APUSH Chapter 28 Roosevelt and Taft

conservation

Pushed by Teddy Roosevelt in order to prevent environmental damage caused by certain mining and lumbering techniques

Theodore Roosevelt

Republican president from 1901-1908; considered the leader of the Progressive movement with his "Big Stick" diplomacy; **cracked down on monopolies, food and drug regulations, and established many acres of land for national parks; he was an imperialist and intervened on Central America's affairs to help support the interests of U.S. * Imperialist

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Republican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

Clayton Antitrust Act

Strengthened previous antitrust laws by prohibiting companies from buying the stock of competing companies in order to form a monopoly, forbade companies from selling goods below cost with the goal of driving their competitors out of business.

Bull Moose Party

The Progressive Party of 1912 was an American political party (Roosevelt's). It was formed after a split in the Republican Party between President William Howard Taft and former President Theodore Roosevelt. **Republican Woodrow Wilson won the presidency

Sixteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy a federal income tax.

Eugenics Movement

The idea that a "bad" genetic traits could be bred out and good traits could promoted in order to improve society. Some Americans believed that the society could be improved by controlled breeding. They accomplished this by sterilizing many criminals and the mentally handicapped.

Prohibition

The period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale, transportation, distribution of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by the 18th Amendment

Women's Christian Temperance Union

This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

Carrie Chapman Catt

took over the national women suffrage assoc. after Stanton and Anthony **Heavily campaigned for the passing of the 19th amendment to allow for women's suffrage

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Upton Sinclair

A muckraker and the author of The Jungle, which exposed the miserable working conditions and dangerous food quality in Chicago's meat processing plants **His writings led to reform movements in food quality

referendum

A procedure for submitting to popular vote measures passed by the legislature or proposed amendments to a state constitution.

Recall

A procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term. **The politicians now had to answer to the general population and could not just do what they wanted.

Susan B. Anthony

A prominent American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement. **Wanted to introduce women's suffrage into the United States.

Scientific Management

A system of industrial management created and promoted in the early twentieth century by Frederick W. Taylor, emphasizing stopwatch efficiency to improve factory performance. The system gained immense popularity across the United States and Europe. **Introduced the assembly line which require people to work like machines and led to a high worker turnover.

Initiative

Allows voters to petition to propose legislation &then submit it for a vote by qualified voters **Gave more political power to the general population

Settlement Houses

Community centers located in the slums and near tenements that gave aid to the poor, especially immigrants

Hetch Hetchy Controversy

Controversy over whether to build a dam in a large valley in Yosemite National Park to create a reservoir for San Francisco. The dam was eventually built.

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Eighteenth Amendment

"Prohibition Law" declared it illegal to make, transport, or sell alcohol in the United States.

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement, the most famous being the Hull House in Chicago. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Hepburn Act

1906 law that gave the government the authority to set railroad rates and maximum prices for ferries, bridge tolls, and oil pipelines. Will finally utilize the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the railroads.

Seventeenth Amendment

1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators ** before it was passed senators were chosen by the state legislature which put power in the hands of the political bosses and led to further corruption

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

Progressive Movement

An early-20th-century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life. *4 Aims: Protecting social welfare, Promoting moral improvement, Creating economic reform, Fostering efficiency

Robert M. La Follette

As a governor and a senator he worked to regulate big businesses and remove their influence from politics.

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 campaign slogan; expressed his belief that the needs of workers, businesses, and consumers should be balanced, and called for limiting the power of trusts, promoting public health and safety, and improving working conditions.

Election of 1912

Woodrow Wilson wins! When Theodore Roosevelt broke from the Republicans to form the Bull Moose (AKA "Progressive") Party, he hoped to win back the presidency. His presence split the Republican vote resulting in a win for the Democrat, Wilson. Wilson led an era of Progressive Reform (creating the Federal Reserve for instance), took the nation into World War I and staunchly fought for the 'League of Nations' - which the US wouldn't join because of Wilson's unwillingness to compromise with the Republicans in the Senate.

muckraker

Writers and journalists who exposed corruption in American society **Upton Sinclair's The Jungle exposed corruption in meat packing while Ida M. Tarbell exposed Rockefeller's oil corruption. Jacob Riis photographed the lives of those who suffered in poverty.