape of the mold is left -substitution of one material for another -developed in ancient China, Greece, parts of Africa -used extensively in the West from Renaissance times -steps: mold taken from original work (completely surrounds it), original sculpture removed from mold, casting liquid poured into mold cavity, mold removed when liquid hardens -other cast items = engine parts, dishes, toys
Tooth
a quality of roughness or surface grain in paper that gives texture to a drawing
linoleum cut (linocut)
a relief printmaking process in which an artist cuts away negative spaces from a block of linoleum, leaving raised areas to take ink for printing -functions as soft matrix -no grain, can be cut in any direction
Armature
a rigid framework serving as a supporting inner core for clay or other soft sculpting material
Colonnade (part of post and beam)
a row of columns usually spanned or connected by beams -seen in Colonnade and Court of Amenhotep III -symmetrical arrangement generally hierarchical -refined by Greeks (Parthenon and other arcituecture)
Kinetic sculpture
a sculpture that incorporates actual movement as part of the design -Pioneer Alexander Calder (focus on shape, space, and movement) -often called "mobiles" when parts move in response to small air currents -some move under human-made power
Barrel vault
a semicircular arch extended in-depth; a continuous series of arches one behind the other -tunnel-like structure -bricks/blocks in unified shell -reinforced concrete in recent times
storyboard
a sequence of drawings prepared to guide camera shots in motion picture production -series of drawings/paintings arranged in sequence -24 fps -goal to give illusion of movement as well as thinking and feeling
Arcade
a series of arches supported by columns or piers -series of arches/vaults
Contour hatching
a set of parallel curved lines that suggest a volume in space
stencil
a sheet of paper, cardboard, or metal with a design cut out; painting or stamping over the sheet prints the design on a surface -favored by street artists -shading not possible -new way to make multiple works of art
close-up
a shot taken when the camera is so close to a subject that it fills the frame
logo
a sign, name, or trademark of an institution, firm, or publication, consisting of letterforms or pictorial elements -identifying (trade)mark based on letterforms combined with pictorial elements -companies spend large sums on graphic design
airbrush
a small-scale paint sprayer that allows the artist to control a fine mist of paint -subtle gradations of color
Truss
a structural framework of wood or metal based on a triangular system, used to span, reinforce, or support walls, ceilings, piers, or beams -timber or logs
Post-and-beam system (post and lintel)
a structural system in which uprights or posts support a horizontal beam that spans the space between them -vertical posts bear weight of horizontal beams and carry it to ground -form determined by strengths and weaknesses of materials used -stone beams shorter than wood -strength to weight ratios
Flying buttress
a strut or segment of an arch carrying the thrust of a vault to a vertical pier positioned away from the main portion of the building; an important element in Gothic cathedrals
Carving
a subtractive process in which a sculpture is formed by removing material from a block or mass of wood, stone, or other material, with the use of sharpened tools -most challenging method -no error correction -marble preferred in West -other materials like granite (less vulnerable to modern pollution), sandstone, limestone, wood (walnut and cypress) -Schist favored by Egyptians -Jade favored by Chinese (suitable for small pieces) -polished for smooth surface
Buttress
a support, usually exterior, for a wall, arch, or vault that opposes the lateral forces of these structures
Hatching
a technique in which lines are placed parallel series to darken the value of an area
Fresco
a technique in which pigments suspended in water are applied to a damp lime-plaster surface
fresco
a technique in which pigments suspended in water are applied to a damp lime-plaster surface
Screenprinting/silkscreen/serigraphy
a technique in which stencils are applied to fabric stretched across a frame, and paint or ink is forced through the unblocked portions of the screen onto paper or another surface below -from traditional silk as material -adheres stencil to screen -rubber edged blade or squeegee pushes ink through fabric in open areas -uniform color -no reversal of image as in other processes -poster production -SQUEEGEE MOVES ACROSS FRAME
fresco secco
a technique in which tempera paint is applied to a dried lime-plaster surface or over an already dried true fresco to achieve greater color intensity
relief printmaking
a technique in which the parts of the printing surface that carry ink are left raised, while remaining areas are cut away -ex: fingerprints, rubber stamps, wet tires -tools: gouges, knives, chisels -flourished in 17th-19th century Japan -multiple blocks = subtle integrated color effects -preferred method of middle class
glaze
a thin transparent or translucent layer brushed over another layer of paint, allowing the first layer to show through but enriching its color slightly
burin
a tool used in engraving -takes strength and control -scraper smoothes down rough edges of groove -lines not drawn freely due to pressure -seen in US currency
artist's proof (AP)
a trial print, usually made as an artist works on a plate or block, to check the progress of a work
encaustic
a type of painting in which pigment is suspended in a binder of hot wax -wax as binder & vehicle -known to ancient Greeks -flourished in Egypt during Roman colony period -temperature control necessary -Jasper Johns = modern artist uses
woodcuts (woodblock)
a type of relief print made from a plank of relatively soft wood; the artist carves away the negative spaces, leaving the image in relief to take the ink for printing -lends itself to b&w but not color -limited to couple hundred editions due to deteriorating relief edges
sans serif
a typeface without a serif
photo screen
a variation of a silkscreen in which the stencil is prepared by transferring a photograph to the stencil
Groin vault
a vault formed by the intersection of two barrel vaults -Roman construction -first to use vaults above ground -developed intersection of two barrel vaults called groin vault -final stone set in place at the top called keystone -series = arcade
tempera
a water-based paint that uses egg yolk as a binder and mixed equally with pigment and thinned with water -Greeks and Romans
Balloon frame
a wooden structural support system developed in the United States in the mid-nineteenth century in which standardized, thin studs are held together with nails -timbers replaced with thin studs -reduce construction time/wood consumption -aided rapid settlement
International Style
an architectural style that emerged in several European countries between 1910 and 1920; International Style architects avoided applied decoration, used only modern materials (concrete, glass, steel), and arranged the masses of a building according to its inner uses
Installation
an art medium in which the artist arranges objects or artworks in a room, thinking of the entire space as the medium to be manipulated; some installations are site-specific -entire space and transform it
Kuleshov effect
an editing technique that takes advantage of the fact that viewers' emotional responses to one shot are transferred to the next -widely used in movies
virtual reality
an immersive form of cinema in which viewers don headsets that allow them to move their heads or bodies to see the action unfold around them in a complete panorama -latest innovation in cinema -movies animated or shot with 3-D cameras
plate mark
an impression made on a piece of paper by pressing a printing plate onto it; usually a sign of an original print
engraving
an intaglio printmaking process in which grooves are cut into a metal or wood surface with a sharp cutting tool called a burin or graver; also the resulting print
drypoint
an intaglio printmaking process in which lines are scratched directly into a metal plate with a steel needle; the scratch raises a ridge (burr) that takes the ink -similar to line engraving -tool with steel/diamond tip -soft copper or zinc plate -displaced metal leaves burr -created blurred line -small editions&rarely done -mostly used to fill in details of etchings -PLATE RIDGES HOLD INK
aquatint
an intaglio printmaking process in which value areas rather than lines are etched on the printing plate; powered resin is sprinkled on the plate, which is then immersed in an acid bath, and the acid bites around the resin particles, creating a rough surface that holds ink; also a print made using this process
Gouache
an opaque, water-soluble paint
persistence of vision
an optical illusion that makes cinema possible; the eye and mind tend to hold images in the brain for a fraction of a second after they disappear from view
Pier
an upright support for an arch or arcade; fulfills the same function as a column, but is more massive and usually not tapered at the top
pigment
any coloring agent, made from natural or synthetic substances, used in paints or drawing materials -must be stable with drying -must resist fading over time -advances in chemical industry in 19th & 20th centuries allowed for synthetic pigments in a range of stable colors
size
any of several substances made from glue, wax, or clay, used as a filler for porous material such as paper, canvas, or other cloth, or wall surfaces
Freestanding
any piece or type of sculpture that is meant to be seen from all sides -(in the round)
intaglio
any printmaking technique in which lines and areas to be inked are recessed below the surface of the printing plate -areas below surface hold ink -Italian: to cut into -ink on surface, surface wiped except in grooves, damp paper passes beneath press roller -characteristic plate marks of roller
shot
any uninterrupted run of a movie camera; shots are compiled into scenes, then into movies
mural
any wall-size painting; a fresco is one possible medium for such a work
Site-specific
any work made for a certain place, which cannot be separated or exhibited apart from its intended environment
Nonrepresentational
art without reference to anything outside itself (also called "nonobjective")
(dry) Masonry
building technique in which stones or bricks are laid atop one another in a pattern -called masonry when done with consistent pattern -stones dressed if they are cut or shaped -Great Zimbabwe in East Africa (original function unknown, no windows = weakened masonry) -Great pyramids in Egypt -Machu Picchu in Peru -Mesa Verde in southwestern US
Construction
creating a work of sculpture by putting together pieces that are already formed by the artist
Mosaic
decoration of a surface with designs made up of closely set, usually variously colored, small pieces of material such as stone, mineral, glass, tile, or shell; pieces are applied onto a surface that has been prepared with an adhesive
Interactive design
designs that organize interactive information while keeping layouts attractive -QR or Quick Response codes -Website -Smartphone Apps
Cross-hatching
drawing one set of hatchings over another in a different direction so that the lines cross
Zoopraxiscope
first primitive cinema
registration
in color printmaking or machine printing, the process of aligning the impressions of blocks or plates on the same sheet of paper
montage
in motion pictures, the combining of shots into a sequence to portray the character of a single event through multiple views
offset lithography
lithographic printing by indirect image transfer from photomechanical plates; the plate transfers ink to a rubber-covered cylinder, which offsets the ink to the paper
"NASA Letterhead", Designers Danne and Blackburn 1974
logo
"NASA Letterhead", James Modarelli 1992
logo
'NASA Letterhead", James Modarelli 1959
logo
projective drawing
only exists in our minds
watercolor
paint that uses water-soluble gum (arabic) as the binder and water as the vehicle; characterized by transparency -white rag paper most common support -requires neither sizing nor priming -fluid spontaneity suited for outdoor impressions
acrylic
paint uses an acrylic polymer (a synthetic resin that provides a fast-drying, flexible film) as the binder and water as the vehicle -relatively permanent -rapid drying time
"God Save the Queen", Jamie Reid
poster
3D printing
printing in three dimensions from a design creating using a modeling software
Additive sculpture
sculptural form produced by adding, combining, or building up material from a core or (in some cases) an armature
High relief
sculpture in relief in which more than half of a significant portion of the subject emerges from the background; high-relief sculpture thus requires undercutting, in contrast to low relief
Bas relief (low-relief)
sculpture in relief in which the subjects emerge only slightly from the surface; no undercutting is present -slight projection
Relief
sculpture in which three-dimensional forms project from the flat background of which they are a part
Assemblage
sculpture made by assembling found or cast-off objects that may or may not contribute their original identities to the total content of the work
subtractive sculpture
sculpture made by removing material from a larger block or form
serif
short lines that end the upper and lower strokes of a letter in some fonts
film
spooled photographic stock for the recording of movies -practical film camera invented 1891 -used long strip of film & electric motor fed through a camera at 16 fps
Pastel
sticks of powdered pigment held together with a gum binding agent
Dressed stone
stone used for building that is cut, trimmed, or ground down to fit into a masonry wall
typography
the art and technique of composing printed materials from type
cinematography
the art of camerawork and photography in making movies
matrix
the block of metal, wood, stone, or other material that an artist works to create a print
special effects
the creation of illusions in cinema through the use of camerawork, models, animation, computer graphics, or other means -merge old techniques with new technology of computers -George Lucas and Lucasfilm Ltd. -increased use of computers in editing -drew audiences -facilitated by speed of digital production -brings uniform worldwide distribution
depth of field
the depth of the area before the camera that will be in sharp focus in a photo
focal length
the distance between the lens and the image sensor
direct painting
the execution of a painting in one sitting, applying wet over wet colors
camera obscura
the forerunner of the modern camera, a dark room (or box) with a small hole in one side, through which an inverted image of the view outside is projected onto the opposite wall, screen, or mirror, then traced -"dark room" -inverted image of what was outside -reflected sunlight passed through small hole in wall of dark room -developed lens and angled mirror for easy tracing -chemical development 1826 by Niepce (first vague photographic image) -sensitized pewter plate exposed to light for 8 hrs
shutter speed
the length of time the camera shutter is open; this determines the brightness of the resulting photo
binder
the material used in paint that causes pigment particles to adhere to one another
Font
the name given to type in a particular size and weight; today often used interchangeably with typeface to indicate a complete set of letterforms, including all capitals, lower case, numerals, and accent marks in all sizes weight
support
the physical material that provides the base for and sustains a two-dimensional work of art, canvas and panels are common supports for paintings -must be sealed -followed by primer for uniform surface
film editing
the process by which an editor complies shots into scenes and into a movie
motion capture
the process of digitally recording movements of actors for animation -wear special suits -motions recorded and plotted to 3-D software for animation
Substitution
the process of making a work of art by casting, as opposed to additive or subtractive processes
cinema
the production of movies as an art or industry -logical extension of photography -illusion of motion made possible by persistence of vision -popular entertainment medium by 1890s -short usually 10 min -few accepted as art -cameras seemed like mere recording device -early filmmakers tried to make movies look like filmed theatrical performance -early films = silent -power comes from ability to reconstruct time (inhibited by clock time) -new believable reality
f-stop
the ratio of the focal length to the size of the opening (aperture); low f-stops give a shallower field of focused material and higher ones can bring everything, near and far, into focus
burr
the ridge left by scratching a drypoint line in a copper plate; the burr holds ink for printing
title sequences
the roll of credits at the beginning of a motion picture or television program
Keystone
the stone at the central, highest point of a round arch, which holds the rest of the arch in place
image sensor
the surface inside a camera where the image is collected upside down; in traditional cameras the sensor was photographic film, but in digital cameras, the sensor converts the light into an electric charge, which the camera's software reconstitutes as a photograph for display on the camera's screen
Animation
the technique of photographing a series of hand-drawn or computer-generated frames of a movie to create the illusion of motion -photographed and projected in sequence -Disney first to create feature-length movie -Fantasia, 1940
edition
the total number of prints made and approved by the artist, usually numbered consecutively
Aperture
the width of the opening that admits light into a camera; a narrow aperture that lets in little light might be used in bright light and a wider aperture for lower-light conditions
impasto
thick paint applied to a surface in a heavy manner, having the appearance and consistency of buttery paste or of cake frosting
Washes
thin, transparent layers of paint or ink
receptive drawing
to capture the physical appearance of something before us
Mobile - a type of sculpture in which parts move
usually suspended parts activated by air currents
Motion Graphics
visual effects, live action, and animation used in a two dimensional project that moves -began with title sequences in Hollywood (roll of credits at the beginning of film) -Saul Bass: innovated title sequence as "climate" for the story to follow in early 1960s -many designers still crave hand-drawn look
Modeling
working pliable material such as clay or wax into three-dimensional forms
Mixed media
works of art made with more than one medium -often represents a cultural or symbolic meaning