apush 1-3

what were some challenges that each religious groups faced in the colonies?

persecution by England and protestants

How did Native Americans Language Differ From Europeans

Native Americans had much less advanced and fewer written languages then did Europeans

Middle Passage

Voyage made by slaves from Africa to the Americas

New Jersey

(Middle Colony) It was founded in 1664 for farming and trade.

Delaware

(Middle Colony) It was founded in 1776.

What were the 3 factors that increased demand for more slaves?

1) development of southern plantations Trade w other counties Fail of indentured servants

New York

1664

King Philip's War

1675-76. Series of battles in New Hampshire btw the colonists and the Wompanoags, led by King Philip.(lost) started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

battle of Trenton

1776 Revolutionary War battle in New Jersey, won by the Continental Army

battle of saratoga

1777 battle in New York that was a great victory for American forces

Hamilton's "report on the public credit"

1790, Hamilton's report that contained recommendations that would at once strengthen the country's credit, enable it to defer paying its debt, and entice wealthy investors to place their capital at its service

florida

1819 - Under the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain sold Florida to the U.S., and the U.S. gave up its claims to Texas. gave american southwest to spain

New Hampshire

1st state to have own constitution. Made Royal colony 1679

New England Confederation

4 colonies banded together for defense against natives, french and dutch

ratification of the constitution

9/13 states need to ratify

lord dunmore's war

A 1774 conflict between the Colony of Virginia and the Shawnee and Mingo American Indian nations. The Governor of Virginia during the conflict was John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore — Lord Dunmore. He asked the Virginia House of Burgesses to declare a state of war with the hostile Indian nations. The conflict resulted from escalating violence between British colonists, who were moving into land south of the Ohio River (modern West Virginia, Southwestern Pennsylvania and Kentucky). American Indians held treaty rights to hunt there. As a result of successive attacks by Indian hunting and war bands upon the settlers, war was declared "to pacify the hostile Indian war bands." As a result the Indians lost the right to hunt in the area and agreed to recognize the Ohio River as the boundary between Indian lands and the British colonies.

Washington's cabinet

A body of executive department heads that serve as the chief advisors to the President. Formed during the first years of Washington's Presidency, the original members of the cabinet included the Secretary of State, of the Treasury and of War. The cabinet is extremely important to the presidency, because these people influence the most powerful man in the nation

Poor Richard's Almanack

A collection of periodicals (each one was called Poor Richard or Poor Richard Improved) by Benjamin Franklin, issued from 1732 to 1757. They contain humor, information, and proverbial wisdom, such as "Early to bed and early to rise / Makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise."

Plymouth

A colony created by the first Pilgrims in what is now Cape Cod, Massachusetts

Philips burg Proclamation

A historical document issued by British Army General Sir Henry Clinton on June 30, 1779 to encourage slaves to run away and enlist in the Royal forces. It proclaimed all slaves belonging to American Patriots free. It further promised protection, freedom and land to any slaves who left their master. This proclamation extended the scope of Dunmore's failed Proclamation, four years earlier granting freedom to slaves in Virginia willing to serve the Royal forces. This was British desperation in a way it was too successful. So many slaves escaped (over 5,000 from Georgia alone), that Clinton ordered many to return to their masters. Following the war, about 3,000 former slaves were relocated to Nova Scotia, where they were known as Black Loyalists.l.

judiciary act of 1789

A law passed by the first Congress to establish the federal court system.

Triangular Trade

A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain, and Africa

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.

Sugar Act

After 7 year war (French - Indiana War) Britain was indebt and thought Americans should pay for some of it. Started to enforse Navigation Laws and passed the Sugar Act in 1764, The Act increased the duty on foreign sugar from the West Indies. After much American protests the duties were reduced

Why did Jamestown transition to a Royal Colony

After a series of events, including a 1622 war with the Powhatan Indians and misconduct among some of the Virginia Company leaders in England, the Virginia Company was dissolved by the king in 1624, and Virginia became a royal colon It was successful until 1699

Indentured Servants

Agreed to work on tobacco plants for a period of time to pay for passage to the New World

loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Maize

An early form of corn grown by Native Americans

Murray's "on the equality of the sexes"

An essay by Judith Sargent Murray.released in April 1779, in the Massachusetts Magazine. The essay possed the argument of spiritual and intellectual equality between men and women. It also included a liberal analysis of traditional male superiority in the Bible and criticism of the deprivation of female education of the time.

Incas

Ancient civilization (1200-1500AD) that was located in the Andes in Peru

northwest ordinance of 1787

As the US expanded after the Revolutionary War, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 helped organize the new territories and set up the steps each territory needed to take in order to become a state. It is interesting to note that the Northwest Ordinance outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory. This was at a time when slavery was allowed by the US Constitution

how did Spanish settlers treat native americans?

At first they treated them poorly but there was more marriage between the two cultures than other Europeans

How did Native Americans react to European Settlement?

At first they were happy with it but as they realized that they were losing their land, animals, and people to disease they became hostile.

What were the special regulation that Georgia required of its inhabitants?

Ban on drinking rum Ban on slavery Colony did not prosper

Albany plan of union

Ben Franklin's plan to unite the colonies under one government to defeat France.

Protestant Revolt

Catholic church needed to be revived; leaders included Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King Henry VII. Questioned church ability of Christian practice Wanted political and religious redistribution of power

Maryland

Charter given to George Calvert to escape rule of King James 1 established as the 1st propiertary colony

What was one of the only professions to enjoy widespread respect?

Christian Ministry

bunker's hill

Colonials seized Bunker Hill (aka Breed's Hill). After Bunker Hill, George II (King) declared the colonies to be in open rebellion with no hope of reconcilliation. More - On June 13, 1775, the leaders of the colonial forces besieging Boston learned that the British were planning to send troops out from the city to fortify the unoccupied hills surrounding the city, which would give them control of Boston Harbor. In response, 1,200 colonial troops under the command of William Prescott stealthily occupied Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill

How were the Navigation Acts enforced?

Colonists: were mad and felt like they were cheated of land (later ignored it and settles there anyway), Native Americans: loved it, British: felt like it made better relations with the Native Americans

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Colony founded by the Puritans in 1630

valladolid debate

Concerned the treatment of natives of the New World. It concerned two main attitudes towards the conquest of the Americas. Bartolomé de las Casas argued Amerindians were creations of God and deserved same treatment as Christian Europeans. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda thought that the natives should be slaves because of their crimes against nature and against God.

texas

Created March, 1836 but not recognized until the next month after the battle of San Jacinto. Its second president attempted to establish a sound government and develop relations with England and France. However, rapidly rising public debt, internal conflicts and renewed threats from Mexico led Texas to join the U.S. in 1845.

George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

Dickson's letters from a farmer in pennsylvania

Dickinson's writings entitled "Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer" were published in newspapers in 1767 and 1768. Dickinson's first Letter appeared in the Boston Chronicle of December 21, 1767. These articles were important in uniting the colonists against the Townshend Acts.

Royal Colonies

Directly controlled by the king through an appointed governor

What two long-lasting disputes in colonial Virginia were highlighted by Bacon's rebellion?

Disorganized political party Class differences btw wealthy planters and landless farmers

What did the structure of government look like in the colonies?

EIGHT royal colonies with governors appointed by the king (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia). THREE proprietary colonies (Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware), governors were appointed by the proprietors. TWO colonies, Connecticut and Rhode Island, governors were elected by popular vote. In every colony, the legislature consisted of two houses. The lower house, or ASSEMBLY, elected by the eligible voters, voted for or against new taxes. In the 8 royal and 3 proprietary colonies, members of the legislature's upper house-or COUNCIL-were appointed by the king or the proprietor. In the 2 self-governing colonies, both the upper was an elective bodiy

The Enlightenment

Emphasized logic, reasoning, science over religion, tradition, superstition

Proclomation of 1763

End of "salutary neglect" (lack of enforsement of the laws) response to Pontiac's Rebellion. Prohibited settlement in area beyond the Applications

why did england not immediately follow up cabot's discovery with other expeditions of exploration and settlemenet?

England's monarchy in the 1500s was preoccupied with other matters, including Henry VIII's break with the Roman Catholic Church

john cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

henry hudson

English explorer who sailed for the Dutch and landed at the coast of present-day New York

sir walter raleigh

Englishman who tried to start the colony of Roanoke in America

Georgia

Established for debtors in 1773

giovanni da verrazano

Explorer for France wo became the first European to visit present-day North Carolina.

bill of rights

First 10 amendments

Connecticut

Founded by roger Williams and had complete religious freedom

robert de la salle

French empire builder who explored the Mississippi Basin and named it after his monarch

jacques cartier

French sailor who sailed up the St. Lawrence River to present-day Montreal

christopher columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

Representative Assembly in Virginia

House of burgesses First of mini parliaments Made laws: levied taxes Set base for future p.

Why were there spectacular gains in population during the 18th

Immigration and natural increase

roanoke island

Island colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580s

where did the slave trade originate? Why?

It originated in Africa between rival tribes that would capture its prisoners and sell them to Europeans as slaves.

What were the early hardships that the Plymouth Colony endured?

King Phillips war 1775 Native attacked colonists Cold winter

Why were New American colonies referred to as restoration colonies?

Land grants given by Charles 2

Aztecs

Large empire in Mexico in the early 1500's but was lost to cortez who turned it into modern day mexico city

Quartering Act

Law that required colonists to feed and shelter British troops

Quebec act

Law that set up a government for Canada and protected the rights of French Catholics

What economic problems did the Chesapeake colonies endure?

Low tobacco prices, due to overproducing When Virginia's House of Burgesses attempted to raise tobacco prices, the merchants of London retaliated by raising their own prices on goods exported to Virginia. Political problems / Bacon's Rebellion Nathaniel bacon went against Sir William Berkeley, governor of Virginia, policies that favored the large planters and used dictatorial powers to govern on their behalf (1676) Conducted a series of raids and massacres against Indian villages on the Virginia frontier. Army of frontier farmers He hated Indians The army succeeded in defeating the governor's forces and even burned down Jamestown settlement

The Zenger Case

Marked the beginnings of freedom of printed political expression in the colonies

protestant reformation

Movement to reform the Catholic Church launched by Germany by Martin Luther

List some of restrictions put on slaves.

No voting Can't own land Not a part of the church

South carolina

Not fam or church oriented Slave majority Firm social period Clergy and physicians RICE

Halfway Covenant

Partial church membership to people who weren't converted yet

second continental congress

Political authority that directed the struggle for independence beginning in 1775.

ferdinand mgellan

Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition around the world.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

What were the three rules for colonial trade according to the navigation acts passed between 1650 and 1763

Prohibited colonies from trading w foreign counties that were enemy of England Forced all England goods to travel in English ships Crew = 3/4 British

coercive acts

Punishment for the Boston Tea Party Close Port/Quarter/Trial Locations/ No Self-Government

William Penn

Quaker who founded Pennsylvania colony for religious freedom

sir francis drake

Raided Spanish ships and ports that led to the end of the Spanish Armada.

the federalist papers

Ratification essays published in New York newspapers

Quakers

Religious group that believed all people were equal in God's eyes

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Secret society who intimidated tax agents; tarred and feathered some tax collectors

lexington and concord

Sites in Massachusetts of the first battles of the American Revolution

What were the limits to Colonial Democracy

Slavery Indentured servitude Ruled by a king

three-fifths compromise

Slaves deemed to be counted as 3/5 of a person when determining the state population, thus giving the Southern states a greater number of representatives in the House.

What did a Dutch ship bring to Virgnia in 1619? What were the implications for the New World?

Slaves in 1619 The 20 and odd Africans were captives removed from the Portuguese slave ship

North Carolina

Southern Colonies

new mexico

Spain's northern holdings

francisco pizzaro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca's

hernan cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

vasco nunez de balboa

Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific Ocean (1475-1519)

bartolome de las casas

Spanish priest who spoke out against the mistreatment of Indians in New Spain

The Townshend Acts

Tax passed in 1767 that placed duties on glass, lead, paints, paper and tea.

repeal of the townshend acts

The British parliament repealed the Townshend duties on all but tea. Pressure from British merchants was partially responsible for the change. The British government, led by Prime Minister Lord North, maintained the taxes on tea, in order to underscore the supremacy of parliament.

northeast settlements

The Eastern Woodland cultural region had 4 seasons and provided a home to many animals. What are some of those animals

samuel de champlain

The Father of New France, who established a crucial alliance with the Huron Indians

What were the political impacts of the Great Awakening

The Great Awakening brought about splits in many of the major religious denominations in the American colonies. ... Politically, the Great Awakening is usually credited with helping (in the long run) to bring about the American Revolution. The Great Awakening, historians say, helped make the colonies more democratic.

What was the religious impact of the Great Awakening

The Great Awakening or First Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept Protestant Europe and British America, especially the American colonies, in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism.

Massachusetts circular letter

The Massachusetts Circular Letter was a statement written by Samuel Adams and James Otis Jr., and passed by the Massachusetts House of Representatives in February 1768 in response to the Townshend Acts. It urged the various colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts.

Creation of the national bank

The National bank was another document issued by Alexander Hamilton. In this document, Hamilton asked Congress to charter the bank of the United States. He wanted this to be jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government. Hamilton argued that the bank would provide financial stability by making loans to merchants, by handling government funds, and by issuing bills of credit.

Separation of Church and State

The division between religion and government

columbian exchange

The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and the New Worlds.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

What were the early problems that Jamestown endured?

The first settlers of Jamestown endured the problems of hostile Indians, starvation, and poor leadership and government.

boston massacre

The shooting dead of 5 Americans protesting against British taxes.

valley forge

The site where Washington's army camped during the frigid winter of 1777-1778.

treaty of tordesillas

The treaty divided the Earth into two parts for Spain and Portugal.

midwest settlements

The tribes in this region included the Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian, Iroquois, Mohawk and Seminoles. They had warm and temperate forests and relied on hunting and gathering as well as farming some native crops. They built longhouses from forests materials.

uniting of spain uner ferdinand and isabella

The two families of Spain married into each other.

united States constitution

The written document providing for a new central government of the United States

How did French settlers treat Native Americans?

They had the best relationship and would hunt furs and pelts together in canada.

How did Africans attempt to resist slavery?

They made themselfs less productiveby breaking tools, uprooting plants,and working slowly.

How did English settlers treat Native Americans?

They treated them poorly and pushed on their land and didnt marry and would often get into bloody battles.

what new routes did European powers attempt to travel? why?

They wanted to get to china so they tried going underneath Africa.

The first colonial colleges were sectarian. What does that mean? What major event prompted their creation?

They were made to train priests

Why did Georgia become a royal colony?

They were unable to create a successful colony

great plains

This cultural region covered a huge area from the Mississippi River Valley to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to Texas. The Sioux lived in this region.

northwest settlements

This cultural region covered a narrow strip of land along the Pacific Coast from Alaska to California. Dense fir, pine, and cedar forests were there. The people settled on the flat, rocky beaches. The climate was mild, but received heavy rain all year. Deer, elk, mountain goats, bears and wolves lived in the forests. Their homes had unique poles called totem poles. Totem poles told the history of each family. The artifacts we studied about this region were: Long cedar houses with totem poles, waterproof cedar bark cape, and cedar fish trap.

southwest indians

This cultural region covered states like Arizona and New Mexico. It extended to northern Mexico. There were mesas, canyons, and deserts in this region. The climate was hot in the summers and freezing in the winters. The region received little rain, so there were few trees or other plants. The Hopi lived in this region.

atlantic seaboard settlements

This cultural region extended from the Atlantic Coast through the Ohio Valley to the Mississippi River. The region had four distinct seasons. Streams and rivers crisscrossed the region and wound through forests of oak, maple, and birch trees. The forests were home to such animals as deer, beavers, and turkeys. Algonquian tribes lived in this region

What were the impacts of the Navigation acts on the colonies?

Trade btw America and Europe limited Smuggling Required colonists to import any European good TRU England French and Dutch attacked English ships

calfifornia

Under the terms of the Compromise of 1850, the state that was admitted as a free state

Pontiac's rebellion

Uprising in 1763 by Indians in the Great Lakes region

Representative Government in New England

VA first colony w rep gov House of burgesses Plymouth=mayflower compact CT= fundamental orders of gov RI= separated church/state

Proclamation of Neutrality

Washington's declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria and Prussia. Washington's Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.

Anne Hutchinson

Woman who was banished from Massachusetts colony for criticizing Puritan ministers

Two Treatises of Government

Written by John Locke around 1680

Act of Toleration

a 1649 Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians

Treaty of Paris

a 1763 agreement between britain and france that ended the french and indian war

common sense

a 47-page pamphlet that argued against British rule over America

olive branch petition

a letter of peace drafted by the Second Continental Congress to Great Britain

first continental congress

a meeting of colonial delegates to discuss how to address problems with Great Britain

The great awakening

a wave of religious enthusiasm that swept through the colonies

Declaratory Act

act that stated that the King/Parliament could make any laws they wanted for the colonists

great compromise

agreement providing a dual system of congressional representation

commercial compromise

allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce yet prohibited any tariffs on exported goods. This agreement incorporated the needs of both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists to some degree

Jay's Treaty

an agreement that the British would leave American soil page 263

Shay's rebellion

an uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers protesting increased state taxes in 1787

Mercantilism

belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.

line of demarcation

boundary between Spanish and Portuguese territories in the New World

Bacon's Rebellion

colonial rebellion against the governor of Virginia in 1676

declaration of independence

document stating that the thirteen colonies were separate from Great Britain

louis jolliet and father facques marquette

established lousiana colony

Stamp Act Congress

held in New York, agreed to not import British goods until Stamp Act was repealed

Why were lawyers not needed in colonial America? In what time period would they gain respect?

in the 1600s lawyers were viewed as talkative troublemakers and were not common. Individuals would argue their own cases before a colonial magistrate. During the 1700s, - trade expanded and legal problems became more complex - expert assistance in court was sought .Lawyers formed a bar (committee or board), which set rules and standards for lawyers and Lawyers gained respect. the 1760s and 1770s Lawyers like John Adams, James Otis, and Patrick Henry argued for colonial rights and provided the intellectual underpinnings of the American Revolution.

compare and contrast travel on land and by water in the colonies

land was hilly and rough while water could only be accessed through either the mississippi or the atlantic

Head right System

method of land distribution in colonial Virginia, based on population

Pennsylvania "The holy experiment"

name for William Penn's idea that people of different nationalities and religious beliefs could live peacefully together in his Pennsylvania colony

encomienda system

offering conversion to christianity offset the disadvantages to being enslaved.

Corporate Colonies

operated by joint-stock companies, at least during colonial early years (WOR)

committees of correspondence

organized network for passing along news of British activity to the colonists

patriots

people who wanted to break away from England

electoral college

representatives of each state who cast the final ballots that actually elect a president

How did Elementary Education differ from colonial region to region?

schools were not secular

asiento system

the enslavement of African Americans

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

the first written plan for a government in America

Battle of Yorktown

the last major battle of the American Revolution

what did coluymbus's voyages bring about for the first time in history?

they brought the knowledge of a new land and a race to colonize it. also the columbian exchange.

how did improvements in technology during the renaissance make european expansion possible?

they made expanses in technology with sea travel and had traveled around Africa. They also built sturdier boats.

Proprietary Colonies

type of British colony in North America where all land belonged to the king

Dominion of New England

union of English colonies in the New England region of North America

boston tea party

was a political protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, on December 16, 1773.

Annapolis convention

was not well attended; only five states bothered to send representatives.

Who was allowed to vote in colonial America?

white property owning male citizens

Seven Year's War

worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land