Exam 2

In the following passage, which statements are interdependent premises?... "While 1[there is much wickedness in the world,] 2[there is also much good.] For 3[if there is evil, then there must be good,] since 4[good and evil are relative, like big and small.] And no one will deny that 5[evil exists.]"

3 and 5

Emotive Force

A sentence is the emotion the sentence expresses or tends to elicit. *PERSUASION

Report

A set of statements intended to provide information about a situation, topic, or event

Ambiguous

A word has more than one meaning

What, essentially, is excess verbiage?

A word or statement that adds nothing to the argument

Discount

An acknowledgment of a fact or possibly that might be thought to render the argument invalid, weak, unsound, or uncogent.

What are the premises of an argument?

Any statements on the basis of which the conclusion is confirmed.

Commas(Imperative)

Are also usually sentences but not statements. *dishuised ought

Rhetorical Elements

Are elements in an argument that increases its psychological persuasiveness without affecting its validity, strength, soundness, or cogency

Identify the following passage: "Some metals are liquids at room temperature because mercury is a metal."

Argument

Identify the subconclusion in the following passage: "Charles is unpleasant to work with since he interrupts people constantly. Therefore, I do not want to serve on a committee with Charles."

Charles is unpleasant to work with

Four types of Excess Verbiage

Discount Repetition Assurane Hedge

Identify the conclusion of the following passage: "In spite of the fact that electrons are physical entities, they cannot be seen for electrons are too small to deflect photons (i.e., light particles). Hence, electrons are invisible."

Electrons are invisible

Identify the premise that is NOT a subconclusion in the following passage: "In spite of the fact that electrons are physical entities, they cannot be seen for electrons are too small to deflect photons (i.e., light particles). Hence, electrons are invisible."

Electrons are too small to deflect photons.

According to the textbook there are five main types of excess verbiage

False

An argument diagram should include all statements from the passage.

False

An argument is a set of statements intended to provide information about a situation, topic, or event.

False

Rhetorical elements of an argument are those elements added when a speaker is trying to relate to his audience and these elements simply detract from the logical form of the argument.

False

Well-crafted arguments should retain any repetition found in an argument because it emphasizes a point or makes it more understandable.

False

When people present arguments in regular contexts, they almost always explicitly state all of the premsies.

False

Repetition

Is a restatement of a premise or conclusion, perhaps with slightly altered wording

Illustration

Is a statement together with an explanatory or clarifying example

Hedge

Is a statement, word, or phrase that indicates that the arguer is tentative about a premises or inference

Assurance

Is a statement, word, or phrase that indicates that the author is confident of a premise or inference

Proposition

Is a truth or falsehood that may or may not be expressed in a sentence.

Enthymeme

Is an argument with an implicit premise or conclusion

Excess Verbiage

Is word or statement that adds nothing to the argument.

Sub-conclusion

It is a premise and a conclusion

What is the problem with non-uniform language in arguments?

It obscures the link between premises and the conclusion.

Is Thus a premise indicator

No

Indentify the following passage: "U.S. food producers feed livestockk 20 million tons of protein per year that could be consumed by humans. The livestock yields only 2 million tons of protein."

Non argument

Standard form

Of a conditional statement is "if A, then B."

Identify the conclusion in the following passage: "Photography makes representational art obsolete because no one, not even the best artist, can be more accurate than a camera."

Photography makes representational art obsolete

Which of the following is not a principle for rewriting arguments as well-crafted ones?

Place all conclusions and subconclusions after all premises.

List of non arguments

Reports Illustrations Explanatory Single Conditional statement

Uniform language

Same terminology

Which of these is not a conclusion indicator?

Since

Conclusion Indicators

So, therefore, hence, implies that, it follows that, thus, accordingly, consequently, we may infer that, which proves that.

Under what circumstances can a conditional statement act as an argument?

The context gives a clear implied premise which creates a modus ponens argument.

Match each vocabulary word to an example of it. Repetition Assurance Hedge discount

The study of logic will increase both your attention span and patience. Also, you will find your self...... Ben will do well in the marthon, for he is obviously in my opinion, we have lost the war on drugs. accordingly, drugs should be legalized Although we may never know, the most basic cause of wwII

In the following passage, which statement is a discount?... "While there is much wickedness in the world, there is also much good. For if there is evil, then there must be good, since good and evil are relative, like big and small. And no one will deny that evil exists."

There is much wickedness in the world

For what reason are discounts not regarded as premises in argument?

They appear to give evidence against the argument.

A report may contain many informational statements without containing any arguments even if the statements are backed up with further statements.

True

A subconclusion is a statement that serves both as a conclusion and as a premise.

True

The Principle of Fairness requires that we be loyal to the original argument and not distort its meaning when rewriting it as a well-crafted argument.

True

The following is an argument: If alcoholism is a disease, then it is treated medically. But alcoholism is not treated medically for the primary mode of treatment is the twelve-step program of Alcoholics Anonymous. And AA's twelve-step program is religious in nature. Therefore, alcoholism is not a disease.

True

Two or more premises provide interdependent support for a conclusion when the removal of any one of the premises decreases the support provided by the others.

True

When creating a well-crafted version of an argument it should represent the arguer's intentions even if they are logically flawed.

True

If It is raining outside the game is canceled It is raining like cats and dogs So, the game is canceled

Uniform Language

Vague

Word has borderline cases. No precise definition but still has meaning

Cognitive meaning

a sentence is the information conveyed by the sentence

Argument or non-argument: "Not all mob bosses avoid prison because John Gotti was a mob boss and Gotti was sent to prison."

argument

Difference between explanation and argument

argument is trying to convince(reason to believe) explanation is to explain (reason why to beleive)

Premise Indicators

because, since, for, as, after all, the reason is that, in light of the fact that, & based on the fact that

The main way to determine if a series of statements is an argument or not is

if the statements clarify or provide evidence for a statement.

Conditional Statement

if, then statement

Well-crafted argument

is an argument that is stated in such a way that its important logical features are explicit

When we produce a well crafted argument, we should leave out anything that...

is not logically relevant.

Arguments

must be logically relevant and clear

Explanatory Statement

provides a reason for the occurrence of some phenomenon.

Argument are made of what

truth(proposition)