APUSH Chapter 3

After deposing Edmund ____, the New England colonies lobbied hard in London for the _____ of the original Charters. Most were successful, but ______ was not. In 1691, the crown issued a new Charter that absorbed _____ into Massachusetts and transformed the political structure of the Bible ______. Town government remained ____, but henceforth ____ ownership, not church membership, would be the requirement to ___ in elections for the general court. The governor was now ______ in London rather than elected. Thus, Massachusetts became a royal ____, the majority of whose voters were no longer _____ Saints. Moreover, it was required to abide by the ____ __ _ of 1690 - that is, allow all _____ to worship freely. The demise of the New England way greatly benefited from ___ merchants and large landowners, who came to _______ the new government.

Andros restoration Massachusetts Plymouth Commonwealth intact property vote appointed colony Puritan English Toleration Act Protestants non-Puritan dominate

People, ideas, and goods flowed back and forth across the _____, knitting together the _____ and its diverse _____ and creating webs of _____ among the European empires. Sugar, tobacco, and other products of the Western Hemisphere were ____ as far away as eastern Europe. London bankers financed the ___ ____ between Africa and Portuguese Brazil. Spain spent its gold and silver importing _____ from other countries. As trade expanded, the North American and West Indian colonies became the major overseas ______ for British manufactured goods. Although most colonial output was consumed at ____, North Americans shipped farm ______ to Britain, the West Indies, and, with the exception of goods like tobacco "_____" under the Navigation Acts, outside the empire. Virtually the entire Chesapeake _____ crop was marketed in Britain, with most of it then re-exported to ____ by British merchants. Most of the bread and flour exported from the colonies was destined for the _____ ____. African slaves there grew sugar that could be distilled into ___, a product increasingly ____ among both North American colonists and Indians, who obtained it by trading __ and ____ that were then shipped to Europe. The mainland colonies carried on a ____ trade in fish and grains with southern Europe. Ships built in New England made up 1/3 of the British Empire's trading ___.

Atlantic empire populations interdependence marketed slave trade goods market home products enumerated tobacco Europe West Indies rum popular furs deerskins flourishing Fleet

Centuries before the voyages of ______, Spain had enacted ____ ____ ____, a series of laws granting slaves certain rights, relating to marriage, the holding of property, and access to freedom. These laws were transferred to Spain's American ____. They were often _____, but nonetheless gave slaves opportunities to claim _____ under the law. Moreover, the ______ church often encouraged masters to _____ individual slaves. The law of ______ in English North America would become far more ______ than in the Spanish empire, especially on the all-important question on whether _____ existed by which slaves could ______ obtain freedom.

Columbus Las Siete Partidas empire violated rights Catholic free slavery repressive avenues legally

_______ in a modern sense - the mass production, advertising, and sale of consumer goods - did not exist in colonial _____. Nonetheless, eighteenth-century ____ inventories- records of people's possessions at the time of death - revealed the wide ___ in American homes that were English and even Asian products. In the seventeenth Century, most colonists had lived in a ____ world of Homespun clothing and homemade goods. Now, even _____ farmers and Artisans owned books, ceramic plates, metal cutlery, and items made of ______ silk and cotton. Tea, once a _____ enjoyed by the wealthy, became virtually a _____ of life. People that are least able to go to the _____, one New Yorker noted, must have their tea though their families want bread.

Consumerism America estate dispersal Pioneer modest imported luxury necessity expense

During the eighteenth Century, Great Britain eclipsed the ____ as the leading producer and trader of ______ consumer goods, including _____ products like coffee and tea, and such _____ goods as linen, metalware, pins, ribbons, glassware, Ceramics, and clothing. Trade _____ the British Empire. As the American colonies were drawn more and more fully into the system of ____ _____, they shared in the era's consumer Revolution. In port cities and small Inland towns, shops ______ and American newspapers were filled with ______ for British goods. British merchants supplied American _____ with loans to enable them to import these products, and traveling _____ carried them into remote Frontier areas.

Dutch inexpensive colonial manufactured integrated Atlantic Commerce proliferated advertisements traders peddlers

Apart from New Jersey, formed from _____ and ____ Jersey in 1702, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania, the colonies did not adhere to a modern _____ of church and state. Nearly every Colony _______ taxes to pay the salaries of Ministers of an established church, and most _____ Catholics and Jews from voting and holding public office. But increasingly, ___ ___ Toleration among Protestant denominations flourished, fueled by the establishment of new ____ by immigrants, as well as the new Baptist, Methodist and other congregations created as a result of the ___ ______, a religious revival. By the mid-eighteenth century, ____ Protestants in most colonies had gained the _____ to worship as they pleased and own churches, although many places still barred them from holding public ______ and taxed them to support the official ____. Although few in number, perhaps two thousand at their peak in the 18th century America, Jews also had contributed to the religious ____. German Jews, in particular, were attracted by the chance to escape the rigid religious ____ of German-speaking parts of Europe, many immigrated to _____ and, from there, to ___ like Charleston and Philadelphia. A visitor to Pennsylvania in 1750 describe the colony's ____ diversity: we find there Lutherans, Reformed, Catholics, Quakers, Menonists or Anabaptists, Herrnhunters, or Moravian Brethern, Pietists, Seventh day Baptists, Dunkers, Presbyterians, Jews, Muhammedans, Pagans.

East and West separation Levied barred de facto churches Great Awakening dissenting right office church. diversity restrictions London cities religious

To some extent, Bacon's Rebellion was a conflict within the Virginia ____. The leader, Nathaniel _____, a wealthy and ambitious ___ who had arrived in Virginia in 1673, _____ Berkeley's Coterie as men of mean education and _____. His backers included men of wealth outside the governor's circle of _____. But Bacon called for the removal of all ____ in the colony, reduction of taxes at the time of economic _____, and an end to rule by ____ rapidly gained ______ from small farmers, landless men, indentured servants, and even some Africans. The bulk of his _____ consisted of discontented men who had recently been ______.

Elite Bacon planter disdained employment cronies Indians recession grandees support army servants

No European nation, including ______, embarked on the colonization of the new world with the intention of relying on ____ ___ as slaves for the bulk of its labor force. But the incessant ____ for workers spurred by the spread of ____ cultivation eventually led to ______ Planters to turn to the _____ trade in slaves. Compared with indentured servants, slaves offered Planters many ______. As Africans, they could not claim the ______ of English common law. Slaves' terms of service never _____, and they therefore did not become a population of unruly _____ men. Their ______ were slaves, and their color of skin made it more difficult for them to _____ into the surrounding Society. African ____, moreover, unlike their Native American counterparts, were accustomed to intensive ______ and labor, and they had encountered many diseases known in Europe and developed ______ to them, so were less likely to _____ to epidemics.

England African Americans demand tobacco Chesapeake transatlantic advantages protections expired landless children escape men Agriculture resistance succumb

Bacon promised ______, including access to Indian lands, to all who joined his ranks. His supporters invoked the tradition of English _____ and spoke of the poor being robbed and cheated by their social _____. In 1676, Bacon gathered an armed Force for an unauthorised and indiscriminate ____ against those he called the governor's protected and darling _____. He refused Berkeley's order to _____, and marched on Jamestown, _____ It To The Ground. The governor fled, and Bacon became the ____ of Virginia. His forces plundered the ____ of Berkley's supporters. Only the arrival of a squadron of _____ from England restored order. Bacon's Rebellion was over. ____ of his supporters were hanged, Bacon himself had taken ____, and died shortly after Berkely's _____.

Freedom Liberties superiors campaign Indians disband Burning ruler Estates Warships 23 ill departure

______, 110,000 in all, formed the largest group of newcomers from the European continent. Most came from the ______ __ ___ _____ _____, which stretches through present-day Germany into Switzerland. In the 18th century, Germany was divided into numerous small ____, each with a ruling ______ who determined the official religion. Those who found themselves worshiping the _______ religion-Lutherans in Catholics areas, Catholics in lutherans areas, and everywhere, followers of small _______ sects such as Mennonites, Moravians, and Dunkers-faced _______. Many decided to _____. Other migrants were motivated by persistent ______ crises and the difficulty of acquiring _____. Indeed, the emigration to America represented only a smart part of a massive _____ of the German population within Europe. Millions of Germans left their homes during the eighteenth Century, most of them migrating ______ to Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire, which made land available to _______.

Germans Valley of the Rhine River states prince wrong Protestant persecution emigrate agricultural land reshuffling eastward newcomers

Belief in ___, astrology, and Witchcraft was _____ in the seventeenth century Europe and America, existing alongside the ______ of the clergy and the churches. Many Puritans believed in _____ interventions in the Affairs of the world. They interpreted as expressions of God's will such events as Lightning that struck one house but ____ another, and epidemics that reduced the population of their Indian ___. Evil forces could also affect ____ life. Witches were individuals, usually _____, who were accused of having entered into a pact with the ___ to obtain Supernatural Powers, which they used to ___ others or to interfere with _____ processes. When a child was stillborn or crops failed, many believe that _______ was at work.

Magic widespread religion Supernatural spared enemies daily women devil harm natural witchcraft

For more than three decades after the establishment of _____ in 1632, no ___ English settlement was planted in ____ ______. Then, in 1663, Charles II awarded to __ proprietors the right to establish a colony to the north of _______, as a ______ to Spanish expansion. Not until 1670 did the first settlers arrive to find ______. In its early years, Carolina was the ______ of a colony. It began as an offshoot of the tiny island of ______. In the mid-seventeenth century, Barbados was the Caribbean's _______ plantation economy, but a shortage of available land led ______ planters to seek opportunities in Carolina for their ___. The early settlers of Carolina ________ Indian allies by offering ____ for deer hides and captives, a policy that ______ widespread raiding among _____ for _____ to sell.

Maryland new North America 8 Florida barrier Carolina colony Barbados richest wealthy sons sought guns Unleashed Indians slaves

Sugar was the first crop to be _____ marketed to consumers in Europe. Before its emergence, International Trade consisted largely of precious ______ like gold and silver, and _______ goods aimed at an elite market, like spices and silks imported from Asia. ____ was by far the most important product of the British, France, and Portuguese Empires, and New World sugar plantations produced ____ profits for planters, merchants, and the Imperial _____. Saint Domingue, today's ____, was the _____ of the French Empire. In 1660, Barbados generated more _____ than all the other English colonies ______.

Mass metals luxury Sugar immense governments Haiti Jewel trade combined

18th century British America was not a ____ _____ of cultures. Ethnic groups tended to live and worship in relatively ____ communities. But outside of New England, which received few ______ and retained its overwhelmingly English ethnic ______, American society had a far more _____ population than Britain. Nowhere was this more evident than in the practice of ______. In 1700, nearly all the churches in the colonies were either _______, in New England, or _____. In the 18th century, the Anglican presence expanded considerably. New ____ were built and new _____ arrived from England. But the number of ______ congregations also multiplied.

Melting Pot homogeneous immigrants character diverse religion congregational Anglican churches ministers dissenting

The restoration of the English _______ when Charles II assumed the throne in 1660 sparked a new period of colonial ____. The government chartered new ______ ventures, notably the Royal African company, which was given a _____ of the slave trade. Within a generation, the number of English colonies in North America _____. First to come under English control was New _____, seized in 1664 during an Anglo-Dutch war that also saw England gain control of ______ ___ __ in Africa. Charles II awarded the colony to his younger brother ____, the Duke of York, with full and absolute _____ to govern as he pleased. Hence the colony's name became _____ _________.

Monarchy expansion trading monopoly doubled Netherlands Dutch Trading Post James power New York

The outcome in ______ was Far different. The German-born ____, one of the wealthiest merchants in the city, was a fervent _____ who feared that James II intended to reduce _____ and its Empire to ____ and slavery. Although it was not his intention, Leisler's regime _____ the colony along ethnic and economic lines. Members of the _____ majority seized the opportunity to reclaim local ______ after more than two decades of English rule, while bands of rebels _______ the home of wealthy New Yorkers. Prominent English colonists, joined by some wealthy _____ merchants and fur traders, protested to London that Leslie was a _____. Williams refused to recognize Leisler's authority and dispatched a new ______; backed by troops. Many of Leisler's followers were in ____, and he was condemned to be _____. The grisly manner of his death - Leisler was _______ and then had his hand cut off and body cut into four parts - reflected the depths of _____ the Rebellion had inspired. For Generations, the Rivalry between Leisler and anti-Leisler parties ______ New York politics.

NY Leisler Calvinist England popery divided Dutch power ransacked Dutch tyrant governor prison executed hanged hatred polarized

Under Oliver Cromwell, parliament passed in 1651 the first _____ _____, which aimed to _____ control of World Trade from the ____, whose Merchants ______ from free ____ with all parts of the world and all existing Empires. Additional _______ followed in 1660 and 1663. England's New Economic Policy, ______, rested on the idea that England should ______ the profits arising from the English Empire.

Navigation Act wrest Dutch profited trade measures mercantilism monopolize

The last English colony to be established in the seventeenth century was ______. The proprietor, William ______, envisioned it as a place where those facing religious ______ in Europe could enjoy spiritual _____, and colonists and Indians would coexist in _______. Penn's late father had been a ______ and creditor of Charles II. To cancel his _____ to the Penn family and ______ the English presence in North America, the king in 1681, granted Penn a vast ______ of land south and west of New York, as well as the old Swedish Dutch Colony that became _______.

Pennsylvania Penn persecution freedom harmony supporter debt bolster tract Delaware

By 1760, when _____'s population, a mere 20,000 in 1700, had grown to a 220,000, Indian-colonist relations, initially the most ______ in British North America, had became _______ by suspicion and hostility. One group of ______ Indians declared that the white people had ___ them and taken their ____ from them, and therefore they had no reason to think that they were now concerned for their ____. They longed for the days when Old ____ _____ treated them with fairness and respect.

Pennsylvania harmonious Poisoned Susquehanna abused land happiness William Penn

A devout member of the Society of friends, or _____, Penn was particularly concerned with establishing a _____ for his co-religionists, who faced ______ persecution in England. He had already assisted a group of English _______ in purchasing half of what had become the colony of _____ from Lord John _____, who had received a land grant from the Duke of _____. Penn was largely responsible for the ____ of government announced in 1677, the ____ ____ _____, one of the most liberal of the era. Based on Quaker ideas, it created an elected assembly with a broad ______ and established _____ liberty. In hope that West Jersey would become a society of small ____ not large landowners.

Quakers refuge increasing Quakers NJ Berkeley York frame West Jersey Concessions suffrage religious farmers

New Englanders describe the ______ leader Metacom, known to the colonists as ___ _____, as the uprising's ______, although in fact most tribes fought under their own ______. By this time, the white population considerably ________ the Indians. But the fate of New England colonies hung in _______ for several months. By 1676, Indian forces had attacked nearly _____ of New England's 90 towns. ____ in Massachusetts were destroyed. As refugees fled ______, the line of settlement was pushed back almost to the ______ ______. Some _____ settlers, out of a population of 52000 + ______ of New England's twenty thousand ________ perished in the fighting.

Wampanoag King Philip Mastermind leaders outnumbered balance half 12 eastward Atlantic Coast 1000 3000 Indians

Membership in the empire had many ____ for the colonists. Most Americans did not complain about British ____ of their trade because commerce ______ the colonies as well as the __ country and lax enforcement of the ___ _____ allowed smuggling to flourish. In a dangerous world the Royal ___ protected American _____. Eighteenth-century English America drew ___ and closer to, and in some ways became more and more similar to, the mother _____ across the Atlantic.

advantages regulation enriched mother Navigation Acts Navy shipping closer country

Britain's mainland colonies were overwhelmingly ______. Nine-tenths of the population resided in ____ areas and made their livelihood from ___. _____ cities like Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston were quite small by the standards of Europe or Spanish America. In 1700, when the population of _____ ______ stood at 100K, ______ had 6K residents and ___ _______ 4.5K. As late as 1750, ______ cities in Spanish America exceeded in ___ any in English North America.

agricultural Colonial Mexico City Boston New York eight size

A sense of Africans as ____ and inferior made their _____ by the English possible. But _____ by itself did not create North American slavery. For this institution to take root, planters and government authorities had to be _____ that importing African slaves was the best way to solve their persistent _____ of Labor. During the 17th century, the shipping of ___ from Africa to the new world became a major _____ business. But only a relative ____ were brought to England's Mainland colonies. By the time ______ slavery became a major feature of life in English North America, it was already well _____ elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere. By 1600, huge sugar plantations worked by ____ from Africa had made their appearance in ____, a colony of Portugal. In the 17th century, England, Holland, Denmark, and France joined Spain as owners of ______ _______ islands. English emigrants to the ___ ____ outnumbered those to North America in the first part of the seventeenth century. In 1650, the English population of the West Indies _____ that in all of North America. Generally, the first settlers established _____ economies with ____ farms worked by white indentured servants. But as sugar planters _____ the best land, they forced white _____ off Island after Island. White indentured servants proved as ______ as elsewhere. In 1629, when a Spanish Expedition attacked the British island of ______, servants in the local militia joined them shouting ______, joyful Liberty.

alien enslavement Prejudice convinced shortage slaves international handful Plantation entrenched slaves Brazil West Indian West Indies exceeded mixed small engrossed Farmers discontented Nevis Liberty

The English had long viewed __ peoples with disdain, including the Irish, Native Americans, and Africans. They described the _____ in remarkably ______ language as savage, pagan, and uncivilized, often comparing them to _____. _____- the idea that humanity is divided into well-defined groups associated with skin-colour - is a ____ concept that had not fully ________ in the 17th century. Nor had _____ - an ideology based on the belief that some races are inherently Superior to others and entitled to rule over them. The main lines of ____ within Humanity were thought to be _____ versus _____ or ______ versus ____, not color or race.

alien strangers similar animals Race modern developed racism division civilization barbarism Christianity heathenism

The colonists also encouraged native _____ to attack Indians in _____ Florida; in one series of ____ between 1704 and 1706 the Creek, Savannah, and Yemassee ______ almost 10,000 Florida Indians, most of them shipped to other ____ colonies and the ______ ___. Indeed, between 1670 and 1720, the number of Indian slaves ______ from Charleston was larger than the number of African slaves _____. In 1715, the Yamasee and Creek, alarmed by the ____ debts they had incurred in trade with the _____ and by slave Traders' _____ into their territory, rebelled. The ______ uprising was crushed, most of the remaining Indians were _____ or ____ out of the colony into Spanish Florida, from where they occasionally launched ______ against English settlements.

allies Spanish Wars enslaved Mainland West Indies exported imported enormous settlers raids yamasee enslaved driven raids

Nonetheless, _____ stereotypes flourished in 17th century England. Africans were seen as so _____ - in color, religion, and social practices - that they were ______ in a way that poor English men were not. Most English also deemed Indians to be ______. But the Indian population declined so ____, and it was so ___ for Indians, familiar with the countryside, to ____ away, that Indian slavery never became _____. Some Indians were sold into ____ in the Caribbean. But it is difficult to ______ our people on their native soil. Slaves are almost always _______, transported from elsewhere to their place of ______.

anti-black alien enslavable uncivilized rapidly easy run viable slavery enslave Outsiders Labor

America had no titled _____ as in Britain. It had no system of legally established ____ ranks or family _____ stretching back to medieval times. Apart from the De Lanceys, Livingstons, and van Rensselaers of _____, the ___ family in Pennsylvania, and a few southern ____, it had no one whose _____, in monetary value, rivaled those of the _____ aristocracy. But throughout British America, men of _____ controlled colonial government. In Virginia, the upper class was so ____ and _____ so often that the colony was said to be governed by a "_____." Members of the gentry controlled the ____, or local governing bodies, of the established ____ Church, dominated the county ___ (political as well as judicial institutions that levied ____ and enacted local ____), and were prominent in Virginia's ______. In the 1750s, Seven members of the same generation of the ____ family sat in the House of Burgesses.

aristocracy social pedigrees NY Penn planters landholdings British prominence tight-knit intermarried cousinocracy vestries Anglican courts taxes ordinances legislature Lee

Desperate to follow an _____ lifestyle, many Planters fell into _. ___ ____ ___ of Virginia lived so extravagantly that by 1770 he had accumulated a debt of _____ Euros, an amount almost ___ of in England or America. But so long as the world market for ____ thrived, so did Virginia's _____.

aristocratic debt William Byrd III 100000 unheard tobacco gentry

These events produced an ______ of considerable tension in Massachusetts, exacerbated by raids by ______ troops and their Indian allies on the Northern New England Frontier. The _____ of religious toleration heightened _____ among the Puritan clergy, who considered other Protestant denominations a form of ______. I would not have a hand in setting up their _____ worship, one Minister declared of the Quakers. Indeed, not a few puritans thought they saw the hand of ___ in the events of 1690 and 1691.

atmosphere French Advent anxieties heresy devil Satan

In the 1680s, England moved to reduce Colonial ____. Shortly before his death, _____ __ revoked the Massachusetts Charter, citing wholesale ______ of the Navigation Acts. Hoping to raise more ____ from America in order to reduce its _____ on Parliament, James II between 1686 and 1689 combined Connecticut, Plymouth, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, New York, and East and West Jersey into a ____ super Colony, the ___ ___ _____ _____. It was ruled by the former New York Governor ____ ____ ____, who did not have to answer to an elected _____. These events reinforced the impression that James II was an ____ of freedom. In New England, Andros's actions alienated nearly everyone not ____ on his administration for favors. He appointed ____ officials in place of elected ones, imposed ____ without the approval of elected representatives, declared earlier land grants ___ unless approved by him, and enforced religious _____ for all Protestants. His rule threatened both English _____ and the church ___ relationship at the heart of Puritan order.

autonomy Charles II violations money dependence single Dominion of New England Sir Edmund Andros assembly enemy dependent local taxes void toleration liberties State

None of the ______ envisioned in the Fundamental Constitutions were actually _____. Slavery not _____ made Carolina an extremely ______ Society. The proprietors instituted a ______ legal code that promised to slaveowners absolute _____ and authority over their human ____ and included imported slaves in the ______ system. This allowed any persons who settled in ______ and brought with them slaves, including Planters from Barbados who ____ the colony, instantly to acquire large new land _______. In its early days, however, the economy centered on ______ and ____ with local Indians, not agriculture. Carolina grew slowly until Planters discovered the staple- _______- that would make them the wealthiest _____ in English North America and their colony an ________ of Mainland slavery.

baronies established feudalism hierarchical rigorous power property headright Carolina resettled Holdings cattle-raising trade cattle-raising Elite epicenter

As the new world became a _______ in European nations' endless contest for _____ and _____, England moved to seize control of Atlantic _____, solidify its hold on North America's ___ coast, and exert greater _____ over the Empire. By the middle of the seventeenth Century, it was apparent that the colonies could be an important source of wealth for the ______ country. According to the prevailing theory known as _______, the government should regulate economic activity so as to _______ national power. It should ______ manufacturing and commerce by special bounties, monopolies, and other _____. Above all, trade should be controlled so that more gold and silver _____ into the country than left it. That is, _______ of goods, which generated revenue from abroad, should exceed ______, which required paying foreigners for their products. In the mercantilist outlook, the role of colonies was to serve the interests of the mother country by producing _______ raw materials and _______ manufactured goods from home. "_____ ____" declared an influential work written in 1664 by a London merchant, formed the basis of England's ______. ______, not territorial plunder, was the foundation of the Empire.

battleground power wealth trade eastern control mother mercantilism promote encourage measures flowed exports imports marketable importing Foreign Trade treasure Commerce

In the long run, King Philip's War produced a ______ of freedom for white New Englanders by expanding their access to ______. But this Freedom rested on the final ______ of the region's Indians.

broadening land disposition

The Salem Witch Trials took place precisely two ______ after Columbus's initial Voyage. The Western Hemisphere was dramatically ______ from the world he had encountered. Powerful states had been _____ and the native population decimated by _____ and in some areas deprived of its _____. In North America, three new and very different ______ had Arisen, _____ for wealth and power. The urban based _____ Empire, with a small settler elite and growing mestizo population directing a large labor force of Indians, still relied for wealth primarily on the Gold and Silver _____ of Mexico and South America. The ____ Empire centered on Saint Dominique, Martinique, and Guadalupe, Plantation Islands of the West Indies. On the mainland, it consisted of a thinly settled string of _____ and _____ Posts in the Saint Lawrence Valley. In North America, North of the Rio Grande, the _____ colonies had far outstripped their Rivals in population and trade.

centuries different destroyed disease land empires competing Spanish Mines French farms trading English

Probably the most striking _______ of colonial American society in the 18th century was its sheer _____. In 1700, the colonies were essentially ____ Outposts. Relatively few Africans had yet been brought to the ____, and the overwhelming majority of the _____ population, close to 90 percent, was of _____ origin. In the eighteenth Century, African and non-English European arrivals ______, well the number emigrating from England _______.

characteristic diversity mainland white English skyrocketed declined

The Specter of a ____ war among whites greatly frightened Virginia's ruling ____, who took dramatic steps to ______ their power and improve their _____. They restored ______ qualifications for voting, which Bacon had _______. At the same time, planters developed a new _____ style in which they cultivated the support of ______ neighbors. Meanwhile, the authorities reduced _____ and adopted a more _____ Indian policy, opening Western areas to small ___, many of whom prospered from a rise in _____ prices after 1680. To avert the further rise of a _____ population of landless former indentured servants, Virginia's authorities _____ the shift to Slaves, who would never become free, on tobacco plantations. As Virginia reduced the _____ of indentured servants, it defined their _____ _______ to include 50 acres of land.

civil Elite consolidate image property rescinded political poorer taxes aggressive farmers tobacco rebellious accelerated number freedom dues

Many colonists, meanwhile, began to ____ that they were being denied the ______ of Englishmen, especially the right to ______ to taxation. There had been no _______ assembly under the Dutch, and the governors _____ by the Duke of York at first ruled without ____. Discontent was especially strong on _________ ____, which had been largely ____ by New Englanders and used to _________.

complain Liberties consent representative appointed one Long Island settled self-government

The bloodiest and most bitter _______ occurred in ____ ____ ___, where in 1675 an _____ Alliance launched attacks on farms and settlements that were _______ on Indian lands. It was the most dramatic and violent _____ in the region in the 17th century.

conflict Southern New England Indian encroaching warfare

Liberty of ______, wrote a German newcomer in 1739, was the chief virtue of British North America, and on this score I do not repent my immigration. Equally important to 18rh century immigrants, however, were other elements of _____, especially the availability of _____, the lack of a ____ draft, and the absence of restraints on ______ Opportunity common in Europe. Skilled workers were in great ____. They earn what they _____, one emigrant wrote to his brother in Switzerland in 1733. Letters home by immigrants spoke of low ____, the right to enter trades and professions without paying ______ fees, and freedom of ____. In this country, wrote one, there are abundant Liberties in just about all ____.

conscience Freedom land military Economic demand want taxes exorbitant movement matters

By 1700, blacks _____ more than 10% of Virginia's population. 50 years later, they made up nearly ____. Recognizing the growing ____ of slavery, the House of Burgesses in 1705 enacted a new Slave ____, bringing together the scattered ______ of the previous century and adding new Provisions that _____ the principle of white supremacy in the law. Slaves were _____, completely subject to the will of their masters and, more generally, the white _____. They could be bought and sold, leased, fought over in court, and passed on to one's _______. Henceforth, blacks and whites were tried in ______ courts. No black, free or slave, could own arms, strike a man, or employ a white servant. Any white person could _______ any black to demand a certificate of ______ or a pass from the owner giving ______ to be off the Plantation. Virginia had changed from a society with ____ in which slavery was one system to labor among _______, to a slave Society, where slavery stood at the center of the _____ process.

constituted half importance Code legislation embedded property Community descendants separate apprehend Freedom permission slaves others economic

Many in Great Britain, however, saw the colonists as a collection of ____, religious _____, and impoverished _____. This, in turn, inspired many colonists to assert a claim to Britishness more ____. They insisted that British identity meant _____ to certain values, among them free _____ and "English _____." Yet many colonists saw some people, including American Indians and Africans, as unable to ______ the responsibilities of liberty due to their place of birth, culture, or inborn traits. They must be _____ over, not take part in governance.

convicts dissidents servants strongly allegiance commerce liberty wield ruled

Among eighteenth-century migrants from the British Isles, the 80000 English newcomers, a majority of them convicted _______, were considerably _____ by 145000 from Scotland and Ulster, the northern part of Ireland, where many Scots had ___ as part of England's efforts to _____ the island. Scottish and Scotch-Irish immigrants had a profound _____ on the colonial society. Mostly _____, they added significantly to the religious _____ in North America. Their numbers included not only _____ seeking land but also numerous Merchants, teachers, and professionals, indeed, a large majority of the ____ in 18th century America were of ___ origin.

criminals outnumbered settled subdue impact Presbyterians Farmers positions Scottish

In the last quarter of the seventeenth century, a series of ____ rocked the European colonies of North America. _______ and _______ tensions boiled over in sometimes ruthless conflicts between rich and ____, free and _____, settler and _______, and members of different _______ groups. At the same time, struggles within and between _______ Empires echoed in the colonies. Aggrieved groups seized upon the language of _______ to advance their goals. Although each conflict had its own local ______, taken _____ they added up to a general crisis of colonial society in the area that would become the _______ _________.

crises Social political poor slave Indian religious European freedom causes together United States

As stability returned after the ______ of the late seventeenth century, English North America experienced an era of remarkable ___. Between 1700 and 1770, crude ____ settlement became bustling provincial ______. Even as _____ continued in Indian Country, the hazards of disease among the colonists ______, agricultural settlement pressed ______, and hundreds of thousands of ______ arrived from the old world. Thanks to a high _____ rate and continuing ________, the population of England's Mainland colonies, 265000 in 1700, grew nearly _______, to over 2.3 million 70 years later. It is worth noting, however, that because of the ______ suffered by Indians, the American population was considerably ____ in 1770 than it had been in the 1492.

crises growth backwoods capitals epidemics diminished Westward newcomers birth immigration tenfold decline lower

Yet while worrying about losing ______ members of its population, the government in London remained convinced that _____ development enhanced the nation's ______ and ______. To bolster the Chesapeake ____ force, nearly fifty thousand ____, a group not ___ in Britain, were sent to _____ in the tobacco Fields. Officials also encouraged ________ immigration from the non-English, and less ____ parts of the British Isles and from the European continent, promising newcomers easy access to ____ and the right to _____ freely. A law of 1740 even offered European immigrants British citizenship after ____ years of residence, something that in the mother country could be attained only by special Act of _____. The widely publicized image of _____ as an asylum For Those whom _____ Chase from foreign lands, in the words of a 1735 poem, was in many ways a ____ of Britain's efforts to attract settlers from non-english area to its ______.

desirable Colonial power wealth labor convicts desired work Protestant prosperous land worship seven parliament America bigots by-product colonies

With the Indian population having been wiped out by the _____, and with the white indentured servants _____ to do the back-breaking, monotonous work of sugar ______, the massive importation of slaves from Africa ______. In 1645, for example, Barbados, a tiny Island owned by England, was home to around ______ white farmers and indentured servants and five thousand slaves. As sugar cultivation intensified, Planters turned increasingly to ____ labor. By 1660, the Island's population had grown to 40000, half European and half _______. 10 years later, the slave population had risen to 82000, concentrated on some ____ sugar plantations. Meanwhile, the white population ______. By the end of the seventeenth Century, huge sugar Plantations _____ by hundreds of slaves dominated the West Indian ______, and on most of the islands the African population far ____ that of European origin.

disease unwilling cultivation began 11,000 slave African 750 stagnated manned economy outnumbered

King Philip's War of 1675 to 1676 and Bacon's Rebellion the following year coincided with ______ in other colonies. In Maryland, where the proprietor, Lord _____ in 1670 had suddenly restricted the right to vote to owners of 50 acres of land or a certain amount of personal property, Protestant _____ unsuccessfully sought to oust his government and restore the ____ for all free men. In several colonies, increasing ______ on the Frontier led to ______ by alarmed Indians. A rebellion by _____ Indians was suppressed in Carolina in 1680. The ____ Revolt of the same year indicated that the crisis of colonial Authority was not confined to the _____ Empire.

disturbances Baltimore Uprising suffrage settlement resistance Westo Pueblo British

Most free Americans benefited from ____ growth, but as colonial society matured an ____ emerged that, while neither as powerful nor as wealthy as the ______ of England, increasingly _____ politics and society. Indeed, the gap between rich and poor probably grew more ____ in the eighteenth century than in any other period of American history. In New England and the Middle Colonies, expanding ____ made possible the emergence of a powerful upper class of ____, often linked by family or commercial ties to great _____ firms in London. There were no ____ in colonial America. Credit and money were in ___ supply, and ______ success depended on personal connections as much as ___ talent. By 1750, the Chesapeake and Lower South were dominated by ____ plantations producing staple crops, especially ______ & ____, for the world market. Here great planters ______ enormous wealth. The colonial elite also included the rulers of ____ colonies like Pennsylvania and Maryland.

economic elite aristocracy dominated rapidly trade merchants trading banks short mercantile business slave tobacco rice accumulated proprietary

As _____ conditions in England improved, the government began to rethink the policy of encouraging _____. No longer concerned with an excess population of _____ and masterless Men, authorities began to worry that large-scale immigration was draining _____ from the mother country. About 40% of European immigrants to the colonies during the 18th century continue to arrive as bound _____ who had temporarily ____ their freedom to make the Voyage to the New World. But as the colonial economy _____, poor indentured migrants were increasingly joined by the ______ and skilled ____-teachers, ministers, Weavers, Carpenters-who England could ill afford to ____. This brought an end to official efforts to _____ English emigration.

economic emigration vagabonds labor laborers sacrificed prospered professionals Craftsmen lose promote

In 1683, the Duke agreed to call an ______ assembly, whose First Act was to draft a ______ of Liberties and privileges. The charter required that elections be held every ____ years among male property _____ and the _____ men of New York City; it also reaffirmed ______ English rights such as trial by jury and security of property, as well as _____ toleration for all Protestants. In part, the charter reflected an effort by newer ______ colonists to assert _____ over older Dutch settlers by establishing the principle that the Liberties to which New Yorkers are _____ were those enjoyed by Englishmen at ___.

elected charter three owners free traditional religious English dominance entitled home

Throughout the colonies, elites _____ what they saw as England's balanced, stable social order. ____ in their eyes, meant, in part, the power to rule—the right of those blessed with ___ and prominence to _____ over others. They viewed society as a ____ structure in which some men were endowed with greater ____ than others and destined to rule. The social order, they believed, was held together by webs of ___ that linked patrons and those _______ on them. Each place in the hierarchy carried with it different ______, and one's status was ______ in dress, manners, and the splendor of one's home. "Superiority" and "dependence," as one colonial newspaper put it, were ____ elements of any society. An image of ______ served to legitimize wealth and political power. Colonial elites ____ themselves on developing aristocratic _____, cultivating the ___, and making productive use of _____. Indeed, on both sides of the Atlantic, elites viewed work as something _____ for common folk and slaves. Freedom from labor was the mark of the ______.

emulated Liberty, wealth dominate hierarchical talents destined influence dependent responsibilities revealed natural refinement Prided manners arts leisure manners reserved gentleman reserved gentleman

Others benefited ______ from English rule. The Duke of _____ and his appointed Governor had continued the practice of _____ immense land grants to _____, including one 60000 acres to Robert _____ and 90,000 to ______ Philipse. By 1700, nearly two million acres of land were owned by only ____ New York families who _______ regularly, exerted considerable ______ influence, and formed one of colonial America's most tightly knitted landed ______.

enormously York rewarding favorites Livingston Fredrick five intermarried political Elites

Slavery has existed for nearly in the ____ span of human history. It was Central to the societies of ancient _____ and ___. Slavery survived for centuries in Northern _______ after the collapse of the Roman _____. Germans, Vikings, and Anglo-Saxons all held _____. Slavery persisted even longer in the ______ world, where a slave trade in Slavic peoples survived into the 15th century. The English word slavery derives from ____. ______ from the Barbary Coast of North Africa regularly seized _____ from ships and enslaved them. In West Africa, slavery and the slave _____ predated the coming of Europeans, and small-scale slavery existed among the __ ____. But slavery in nearly all these instances differed greatly from the _______ that developed in the New World.

entire Greece Rome Europe Empire slaves Mediterranean slav Pirates Christians trade Native Americans institution

According to the navigation laws, certain ______ Goods - essentially, the most valuable _______ products, such as tobacco and sugar - had to be ______ in English ships and sold initially in ______ ports, although they could then be ______ to foreign markets. Similarly, most European Goods ______ into the colonies had to be shipped through ____, where customs ____ were paid. This enabled _____ merchants, manufacturers, shipbuilders and sailors to reap the ______ of colonial trade, and the government enjoyed added _____ from taxes. As members of the Empire, _____ colonies would profit as well, since their ships were considered the ______. Indeed, the Navigation Acts _____ the rise of the New England ______ industry.

enumerated Colonial transported English re-exported imported England duties English benefits income American English stimulated shipbuilding

Wealthy Americans tried to model their lives on British ____ and behavior. Somewhat resentful at living in provincial ______—"at the end of the world," as one Virginia aristocrat put it—they sought to demonstrate their _____ and legitimacy by importing the latest ______ fashions and literature, sending their sons to Britain for ____, and building ____ equipped with fashionable furnishings modeled on the country estates and town houses of the English _____. Their residences included large rooms for ____, display cases for imported _____ goods, and elaborate formal ____. Some members of the colonial elite, like George Washington, even had _____ of arms designed for their families, in imitation of English _______ practice.

etiquette isolation status London education homes gentry entertainment luxury gardens coats upper-class

Wherever they moved, Germans tended to travel in entire _____. English and Dutch Merchants created a well-organized ____ whereby _____, as indentured families were called, received Passage in exchange for a promise to work off their ____ in America. Most settled in ______ areas-rural New York, Western Pennsylvania, and the southern backcountry-where they formed tightly-knit ______ communities in which German for many years remained the dominant _____. Their arrival greatly ________ the ethnic and religious diversity of Britain's colonies.

families system redemptioners debt Frontier farming language enhanced

The Glorious Revolution exposed ___ lines in colonial society and offered local Elites an opportunity to regain ______ that had recently been challenged. Until the mid-1670s, the North American colonies had essentially ______ themselves, with little interference from ____. Governor ______ ran Virginia as he saw fit; _____ in New York, Maryland, and Carolina governed in any fashion they could persuade colonists to accept; and New England colonies ____ their own officials and openly _____ trade regulations. In 1675, English established the __ __ _ to oversee Colonial Affairs. 3 years later, the Lords questioned the _______ Government about its compliance with the Navigation Acts. They received the surprising reply that since the colony had no representatives in _______, the acts did not apply to it unless the ____ ___ __ approved.

fault Authority governed England Berkeley proprietors elected flouted Lords of Trade Massachusetts Parliament Massachusetts General Court

A Virginia Law of 1662 provides that in the case of a child whose parents was ____ and one slave, the status of The _____ followed that of the mother. This provision not only reversed the ______ practice as defining a child's ____ through the father but also made the sexual _____ of slave women profitable for slaveholders, since any _____ that resulted Remain the owner's ______. In 1667, the Virginia House of _____ decreed that religious ______ did not release a slave from bondage. Thus, Christians could own other _____ as slaves. Moreover, authorities sought to _____ the growth of the ____ black population by defining all offspring of interracial relationships as _____, severely _____ white women who begat children with black men, and ______ the freeing of any slave unless he or she was transported out of the colony. By 1680, even though the black population was still ____, Notions of racial difference were well _____ into the law. In England's American Empire, wrote One contemporary, these two words, negro and slave have by custom grown ______ and convertible. In British North America, unlike the Spanish Empire, no _____ mulatto, or mixed race, class existed; the law treated everyone with African ancestry as __.

free Offspring European status abuse children property Burgesses conversion Christians prevent free illegitimate punishing prohibiting small entrenched homogeneous distinctive black

English rule expanded the _____ of some New Yorkers, while reducing that of others. Many English observers had concluded that Dutch _____ - what one writer called the prodigious increase of the Netherlanders in their domestic and foreign _____ - stemmed from their toleration of different ______ in matters of religion, which attracted many ______ people of other countries. Thus, the terms of ____ guaranteed that the English would respect the ______ beliefs and _____ Holdings of the colony's many ethnic communities. But English law ended ____ tradition by which married women conducted _____ in their own name. As colonists of Dutch origin adapted to English rule, their Wills directed more _____ to advancing The Fortunes of their __ than providing for their wives and daughters. There have been many female _____ in New Amsterdam, often ____ who had inherited a deceased husband's property, but ____ remained by the end of the seventeenth century.

freedom prosperity trade opinions industrious surrender religious Property Dutch business attention sons traders widows few

Ironically, the ______ Pennsylvania offered to European immigrants contributed to the ______ of freedoms for others. The Colony's successful efforts to attract ______ would eventually come into conflict with Penn's benevolent _____ policy. And the opening of ______ led to an immediate decline in the number of _______ servants choosing to sail for Virginia and Maryland, a development that did much to shift those ________ toward reliance on slave labor.

freedoms deterioration settlers Indian Pennsylvania indentured colonies

The ______ constitutions of Carolina, issued by _____ in 1669, proposed to establish a ______ society with a ____- nobility, with strange ______ like land graves and caciques, serfs, and slaves. Needing to _____ settlers quickly, however, the Proprietors also provided for an ___ assembly and religious toleration - by now recognized as essential to ______ migrants to start America. They also instituted a generous ______ system, offering ___ acres for each member of an arriving family, in the case of indentured servants, of course, the Land went to the ______, and ____ acres to male servants who completed their terms.

fundamental proprietors feudal hereditary titles attract elected enticing headright 150 employer 100

Religious freedom was Penn's most ______ principle. He condemned attempts to enforce religious ____ for depriving thousands of free inhabitants of England of the right to ____ as they desired. His Charter of Liberty, approved by the assembly in 1682, offered _____ Liberty to all who affirmed a _____ in God and did not use their freedom to promote _______. There was no established ______ in Pennsylvania, and attendance at religious services was entirely _____, although Jews were barred from office by a _____ oath affirming belief in the Divinity of Jesus Christ. At the same time, the Quakers _____ the strict code of personal morality. Penn's frame of government that _____ swearing, drunkenness, and adultery, as well as popular _____ of the era such as revels, bull baiting, and cock fighting. _____ religious belief may not have been enforced by the government, but moral _____ Behavior certainly was. Not religious uniformity but a _____ citizenry would be the foundation of Penn's social _____.

fundamental uniformity worship Christian belief licentiousness church voluntary required upheld prohibited entertainments Private public virtuous order

English American cities served mainly as ____ places for ______ goods and for _______ items to be distributed to the ________. Nonetheless, the expansion of _____ encouraged the _____ of port cities, home to a growing population of colonial _____ and ________ (skilled craftsmen) as well as an increasing number of ____. In 1770, with some 30,000 inhabitants, Philadelphia was "the ____ of the New World," at least its British component, and, after London and Liverpool, the empire's ____-busiest port. The financial, commercial, and cultural _____ of British America, its growth rested on _____ integration with the rich agricultural region nearby. Philadelphia merchants organized the _____ of farm goods, _____ rural storekeepers, and extended ____ to consumers. They ____ flour, bread, and meat to the __ ___ and Europe.

gathering agricultural imported countryside trade rise merchants artisans poor capital third center economic collection supplied credit exported West Indies

Given the power to determine the colony's form of ______, Penn established an appointed _____ to originate ____ and an ____ elected by mail tax payers and freemen, owners of ____ acres of land for freemen and ___ acres for former indentured servants, these rules made a _____ of the male population eligible to vote. Penn owned all the colony's _____ and then sold it to settlers at ____ prices rather than granting it out right. Like other providers, he expected to turn a ______, and like most of them he ___ really did. But if Penn did not Prosper, _____ did. A majority of the early settlers were Quakers from the ___ _____. But Pennsylvania's religious _____, healthy _____, and _______ land, along with Penn's aggressive efforts to publicize the colony's ______, soon attracted _____ from all over Western Europe.

government counsel legislation assembly 100 50 majority land low profit never Pennsylvania British Isles toleration climate inexpensive advantages immigrants

Eighteenth-century Virginia was a far _____ environment than in the early days of settlement. Planters could expect to pass their wealth down to the next _____, providing _____ for their sons and establishing family ______. Nearly every Virginian of note achieved _____ through family _____. The days when self-made men could rise into the Virginia gentry were long _____; by 1770, nearly all upper-class Virginians had inherited their ___. Thomas Jefferson's grandfather was a ____ of the peace (an important local official), militia ___, and sheriff, and his father a member of the House of ____. George Washington's father, grandfather, and great-grandfather had been ____ of the peace. The Virginia ___ used its control of provincial government to gain possession of large tracts of __ as Western areas opened for ____. Grants of 20,000 to 40000 Acres were not ____. ____ _____ _____, a Speaker of the House of Burgesses, acquired 300000 acres of land and 1000 slaves by the time of his death in 1732.

healthier generation estates dynasties prominence connections gone wealth justice captain Burgesses justices Gentry land settlement uncommon Robert King Carter

Like the Puritans, Penn considered his colony a ____ experiment, but of a different kind - a ____ colony for all mankind that should go hither. He hoped that Pennsylvania could be ____ according to Quaker principles, among them the ____ of all persons, including women, blacks, and Indians, before ____ and the primacy of the individual _____. To Quakers, liberty was a universal _____, not the possession of any _____ people - a position that would eventually make them the first group of whites _____ slavery. Penn also treated Indians with a __ almost unique in the colonial experience, arranging to _____ land before reselling it to colonists and offering ______ to tribes driven out of other colonies by warfare. Sometimes, he even purchased the same land _____, where more than one Indian tribe claimed it. Since Quakers were _____ who came to America unarmed and did not even organize a militia until the 1740s, _____ with the native population was essential. Penn's chain of ______ appealed to the local Indians, promising protection from rival tribes who claimed ________ over them.

holy free governed equality God conscience entitlement single repudiate consideration purchase refuge twice pacifists peace friendship domination

Before the American Revolution, there was no real "American" ____. In the seventeenth century, the term "Americans" tended to be used to describe _____ rather than colonists. Europeans often depicted the colonies ______ with an image of a Native American. Many European immigrants maintained _____, including the use of languages other than ______, from their home countries. Some cultures _______ more than others: intermarriage with other groups was more common among _____ (French Protestants) than among ____, for example. Those from the British Isles sought to create a ______ "English" identity in the New World. This involved convincing ____ that the colonists were like themselves.

identity Indians pictorially traditions English mixed Huguenots Jews dominant Britons

Despite the ___ of British goods, American craftsmen benefited from the expanding ____ market. Most journeymen enjoyed a reasonable chance of rising to the status of ___ and establishing a _____ of their own. Some achieved remarkable _____. Born in New York City in 1723, __ ___, a Jewish silversmith of Dutch ancestry, became one of the city's most prominent artisans. ___ produced jewelry, candlesticks, coffeepots, tableware, and other gold and silver objects for the colony's ___, as well as _____ ornaments for both synagogues and Protestant churches. He used some of his profits to acquire ____ in New Hampshire and Connecticut. ____'s career reflected the _____ colonial cities offered to skilled men of ___ ethnic and religious backgrounds.

influx consumer master workshop success Myer Myers Myers elite religious land Myers opportunities diverse

Between 1680 and 1700, slave ____ began to supplant indentured ____ on Chesapeake plantations. Bacon's Rebellion was only one among several _____ that contributed to this development. As the death rate finally began to ____, it became more economical to purchase a laborer for ______. Improving ____ in England reduced the number of _____ migrants, and the opening of Pennsylvania, where land was readily ____, attracted those who still chose to leave for _______. Finally, the ending of a ______ of the English slave trade previously enjoyed by the Royal African Company opened the door to other Traders and ____ the price of its imported African slaves.

labor servitude factors fall Life conditions transatlantic available America monopoly reduced

The tide of newcomers, who equated at Liberty with secure possession of ____, threatened to engulf the surviving Indian ____. By the eighteenth Century, Indian communities were well ____ into the British imperial system. Indian Warriors did much of the ______ in the centuries Imperial voice. Their cultures were now quite different from what they had been at the time of first _____. Indian societies that had existed for centuries had _______, the victims of disease and warfare. ___ tribes, like the Catawba of South Carolina and the Creek Confederacy, which United ______ of Indian towns in South Carolina and Georgia, had been created from their _____. Few Indians chose to live among _ rather than in their own communities. But they had become well accustomed to using European ___ like knives, hatchets, needles, kettles, and firearms. ____ introduced by Traders created social chaos in many Indian communities. One Cherokee told the governor of South Carolina in 1753, the clothes we wear, we cannot ___ ourselves, they are made to us. We use their _____ with which we killed deer. Every necessary thing we must have from the ____ people.

land populations integrated fighting Contact disappeared New dozens remnants whites products Alcohol make ammunition white

For much of the seventeenth century, however, the ____ status of Chesapeake blacks remained _____ and the line between slavery and freedom more ________ than it would later become. The first Africans, ___ in all, arrived in Virginia in 1619. British pirates sailing under the Dutch flag had ______ them from a Portuguese ship carrying slaves from ____, on the southwestern coast of Africa, to modern-day _____. Small numbers _____ in subsequent years. Although the first black arrivals were almost certainly treated as _____, it appears that at least some managed to become ____ after serving a term of years. To be sure, racial distinctions were enacted into ____ from the outset. As early as the 1620s, the law barred blacks from serving in the Virginia ____. The government punished ___ relations outside of marriage between Africans and Europeans more severely than the same acts involving two _____ persons. In 1643, a ____ tax, a tax levied on individuals, was imposed on ____ but not white women. In both Virginia and Maryland, however, free blacks could ___ and testify in court, and some even managed to ____ land and ____ white servants or African slaves. It's not exactly known how _______ _______, who apparently arrived in Virginia as a slave during the 1620s, obtained his freedom. But by the 1640s, he was the ___ of slaves and several hundred acres of land on Virginia's Eastern Shore. Blacks and whites labored side-by-side in the tobacco _____, sometimes ran away together, and established ______ relationships.

legal ambiguous permable 20 seized Angola Mexico followed slaves free law militia sexual white poll Africans sue acquire purchase Anthony Johnson owner Fields intimate

As always, British policies were _____ in the American colonies. After the Glorious Revolution, ______ domination was secured in most of the colonies, with the established _____ of England (Anglican) and Scotland (Presbyterian) growing the fastest, while Catholics in the center suffered various forms of ______. Despite the new regime's language of ______, however, religious freedom was far more _____ in some American colonies, such as Rhode Island, Carolina, and Pennsylvania than in England. Nonetheless, throughout English America the ______ ______ powerfully reinforced among the colonists the sense of sharing a proud legacy of ___ and _____ with the mother country.

mirrored Protestant churches discrimination Liberty advanced Glorious Revolution Freedom protestantism

In the ____ portions of the Middle Colonies of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, farmers were more oriented to ______ than on the frontier, growing grain both for their own use and for sale ____ and _______ the work of family members by employing ____ laborers, _____, and in some instances ____. Because large landlords had _______ so much desirable land, New York's growth ______ behind that of neighboring colonies. "What man will be such a fool as to become a base tenant," wondered Richard Coote, New York's ______ at the beginning of the eighteenth century, "when by crossing the Hudson river that man can for a song purchase a good freehold?" With its ____ soil, favorable _____, initially ____ Indian relations, generous governmental ___ distribution policy, and rivers that ___ long-distance trading, Pennsylvania came to be known as "the best ____ man's country." Ordinary colonists there enjoyed a _____ of living unimaginable in Europe.

older Commerce abroad supplementing wage tenants slaves engrossed lagged governor fertile climate peaceful land facilitated poor standard

British identity in the colonies was defined, in part, in _____ to others, including Spanish and French ____, _____, and ____ _____. As early as the late sixteenth century, in his writings on colonization, ___ ___ wrote that there was "no greater glory" than "to conquer the ______, to recall the savage and the pagan to _____, to draw the ignorant within the orbit of _____, and to fill with reverence for _____ the godless and the ungodly." But since most Indians preferred to maintain their own ___ and religions, the colonists did not include them in a _____ colonial identity. This was a major difference with the Spanish and French New World empires, where intermarriage and culture exchange between settlers and Indians was far more ______.

opposition Catholics Africans Native Americans Richard Hakluyt barbarian civility reason divinity cultures collective common

New Netherland had always remained _____ to the far-flung Dutch Empire. The Dutch fought to retain their _____ in Africa, Asia, and South America, but they surrendered New _____ in 1664 without a fight. English rule transformed this ______ military base into an important Imperial ______, a ______ trading with the Caribbean and Europe, and a launching pad for _____ operations against the ______. New York's European population, around 9000 when the English assumed control, grew to ______ by 1685.

peripheral Holdings Netherland minor Outpost Seaport military French 20000

In the Americas, slavery was based on the _____, an agricultural enterprise that brought together large numbers of workers under the control of a single _____. This imbalance ______ the possibility of slave resistance and made it necessary to _____ the system rigidly. It encouraged the creation of a sharp ____ between slavery and freedom. Labor on slave plantations was far more ____ than in the household slavery, common in Africa, and the death rate among slaves was much _____. In the New World, slavery would be associated with ____, a concept that drew a permanent line between whites and blacks. Unlike in Africa, slaves in the Americas who became ____ always carried with them in their skin ____ a mark of bondage-a visible sign of being considered _____ of incorporation as equals into free _____.

plantation owner magnified police boundary demanding higher race free color unworthy society

The richest group of mainland colonists were South Carolina ____ (although planters in ___ far outstripped them in wealth). Elite South Carolinians often traveled north to enjoy summer ___ in the cooler climate of Newport, __ ___, and they spent much of the remainder of their time in Charleston, the only real ___ center south of Philadelphia and the ____ city in British North America. Here aristocratic social life _____, centered on theaters, literary societies, and social events. Like their Virginia counterparts, South Carolina ____ lived a lavish lifestyle amid imported furniture, fine wines, silk clothing, and other items from England. They surrounded themselves with house ____ dressed in specially designed uniforms. In 1774, the per capita wealth in the Charleston District was £2,300, more than _____ times that of tobacco areas in Virginia and ___ times the figure for Philadelphia or Boston. But wealth in South Carolina was highly concentrated. The richest ___ of the colony owned half the wealth in 1770, the poorest quarter less than ____.

planters Jamaica vacations Rhode Island urban richest flourished grandees slaves 4 8 concentrated 10% 2%

The city was also home to a large ______ of furniture makers, jewelers, and silversmiths serving ____ citizens, and hundreds of lesser ____ like weavers, blacksmiths, coopers, and construction workers. The typical artisan owned his own ____ and labored in a small _____, often his ___, assisted by _____ members and ___ journeymen and apprentices learning the trade. The artisan's skill, which set him apart from the common _____ below him in the social scale, was the key to his ___, and it gave him a far greater degree of ____ freedom than those dependent on others for a ______. "He that hath a ___, hath an estate," wrote Benjamin Franklin, who had worked as a ____ before achieving renown as a ___ and __.

population wealthier artisans tools workshop home family young laborers existence economic livelihood trade printer scientist statesman

At the other end of the social scale, ____ emerged as a visible feature of eighteenth-century colonial life. Although not considered by most colonists part of their ____, the growing number of slaves lived in _____ conditions. Among free Americans, poverty was hardly as _____ as in Britain, where in the early part of the century between one-quarter and one-half of the people regularly required ___ assistance. But as the colonial population expanded, access to land _____ rapidly, especially in long-settled areas. In New England, which received few ______, the high _____ fueled population growth. With the supply of ____ limited, sons who could not hope to inherit _____ were forced to move to other colonies or to try their hand at a _____ in the region's towns. By mid-century, tenants and wage labourers were a growing ____ on farms in the middle colonies.

poverty society impoverished widespread public diminished immigrants birthrate land farms trade presence

White Traders saw in Indian Villages potential ____ and British officials saw __ against France and Spain, farmers and Planters viewed Indians as little more than an ____ to their desire for land. They expected Indians to give way to ___ settlers. The native population of Virginia and South Carolina Frontier had already been ____ when large numbers of settlers arrived. In Pennsylvania, however, the __ of German and Scottish-Irish settlers into the backcountry upset the relatively ______ Indian White relations constructed by William _____. At a 1721 conference, a group of colonial and Indian leaders _____ Penn's chain of friendship. But conflicts over land soon ______. The infamous _____ ________ of 1737 brought the fraudulent dealing so common in other colonies to Pennsylvania. The ___ ___ Indians agreed to an arrangement to cede a tract of ____ bounded by the distance a man could walk in 36 hours. To their amazement, Governor ___ _____ hired a team of swift Runners, who marked out an area far in ______ of what the Indians had anticipated.

profits allies obstruction white displaced flood peaceful Penn reaffirmed walking purchase lenni lanape land James Logan excess

In colonial cities, the number of _____ wage-earners subsisting at the poverty line steadily increased. And Boston, one third of the population and 17710 no property at all. And Rural Augusta County, carved out of Virginia Shenandoah River Valley in 1838, land was quickly engrossed by Planters and speculators. By the 1760s, two-thirds of the country's white men oh no land and has little Prospect of obtaining it unless they migrated farther west. Taking the colonies as a whole, half of the wealth of mid-century was concentrated in the hands of the richest 10% of the population.

property-less

Until 1692, the _____ of witches had been local and sporadic. But in the heightened anxiety of that year, a series of Trials and executions took place in the town of _____, Massachusetts that made its name to this day a byword for fanaticism and persecution. The Crisis began in late in 1691 when several young _____ began to suffer Fits and Nightmares, attributed by their Elders to Witchcraft. Soon, three witches had been named, including ____, an Indian from the Caribbean who was a slave in the home of one of the girls. Since the only way to avoid prosecution was to _____ and name others, accusations of Witchcraft began to ______. By the middle of 1692, hundreds of residents of Salem had come forward to accuse their _____. Some, it appears, used the occasion to settle old ____ within the Salem Community. Local authorities took ______ action against nearly 150 persons, the large majority of them women. Many confessed to ____ their lives, but ____ women and ___ men were charged and hanged, protesting their innocence to the end. One man was ______ to death, crushed under the weight of stone, for refusing to enter a _____.

prosecution Salem girls Tituba confess snowball. neighbors scores legal save 14 5 crushed plea

In Europe, and the colonies, witchcraft was _____ by execution. It is estimated that between the years 1400 and 1800, more than _____ people were executed in Europe after being ______ of Witchcraft. Witches were, from time to time, ______ in the seventeenth Century New England. Most were women beyond ____ age who are outspoken, economically independent, or estranged from their husbands, or who in other ways violated traditional ______ Norms. The witch's alleged power _______ both God's Will and the standing of men as heads of family and rulers of the _______.

punishable 50,000 convicted hanged childbearing gender challenged society

Compared to its ____ introduction in Brazil and the West Indies, slavery developed ___ in North America. Slaves cost _____ than indentured servants, and the ______ death rate among tobacco workers made it economically _____ to pay for a lifetime of labor. For decades, servants from England formed the ______ of the Chesapeake labor force, and the number of Africans remained _____. As late as 1680, there were only about _____ blacks in the Chesapeake, a little more than 5% of the Region's population. The most important Social ______ in the 17th century Chesapeake was not between black and white but between the white plantation _____ who dominated politics and society and _______ else - small farmers, indentured servants, and slaves.

rapid slowly more high unappealing backbone small 4500 distinction owners everybody

In 1689, news of the overthrow of James II triggered ______ in several American ______. In April, the Boston Militia seized and jailed ___ _____ and other officials, whereupon the New England colonies re-established the _____ abolished when the Dominion of New England was created. In May, a ______ militia headed by Captain ____ _____ established a _____ __ ____ and took control of ____. Two months later, Maryland's Protestant ____ overthrew the government of the colony's Catholic proprietor, Lord ____.

rebellions colonies Edmund Andros governments rebel Jacob Leisler Committee of Safety NY association Baltimore

All of these new ___ claimed to have acted in the name of English _____ and looked to _____ for approval. But the degrees of success of these coups ____ markedly. Most triumphant were the Maryland ____. Concluding that Lord Baltimore has _____ the colony, William revoked his _____, although the proprietor _____ his land and rents, and established a new _____ dominated government. Catholics retained the right to practice their _____ but were _____ from voting and holding office. In 1715, after the Baltimore family had converted to _____, proprietary power was _____. But the events of 1689 transferred the ruling group in _____ and put an end to the colony's unique history of religious ______.

regimes Liberties London varied Rebels mismanaged Charter retained Protestant religion barred Anglicanism restored Maryland toleration

By the mid-eighteenth century, the different _____ of British colonies had developed _____ economic and social orders. Smaller Farms tilled by Family labor and geared primarily to production for _____ consumption predominated in ____ ____ and the new settlements of the _______, the area stretching from central Pennsylvania Southward toward the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and into upland North and South Carolina. The backcountry was the most rapidly ____ region in North America. In 1730, the only white residents in what was then called _____ country were the occasional hunter and trader. By the eve of the American Revolution, the region contained ___ Virginia's population and ___of South Carolina's. Most were ____ families raising grain and livestock, but slave-owning ____, seeking fertile soil for tobacco farming, also entered the area.

regions distinct local New England backcountry growing Indian 1/4 half Farm Planters

The English also introduced more _____ attitudes towards blacks. In Colonial New York City, as in New Amsterdam, those residents who enjoyed the status of ____ man, obtained by ____ in the city or by an act of local ______, enjoyed special ______ compared to others, including the right to ______ and various ____. But the English, in a reversal of Dutch practice, ______ free blacks from any ____ jobs.

restrictive free birth authorities privileges work trades expelled skilled

Turmoil in England also _____ in the colonies. In 1688, the long struggle for ______ of English government between Parliament and the crown reached its _______ in the Glorious Revolution, which established parliamentary ______ once and for all and secured the Protestant ______ to the throne. Under Charles II, Parliament had _____ its Authority in the formation of national policy. It _______ its control of Finance, including Foreign Affairs, and excluded from _____ and religious power _______ and dissenters, Protestants who belong to a ______ other than the official Anglican Church.

reverberated Domination culmination supremacy succession asserted expanded political Catholics denomination

Throughout history, slaves have ____ away and in other ways resisted ____. They did the same in the colonial ______. Colonial newspapers were filled with ______ for runaway slaves. These notices described the appearance and skills of The ____ and included _____ such as ran away without any cause or had great Notions of Freedom. Some of the blacks brought to the region during the 17th century were the _____ of encounters between European Traders and Africans on the western coast of Africa or the Caribbean. Familiar with _____ culture and fluent in English, they turned to the _____ legal system in their Quest For Freedom. Throughout the seventeenth Century, blacks appeared in court claiming their ______, at first on the basis of conversion to ______ or having a white father. This was one reason Virginia in the 1660s closed these Pathways to ______. But although legal Avenues to Liberty ____, the desire for Freedom did not. After the ______ of a slave conspiracy in 1709, Alexander _______, the governor of Virginia, Warned planters to be _____. The desire for freedom, he reminded them, can call together all those who long to shake off the Fetters of ______.

run bondage Chesapeake advertisements Fugitive comments offspring European Colonial Liberty Christianity Freedom receded suppression Spotswood vigilant slavery

Virginia's ____ from White indentured servants to African slaves as the ____ Plantation labor force was accelerated by one of the most dramatic _____ of this era, Bacon's Rebellion of 1676. Governor William _____ had for 30 years run a corrupt ____ in alliance with an inner circle of the colony's wealthiest tobacco ___. He rewarded his followers with land ____ and ____ offices. At first, Virginia tobacco boom had benefited not only Planters but also smaller ____, some of them former servants who had managed to acquire ____. But as tobacco farming spread inland, planters connected with the __ engrossed the best land, leaving freed servants, a ______ population, since Virginia's death rate was finally ____, with no options but to work as ____ or to move to the ____. At the same time, heavy taxes on _____ and falling prices because of _______ reduced the prospects of small farmers. By the 1670s, ______ among whites had reached levels _____ of England. In addition, the right to vote, previously enjoyed by all adult ____, was confined to ______ in 1670. Governor Berkeley maintains peaceful _____ with Virginia's remaining native population. His refusal to allow White Settlement in areas reserved for ______ angered many land hungry colonists.

shift main confrontations Berkley regime planters grants lucrative Farmers farms governor growing falling tenants frontier Tobacco overproduction poverty reminiscent men landowners relations Indians

Evidence of blacks being held as _____ for life appears in the historical record of the ____s. In registers of property, for example, white servants are listed by the _____ of years of Labor, while blacks, with ______ valuations, have no terms of service associated with their names. Not until the 1660s, however, did the _____ of Virginia and Maryland refer explicitly to ___. As tobacco planting _____ and the demand for labor _____, the condition of Black and Whites servants _______ sharply. Authority sought to ______ the status of white servants, hoping to _____ the widespread impression in England. Virginia was a _____ trap. At the same time, access to Freedom for blacks ______.

slaves 1640 number higher laws slavery spread increased diverged improve counteract death receded

Initially, English rule also ________ the position of the ____ Confederacy of Upstate ____. After a complex series of _______ in the mid 1670s, Sir Edmund ____, who had been appointed governor of New York after the fighting of the _____ in the _____, formed an alliance known as the _____ ________, in which the _______ Ambitions of English and Indians _____ one another. The 5, later 6, Iroquois ____ assisted Andros in cleaning parts of New York of ______ tribes and helped the British in attacks on the _____ and their Indian __. Andros for his part, recognized the _____ claim to authority over Indian _______ in the vast area stretching to the Ohio River. But beginning in the 1680s, Indians around the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley regrouped and with ______ aid attacked the Iroquois, pushing them to the east. By the end of the century, the Iroquois Nations adopted a _____ of careful neutrality, seeking to play the European Empires off one another while continuing to ______ from the ___ trade.

strengthened Iroquois NY negotiations Andros French Caribbean Covenant Chain Imperial reinforced Nations rival French allies Iroquois communities French policy profit fur

When Charles died in 1685, he was _______ by his brother James II, formerly the Duke of York, a practicing _____ and a believer that the Kings ruled by the ______ Right. In 1687, James decreed religious ______ for both Protestant ______ and Catholics. The following year, the birth of James' son raised the prospect of a Catholic ______, alarming those who created popery with _____. A group of English Aristocrats invited the Dutch nobleman William of ____, the husband of James Protestant daughter _____, to assume the throne in the name of English _____. William arrived in England in November 1688 with an army of 21 Thousand men, 2/3 of them ____. As the landed elite and leaders of the _____ Church rallied to Williams Cause, _____ fled and the revolution was ____.

succeeded Catholic Divine toleration dissenters succession tyranny Orange Mary Liberties Dutch Anglican James II complete

In 1676, long-simmering social ____ coupled with widespread resentment against the ____ of the Berkley regime erupted into Bacon's Rebellion. The spark was a minor ______ between Indians and colonists on Virginia's ___ ____. Settlers now demanded that the governor ______ the extermination or removal of the colony's _____, to open more land for whites. Fearing all-out ______ and continuing to ______ from the trade with Indians in deerskins, Berkley ______. An uprising followed that soon ______ out of control. Beginning with the series of Indian ____, they quickly grew into a full-fledged _____ against Berkeley and his system of rule.

tensions injustices confrontation Western frontier authorize Indians Warfare profit refused careened massacres Rebellion

In mid 1676, the ____ of battle turned and a ferocious counter-attack broke the Indians' _____ once and for all. Although the uprising __ numerous tribes, others remained _____ to the colonists. The role of the Iroquois in providing essential _____ aid to the colonists helped to solidify their developing alliance with the government of ____. Together, Colonial and Indian forces _____ devastating punishment on the rebels. _____ was captured and executed, Indian Villages were ______, and _____, including men, women, and children were killed or sold into slavery in the ______ ___. Most of the survivors fled to ___ or _____. Even the _______ Indians - about 2,000 Indians who had converted to _____ and lived in autonomous communities under ______ vision-suffered. Removed from their towns into ______ ______ in Boston Harbor, supposedly for their own protection, many perished from _______ and lack of food. Both sides committed _____ in these merciless conflicts, but in the aftermath that image of Indians as bloodthirsty savages became firmly ______ in the New England line.

tide power united loyal military NY inflicted Metacom destroyed captives West Indies Canada NY Canada praying Christianity Puritan Deer Island disease atrocities entrenched

For much of the eighteenth Century, the American colonies had more regular ____ and _____ with Britain than among themselves. ___ in different regions slowly developed the common _____ and sense of common ______. But rather than thinking of themselves as distinctly _____, they became more and more ______ - a process historian to call ______.

trade Communications Elites lifestyle interests American English Anglicization

Unlike the broad social ______ that Marked the English Civil War of the 1640s, the Glorious Revolution was in effect a coup engineered by a small group of _____ in alliance with an ambitious Dutch ____. They had no intention of challenging the institution of the ______. But the overthrow of ___ _ entrenched more firmly than ever the notion that Liberty was the _____ of all Englishmen and that the King was subject to the rule of ___. To justify the ____ of James II, parliament in 1689 enacted an English ___ __ ____, which listed parliamentary powers such as control over taxation as well as rights of individuals, including trial by jury. These were the ancient and ______ rights and Liberties of all Englishmen. In the following year the _____ Act allowed Protestant dissenters, but not Catholics, to worship freely, although only _____ could hold public office.

upheaval aristocrats prince monarchy James II birthright law ouster Bill of Rights undoubted Toleration Anglicans

In the Salem Witch Trials, accusations of Witchcraft spread ______ beyond the usual profile a middle-aged women to include persons of all _____, one was a child of 4, and those with no previous ______ of assertiveness or marital discord. As accusations and executions _____, it became clear that something was seriously wrong with The Colony's system of _____. Toward the end of 1692, the governor of Massachusetts _____ the Salem Court and ordered the remaining prisoners ______. At the same time, the prominent clergyman, ______ ______ published an influential treatise, Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits, warning that the Jury should not take seriously either the ______ of those who claimed to be possessed or the _______ and accusations of persons facing execution. The events in Salem _____ the tradition of prosecution witches and accelerated a _____ among prominent colonists to finding ________ explanations for natural events like comments in illnesses, rather than attributing them to ____. In future years, only _______ accused witches would be brought to trial in Massachusetts, and both were found ______.

well ages history multiplied justice dissolved released Increase Mather testimony confessions discredited commitment scientific Magic 2 not guilty