APUSH Chapter 4: 1720-63 Growth, Diversity, Conflicts

What American Enlightenment figure wrote Poor Richard's Almanack and founded the American Philosophical Society?

Benjamin Franklin → Franklin was the exemplar of the American Enlightenment. Self-educated, entrepreneurial, and successful as a printer and journalist in Philadelphia, he popularized the practical outlook of the Enlightenment in Poor Richard's Almanack and founded the American Philosophical Society to promote "useful knowledge."

What was a result of the Baptist insurgency in the Chesapeake during the Great Awakening? Anglican slaveholders lost political control. Women gained equality with men. Native Americans increasingly converted to Christianity. Christianity spread among slaves.

Christianity spread among slaves. → As Baptist ministers spread Christianity among slaves, the cultural gulf between blacks and whites shrank.

What improvement that became available in the 1750s allowed colonial American farmers to cut and arrange more wheat at harvest time? Cradle scythe Combine Reaper Hand sickle

Cradle scythe → The cradle scythe, a tool introduced during the 1750s, doubled or tripled the amount of grain one worker could cut.

What was the source of unrest in the colony of New York in the 1760s? Regulator vigilantes rose to challenge manorial land claims. Dutch and English farmers rioted in protest of manorial lords' land claims. There were conflicting claims to land in the Wyoming Valley. White settlers' encroachment on Iroquois lands

Dutch and English farmers rioted in protest of manorial lords' land claims. → Dutch and English farmers in Westchester, Duchess, and Albany counties in New York rioted in protest to the claims of manorial lords. New York's governor then ordered British general Thomas Gage and two regiments of troops to assist the local sheriffs and the manorial court clerks against farmers and tenants.

Why did New York landlords struggle to attract tenants to their manors in the middle of the eighteenth century? European migrants wanted to own land, not work as peasants. The manors of upstate New York were too far away from major transportation routes. The soil to the east of the Hudson River Valley was not particularly fertile. They only offered short-term leases.

European migrants wanted to own land, not work as peasants. → Although the manorial lords of upstate New York offered long-term leases and the right to sell improvements on the lands to the next tenants, they struggled to attract migrants, who simply did not want to labor as peasants.

Who argued, in The Dangers of an Unconverted Ministry, that conversion and knowing God's grace rather than education in theology and knowledge of the Bible were needed to qualify as a minister? Gilbert Tennent Charles Chauncey Jonathan Edwards Martin Luther

Gilbert Tennent → In The Dangers of an Unconverted Ministry, Tennent argued that ministerial authority came from the conversion experience and the knowledge of God's grace rather than extensive theological education.

Why did the Middle colonies grow prosperous in the early 1700s? Growing demand for wheat Mass production of products by urban artisans Rising fish prices for Middle colonies' fishing fleets Increased purchase of output by the British army

Growing demand for wheat → Between 1720 and 1770, wheat prices doubled in Europe, leading to a boom of wheat exports from the Middle colonies.

Which name refers to French Calvinists who suffered expulsion from their home country and then settled in the American colonies, usually in New York or in seacoast cities? Huguenots Redemptioners The Society of Friends Lapsed Catholics

Huguenots → Huguenots were Calvinists expelled from Catholic France who settled largely in various seacoast cities, gradually losing their French ethnic identity as they intermarried with other Protestants.

What was the central premise of the Enlightenment? Human reason had the power to observe, understand, and improve the world. Devotion and piety were the way to experience God's grace in a conversion experience. Everyone's mind was a blank slate on which basic ideas or principles could be imprinted. An activist God was involved in the everyday affairs of the world.

Human reason had the power to observe, understand, and improve the world. → Enlightenment thinkers believed in the application of scientific principles to all areas of life. Through observation and experimentation, these thinkers believed that humans could improve society and further their knowledge.

How did the Enlightenment change the Puritan minister Cotton Mather? It prompted him to abandon his faith and become a Baptist. It caused him to embrace science as a response to social ills. It led him to a new interpretation of Christianity known as Deism. It pushed him into a more reactionary embrace of mysticism.

It caused him to embrace science as a response to social ills. → Mather's changing attitude toward science is exemplified by the fact that, during the measles epidemic that struck Boston in the 1710s, Mather prayed to God for deliverance but a decade later he responded to the smallpox epidemic by advocating inoculation.

What happened to the population of the New England colonies between 1700 and 1750? It doubled as a result of natural increase. It remained relatively stable until the 1750s. It doubled every generation, mostly as a result of natural increase. It grew dramatically as a result of immigration.

It doubled every generation, mostly as a result of natural increase. → The Puritan colonies doubled every generation between 1700 and 1750, increasing from 100,000 to 400,000 people. This dramatic population increase occurred mostly from natural causes rather than immigration.

Which statement describes the eighteenth-century movement called Deism? It was a secret society among the colonial elite. It was a Protestant denomination popular in colonial cities. It was a way of thinking about God. It was an organized form of atheism.

It was a way of thinking about God. → Deism was a way of thinking rather than an established religion. In fact, famous Deists like Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson highlighted the very private and personal nature of their spirituality and sought to set themselves apart from organized religion.

Why was the road to landownership in the colony of New York so difficult? The owners of the manors along the Hudson River Valley refused to sell any land. Immigrants were prohibited from owning property by law. Lack of manpower and preindustrial technology limited the surplus for tenant farmers. The land in the Hudson River Valley was notoriously unfertile.

Lack of manpower and preindustrial technology limited the surplus for tenant farmers. → Even with the improved cradle scythe, a family with two adult workers could reap only about 12 acres of grain a season, which would leave them with the surplus of only about £15.

In Pennsylvania backcountry towns, the first German immigrants attracted to the Quakers' "peaceable kingdom" belonged to what religious group? Presbyterians Mennonites Lutherans Catholics

Mennonites → The Mennonites were a group of religious dissenters from Switzerland and Germany.

How did the economic status of farmers in Concord, Massachusetts, in 1750 compare to that of their fathers? More than half lived on smaller farms than their fathers had. The majority had become landlords to immigrant tenants. They lived more prosperous lives on larger farms. Few of them made money from farming, but they grew wealthy with trade instead.

More than half lived on smaller farms than their fathers had. → Because of rapid natural increase, New England's population doubled each generation, from 100,000 in 1700, to nearly 200,000 in 1725, to almost 400,000 in 1750. Farms had been divided and then subdivided, making them so small—50 acres or less—that parents could provide only one child with an adequate inheritance. In Concord in 1750, about 60 percent of the farmers owned less land than their fathers had.

Why were a growing number of immigrants forced to become squatters in Pennsylvania after the 1720s? A growing number of European migrants after the 1720s were too poor to buy land. After the death of William Penn, the colonial government became more hostile to new migrants. News of Pennsylvania being "the best poor man's country" had spread in Europe. The king had prohibited any land sales to non-English migrants.

News of Pennsylvania being "the best poor man's country" had spread in Europe. → The first arrivals to Pennsylvania and New Jersey praised the colonies as "the best poor man's country in the world." Soon thousands followed, and by the 1720s, both colonies were overwhelmed by the demand for land, forcing many new migrants to become squatters that settled illegally on land they hoped to eventually acquire legally.

Why did population increases in New England affect parental control over marriage? Children increasingly left family farms for growing cities. Parents had less to give children in marriage portions. Parents could not observe their children as closely. Children increasingly refused their parents' marriage choices.

Parents had less to give children in marriage portions. → When population increases led to smaller and smaller family plots, parents could not offer as much in marriage portions. Because they had less to give their children, they had less control over their children's lives.

What was the name for Benjamin Franklin's idea for a policy of colonial cooperation at the Albany Congress? Idea of Unity Plan of Union Path of Prosperity Notion of Cooperation

Plan of Union → At the Albany Congress of 1754, during which representatives from several colonies met to discuss a response to the threat of French and native attack, Franklin proposed a Plan of Union. His plan called for a continental assembly to manage trade, Indian policy, and colonies' defense.

Why did the Baptist sect attract African Americans? They were without spiritual beliefs and longed for religious instruction. White Baptists welcomed them to revivals with open arms. The Baptist message declared all people to be equal in God's eyes. The Baptists criticized the Chesapeake planter elite.

The Baptist message declared all people to be equal in God's eyes. → African American slaves were attracted to the Baptist message that all people were equal in God's eyes. While some preachers welcomed slaves to their revivals, the majority of the population remained hostile to their presence.

Why did the number of printshops explode after 1695 in the English colonies? The Glorious Revolution ended the era of royal censorship that year. Gutenberg invented the printing press that year. The British government let the long-standing Licensing Act lapse. Until then, colonists had lacked the skills to set up their own printing shops.

The British government let the long-standing Licensing Act lapse.

Which statement describes the condition of "competency" among eighteenth-century American colonists? The ability to keep one's household solvent and independent The confidence in one's own sound judgment The sense of being good at something The ability to enter contracts with merchants

The ability to keep one's household solvent and independent → Most New Englanders wanted to secure a "competency" for their families, the ability to keep their household solvent and independent and to pass that ability on to the next generation.

Why did the proliferation of New Light churches threaten the social authority of the Virginia gentry in the middle of the eighteenth century? Virginians courted voters after the services in the Anglican Church. The gentry could no longer display their social status to other freeholders at church. The New Light ministers called for the abolition of slavery. The New Light ministers ran for office, challenging the elites' political control.

The gentry could no longer display their social status to other freeholders at church. → Traditionally, planters and their well-dressed families arrived at Anglican services in fancy carriages drawn by well-bred horses and flaunted their power by sitting in the front pews. Such ritual displays of the gentry's superiority were meaningless if freeholders attended other churches, which they did increasingly in search of religious experience with greater spiritual depth.

What was the central legacy of the Great Awakening? The movement of religious authority from educated ministers to the believer's direct experience of God New emphasis on the importance of science in American society Continuing divisions between Old Lights and New Lights The view of God as a divine "watchmaker"

The movement of religious authority from educated ministers to the believer's direct experience of God → The Great Awakening challenged the authority of ministers and, through its emphasis on the conversion experience, emphasized the individual's connection with God.

For what behavior or attitude did congregational ministers of eighteenth-century colonial New England praise women? Their piety Avoiding witchcraft For teaching Native Americans to read and write Their engagement in social reform

Their piety → Congregationalist ministers did praise women for their piety even though they excluded them from an equal role in the church.

Why were roads so important for the development of the colonies? They aided the transport of information. They aided the westward movement of Native Americans. They allowed colonists to commute to city jobs. They were crucial to allow colonists to visit family across the region.

They aided the transport of information. → Both water and land routes carried not just people, produce, and merchandise, but also information in the form of letters, newspapers, pamphlets, and crates of books.

Why did the Boston minister Charles Chauncy attack the Pietist New Light ministers in the middle of the eighteenth century? They were openly challenging King George. They ministers openly called for full racial equality. They had allowed women to speak in public. They were heightening restrictions on lay activities in the church.

They had allowed women to speak in public. → The New Light practice of allowing women to speak in public was a direct contradiction of traditional behavior and an affront to Old Lights like Chauncy.

Why did the British issue the Royal Proclamation of 1763? They wanted to prevent white-Indian conflict over the land. They resented the practice of squatting. They were tired of Virginia speculators claiming western lands. Britain wanted to issue a stern warning to France not to cross the colonies' western borders.

They wanted to prevent white-Indian conflict over the land. → In the peace settlement that ended the French and Indian War, Pontiac and his allies accepted the British as the new political "fathers." In return, the British issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 in which they prohibited white settlements west of the Appalachians in order to avoid conflict with native tribes.

Why did parents in colonial New England insist on choosing the marriage partners for their children? They were steeped in deep patriarchal European traditions. Adult children were notoriously rebellious at the time. They wanted to secure support for their own old age. Parents were typically responsible for paying for the very extravagant wedding ceremonies.

They wanted to secure support for their own old age. → Parents' security during old age depended on a wise choice of son- or daughter-in-law, on whom they would later have to depend for care and provisions.

For what purpose did American colonists found King's College, the predecessor to Columbia University, in 1754? To spread the principles of the Enlightenment To train Anglican ministers To establish political connections between colonial intellectuals and the colony's political elite To familiarize colonists with the principles of modern science

To train Anglican ministers → New York Anglicans founded King's College (Columbia) in 1754. Similarly, New Light Presbyterians established the College of New Jersey (Princeton) in 1746, Baptists set up the College of Rhode Island (Brown) in 1764, and the Dutch Reformed Church subsidized Queen's College (Rutgers) in New Jersey in 1766.

What evidence indicates that a woman's property rights in colonial New England were subordinate to those of the family? Women had to make their husbands partners in all real estate transactions. When a widow remarried, her portion of property was divided among the children. Women earned less than men at work. Women's dower right gave them the privilege to sell but not to use the family's property on the husband's death.

When a widow remarried, her portion of property was divided among the children. → In marriage, women received a dower right—the right to use (though not sell) one-third of the family's property. On a widow's remarriage, her portion was divided among the children. Thus, her property rights were subordinate to those of the family line, which stretched across the generations.

Neolin, a Delaware prophet, emphasized which of these messages in 1763? Indian decline stemmed from contact with Europeans. Indians should adopt white ways. More Europeans should move to North America. Indians should intermarry with whites.

ndian decline stemmed from contact with Europeans. → Neolin, a Delaware prophet, called for the expulsion of all white-skinned invaders: "If you suffer the English among you, you are dead men. Sickness, smallpox, and their poison [rum] will destroy you entirely."