apush chapter 19
General Weyler
A Spanish general who was sent to crush the Cuban revolt. By using "brutal" methods, he caused uproar in the United States, who called for immediate action to help the Cubans; pushed reconcentration camps where the people could not be aided by insurrectos.
Foraker Act
A United States federal law that established civilian (limited popular) government on the island of Puerto Rico, which had been newly acquired by the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War.
George Dewey
A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines.
William Harvey's Coin's Financial School
A book that taught lessons on economics that taught people that the solution to their financial troubles was the unlimited coinage of silver.
Yellow Journalism
A form of press that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers; popularized in the late nineteenth century by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.
Granger movement
A group of agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers. They opposed corrupt business practices and monopolies, and supported relief for debtors. Although technically not a political party, local factions led to the creation of a number of political parties, which eventually joined with the growing labor movement to form the Progressive Party.
Anti-Imperialist League
A group that battled against American colonization of the Philippines, which included such influential citizens as Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie.
Temperance
A movement for the abstinence of alcohol; the wife of president Rutherford Hayes was a well known advocate for this movement.
Panic of 1893
A serious economic depression beginning in 1893; Began due to railroad companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures; was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point.
Splendid little war
A statement concerning the Spanish- American war made by John Hay, most Americans seemed to share this opinion.
Free Silver
After the discovery of this precious metal, several disparate factions in American politics began to agitate for the feds to allow it to be minted freely at the rate of $1 per troy ounce. As the gold standard in effect at the time valued gold at the official price of $20 per troy ounce, the result of this policy would have been a considerable increase in the money supply and resultant inflation.
Arthur MacArthur
An American commander in the islands writing "I have been reluctantly compelled to believe that the Filipino masses are loyal to Aguinaldo and the government which he heads."
Jones Act
An act that replaced the Foraker Act. It gave Puerto Ricans full citizenship, as well as a government that was similar to a state government.
Cross of Gold Speech
An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.
Election of 1896
Between William McKinley; Republican, North, industry and high tariffs; and Williams Bryan; Democrat, West and South, farmers and low tariffs. The main issues were the coinage of silver and protective tariffs.
Interstate Commerce Act 1887
Congressional legislation that established the this, which compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the Act to achieve their own ends, but the Act gave the government an important means to regulate big business.
Colored Alliances
Excluded on the basis of race from membership in the Southern Farmers' Alliance, the blacks formed a separate organization in Texas in 1886. This group comprised both black farmers and farm workers. They were active in the publication of a weekly newspaper and a variety of educational programs. In 1891, a strike of cotton pickers was called, but coordination was poor and the strike failed. Also lost support when the populist party arose.
Jose Marti
He led the fight for Cuba's independence from Spain from 1895 through the Spanish-American War. Spoke against American occupation in Cuba.
Henry Cabot Lodge
He was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.
Chester A. Arthur
He was the Vice President of James A. Garfield. After President Garfield was assassinated, September of 1881, he assumed the position. He was chosen to run as Vice President, primarily, to gain the Stalwart's vote. He was left in charge of the United States with no apparent qualifications. He was also in favor of civil service reform.
Samuel Burchard
He was the spokesman of the Protestant ministers who called on Blaine in New York City; he referred to the Republican party as the party of "rum, Romanism, and rebellion."
Alfred Thayer Mahan
He wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History, which argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance; it stimulated the naval race among the great powers.
Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine
In 1898, a US battleship exploded and sank in Havana Harbor; 260 Americans died. Although it was later concluded that it was an internal explosion caused by a fire in the coal bunker, the sinking of this ship provided an excuse for those eager for war with Spain.
Emilio Aguinaldo
Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.
Populists
Officially known as the People's party, they represented Westerners and Southerners who believed that U.S. economic policy inappropriately favored Eastern businessmen instead of the nation's farmers. Their proposals included nationalizing the railroads, creating a graduated income tax, and most significantly the unlimited coinage of silver.
Stalwarts
One of the two compartments of the Republican party; favored traditional, professional machine politics, and were mainly interested in a larger share of the patronage. This group was led by Roscoe Conklin and ran Chester A. Arthur as Vice President with Garfield.
Half Breeds
One of the two compartments of the Republican party; led by James G. Blaine and favored reform. They ran Garfield as president and won.
McKinley Tariff of 1890
Raised imports to 48.4% The tariff was detrimental to the American farmers who were already greatly in debt. This is because if America raises the tariff on foreign imports, so will foreign countries raise their tariffs on American goods. Due to the fact that most American Agricultural products are for exports, by increasing the tariff, the farmer's market for their goods become smaller, forcing them to sell their products at bankruptcy prices at home.
Mugwumps
Republican political activists who bolted from the United States Republican Party by supporting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884. They switched parties because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blaine.
Mary Lease
She became well known during the early 1890's for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation.
Queen Liliuokalani
She was the ruler of the Hawaiian Islands; opposed the annexation of Hawaii to the US; became ruler after King Kalakaua died in 1891; in 1893, she was kicked out of the government; Hawaii was desperately needed as a naval base.
Open Door Policy
Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.
Coxey's army
Supporters of Ohio populist Jacob C. who in 1894 marched on Washington, demanded that the government create jobs for the unemployed; although this group had no effect whatsoever on policy, it did demonstrate the social and economic impact of the Panic of 1893.
Benjamin Harrison
The 23rd President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893. He had previously served as a senator from Indiana. His administration is best known for a series of legislation including the McKinley Tariff and federal spending that reached one billion dollars.
William H. Taft
The 27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.
Boxer Rebellion
The Sacred Society of the Harmonious Fists revolted against foreigners in China and laid siege to foreign embassies in Beijing. Large nations sent in the international expeditionary force to put down the rebellion.
De Lome Letter
The Spanish minister in Washington, sent a secret message he wrote describing President McKinley as weak with no mind of his own, angering many Americans when the letter was intercepted and published in American papers. This incident happened in February, as did the explosion of the battleship Maine. Both incidents stirred up war fever in America and increased cries to go to war against Spain.
Pendleton Act
The federal legislation that created a system in which federal employees were chosen based upon competitive exams. This made job positions based on merit or ability and not inheritance or class. Was introduced by President Chester A. Arthur.
William Jennings Bryan
The leader of the Democrats in the Chicago convention of 1896 who was a supporter of free silver and won his audiences with biblical fervor; jobless workers and bankrupt farmers resulted in his assault on the gold standard striking fear in many hearts.
Cuba Libre
The name for the cause of the Cuban revolution; meant free Cuba.
Lemonade Lucy
The wife of Rutherford B. Hayes, she was a temperance advocate who wanted to ban alcohol beverages from the White House.
Rough Riders
They were a group of American volunteers that formed to fight at San Juan Hill in Cuba. Many of them were cowboys, ex-convicts, and other rugged men. Colonel Leonard Wood led the group, but Theodore Roosevelt organized it. They were named "Wood's Weary Walkers" because by the time they got to Cuba to fight most of their horses were gone.
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
This act banned any formations that would restrict trade, not distinguishing between bad and good trusts. The act was a hamper on worker unions, but it showed that the government was slowly moving away from laissez faire ideals.
Platt Amendment
This addition to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treaties with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay.
Currency Act of 1900
This assigned a specific gold value to the dollar and standardized value of US currency; it confirmed the US commitment to a gold standard.
Treaty of Paris
This concluded the Spanish American War; Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostility; from the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philippines; Cuba was freed from Spain.
Theodore Roosevelt
This man was 42 in September 1901, when William McKinley was assassinated. He took over the presidency and became the youngest man ever to assume the presidency. Never openly rebelled against the leaders of his party. Became a champion of cautious, moderate change. He believed that reform was a vehicle less fro remaking American Society than for protecting it against more radical challenges. He allied himself with those progressives who urged regulation (but not destruction) of the trusts. At the heart of his policy was a desire to win for government the power to investigate the activities of corporations and publicize the results.
Elihu Root
This man worked with Roosevelt in 1903 to modernize the army, using knowledge from Spain. They also created the Army War College and imposed stiff tests for promotions of officers, had a general staff look over military planning, and double the navy's strength.
Ocala demands
This series of demands was the result of an 1892 farmers' convention held in Florida. The farmers demanded: the direct election of senators, lower tariff rates, a graduated income tax, and a new banking system regulated by the federal government.
Dingley Tariff
This was passed in 1897, and proposed new high tariff rates to generate enough revenue to cover the annual Treasury deficits. Replaced the Wilson-Gorman law and raise more revenue, raising the tariff level to 46.5 percent.