APUSH Chapter 22 Terms

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Pendleton Act

1883 - The first federal regulatory commission. Office holders would be assessed on a merit basis to be sure they were fit for duty. Brought about by the assassination of Garfield by an immigrant who was angry about being unable to get a government job. The assassination raised questions about how people should be chosen for civil service jobs.

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States and eliminated duties on sugar. In return for its passage, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was given Republican support. Resulted in Depression of 1893, and recession in Hawaii (domestic sugar source)

Sherman Silver Purchasing Act

1890, it replaced the Bland-Allison Act. It required the Treasury to purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver each month and to issue in payment paper money redeemable in gold or silver. The amount of silver purchased doubled but it was still too little to have an inflationary impact which was what farmers wanted

Free Silver

A major political issue during the late 19th century, this was a movement in support of the unlimited coinage of silver by the U.S. government to inflate the money supply. Opponents insisted on strict adherence to the more conservative gold stanard. The issue came to a head in the election of 1896 when Populists and Democrats united behind William Jennings Bryan who proclaimed to all opponents,"You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold!" Although this issue helped Bryan garner over 6 million votes, he lost the election to William McKinley.

Election of 1888

Benjamin Harrison(Republican) Vs. Grover Cleveland(Democrat). The main issue was the tariff. Harrison opposed tariff reduction while Cleveland supported it. Harrison won because he won a larger electoral vote than Cleveland. Cleveland was unpopular with industrialists, veterans and farmers because of his actions towards pensions, tariffs, and currency.

Garfield Assassination

Charles J. Guiteau at a Washington railroad station; Guiteau, claiming to be a Stalwart, shot the president claiming that the Conklingites would now get all the good jobs now that Chester Arthur was President; The death of Garfield shocked politicians into reforming the spoils system; The reform was supported by President Arthur, shocking his critics.

Tariff Question

Disagreement between the northeastern and southern states over tariffs on imports. They believed it would cut the tariffs but it actually raised them.

Election of 1880

Election where James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur (republicans) ran against Winfield Scott (democrats). Garfield won election, but was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau and Chester Arthur took over.

Stalwarts and Half-Breeds

Factions in the Republican party that emerged by 1880; the Stalwarts, led by Senator Roscoe Conkling, supported the spoils system, while the Half-Breeds claimed to represent the idea of civil service reform.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Populist Party

Founded 1891 - James B. Weaver, problem was overproduction, called for free coinage of silver and paper money, graduated income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers

Grange and Farmer's Alliance

Grange - the political organization for farmers. Farmer's Alliance - a larger political movement.

Argrarian Problems/ Currency

In spite of their remarkable progress, 19th-century American farmers experienced recurring periods of hardship. Several basic factors were involved -- soil exhaustion, the vagaries of nature, a decline in self-sufficiency, and the lack of adequate legislative protection and aid. Perhaps most important, however, was over-production.

Election of 1884

James G Blaine was nominated by the Republicans, while Grover Cleveland was the Democratic nominee. The Independent Republicans, known as "Mugwumps," supported Cleveland, which cost Blaine the election. The Democrats controlled the House, while the Republicans dominated the Senate.

Parties and Patronage

Political jobs were handed out to friends of the people giving the jobs. Nobody cared about the farmers so they created their own party the populous.

Election of 1896

Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans.Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff, were crucial.

Bloody Shirt

Republican campaign tactic that blamed the Democrats for the Civil War; it was used successfully in campaigns from 1868 to 1876 to keep Democrats out of public office, especially the presidency.

Mugwumps

Republican political activists who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884. They switched parties because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate, James Blaine.

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Silverites versus Goldbugs

The country was polarized. Populous wanted silver. Gold supported laisez faire economics.

Wabash v. Ill.

The result of the case was denial of state power to regulate interstate rates for railroads, and the decision led to creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission

Cross of Gold

William Jennings Bryan's famous speech that criticized the monetary policy of the government for being too hard on the farmer; said in the speech that farmers were being crucified on this

ICC

a former independent federal agency that supervised and set rates for carriers that transported goods and people between states

Coxey's Army

a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time

Democrats Views

favored limited government, strict interpretation of constitution, wanted to change how presidential electors were chosen and wanted to end king caucus

Republican Views

feared government power would threaten liberty; agriculture was the foundation of American liberty and virtue-sale abroad; focused on the abuses of speculators, bank directors, and holders of the public debt; embraced individualism