APUSH EXAM LETS GET THIS BREAD

Hobos

open-road wanderers who traveled the country by walking, hitchhiking or "riding the rails."

Prime Minister George Grenville

ordered the British navy to begin strictly enforcing the Navigation Laws. He also secured from Parliament the Sugar Act of 1764

SDS (Students for a Democratic Society)

organization founded in 1960 at the University of Michigan to fight racism and poverty

Mary Harris "Mother" Jones

organized coal miners, their wives, and their children to fight for better working conditions

Silver Act

put more money in circulation

Ninth Amendment

states that people's rights are not limited to just those listed in the Constitution.

Iron Horse

steam locomotive

Lord Baltimore

1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the United States; helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederacy; an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery. 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Zenger Trial

1735 trial that promoted the idea of freedom of the press. His newspaper corrupted the royal governor but he said that he was printing the truth

Albany Plan

1754 *Delegates of seven colonies met in New York to discuss plans for collective defense *The Pennsylvanian delegate, Benjamin Franklin, proposed a plan for an intercolonial government, but the plan was rejected by the colonial legislatures as demanding too great a surrender of power *While the other colonies showed to support for Franklin's plan, it was an important precedent for the concept of uniting in the face of a common enemy

Shakers

1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy

Yorktown

1781; last battle of the revolution; Benedict Arnold, Cornwallis and Washington; colonists won because British were surrounded and they surrended

Great Compromise

1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.

Chesapeake Affair

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.

Embargo Act

1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. Really, however, just hurt Americans and our economy and got repealed in 1809.

Powhatan

An Indian chieftain who dominated the peoples in the James River area. All the tribes loosely under his control came to be called Powhatan's confederacy. The colonists innacurately called all of the Indians powhatans.

Black Legend

False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ.

Fort Duquesne

French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

Napoleon

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

Comte de Rochambeau

French general who commanded French troops in the American Revolution, notably at Yorktown (1725-1807)

Acadians

French residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as "Cajuns."

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.

Maximilian

French viceroy appointed by Napoleon III of France to lead the new government set up in Mexico. After the Civil War, the U.S. invaded and he was executed, a demonstration of the enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine to European powers.

factory girls

Young women employed in the growing factories of the early nineteenth century, they labored long hours in difficult conditions, living in socially new conditions away from farms and families.

Hero of Buena Vista

Zachary Taylor

Old Rough and Ready

Zachary Taylor

John Peter Zenger Trial

Zenger published articles critical of British governor William Cosby. He was taken to trial, but found not guilty. The trial set a precedent for freedom of the press in the colonies.

Act of Toleration

a 1649 Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

President Quincy Adams

even wierder then his father John Adams, he was the first minority president

Mr. Madison's War (War of 1812)

given the name by people in New England. He thought that war with britain was inevitable

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

The great migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

King Louis XIV of France

1) Monarch who ruled with absolute, unlimited power that became a model for the rest of Europe. 2) France experienced declining wealth during his reign.

Voltaire (1694-1778)

1. French philosophe and voluminous author of essays and letters 2. Championed the enlightened principles of reason, progress, toleration, and individual liberty 3. Opposed superstition, intolerance, and ignorance 4. Criticized organized religion for perpetuating superstition and intolerance

Billy Yank and Johnny Reb

"Brothers war". Billy Yank (the ordinary union soldier) and Johnny Reb (the typical confederate). both armies reflected the societies from which they came. One aspect of soldiering they shared was the dull routine of camp life.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

NINA

"No Irish Need Apply" was a sign commonly posted at factory gates to restrict the increasing hire of Irish Immigrants. People were complaining that they were taking the "white mans" jobs. This public opinion placed the Irish in the basement of America's social class beside the blacks. It resulted in the Irish becoming more independent within an American society and is a trend that repeats habitually every time a new group of immigrants migrates to America (Currently it is the Hispanic community).

Alaska

"Seward's Folly" purchased from Russia in 1867

Congressman Matthew Lyon

"Spitting Lion" - Spit in a Federalist's face and got the nickname - Was sent to jail for four months (not because of spitting)

V-J Day

"Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945

Oliver Hazard Perry

"We have me the enemy, and they are ours." Naval hero during the War of 1812. Won battle on Lake Erie against the British. After the battle, he sent William Henry Harrison a note that said this famous quote. United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812

Colonel B travis

"victory or death"

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Thirty Years War

(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.

King William's War

(1689-1697) Small war between French and English that had small battles fought in Northern New England.

Queen Anne's War

(1702-1713), second of the four North American wars waged by the British and French between 1689 and 1763. The wars were the result of the worldwide maritime and colonial rivalry between Great Britain and France and their struggle for predominance on the European and North American continents; each of the wars fought in North America corresponded more or less to a war fought between the same powers in Europe.

New York Slave Revolt

(1712) Uprising of approximately two dozen slaves that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution of 21 participating blacks

Molasses Act

(1733) A British law that imposed a tax on sugar, molasses, and rum imported from non-British colonies into North American colonies. It was intended to maintain the monopoly of the American sugar market by the West Indies sugarcane growers. It was the least successful of the Navigation Acts, since it was avoided by smuggling.

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Pontiac's Uprising

(1763) Bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive the British out of Ohio Country. It was brutally crushed by British troops, who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as a means to put down the rebellion.

Sugar Act of 1764

(1764) British deeply in debt partl to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

Civil Law

A law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights.

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

(1784) Treaty signed by the United States and the pro-British Iroquois granting Ohio country to the Americans.

Reign of Terror

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

John Brown

(1800-1859) anti-slavery advocate who believed that God had called upon him to abolish slavery. May or may not have been mentally unstable. Devoted over 20 years to fighting slavery, due to misunderstanding, in revenge he and his followers (his sons and others) killed five men in the pro slavery settlement of Pottawatomie Creek. Triggered dozens of incidents throughout Kansas some 200 people were killed. Was executed, still debated over whether he is a saint or killer.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

James Monroe

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

Anglo-American Convention

(1818): Signed by Britain and the US, the pact allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the Northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for 10 years.

Federick Law Olmstead

(1822-1903) was an influential American landscape architect best known for designing Central Park in New York City. Olmsted also contributed to the preservation of the Yosemite park in California, the park spaces around Niagara Falls, and a large system of public parks in Boston.

John C. Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

Nullifcation Crisis

(1832-1833) was the showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833.

John Muir

(1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California.

Thomas B. Reed

(1839-1902) The Republican congressman from Maine who became Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1889 and then led the Billion-Dollar Congress like a "czar," making sure that his agenda dictated the business of the legislature. The Republican Speaker of the House who dominated the Billion-Dollar Congress. Republican Speaker of the House in 1888, he gained a reputation for an iron grip over Congress and kept Democrats in line.

William Henry Harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

(1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Zachary Taylor

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

Bleeding Kansas

(1856) a series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would a slave state or a free state. A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Thorstein Veblen

(1857-1929) American economist (of Norwegian heritage). Veblen is primarily remembered for his The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) that introduced phrases like "conspicuous consumption." He is remembered for likening the ostentation of the rich to the Darwinian proofs-of-virility found in the animal kingdom.

Freeport Question

(1858) Raised during one of the Lincoln-Douglas debates by Abraham Lincoln, who asked whether the Court or the people should decide the future of slavery in the territories. Idea that any territory could ban slavery by simply refusing to pass laws supporting it Raised during one of the Lincoln-Douglas debates by Abraham Lincoln, who asked whether the Court or the people should decide the future of slavery in the territories.

Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Congressional Committee on the conduct of the war

(1861-1865) Established by Congress during the Civil War to oversee military affairs. Largely under the control of Radical Republicans, the committee agitated for a more vigorous war effort and actively pressed Lincoln on the issue of emancipation.

Morrill Act

(1862) Federal law that gave land to western states to build agricultural and engineering colleges.

Second Battle of Bull Run

(1862) a Civil War battle in which the Confederate army forced most of the Union army out of Virginia

William D. ("Big Bill") Haywood

(1869-1928) As a leader of the Industrial Workers of the World, the Western Federation of Miners, and the Socialist Party of America, Haywood was one of the most feared American labor radicals. During World War I, he became a special target of anti-leftist legislation.

Douglas MacArthur

(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

Benito Mussolini

(1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance. Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Lochner v. New York

(1905) This supreme court case debated whether or not New York state violated the liberty of the fourteenth amendment which allowed Lochner to regulate his business when he made a contract. The specific contract Lochner made violated the New York statute which stated that bakers could not work more than 60 hours per week, and more than 10 hours per day. Ultimately, it was ruled that the New York State law was invalid, and interfered with the freedom of contract. Supreme Court case that decided against setting up an 8 hour work day for bakers

La Follette Seaman's Act

(1915) Required decent *treatment* and a *living wage* on American *merchant ships*. *Crippled* America's merchant *marine* (freight rates spiraled upward with the crew's wages) it benefited sailors by requiring decent treatment and a living wage on American ships. Its purpose was to free sailors from the bondage of their contracts and to strengthen maritime safety requirements.

Five-Power Naval Treaty

(1922) treaty resulting from the Washington Armaments Conference that limited to a specific ratio the carrier and battleship tonnage of each nation. It created a moratorium for 10 years, during which no battleships would be built. The countries agreed to refrain from further fortification of their Pacific Possessions. The five countries were: US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy

Hungarian Revolt

(1956) Attempt by students and workers to liberalize the Communist regime and break off military alliance with the Soviet Union. 1956 - Hungary tried to overthrow the Communist government, partly encouraged by the U.S. The rebellion was quickly crushed.

Glass-Steagall Act

(Banking Act of 1933) - Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation. Repealed in 1999, opening the door to scandals involving banks and stock investment companies.

Jimmy Carter

(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.

Persian Gulf War

(1990 - 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States' coalition emerging victorious.

National Banking System

(AL) , Authorized by Congress in 1863 to establish a standard bank currency. Banks that joined the system could buy bonds and issue paper money. First significant step toward a national bank. (North)

Emancipation Proclamation

(AL) , Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

D-Day

(FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

(FDR) 1933 , gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened., HUNDRED DAYS STARTS gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.

Tydings-McDuffie Act

(FDR) 1934, provided for the drafting and guidelines of a Constitution for a 10-year "transitional period" which became the government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence, during which the US would maintain military forces in the Philippines.

Bunker Hill

(June 17, 1775) Site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War. This battle contested control of two hills (Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill) overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran-out of ammunition. "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!" Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies.

Iran-Contra Affair

(RR) Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved

Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997

(WJC) Pres and Republicans agree to balanced federal budget, provide first federal tax, expanded coverage to uninsured children, helped with 70 billion, but failed with SS and Medicare

Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

(WT) Pinchot found out that Ballinger had taken a series of 'no-bid' contracts out (to friends, with the promise of substantial kickbacks to Ballinger) companies intent on mining coal on federally protected land. Pinchot went to Taft, Teddy Roosevelts hand picked successor, and informed him. Taft basically told Pinchot that it was ok, and that the contracts would be allowed to stand. This caused a heated argument between Pinchot and Taft with Pinchot getting fired by the President.

Federal Trade Commission

(WW) 1914 , A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits a federal agency established in 1914 to investigate and stop unfair business practices

Jones Act

(WW) 1916, Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years.

Common Law

(civil law) a law established by following earlier judicial decisions. The constitution was short because it drew out of the Angelo-american _

coureurs de bois

(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America.

Albany Congress (1754)

- led by Benjamin Franklin - first meeting of all colonies to debate unification - Franklin's union plan, Albany Plan, rejected

Open Skies Policy

-Proposal of Eisenhower for mutual air surveillance of the U.S.A.'s and USSR's build up of arms

Republican Platform of 1860

-extension of slavery to US territories should be prohibited by the federal government, but slavery should be protected in states where it already existed

America First Committee (AFC)

-largest organized anti-war group with 800,000 members at the time of Pearl Harbor (isolationists) -called for enforcement of Neutrality Acts and keeping America out of war. 4 Basic Principles: 1) US must build strongest defense 2) No foreign power could successfully attack 3) Preserve American democracy by avoiding European war 4) "Aid short of war" weakens national defense and threatens involvement in war was the foremost United States non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into World War II. Group formed in 1940 by isolationists to block further aid to Great Britain.

Willaim Howard Taft

-more of a trust buster -payne aldrich tarrif-raised taxes, fired gifford pinchot -taft sued US steel monopoly -childrens bureau, bureau of mines

The philippine question

-returning the Philippines to Spain would be "cowardly and dishonorable", turning them over to another imperialist power would be "bad business and discreditable", and granting them independence would be irresponsible because they were "unfit for self government" -solution: "educate the Filipinos, and uplift and Christianize them"

Haymarket Riot

100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings. 1886 labor-related protest in Chicago which ended in deadly violence

Franklin Pierce

14th President

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

New England Confederation

1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Macon's Bill No. 2

1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

1817 agreement that limited American and British naval forces on the Great Lakes

Utopian Communities

1820-1850 *Movement that copied early European efforts at utopianism *Attempt by cooperative communities to improve life in the face of increasing industrialism *Groups practiced social experiments that generally saw little success due to their radicalism *Included attempts at sexual equality, racial equality, and socialism *Two of these communities were Brook Farm and Oneida

Stephen Austin (1793-1836)

1822, Austin founded the first settlement of Americans in Texas. In 1833 he was sent by the colonists to negotiate with the Mexican government for Texan independence and was imprisoned in Mexico until 1835, when he returned to Texas and became the commander of the settlers' army in the Texas revolution.

Corrupt Bargain of 1824

1824 *Four presidential candidates: Henry Clay (Speaker of the House), John Quincy Adams (Secretary of the State), Andrew Jackson (1812 war hero), and William Crawford (Secretary of the Treasury) *Jackson won the popular vote but did not win the majority of the electoral vote, and as a result, the election went to the House of Representatives *In the House of Reps. vote, Henry Clay threw his support to Adams, who would go on to win the presidency *Adams gave Clay the post of Secretary of State *Accusations of a "corrupt bargain" were made by Jackson, but they are considered to be largely untrue

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Marcus Alonzo Hanna

1837-1904 *American capitalist dealing in coal, shipping, shipbuilding, banking, and newspapers *He was in the Ohio Republican Party and helped elect William McKinley as governor in 1891 and 1893 *As Chairman of the Republican National Committee, he assisted McKinley in winning the presidential election of 1896

William James

1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth

James K. Polk

1845-1849 11th President president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

Mexican Cession

1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.

California Gold Rush

1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on fed gov. to establish a stable gov. in CA Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.

Millard Fillmore

1850-1853 13th President

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Treaty of Kanagawa

1854 treaty between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships

New England Emmigrant Aid Company

1855, Organized by northern abolitionists and Free-Soilers in response to the movement of pro-slavery forces into Kansas, paid for the transportation of antislavery settlers to Kansas

Robert La Follette

1855-1925. Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations.

Summer-Brooks Affair

1856 - Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him. Sumner was the first Republican martyr.

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Morrill Tariff

1861 This was an act passed by Congress in 1861 to meet the cost of the war. It raised the taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent however later needed to increase to meet the demanding cost of the war.

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

Pragmatism

A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations.

National Labor Union

1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers

The Grange (Patrons of Husbandry)

1867; social organization to bring farm families together; focused on economic issues affecting farmers; used political clout to help states pass laws regulating railroad freight and storage rates

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

Joseph F. Glidden

1874 invented a superior type of barbed wire and in 1883 the company was producing 600 miles of the product each day; the barbed wire was used against trespassing cattle

Chester Alan Arthur

1881-1885 The 1883 Pendleton Act established Civil Service Reform and was signed by president...

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers (1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Wabash Case

1886 supreme court case that decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Battle of Wounded Knee

1890 *Sioux natives wished to practice a dance that they believed would free their lands, rid them of whites, and lead to prosperity, but this plan frightened white settlers *The federal army believed Chief Sitting Bull was organizing a rebellion, and acting on the settlers' fear and their suspicions, the army captured the chief *In a sudden exchange of gunfire between the tribe and the army, Chief Sitting Bull and the others were killed *The remainder of the tribe fled to a camp near Wounded Knee Creek *When the army reached this camp, a shot was fired, and in reaction, the army killed two hundred men, women, and children in what is considered the last battle of the Indian Wars the massacre by U.S. soldiers of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, in 1890 US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars.

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

Cross of Gold Speech

1896 *Address given by William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee, during the national convention of the Democratic Party *The speech criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver *Bryan's beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers *The last words of his speech, and the most famous, were "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold"

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal.

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

Root-Takahira Agreement

1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China. the U.S. and Japan agreed to respect each other's territorial holdings in the Pacific the United States and Japan agreed to respect each other's territorial holdings in the Pacific

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal. 1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act

Federal Farm Loan Act

1916 act by Wilson that made credit available to farmers at low interest, something that was long-demanded by populists.

Adamson Act

1916 law that established 8 hour workday for railroad workers in order to avert a national strike

Zimmerman Note

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

Espionage Act

1917 act gave the government new ways to combat spying

Four Power Treaty

1921. Treaty between the US, Great Britain, France, and Japan to maintain the status quo in the South Pacific, that no countries could seek further territorial gain.

Five Power Treaty

1922 *Committed the US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy to restricting construction of new battleship class ships *Pact gave Japan naval supremacy in the Pacific

Nine-Power Treaty

1922. Treaty that was essentially a reinvention of the Open Door Policy. All members to allow equal and fair trading rights with China. Signed by (9) US, Japan, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal.

Scopes Monkey Trial

1925, the trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism

Herbert Clark Hoover

1929-1933

Nye Committee

1934. Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death."

Wagner Act

1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining

Rome-Berlin Axis

1936; close cooperation between Italy and Germany, and soon Japan joined; resulted from Hitler; who had supported Ethiopia and Italy, he overcame Mussolini's lingering doubts about the Nazis.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

1938 *Association of laborers from industries including steel and auto *Organized in reaction to the AFL, which represented primarily craft unions *Headed by John L. Lewis *Originally a committee within the AFL (1935) before becoming independent in 1938 *United with the AFL in 1955

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

1943 *Congress was concerned about the loss of production due to labor strikes *The Act authorized the federal government to seize and operate industries stopped by strikes

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

McCarran Internal Security Act

1950 - Required Communists to register and prohibited them from working for the government. Truman described it as a long step toward totalitarianism. Was a response to the onset of the Korean war.

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality

John F. Kennedy

1961-1963 president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war. President of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis

Food Stamp Act

1964. Expanded the federal program to help poor people buy food.

Barry Goldwater

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

1965 - Provided federal funding for primary and secondary education and was meant to improve the education of poor people. This was the first federal program to fund education.

Eugene McCarthy

1968 Democratic candidate for President who ran to succeed incumbent Lyndon Baines Johnson on an anti-war platform.

Fifth Amendment

A constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without due process of law.

Richard Nixon

1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign Vice President under Eisenhower and 37th President of the United States

War Powers Act

1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat. Act that grants emergency executive powers to president to run war effort

Bakke v. University of California

1978 Supreme Court ruling that limited affirmative action by rejecting a quota system.

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

Henry Street Settlement

1st public health nursing practice staffed by both nurses and social workers. (Due to Lillian Wald)

Bull Run

1st real battle, Confederate victory, Washingtonian spectators gather to watch battle, Gen. Jackson stands as Stonewall and turns tide of battle in favor of Confederates, realization that war is not going to be quick and easy for either side

James Fenimore Cooper

1st truly American novelist noted for his stories of Indians and the frontier life; man's relationship w/ nature & westward expansion

James Garfield

20th President His assassination highlighted the split in the Republican Party (Stalwarts & Half-Breeds) and the extent of the spoils system in politics...

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President; Republican, poor leader, introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War 1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

William H. Taft

27th President of the United States, the tenth Chief Justice of the United States, a leader of the progressive conservative wing of the Republican Party in the early 20th century, a pioneer in international arbitration and staunch advocate of world peace verging on pacifism, and scion of a leading political family, the Tafts, in Ohio. 27th US president, took over presidency after theodore Roosevelt, strengthened ICC, trust buster

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

The White majority

3/4 of southern white families owned no slaves in 1860 All the whites, even the ones looked down upon by slaves defended the slave system because of the American dream; they would soon have the money to buy a slave. The most wretched whites could take solace from the knowledge that they outranked someone.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

McKinley War Message

4 reasons fro war 1. "End Barbarities, bloodshed, starvation and horrible miseries" in Cuba 2. Protect lives & property of US citizens in Cuba 3. "end serious injury to commerce, trade and business of our people" 4. End "constant menace to our peace" arising from disorders in Cuba

Bill Clinton

42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached

Pearl Harbor

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Cotton is King

A phrase referring to the social, economic, and cultural importance of cotton the South.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Russo-Japanese War

A 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries' efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea War between Russia and Japan; Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control. (1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

Twenty-fifth Amendment

A 1967 amendment to the Constitution that establishes procedures for filling presidential and vice presidential vacancies and makes provisions for presidential disability.

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

Soviet Union (USSR)

A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.

Alabama (ship)

A Confederate commerce-raider that captured 60 U.S vessels before being sunk off the coast of France. The Confederates purchased warships from British shipyards and did serious damage to U.S merchant ships. After, Britain agreed to pay the U.S back for the damage caused by the commerce-raiders.

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

Robert F. Wagner

A Democratic senator from New York State from 1927-1949, he was responsible for the passage of some of the most important legislation enacted through the New Deal. The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 was popularly known as the Wagner Act in honor of the senator. He also played a major role in the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 and the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act of 1937.

Farmers' Alliance

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

Admiral de Grasse

A French admiral. He had a powerful fleet in the West Indies that he offered to Washington to help in an attack on Cornwallis at Yorktown.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

Pony Express

A Mail carrying service; ran from 1860-1861; was established to carry mail speedily along the 2000 miles from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California; they could make the trek in 10 days.

Toleration Act of 1649

A Maryland law that made restricting the religious rights of Christians a crime; the first law guaranteeing religious freedom to be passed in America

Hiawatha

A Mohawk leader who called members of five groups together forming the Iroquis Confederacy around 1570.

Cuban Revolt

A Nationalist-initiated conflict broke out in Cuba in 1895, the Spanish, remembering the lengthy Ten Years' War, sent 200,000 troops to Cuba. The Cuban insurrectos responded by wrecking Spanish property in hopes that the Spanish would leave, or at least hoping for US intervention (since the US had significant economic investment in Cuba). The insurrectos directed their destructive rampage at both sugar mills and sugar fields. In 1895, Cuban nationalists sabotaged and laid waste to Cuban plantations. Spain sent General Valeriano Weyler who put civilians into armed camps where many died.

Harry Hopkins

A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans.

Halfway Covenant (1662)

A Puritan compromise that allowed the unconverted children of Puritans who had fallen away from the church to become halfway members of the church. The Covenant allowed these halfway members to baptize their own children even though they themselves were not full members of the church because they had not experienced full conversion. Massachusetts ministers accepted this compromise and it signified a drop in the religious zeal or mission that had characterized Massachusetts in its change in the religious character of New England Society.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Thaddeus Stevens

A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.

Winslow Homer

A Realist painter known for his seascapes of New England.

William Faulkner (1897-1962)

A Rose for Emily

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Dred Scott

A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights.

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

John Jordan Crittenden

A Senator of Kentucky, that fathered two sons: one became a general in the Union Army, the other a general in the Confederate Army. He is responsible for the Crittenden Compromise. This augments the fact that the war was often between families, and its absurdity. Kentucky and other states were split up between the Union and Confederacy, and both in the North and South sent people to the other side. This makes it clear that the war is primarily over slavery.

American Colonization Society (1817)

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

Alamo

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

War Refugee Board (1944)

A United States agency formed to help rescue Jews from German-occupied territories and to provide relief to inmates of Nazi concentration camps. The agency performed noble work, but it did not begin operations until very late in the war, after millions had already been murdered.

George Dewey

A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Antietam

A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day.

Saratoga

A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.

Rationalism

A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

US-Japanese Security Treaty

A bilateral alliance between the United States and Japan, created in 1951 against the potential Soviet threat to Japan. The United States maintains troops in Japan and is committed to defend Japan if attacked, and Japan pays the United States to offset about half the cost of maintaining the troops.

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

A black nationalist organization founded in 1914 by the Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey in order to promote resettlement of African Americans to their "African homeland" and to stimulate a vigorous separate black economy within the United States.

Watergate Scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

Red Scare (1919-1920)

A brief wave of fear over the possible influence of Socialists/Bolsheviks in American life.

Congregational Church

A church grown out of the Puritan church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It was based on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves

Baby Boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

The federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

James Otis

A colonial lawyer who defended (usually for free) colonial merchants who were accused of smuggling. Argued against the writs of assistance and the Stamp Act.

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Closed Shop

A company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be a condition of employment.

open shop

A company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment.

Geneva Conference

A conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam.

Havanna Conference

A conference held in Cuba in 1940. U.S. agreed to share (with its neighbors) the responsibility of protecting the Monroe Doctrine.

Whittaker Chambers

A confessed Communist and a star witness for the HUAC in 1948 when he testified against Alger Hiss.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Sixth Amendment

A constitutional amendment designed to protect individuals accused of crimes. It includes the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to a speedy and public trial.

A convention of Demigods

A convention called in Annapolis, Maryland to address Articles' inability to regulate commerce. On May 25, 1787 55 delegates from 12 states met to revise it. The delegates then decided to create a new Constitution.

writ of habeas corpus

A court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody.

Modernism

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

Francis E. Townsend

A doctor and critic of FDR's who proposed that everyone 60 years of age or older should get $200 a month as long as they spent it within 30 days.

The association

A document produced by the Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods. This included non-importation, non-exportation and non-consumption. It was the closest approach to a written constitution yet from the colonies. It was hoped to bring back the days before Parliamentary taxation. Those who violated The Association in America were tarred and feathered

Southern Manifesto (1956)

A document that repudiated the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education and supported the campaign against racial integration in public places

Peculiar Institution

A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War.

Medicare

A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

A feminist who published "Women + economics." ; called upon women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy; wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper"

Big Sister Policy

A foreign policy of Secretary of State James G. Blaine aimed at rallying Latin American nations behind American leadership and opening Latin American markets to Yankee traders. The policy bore fruit in 1889, when Blaine presided over the First International Conference of American States.

limited liability

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.

Liberty Party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848

Crispus Attucks

A free black man who was the first person killed in the Revolution at the Boston Massacre.

George B. McClellan

A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Daniel Webster (1782-1852)

A great American orator. He gave several important speeches, first as a lawyer, then as a Congressman. He was a major representative of the North in pre-Civil War Senate debates, just as Sen. John C. Calhoun was the representative of the South in that time.

Radical Whigs

A group of British political commentators. They were very nervous about the power of Parliament and the arbitrary powers of the monarch. They warned the colonists to be always on the lookout for a violation of their rights.

trust

A group of corporations run by a single board of directors

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Tweed Ring

A group of people in New York City who worked with and for Burly "Boss" Tweed. He was a crooked politician and money maker. The ring supported all of his deeds. The New York Times finally found evidence to jail Tweed. Without Tweed the ring did not last. These people, the "Bosses" of the political machines, were very common in America for that time A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, "Boss" Tweed and his deputies ran the New York City Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying. Boss Tweed was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars.

Mugwumps

A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.

Oneida Community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

Canadian Shield

A huge, rocky region that curves around Hudson Bay like a giant horseshoe. The Shield covers half the land area of Canada.

Gettysburg

A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. The battle is named after the town on the battlefield. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Gettysburg is the war's most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. (AL) 1863 (meade and lee), July 1-3, 1863, turning point in war, Union victory, most deadly battle

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

Mary McLeod Bethune

A leader in the struggle for women's and black equality. She founded a school for black students that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University. She also served as an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans (1875-1955)

Samual Adams

A leader of Boston Sons of Liberty who urged the colonists to continue to resist British controls.

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote

William Dean Howells

A leading late nineteenth-century literary realist and influential critic, his works described both the genteel, middle-class world he knew and the whole range of metropolitan life (considered prolems industrialization and unequal wealth. "Silas Lapham," his masterpiece, dealt with the ethical conflicts inherent in a competitive society.

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

Tarrif

A list of taxes on imports and exports

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Hartford Convention (1814)

A meeting of Federalist delegates from New England inspired by Federalist opposition to the War of 1812;contributed to the death of the Federalist Party during the "Era of Good Feelings"

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Stamp Act Congress (1765)

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Richard Henry Lee

A member of the Philadelphia Congress during the late 1770's. On June 7, 1776 he declared, "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." This resolution was the start of the Declaration of Independence and end to British relations.

McNary-Haugen Bill

A plan to rehabilitate American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products *Effects of the protective tariff and burdens of debt and taxation had created a serious agricultural depression and grew steadily worse

National Women's Party

A militant feminist group led by Alice Paul that argued the Nineteenth Amendment was not adequate enough to protect women's rights. They believed they needed a more constitutional amendment that would clearly provide legal protection of their rights and prohibit sex-based discrimination.

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Stephen Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser

A modern, urban novel about a young country girl from Wisconsin named Caroline who moves to Chicago where she is trying to realize her American dream. First she was a mistress to men she perceived as powerful or superior and later becomes a famous actress.

The age of reason

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Transcentalism

A movement that sought to explore the relationship between humans and nature through emotions rather than through reason

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

A new tariff proposed by Henry Clay & John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816; avoided civil war & prolonged the union for another 30 years.

North Star Newspaper

A newspaper was written by Fredrick Douglass expressing his thoughts and ideas about slavery and trying to influence people's opinions and persuade them to change their minds about slavery.

Doughboys

A nickname for the inexperienced but fresh American soldiers during WWI

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

South Carolina Exposition

A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, written by John C. Calhoun. It spoke against the "Tariff of Abominations," and proposed nullification of the tariff. Calhoun wished to use nullification to prevent secession, yet address the grievances of sectionalist Southerners. These sectionalist ideas helped lead to the Civil War.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Red Scare

A period of general fear of communists

Transportation Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation.

Doughface

A person from the North who has Southern sympathies. Example- James Buchanan.

lame duck

A person still in office after he or she has lost a bid for reelection

Pragatism

A philosophical school of thought in late- 1800s america that stress that we should do what logically works best

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Free Soil Party

A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.

Francisco "Pancho" Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. (819)

Initiative

A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Archibald Cox

A professor of Harvard law school who also worked with the Department of Labor. He was the appointed Special Prosecutor over the Watergate case.

Hubert Humphrey

A prominent liberal senator from Minnesota dedicated to the promotion of civil rights, he served as Johnson's vice-president from 1964-68 and ran an unsuccessful personal campaign for the presidency in 1968.

Robert M. La Follette

A proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and the League of Nations. He ran for President as the nominee of his own Progressive Party in 1924. progressive wisconsin govenor whose adgenda of reforms was known as the wisconsin idea

William Walker

A proslavery American adventurer from the South, he led an expedition to seize control on Nicaragua in 1855. He wanted to petition for annexation it as a new slave state but failed when several Latin American countries sent troops to oust him before the offer was made.

Tariff of 1842

A protective tariff signed by President John Tyler, it raised the general level of duties to about where they had been before the Compromise Tariff of 1833. Also banned pornography by increasing its cost. Protective measure passed by Congressional Whigs, raising tariffs to pre-Compromise of 1833 rates.

Credibility Gap

A public distrust of statements made by the government

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

Union Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act

A relief effort which provided mortgage foreclosures for 5 years. It was later denied by the Supreme Court (1934)

Tennessee Valley Authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Confederate States of America

A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States

Albert B. Fall (1861-1944)

A scheming conservationist who served as Secretary of the Interior under Warren G. Harding, He was one of the key players in the notorious Teapot Dome scandal.

Molly Maguires

A secret Irish organization of coal miners in regions of western Pennsylvania and West Virgina in the mid to late 1800's. The miners worked together to achieve better working conditions, and when demands weren't met, they protested by destroying mining equipment and other activities. They were eventually brought down by a Pinkerton detective, and some alleged members had trials and were hanged.

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Nazi-Soviet Pact

A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

Wilderness Campaign

A series of brutal clashes between Ulysses S. Grant's and Robert E. Lee's armies in Virginia, leading up to Grant's capture of Richmond in April of 1865. Having lost Richmond, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

A series of seven debates for US Senate in Illinois between Lincoln (R) and Senator Douglas (D). The debates previewed the issues that Lincoln would face in the aftermath of his victory in the 1860 presidential election. The main issue discussed in all seven debates was slavery as it related to popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won election, but Lincoln's fine showing made him a national figure and helped him win Republican nomination in 1860

London Economic Conference

A sixty-nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. By Roosevelt revoking U.S. participation, there was a deeper world economic crisis.

Sally Hemings

A slave who was owned by Thomas Jefferson. Based on recent evidence from DNA and from the timing of Jefferson's visits to Monticello, most scholars now think it probable that Jefferson, a widower, was the father of one and possibly more of her four surviving children.

Four Freedoms Speech

A speech by FDR that outlined the four principles of freedom (speech, religion, from want, and from fear) This helped inspire Americans into patriotism.

Pullman Strike (1894)

A staged walkout strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened because it was interfering with mail delivery and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's continuing willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages.

Wall Street

A street in New York City famous for being the location of the New York stock exchange

San Jacinto

A surprise attack by Texas forces on Santa Ana's camp on April 21, 1836. Santa Ana's men were surprised and overrun in twenty minutes. Santa Ana was taken prisoner and signed an armistice securing Texas independence. Mexicans - 1,500 dead, 1,000 captured. Texans - 4 dead.

Head right system

A system inaugurated by Sir Edwin Sandys, head of the Virginia Company. The "head right" policy gave anyone who bought a share in the company and could afford to get to Virginia, fifty acres, and fifty more for any additional servants they brought.

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Absolute Monarchy

A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.

fourth party system

A term scholars have used to describe national politics from 1896-1932, when Republicans had a tight grip on the White House and issues like industrial regulation and labor concerns became paramount, replacing older concerns like civil service reform and monetary policy.

Pet Banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

Zambo

A term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonists to describe someone of African or American Indian ancestry.

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Grenada

A tiny Caribbean island seized by a radical military council in 1983, which Reagan ordered the U.S. military to reclaim-a quick action that made him appear decisive and gained much popular support from both Americans and Grenadans.

Prohibition

A total ban on the sale and consumption of alcohol

Casablanca Conference

A wartime conference held at Casablanca, Morocco that was attended by de Gaulle, Churchill, and FDR. The Allies demanded the unconditional surrender of the axis, agreed to aid the Soviets, agreed on the invasion Italy, and the joint leadership of the Free French by De Gaulle and Giraud.

Francis Scott Key

A washington lawyer who watched the all-night battle at Fort McHenry and showed his pride by writing what became the national anthem

Helen Hunt Jackson

A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. For example the government wanted Native Americans to assimilate, i.e. give up their beliefs and ways of life, that way to become part of the white culture. United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans (1830-1885)

Washington Conference of 1921

A. attempted to prevent a global naval arms race. 1921 - president harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence Conference of the major powers to reduce naval armaments among Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, and the United States

Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President.

Immigration Act of 1965

Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

American Expeditionary Force

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals

Rail Splitter

Abraham Lincoln

Quartering Act of 1765

Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.

Taft-Hartley Act

Act passed in 1947 that put increased restrictions on labor unions. Also, it allowed states to pass "right to work" laws: prohibited "union" shop (= workers must join union after being hired). It also prohibited secondary boycotts and established that the President has power to issue injections in strikes that endangered national health & safety ("cooling off" period) Act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA)

Wheeler-Howard Act (1934)

Act passed on June 18, 1934. Significant because US policy became one of self-determination rather than assimilation for Native Americans. One of the important effects of this act was to allow the tribes to create their own governments on the reservations

Norris-LaGuardia Act

Act that guarantees workers' right to organize and restricts issuance of court injunctions against nonviolent union activity such as strikes, picketing, and boycotts.

Alien Laws (1798)

Acts passed by a Federalist Congress raising the residency requirement for citizenship to fourteen years and granting the president the power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace.

David G Farragut

Admiral of the Union Navy during the Civil War. Led the daring attack on New Orleans the led to the Union's control of the Mississippi River.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).

Olive Branch Petition (1775)

Adopted by the Continental Congress in an attempt to avoid a full-blown war with Great Britain. *Provisions:* Affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated the king to prevent further conflict. *Historical Significance:* Rejected and the colonies were formally declared in rebellion.

Dr. Francis Townsend

Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month.

George Washington Carver

African American farmer and food scientist. His research improved farming in the South by developing new products using peanuts.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Langston Hughes (1902-1967)

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Vodun

African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti.

nonimportation agreements

Agreements not to import goods from Great Britain. They were designed to put pressure on the British economy and force the repeal of unpopular parliamentary acts.

Robert R. Livingston (1746-1813)

American statesman who served as minister to France from 1801-1804 and negotiated the purchase of Louisiana Territory in 1803.

Great Rapprochement

After decades of occasionally "twisting the lion's tail," American diplomats began to cultivate close, cordial relations with Great Britain at the end of the nineteenth century—a relationship that would intensify further during World War I.

mining industry

After gold and silver strikes in Colorado, Nevada, and other Western territories in the second half of the nineteenth century, fortune seekers by the thousands rushed to the West to dig. These metals were essential to U.S. industrial growth and were also sold into world markets. After surface metals were removed, people sought ways to extract ore from underground, leading to the development of heavy mining machinery. This, in turn, led to the consolidation of the mining industry, because only big companies could afford to buy and build the necessary machines.

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Causes of WWII

Aggression (Italy, Germany, Japan), and Appeasement Nationalism, Failure of Treaty of Versailles, weakeness of Leauge of Nations

Franco-American Alliance of 1778

Agreement by France to fund American military aids and loans to American colonies to the tune of $54 million dollars. The French were keen on seeing the British lose territory as they had in the French and Indian War. bound the United States to help the French defend their West Indies.

Nine-Power Treaty (1922)

Agreement coming out of the Washington "Disarmament" Conference of 1921-1922 that pledged Britain, France, Italy, Japan, the United States, China, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Belgium to abide by the Open Door Policy in China. The Five-Power Naval Treaty on ship ratios and the Four-Power Treaty to preserve the status quo in the Pacific also came out of the conference.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States (1819) Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)

Gentlemen's Agreement

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them 1907 agreement between the United States and Japan that restricted Japanese immigration

Convention of 1800

Agreement which freed America from its alliance with France, forgave French $20 million in damages and resulted in Adams' losing a second term as president A conference between the U.S. and France which ended the naval hostilities.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)

Tripolitan War (1801-1805)

Also called the Barbary Wars, this was a series of naval engagements launched by President Jefferson in an effort to stop the attacks on American merchant ships by the Barbary pirates. The war was inconclusive, afterwards, the U.S. paid a tribute to the Barbary states to protect their ships from pirate attacks.

Aztecs

Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.

Hayes-Tilden Compromise

Also known as the Compromise of 1877, it resolved the disputed presidential election of 1876, giving Republican Hayes the presidency in exchange for removing troops from the South and ending reconstruction A compromise struck between Republicans and Democrats in 1876 that ended Reconstruction.

Immigration Act of 1924

Also known as the Johnson-Reed Act. Federal law limiting the number of immigrants that could be admitted from any country to 2% of the amount of people from that country who were already living in the U.S. as of the census of 1890.

Vietnam War, 1969-1973 (Nixon Administration)

Although President Nixon increased the bombing of Vietnam and launched invasions of Laos and Cambodia, he also decided to withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam.

Annexation of Hawaii (1898)

Although independent, Hawaii already had close economic ties with the U.S. in the late 19th century, and its economy was dominated by American-owned sugar plantations that employed native islanders and Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino laborers. In 1893, a group of American planters organized a rebellion that overthrew the Hawaii government of Queen Liliuokalani, and in 1898, the U.S. annexed the Hawaiian island, reflecting its growing empire during the Age of Imperialism.

Fredericksburg

Ambrose Burnside led the Union toward Richmond and marched into waiting Confederate troops who shot them down as they marched. Horrible defeat for the Union.

Benedict Arnold

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

Grant Wood

American Gothic

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

Theodore Dwight Weld

American abolitionist whose pamphlet Slavery As It Is (1839) inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Ngo Dinh Diem

American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963.

John Trumbull

American artist and painter who painted four panels in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington: The Declaration of Independence, The Surrender of General Burgoyne, Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, and The Resignation of General Washington.

Cyrus Field

American businessman who laid the first telegraph wire across the Atlantic. This cut down the time it took for a message to be sent from Europe to American and vice-versa.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

Nicholas P. Trist (1800-1874)

American diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, ending the Mexican-American War and acquiring a vast secession of territory from Mexico.

Walter Reed

American doctor who led the medical efforts to conquer yellow fever during U. S. occupation of Cuba

Charles Francis Adams

American envoy whose shrewd diplomacy helped keep Britain neutral during the Civil War Minister to Great Britain during the Civil War, he wanted to keep Britain from entering the war on the side of the South.

William C. Gorgas

American expert on tropical diseases, who solved the malaria problem in Panama

John Jacob Astor

American fur trader and financier, he founded the fur-trading post of Astoria and the American fur company

Nathanael Greene

American general who commanded the Continental army in the South

Iran Hostage Crisis (1979)

American hostages taken by US hating Shiites upon Shah's flight from uprising, botched rescue attempts

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Jim Bowie

American killed while fighting at the Battle of the Alamo during the Texas War for Independence

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

John C. Fremont

American military officer, explorer, the 1st candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the US & 1st presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery; founded & explored CA in preceding decades; "Pathfinder"- mapped Oregon Trail; 1845 report on explorations encouraged westward movement Republican presidential candidate in 1856 an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

John Paul Jones

American naval commander in the American Revolution (1747-1792) said " I have not yet begun to fight."

Matthew Perry

American naval commander who opened Japan to the West in 1854 A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus brining western influence to Japan while showing American might. commodore of the US Navy who opened up Japan with the Treaty of Kanagawa

John Singleton Copley

American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution (1738-1815)

Paul Revere

American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)

Open Door Policy

American statement that the government did not want colonies in China, but favored free trade there A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

Gertrude Stein

American writer of experimental novels, poetry, essays, operas, and plays. In Paris during the 1920s she was a central member of a group of American expatriates that included Ernest Hemingway. Her works include Three Lives (1908), Tender Buttons (1914), and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933).

Washington Irving

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).

Henry James

American writer who lived in England. Wrote numerous novels around the theme of the conflict between American innocence and European sophistication/corruption, with an emphasis on the psychological motivations of the characters. Famous for his novel Washington Square and his short story "The Turn of the Screw."

Nativists

Americans who feared that immigrants would take jobs and impose their Roman Catholic beliefs on society

Women's Rights Convention

An 1848 gathering of women angered by their exclusion from an international antislavery meeting. They met at Seneca Falls, New York, to discuss women's rights.

Phillis Wheatly (1754-1784)

An African domestic in the colonies, and a well-known colonial poet. Her poetry was ornate and elaborate.

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.

Caroline

An American steamer that was attacked by the British while it was carrying supplies to the insurgents across the Niagera River. It was set on fire and sank short of Niagara Falls.

Johnathan Edwards

An American theologian and congregational clergyman whose sermons stirred the religious revival (Great Awakening); known for sinners in the hands of an angry god sermon.

Benjamin West

An Anglo-American self-taught painter of historical scenes around and after the time of the American Revolution, West also painted the royal family of King George III and co-founded the Royal Academy of Arts

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Pope's Rebellion

An Indian uprising in 1680 where pueblo rebels in an attempt to resist catholicism and Europeans all together destroyed every catholic church in the province and killed scores of priests and hundreds of spanish settlers.

Giovanni de Verranzo

An Italian explorer dispatched by the French king in 1524 to probe the eastern seaboard of U.S.

Voyagers

An adventurer who journeyed by canoe from Montréal to the interior to trade with Indians for furs.

Florence Kelley

An advocate for improving the lives of women and children. (Social Welfare). She was appointed chief inspector of factories in Illinois. She helped win passage of the Illinois factory act in 1893 which prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours. reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers

ABC-1 Agreement

An agreement between Britain and the United States developed at a conference in Washington, D.C., between January 29-March 27, 1941, that should the United States enter World War II, the two nations and their allies would coordinate their military planning, making a priority of protecting the British Commonwealth. That would mean "getting Germany first" in the Atlantic and the European theater and fighting more defensively on other military fronts.

Olaudah Equiano

An antislavery activist who wrote a famous account of his enslavement.

Dawes Plan (1924)

An arrangement negotiated in 1924 to reschedule German reparations payments. It stabilized the German currency and opened the way for further American private loans to Germany. This loan program was crafted to give money to Germany so that they could pay war reparations and lessen the financial crisis in Europe; the program ended with the 1929 stock market crash.

Tampico Incident (1914)

An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Woodrow Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Veracruz in April 1914. Although war was avoided, tensions grew between the United States and Mexico.

Fair Deal

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

supply-side economics

An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.

John T. Scopes

An educator in Tennessee who was arrested for teaching evolution. This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs the Modernist. The trial placed a negative image on fundamentalists, and it showed a changing America.

Charles Grandison Finney

An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.

Specie Circular (1836)

An executive order issued by Andrew Jackson requiring payment for government land to be in gold and silver. *Historical Significance:* Led to inflation and rising prices; blamed for the *Panic of 1837*.

"waving the bloody shirt"

An expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats. The use of Civil War imagery by political candidates and parties to draw votes to their side of the ticket.

Mark Hanna

An industrialist and Republican politician from Ohio. The campaign manager of McKinley in the 1896, in what is considered the forerunner of the modern political campaign, and subsequently became one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Senate.

The Bankers' Bank

An institution owned by Depository Financial Institutions that typically provides correspondent services, including check clearing and settlement services, to its owners and other banks.

XYZ Affair

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand. A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, joined Venezuela to form this

American Protective Association

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration

Southern Leadership Conference

An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation.

American Temperance Society

An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.

Incas

Ancient civilization (1200-1500AD) that was located in the Andes in Peru

Old Hickory

Andrew Jackson's nickname

Second War for American Independence

Another name for the War of 1812

Conscience Whigs

Anti-slavery whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds.

Chester A. Arthur

Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.

General Gamal Abdel Nasser

Arab nationalist who demanded that Britain give up control of the Suez Canal. Wanted to collect $25 million in annual profits from tolls. Also wanted to build a dam on the Nile River to provide electric power and irrigation water for farms. Nationalized Suez Canal, taking it away from the foreign controlled Suez Canal Company.

Lyceum

Aristotle's school

Paxton Boys (1764)

Armed march on Philadelphia by Scotts-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans.

Shay's Rebellion (1786)

Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries. This MA conflict caused criticism of the Articles of Confederation; weak govt; increased calls for a Constitutional Convention to revise the Articles

Meriwether Lewis

Army captain appointed by President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory and lands west to the Pacific Ocean

J.P. Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Huey Long

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

Safety Valve Theory

As the pop. Of US begins to increase there has always been a way to release pop. Pressure: West has always acted as a safety valve; by 1890 valve was gone... no more frontier

John Wilkes Booth

Assassinated Abraham Lincoln

Harvey Oswald

Assassinated JFK

Ethiopia 1935

Attacked by Italy (Mussolini), seeking power and glory in Africa

Palmer Raids, 1920

Attorney General Palmer's campaign to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the US. Occurred in November 1919 and January 1920 as more than 500 foreign citizens were deported, including a number of leftist leaders. U.S. Department of Labor objected the Palmer's methods. The Palmer Raids occurred in the larger context of the First Red Scare that had begun in response to the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and was used by US businesses and conservatives as a weapon to attack unions and the left.

Richard Olney

Attorney General of the U.S., he obtained an active injunction that state union members couldn't stop the movement of trains. He moved troops in to stop the Pullman strike.

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Alfred T. Mahan

Author who argued in 1890 that the economic future of the United States rested on new overseas markets protected by a larger navy. Wrote "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History"

Henry Kissinger

Awarded 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping to end Vietnam War and withdrawing American forces. Heavily involved in South American politics as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State. Condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and facism from spreading throughout South America. The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

Geroge Canning

British Foreign sectritary went to the american minister in london and ask if the united states wanted to join with britain.

Lend-Lease Bill (1941)

Based on the motto, "Send guns, not sons," this law abandoned former pretenses of neutrality by allowing Americans to sell unlimited supplies of arms to any nation defending itself against the Axis Powers. Patriotically numbered 1776, the bill was praised as a device for keeping the nation out of World War II.

Bank War (1832)

Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal in 1832. Jackson vetoed the Bank Bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers.

Chateau-Thierry

Battle where Americans saw their first serious action; helped turn back a German offensive on the Marne River in June 1918

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

Second New Deal, 1935

Began in 1935 after the midterm congressional elections in 1934 which further expanded Democratic majorities in Congress thus giving FDR a mandate to go further with the New Deal. Created Works Progress Administration which put over 3 million people to work paid by the government among many other programs. Most important legacies: Social Security & Wagner Act

Panic of 1857

Began with the failure of the Ohio Life Insurance Company and spread to the urban east. The depression affected the industrial east and the wheat belt more than the South. Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads

War of Jenkin's Ear (1739-1743)

Britain v.s. Spain over Georgia and trading rights. Battles in the Caribbean and Florida/Georgia border. (War's name came from a British captain named Jenkin, whose ear was cut off by the Spanish.)

Allies

Britain, France, and Russia- Later joined by Italy

Arminianism

Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election.

Antinomianism

Belief that the elect need not obey the law of either God or man; most notably espoused in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson.

Dulles Diplomacy

Believed that if the US pushed commies to the brink of war, they would back down because of America's nuclear superiority. "brinkmanship" Ike's Secretary of State - a staunch anti-communist who viewed compromise as immoral

Poor Richard's Almanac

Benjamin Franklin's highly popular collection of information, parables, and advice

Peter Cartwright

Best known of the Methodist "circuit riders" (traveling frontier preachers). Sinewy servant of the Lord ranged for half-century from Tennessee to Illinois, calling upon sinners to repent.

Dawes Severalty Act

Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes

H. Ross Perot

Billionaire Texas businessman, best remembered for running for President in 1992 and 1996 under Independent Party banner.

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

Up From Slavery

Booker T. Washington's autobiography

Noah Webster

Born in Connecticut. Educated at Yale. Lived 1758-1843. Called "Schoolmaster of the Republic." Wrote reading primers and texts for school use. He was most famous for his dictionary, first published in 1828, which standardized the English language in America.

Iron Cutain

Boundary separating communist nations in Eastern Europe from Democratic nations to Western Europe.

The Mormon Moses

Brigham Young

West Africa Squadron

British Royal Navy force formed to enforce the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. It intercepted hundreds of slave ships and freed thousands of Africans.

Salutary Neglect

British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. Relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureacrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government

Admiralty Courts

British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judges without a jury.

General John Burgoyne

British general appointed by King George III to crush the rebel forces; 1777, subordinate of Howe, lead invading force down Hudson from Canada to Alabany; was present at the Battle of Saratoga and Battle of Yorktown

Isaac Brock

British general known for his brilliant defensive tactics, captured Detroit in the War of 1812. Killed by American sharpshooters at the Battle of Queenston Heights.

General Charles Cornwallis

British general who fought the Patriots in the south; surrounded at Yorktown and surrendered to George Washington

General Cornwallis

British general who surrendered at Yorktown

Thomas Hutchinson

British governor of Massachusetts whose stubborn policies helped provoke the Boston Tea Party

Orders in Council

British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods.

Sir Walter Scott

British novelist whose romantic vision of a feudal society made him highly popular in the South

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

William Wilberforce

British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807.

Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)

Civil War veterans' organization that became a potent political bulwark of the Republican party in the late nineteenth century who always reminded voters that their party had led the nation during the Civil War a fraternal organization composed of veterans of the Union Army who had served in the American Civil War

Holding Companies

Companies that hold a majority of another company's stock in order to control the management of that company. Can be used to establish a monopoly.

Division of Vietnam

By the terms of the Geneva Convention, Vietnam would be temporarily divided at the 17 parallel until a general election could be held. A prolonged war (1954-1975) occurred between the Communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. (p. 583)

Taxpayers revolt (1978)

CA voters led a revolt against high taxes by passing proposition 13, a measure that sharply cut property taxes. Conservatives promoted Arther Laffer's belief that tax cuts would promote economic growth.

Responsorial

Call and response style of preaching that melded Christian and African traditions. Practiced by African slaves in the South.

Rohde Island

Called the sewer State

Silent Cal

Calvin Coolidge

William J. Fetterman

Captain whose troops were ambushed and massacred in the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming by the Sioux Indians, who were opposed to the construction of the Bozeman Trail.

Fall of Saigon (1975)

Capture of South Vietnamese capital that marked the end of the Vietnam War (April 30, 1975)

General Richard Montgomery

Captured Montreal, and joined at Quebec by Benedict Arnold. This former British army general was killed, Arnold wounded. French-Canadian leaders who had been generously treated by the British in the Quebec Act of 1774 showed no real desire to welcome the plundering anti-Catholic invaders.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

Bank of the United States (1791)

Chartered by Congress as part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasury funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonian Republicans, who argued that the bank was unconstitutional. Charted for 20 years and a capital of 10 million, 1/5 owned by the government.

5 civilized tribes

Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole

Black Hawk War

Chief Black Hawk of Sauk tribe, led rebellion against US; started in Illinois and spread to Wisconsin Territory; 200 Sauk and Fox ppl murdered; tribes removed to areas west of Mississippi

Robert B. Taney

Chief Justice who wrote that Dred Scott was not a free man

Little Turtle

Chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance that raided U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. He was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. Later, he became an advocate for peace

Mormons

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT

Kim Il Sung

Communist leader of North Korea; his attack on South Korea in 1950 started the Korean War. He remained in power until 1994.

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam

Bank issue

Clay and Webster believed the Bank had popular support and an attempt by Jackson to veto the charter would lead to his defeat, Jackson did veto the bill

Immortal Trio

Clay, Calhoun, and Webster

Lord De La Warr (1577-1618)

Colonial governor who imposed harsh military rule over Jamestown after taking over in 1610

Proprietary Colonies

Colonies in which the proprietors (who had obtained their patents from the king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval.

Royal Colonies

Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the King. Though often competent administrators, the governors frequently ran into trouble with colonial legislatures, which resented the imposition of control from across the Atlantic.

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

General Edward Braddock

Commanded forces sent by Great Britain to support American colonists; defeated and killed by French and Indian troops

Uylsses S. Grant

Commander of Union army, led western campaign, won battles of Vicksburg and Richmond (Petersburg), total war, later president Union General hired by Lincoln to replace General McClellan; took many risks; led the Union to victory in the battle of Gettysburg as well as the American Civil War Union general whose troops won several important battles on southern soil

General James Wolfe

Commander of a British fleet sailed to Quebec and defeated French Troops that were defending the city, British seized Quebec and took control of New France. He died in the battle and became a hero of English military.

Committees of Correspondence

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

compromise of 1877

Compromise that enables Hayes to take office in return for the end of Reconstruction Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

George Pickett

Confederate general who fought at Gettysburg

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Nez Perce War

Conflict between the Nez Perce & the US gov't Chief Joseph finally agrees to surrender & relocate to reservation

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

Foraker Act of 1900

Congress accorded the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular gov't and in 1917, granted then US citizenship. Worked wonders in education, sanitation, transportation, + more

Twenty-Seventh Amendment

Congress can't give itself a pay raise.

First Amendment

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)

Congressional measure making credit available to farmers at low rates of interest

Spot Resolutions

Congressman Abraham Lincoln supported a proposition to find the exact spot where American troops were fired upon, suspecting that they had illegally crossed into Mexican territory.

Cordell Hull

Congressman from Tennessee, he became the Secretary of State under FDR and served in that position longer than anyone in American history. He is often called the "Father of the United Nations." He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945. FDR's secretary of state, who promoted reciprocal trade agreements, especially with Latin America

Minstrel Shows

Consisted of white actors in blackface. Consisted of comedy routines, dances, and instrumental solos. While today this is seen as racist, it does speak to the profound effect African American music had on American music

ERA (Equal Rights Amendment)

Constitutional amendment passed by Congress in 1972 that would require equal treatment of men and women under federal and state law. Facing fierce opposition from the New Right and the Republican Party, the ERA was defeated as time ran out for state ratification in 1982.

The three C's of the Square Deal

Consumer protection Control of the corporations Conservation of natural resources

Second Continental Congress

Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.

Hartford Convention (1814-1815)

Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House.

Satellite States in Eastern Europe

Countries in Eastern Europe that were independent but became politically and economically influenced/dependent on the Soviet Union. Also known as the Eastern Bloc.

Enviromental Protection Agency

Covers air and water pollution, noise, pesticides, solid waste, radiation and toxic substances.

Dominon of New England

Created by royal authority. bolstered colonial defense, enforsed navagation laws (1686)

CWA (Civil Works Administration)

Created manual labor jobs for millions of unemployed workers

John Cotton

Criticized the Church of England, fled to Massachusetts Bay Colony, defended government's duty to enforce religious rules

Insurrectos

Cuban insurgents who sought freedom from colonial Spanish rule. Their destructive tactics threatened American economic interests in Cuban plantations and railroads.

International Darwinism

Darwin's concept of the survival of the fittest was applied not only to competition in the business world but also to competition among nations. Therefore, in the international arena, the US had to demonstrate its strength by acquiring territories overseas, a sort of continuing of the manifest destiny

Treaty of Peace

December 10 1898 it provided for 1, the recognition of cuban independence and 2, the US acquisition of two spanish islands (Puerto rico and Guam) and 3 the US Acquisition of of the Philippines in return for payment to spain of 20 million dollars.

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Teheran

December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace.

Freeport Doctrine (1858)

Declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it, territorial legislatures, not the Supreme Court, would have the final say on the slavery question. First argued by Stephen Douglas in 1858 in response to Abraham Lincoln's "Freeport question."

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

Declared that the U.S. would remain neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain and threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war.

Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918)

Declared the Keating-Owen Act (a child labor act) unconstitutional on the grounds that it was an invasion of state authority.

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

President Jefferson

Dem-Rep; election was decided by House after tie in EC vote; some feared revolution would shift when power shifted from Federalists to DRs but it was peaceful; pardoned all those convicted under Alien & Sedition Acts Wanted a limited central government. Reelected president during the war of 1812 He believed in a less aristocratic presidency. He wanted to reduce federal spending and government interference in everyday life. He was a Democratic-Republican (originally an Anti- Federalist), so he believed in strict interpretation of the Constitution. he also dressed like a sloppy man. Like an evil twin he had to repeal a lot of acts that he supported

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)

Democratic Domestic Affairs: Spoils system in appt's Indian Removal Worcester v Georgia Trail of Tears Rejection of American System Eaton Affair Tariff/Nullification crisis Compromise of 1833 Force Bill Take down of the Bank Kitchen Cabinet Peggy Eaton Whigs Bank War—Pet Banks Foreign Affairs: Near conflict with France over Napoleonic debts Butler incident Texan independence Tariff of Abominations

Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)

Democratic Domestic Affairs: Panic of 1837 Continued Jackson's policy of Indian Removal Specie Circular—hard currency Aroostook War Foreign Affairs: Opposed annexation of Texas Webster-Ashburton Treaty the little magician

Samuel Tilden

Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century. A political reformer, he was a Bourbon Democrat who worked closely with the New York City business community, led the fight against the corruption of Tammany Hall, and fought to keep taxes low

General Lewis Cass

Democratic candidate in 1848; he was a veteran of the War of 1812, a senator and diplomat who was somewhat pompous. He was the reputed father of "popular sovereignty". He ended up losing to Taylor.

John W. Davis

Democratic convention nominee in 1924 against Coolidge. He was a wealthy lawyer connected with J.P. Morgan and Company. Coolidge easily defeated Davis.

William Jefferson Clinton

Democratic president (1993-2001) whose two-term presidency witnessed rapid economic growth but also a sexual scandal that fueled an impeachment effort, which he survived.

war hawks (1811-1812)

Democratic-Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from the South and West, the war hawks resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier.

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Massachusetts

Founded by: Puritans Year: 1628 1775 Status: Royal

Insular Cases

Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)

Dictator who headed Germany's Nazi Party, 1933-1945

John Slidell

Diplomat sent by Polk to Mexico to buy California; he was denied access, leading to Mexican War. Sent by Polk to Mexico to negotiate Texas independence and purchase of California and New Mexico - was ignored by Mexican Government A diplomat sent by Polk to buy California, New Mexico, and Texas from the Mexicans. Mexico rejected his offer and Polk sent Taylor's army into Mexico 25 milion max

Trent Affair (1861)

Diplomatic row that threatened to bring the British into the Civil War on the side of the Confederacy, after a Union warship stopped a British steamer and arrested two Confederate diplomats on board.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

Directed the Treasury to buy even larger amounts of silver that the Bland-Allison Act and at inflated prices. The introduction of large quantities of overvalued silver into the economy led to a run on the federal gold reserves, leading to the Panic of 1893. Repealed in 1893.

Truman vs. MacArthur

Dispute between MacArthur and Truman; MacArthur wanted to expand war to China maniland but Truman was all like "We have to limit war man because I fear that this would lead to a WWIII". MacArthur was fired because of public disagreement with Truman's war policy ---> reflection of policy difference between Eurocentrists ("he who controls Europe is well on his way toward controlling the whole world") VS Asianist; origins of containment vs "rollback" anti- Communist U.S. foreign policy

Venezuelan Boundary Dispute

Dispute between the U.S. and Britain involving the point at which the Venezuela / Columbia border was drawn. Britain eventually won the dispute. (GC2) 1895, Guiana and Venezula in conflict with each other (discovery of gold), Cleveland called for arbitration, The US determined to enforce the Monroe Doctrine by itself, without relying on the British (got most of the land) navy.

38th Parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

Drawn up after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The 12 local Indian tribes gave the Americans the Ohio Valley territory in exchange for a reservation and $10,000.

James J. Hill

Driving force of the Gr. Northern Railway , Became a Shipping Agent For Winnipeg Merchants Nicknamed the "Empire Builder"

Plymouth

Founded by: Separaists Year: 1630 1775 Status: Merged with Mass

Nixon Doctrine

During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.

Reorginzation Plan No. 3 (1970)

Established Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Emma Willard (1787-1870)

Early supporter of women's education, in 1818 she published "Plan for Improving Female Education," which became the basis for public education of women in New York. In 1821, she opened her own girls' school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to prepare women for college.

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Henry W. Grady

Editor of the Atlanta Constitution, preached about economically diversified South with industries and small farms, and absent of the influence of the pre-war planter elite in the political world.

The man without a country

Edward Everett Hale's fictional account of a treasonous soldier's journeys in exile. The book was widely read in the North, inspiring greater devotion to the Union.

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)

Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.

Charles Wilson

Eisenhower's secretary of defense; kept Pentagon budget under control

Hiram W. Johnson (1866-1945)

Elected Republican governor of California in 1910, he oversaw numerous progressive reforms, including the passage of woman suffrage at the state level. In 1917 he entered the Senate, where he proved an isolationist in foreign affairs. He is famous for declaring that "the first casualty when war comes, is truth."

Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

Employment Act of 1946

Enacted by Truman, it committed the federal government to ensuring economic growth and established the Council of Economic Advisors to confer with the president and formulate policies for maintaining employment, production, and purchasing power

Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

The Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

Esch-Cummins Transportation Act of 1920

Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads and pledged the Interstate Commerce Commission to guarantee their profitability.

Seven Years' War (1756-1763)

England vs. France England wins India and midwest territories in the US Both countries raised taxes was a seven seas war

Allies (WWII)

England, France, United States, and Russia after their pact with the Nazi Regime was violated.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

John Maynard Keynes

English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946)

Royal African Company

English joint-stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698. The supply of slaves to the North American colonies rose sharply once the company lost its monopoly privileges.

King Philip

English name for Metacon who forged an alliance among Indians to try to end the spread of English settlement

William Wilberforce (1759-1833)

English politician, philanthropist, and a leader of the movement to stop the slave trade.

Governor DeWitt Clinton

Erie Canal

South Carolina Slave revolt

Erupted in 1739 when more than fifty resentful blacks along the Stono River tried to march to Spanish Florida only to be stopped by the local militia.

Maria Monk

Escaped nun whose lurid book Awful Disclosures became an anti-Catholic best seller in the 1830s

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Established exclusionary rule; illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court; Warren Court's judicial activism.

Roanoke

Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review; "midnight judges;" John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court.

Griswold v. Connecticut

Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Industrial Recovery Act

Established the National Recovery Administration which set up industrial codes. Set floors below which no company would lower prices for a competitive edge.

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

Eighth Amendment

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Society of the Cincinnati (established 1783)

Exclusive, hereditary organization of former officers in the Continental Army. Many resented the pretentiousness of the order, viewing it as a vestige of pre-Revolutionary traditions.

John Wesley Powell

Explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed west of the 100th meridian

Quebec Act (1774)

Extended Quebec's boundary to the Ohio River, recognized Catholicism as its official religion, and established a non-representative government for its citizens. *Historical Significance:* Colonists feared a precedent had been established in regards to the type of government that had been established in Quebec and resented the expansion of its borders into territory to which they had been denied access by the Proclamation of 1763.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.

Rosenburg Case

FBI investigation traced a spy ring to communists Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in New Work and were passing nuclear weapons secrets to the Soviets. After a controversial trial in 1951, the Rosenbergs were found guilty of treason and executed in 1953.

Quarantine Speech 1937

FDR encouraged democracies to quarantine their opponents (economic embargos); criticized by isolationists

Quarentine Speech

FDR was given by U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on October 5, 1937, in Chicago, calling for an international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" as an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and isolationism that was prevalent at the time. The speech intensified America's isolationist mood, causing protest by isolationists and foes to intervention.

Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)

FDR's executive order desegregating government jobs. It ordered that all companies with government contracts could not discriminate based on "race, creed, color, or national origin." The law was never fully implemented due to opposition in Congress and hostility from the South. Led to five states NY, NJ, MA, CT, and WA to create their own state versions of the law.

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Executive Order 9066

FDR's order to place all Japanese Americans in Internment Camps 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes and businesses 2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion

Tallmadge Amendment (1819)

Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Battle of New Orleans, 1815

Famous battle the occurred AFTER the War of 1812 is finished ironically. Battle that made Andrew Jackson a war hero- he was able to bring together americans and inspire them to fight the Brits. Fought after the war of 1812 ended (signing of Treaty of Ghent). Also opened up new lands to settlers. Last major battle of the War of 1812; making Andrew Jackson a national hero and propelling him later to the presidency.

Davy Crockett

Famous frontiersman, left Tennessee to help Texas fight Mexico for independence. Died at the Alamo.

Iroquios

Farmers corn, squash, and beans, which they called the "Three Sisters" They blended hunting and agriculture in the Eastern Woodlands Confederation of these people in what is now New York State the loose alliance was based on the Great Law of Peace, an agreement to settle disputes peacefully through a council of clan leaders

Fascism in Italy

Fascism consisted of extreme nationalism, national order, violence to keep this order, and blind loyalty to the state. Fascists believed democracy lead to corruption and weakness and put individual or class interests above national goals. (against democracy) Mussolini brought with him as type of gov.

James Madison

Father of the Constitution

Patent Office

Federal government bureau that reviews patent applications. A patent is a legal recognition of a new invention, granting exclusive rights to the inventor for a period of years.

Comstock Law

Federal law promoted by a self-appointed morality crusader and used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents

John Adams (1797-1801)

Federalist Sedition Acts Alien Laws XYZ Affair Served 1 Term

Catherine Beecher

Female reformer that pushed for female employment as teachers; still embraced the role of a good homemaker for women; an example of the fact that not all women were pushing for radical reforms.

Preston S. Brooks (1819-1857)

Fiery South Carolina congressman who senselessly caned Charles Sumner on the Senate floor in 1856. His violent temper flared in response to Sumner's "Crime Against Kansas" speech, in which the Massachusetts senator threw bitter insults at the Southern slaveocracy, singling out his South Carolina colleague, Senator Andrew Butler.

Panic of 1873

Financial panic in which banks closed and the stock market crashed Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver

Lexington and Concord, 1775

First battle in the Revolutionary War, (AKA "shot heard round the world") fought in Massachusetts on April 19, 1775.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

First constitution in written history (1639). Established a representative government made up of a legislature elected by the people and a governor chosen by the legislature.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Anti-Masonic Party

First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.

AF of L (American Federation of Labor)

First long lasting labor union in the U.S. founded by Samuel Gompers. They used strikes, supported capitalism and advocated the closed shop

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

Battle of Long Island (1776)

First major engagement of the new Continental army, defending against 32,000 British troops outside of New York City.

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812. This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Elizabeth Blackwell

First woman to receive a medical degree in the U.S.

Delaware

Founded by: Swedes Year: 1638 1775 Status: Proprietary (merged with Pa, 1682, same governor but separate assembly, granted 1703)

North Carolina

Founded by: Virginians Year: 1653 1775 Status: Royal

Johnson Debt Default Act (1934)

Forbade any country that still owed US money from borrowing any more cash Americans maintained the isolationist mentality due to the ocean borders.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

George Armstrong Custer

Former General during the Civil War, he set out in 1874 with his Seventh Cavalry to return the Plains Indians to the Sioux reservation. Defeated by an army that outnumbered his men 10 to 1. United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)

Hiss Case

Former State Dept. official Alger Hiss tried for perjury, accused of passing info to Soviets in '30's, convicted (product of Red Scare)

Interstate Commerce Commission

Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the it's jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this.

Battle of Acoma (1599)

Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Onate and the Pueblo Indians in present-day New Mexico. Spaniards brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609.

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

Carrie Nation

Founded WCTU to outlaw selling/drinking alcohol. She was married to an abusive man that she killed with an axe and she didn't get punished for it. She formed a group that walked into bars with axes.

Standard Oil Company

Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

New Jersey

Founded by: Berkeley and Carteret Year: 1664 1775 Status: Royal

Industrial Workers of the World

Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

Mary Baker Eddy

Founded the Church of Christian Scientists and set forth the basic doctrine of Christian Science.

U.S. Sanitary Commission

Founded with the help of Elizabeth Blackwell, the government agency trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union Army. The commission helped professionalize nursing and gave many women the confidence and organizational skills to propel the women's movement in the postwar years.

Thomas Cole

Founder of the Hudson River school, famous for his landscape paintings

Good Neighbor Policy, 1933

Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.

William T. Johnson (1809-1851)

Free New Orleans black, known as the "barber of Natchez", who eventually owned fifteen slaves.

John P. Hale

Free Soil Candidate in 1852 election; senator from New Hampshire; stole votes from Scott

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Baron Georges-Eugene Haussmann

French civic planner whose name is associated with the rebuilding of Paris

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

Yom Kippur War (1973)

Frustrated by their losses in the Six-Days War, Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel during the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur on October 6, 1973. Israel counterattacked, won a decisive victory, and had even occupied portions of northern Egypt.

Land Act of 1820

Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819.

Indian Self-Determination Act (1975)

Gave reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education, and law enforcement.

Sherman March

General Sherman lead a force from Chattanooga, Tennessee to South Carolina destroying everything the Confederates could use to survive. He set fire to South Carolina's capital, Columbia.

Chiang Kai-shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

Valeriano Weyler

General sent by Spain to stop Cuban revolt, referred to as the "Butcher" because of harsh tactics "concentration camps, shooting civilian, ect.)

Stephen W. Kearny

General that led a detachment of 17,000 troops over the Santa fe Tail from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe. Secured California for the US.

Farwell Address

George Washington's written address given to people, advises to stay out of wars and avoid treaties, especially permanent ones.

Tom Watson

Georgia's Best-Known Populist. He was the first native southern politician concerned about African American Farmers. Introduces Rural Free Delivery Bill. In 1905 he returned to the Democratic party and becomes a white-supremist

Albert Bierstadt

German born U.S Painter know for his large landscape portraits of the 19th century west

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.

Hessians

German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

U-boats

German submarines used in World War I

Invasion of Poland 1939

Germans invaded Poland using blitzkreg. Britain and France declared war and Canada a week later. Started the 2nd World war

Arthur Zimmerman

Germany's Foreign Secretary who proposed an alliance with Mexico against the United States

Axis Powers (WWII)

Germany, Italy, Japan

Cross of Gold Speech (1896)

Given by Bryan on June 18, 1896, at the national convention of the Democratic Party. - The speech criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver. - The last words of his speech became famous - "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold."

Barry Goldwater (1964)

Goldwater explains that he is not discriminatory or racist however, he opposes title 2 and 7 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 because they pertain to the area of employment and public accommodations • To him he does not believe that the US government has the right to restrict who is allowed to use public accommodations such as restaurants or hotels, and title VII says that no one is allowed to discriminate against people in employment

Governor John Peter Altgeld

Gov of illinois-grants many pardons to the people in the Knights of Labor for the Haymarket Riots-many people were mad at him for this

National War Labor Board (NWLB)

Government agency that imposed ceilings on wage increases; contested by many labor unions.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours. This organization provided for a system of Industrial Self-regulation under federal supervision New Deal agency that promoted economic recovery by regulating production, prices, and wages

Sir Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England

Vicksburg

Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.

Forgettable Presidents

Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Harrison, and Cleveland

Powhatan Confederacy

Group of Native Americans who traded with John Smith. The confederacy gets its name from its leader, Chief Powhatan.

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

Brain Trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

Mezitos

Half spanish - Half Native people

3 conservative Republican presidents of the 1920s...

Harding Coolidge Hoover

Samuel J. Tilden

Hayes' opponent in the 1876 presidential race, he was the Democratic nominee who had gained fame for putting Boss Tweed behind bars. He collected 184 of the necessary 185 electoral votes.

Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois

He earned his Ph. D. at Harvard, the first of his race to achieve this. He demanded complete equality for blacks, socially and economically, and helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.

Wendell Willkie

He led the opposition of utilities companies to competition from the federally funded Tennessee Valley Authority. His criticism of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt led to his dark-horse victory at the 1940 Republican Party presidential convention. After a vigorous campaign, he won only 10 states but received more than 22 million popular votes, the largest number received by a Republican to that time.

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo

He sailed North from Mexico exploring the Coast of California and sailed into San Diego and Monterrey Bay:

William Marcy

He served as Secretary of War under James K. Polk from 1845 to 1849, overseeing the Mexican-American War. After leaving the Polk administration, he resumed the practice of law and became a leader of the "Soft" Hunker faction of the New York Democratic Party. He returned to the Cabinet in 1853, serving as Secretary of State under Franklin Pierce. In this role, he resolved a dispute about the status of U.S. immigrants abroad.

John Dean

He testified against Nixon as well as other cabinet members in the Watergate hearings. His testimony helped led to the removal of several White House officials and the resignation of Nixon. Before his testimony he had been a White House lawyer.

General William Howe

He took command of British troops in North America after the Battle of Bunker Hill. He captured New York and Philadelphia, but botched the plan to isolate the New England colonies in 1777. He resigned in 1778.

Filipino Independence

July 4th, 1946 - After Americanizing them, the US finally let them go

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Robert Kennedy

He was a Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency but instilling hope in many Americans.

Carl Schurz

He was a German immigrant who fought for political freedom in his home country, and against slavery and unfair treatment of the Native Americans in America

John D. Long

He was a Navy secretary and much of the readiness of the army was owed to him and Theodore Roosevelt.

Thomas "Czar" Reed

He was a Republican Speaker of the House from Maine during Cleveland and McKinley's presidency. This 'master debater' dominated the "Billion Dollar" Congress with his harsh sarcasm and firm Republican beliefs. He was involved in the passing of the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890, government purchases of silver and the Dingley Tariff Bill.

Russell Conwell

He was a Revered and a staunch advocate of Social Darwinism. He helped the justification of the rich and the need to not help the poor in his "Acres of Diamonds" lecture.

Dupuy de Lome

He was a Spanish minister in Washington who wrote a private letter to a friend concerning President McKinley (called him basically usless and indecisive) The discovery of his letter strained Spanish-American relations, which helped initiate the Spanish-American War.

Madison declares war

June 18, 1812

J. Pierpont Morgan

He was a banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation.

David Walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

James Meredith

He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."

Edmound Genet

He was a rep of France and thought that America was lying about the Neutrality Pro and was waltzing everywhere

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

George Kennan

He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.

William Graham Sumner

He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor.

George Creel

Headed the Committee on Public Information, for promoting the war effort in WWI

J. Strom Thurmond

He was nominated for president on a States' Rights Party (Dixiecrats) in the 1948 election. Split southern Democrats from the party due to Truman's stand in favor of Civil Rights for African American. He only got 39 electoral votes.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Samuel Adams (1722-1803)

He was opposed to British taxation in the colonies and believed that the colonial government was capable of self-rule without intrusion by the British monarchy. He encouraged cooperation among the colonies by generating and circulating correspondence as the clerk of the Massachusetts General Assembly. He played a role in many of the events which contributed to the Revolution including organized opposition to the Stamp Act, protests waged by the Sons of Liberty, and the Boston Massacre. He participated in the Continental Congress and supported the Constitution subject to the addition of the Bill of Rights.

General Arthur St. Clair

He was sent by George Washington to restore order in the Northwest Territories. His army was badly beaten by Little Turtle, chief of the Miami people in the battle by Wabash River.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Alfred E. Smith

He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 election. He was the first Catholic to be elected as a candidate. Democratic presidential candidate in 1928

Thomas Dewey

He was the Governor of New York (1943-1955) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948. As a leader of the liberal faction of the Republican party he fought the conservative faction led by Senator Robert A. Taft, and played a major role in nominating Dwight D. Eisenhower for the presidency in 1952.

James Weaver

He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West.

Juan Sepulveda

He was the adversary of Bartolomé de las Casas in the Valladolid Controversy in 1550 concerning the justification of the Spanish Conquest of the Indies.Was the defender of the Spanish Empire's right of conquest, of colonization, and of evangelization in the so-called New World.

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

George Bancroft

He was the secretary of the navy. Took part in the founding of Annapolis naval academy. The Father of American history because he published six volumes of US history showing patriotism and nationalism.

German Baron von Steuben

He whipped American soldiers into shape so that they could face off against Britain's Regulars.

Henry George

He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism.

Herbert Croly

He wrote the The Promise of American Life (1909) where he called for an activist fed govn't of the kind Hamilton had advocated in the 1790s but one that would serve all citizens, not merely the capitalist class.

World's Columbian Exposition (1893)

Held in Chicago, Americans saw this World's Fair as their opportunity to claim a place among the world's most "civilized" societies, by which they meant the countries of western Europe. The Fair honored art, architecture, and science, and its promoters built a mini-city in which to host the fair that reflected all the ideals of city planning popular at the time. For many, this was the high point of the "City Beautiful" movement.

Democratic Convention in Chicago

Held in a hotel in Chicago where delegates voted down a peace resolution and seemed ready to nominate John's former vice, Hubert Humphrey, when protesters gathered for a rally outside. Police beat/arrested them to break up the crowd as the violence was caught on film. The Democrats still elected Humphrey. 1968 10,000 protesters showed up to try and pressure the Democrats into adopting an antiwar platform, to protest Humphrey's nomination, or to try to discredit the Democratic Party.

Wampanoag Indians

Helped the Plymouth colony survive by showing it how to farm. Notable among them was Squanto. They signed a peace treaty that celebrated the first Thanksgiving.

Great Compromiser

Henry Clay

Speaker of the house 1824

Henry Clay

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Hires jobless people to build public buildings and parks.

ecological imperialism

Historians' term for the spoliation of western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing.

Rhineland 1936

Hitler defied the Versailles Treaty when he invaded this demilitarized zone

Elias Howe and Isaac Singer

Howe invented the sewing machine, which was perfected by Singer. This invention gave another boost to northern industrialization, specifically the read made clothing industry, It made clothes fit better and less expensive than homespun clothes. It also opened up a new line of employment for women, who began working in clothing factories.

Immigration in the 1840s and 1850s

Huge amounts of Germans and Irish immigrated, Irish immigrated mostly due to the potato famine

Abraham Lincoln Brigade

Idealistic American volunteers who served in the Spanish Civil War, defending Spanish republican forces from the fascist General Francisco Franco's nationalist coup. Some 3,000 Americans served alongside volunteers from other countries.

John P. Altgeld

Illinois governor who pardoned the Haymarket anarchists

Glass-Seagall Act

established the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)

Roanake Island

In 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of North America. They disappeared. How unfortunate.

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Liberia

In 1820, the American Colonization Society created a colony in West Africa for freed slaves to go. By the 1840s this colony had its own constitution and became and independent nation.

Emanuel Leutze

In 1851 painted pic of Washington and troops crossing the Delaware

Gay Liberation Movement

In the 1970s, homosexuals began an effort to win social and legal acceptance and to encourage gays to affirm their sexual identity. Despite some advances, the movement was slowed by the onset of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s and the insistence of the military on banning openly gay individuals from the armed services.

Battle of Little Bighorn

In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died

Edward Bellamy

In 1888, he wrote Looking Backward, 2000-1887, a description of a utopian society in the year 2000.

Asian Americans

In the 1980s, this group became the fastest growing minority population. (p. 639)

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)

In 1903, the Panama government signed this treaty with the United States. It granted the U.S. all rights to the 51 mile long and 10 mile wide Canal Zone, in exchange for U.S. protection. (p. 418)

The Lodge Corollary

In 1912 Senate passed resolution to Monroe Doctrine. It stated that non-European powers (such as Japan) would be excluded from owning territory in Western Hemisphere.

intervention in Nicaragua

In 1912, President Taft sent military troops here when a civil war broke out. Taft sent marines here when a civil war broke out, help in financial affairs, remained until 1933

Edward House

In 1915, he was President Wilson chief foreign policy adviser. He traveled to London, Paris, and Berlin to negotiate a peace settlement, but was unsuccessful. (p. 459)

Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

In 1936 the army revolted and civil war began- between the Rebels and Loyalists. Republicans were backed by most ordinary Spaniards and the Soviet Union. Rebels were backed by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. This ended in 1939 with a victory for the Rebels.

Executive Order 8802

In 1941 FDR passed it which prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.

Dingley Tariff of 1897

Increased the tariff rate to more than 46 percent and made gold the official standard of U.S. currency.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Paul Volcker, high interest rates

In 1980, the chairman of the Federal Reserve Board pushed interest rates to 20 percent in order to combat inflation. (p. 636)

Tampico Incident

In April 1914, some U.S. sailors were arrested in Tampico, Mexico. President Wilson used the incident to send U.S. troops into northern Mexico. His real intent was to unseat the Huerta government there. After the Niagara Falls Conference, Huerta abdicated and the confrontation ended.

Soviet Afghanistan invasion

In December 1979, Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan, an action that ended a decade of improving U.S.-Soviet relations. (p. 635)

Purchase of Alaska

In December, 1866, the U.S. offered to take Alaska from Russia. Russia was eager to give it up, as the fur resources had been exhausted, and, expecting friction with Great Britain, they preferred to see defenseless Alaska in U.S. hands. Called "Seward's Folly" and "Seward's Icebox", the purchase was made in 1867 for $7,200,000 and gave the U.S. Alaska's resources of fish, timber, oil and gold.

Paris Accords of 1973

In January 1973, the North Vietnamese agreed to an armistice, in which the United States would withdraw the last of its troops and get back over 500 prisoners of war (POWs). The agreement also promised a cease-fire and free elections. However, the armistice did not end the war, but it allowed the United States to extricate itself. (p. 627)

Korean Armistice

In July 1953, China and North Korea agreed to an armistice that would divide Korea into North Korea and South Korea near the 38th parallel. (p. 583)

Central Powers

In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

In an effort to expel foreign influence from their country, a secret super patriotic group of Chinese called the Boxers (their symbol was a fist) revolted against all foreigners in their midst. In the process of laying siege to foreign legations in Beijing hundreds of missionaries and foreign diplomats were murdered. Several nations including the United States sent military forces to quell the rebellion. American participation was seen as a violation of its noninvolvement policies.

Bozeman Trail

In attempts to block the construction of this road to MT, Sioux massacred and mutilated 81 soldiers under Capt. Fetterman's command

Chief Justice John Marshall

In office from 1801-1835 (longest serving CJ). Supported increased power of federal government. Decided McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden, and Marbury v. Madison.

Erie Canal (1825)

In short, it allowed goods to be transferred from New York to New Orleans by inland waterways. A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. New Yorkers built the canal linking the Great Lakes with the Hudson River (363 mi)

Black Thursday and Black Tuesday

Oct. 24th and 29th in 1929. The Stock Market crashed losing over 30 billion in wealth.

Saratoga 1777

In this battle, British General Burgoyne marched down from Canada to meet General Howe and General St. Legers in order to cut New England off from the other colonies. During a harsh winter, Burgoyne's men were surrounded by American militiamen. This surrender was a turning point in the war because an alliance with France soon followed.

Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829)

Incendiary abolitionist track advocating the violent overthrow of slavery. Published by David Walker, a Southern-born free black.

Morrill Tariff Act

Increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War.

Initiative, Referendum, Recall

Initiative: people have the right to propose a new law. Referendum: a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto. Recall: the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. These all made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.

Peacetime Draft

Instituted during war in 1940 to make sure enough troops were at bay in case of war.

Seventeenth Amendment (1913)

Instituted the direct election of senators by the people of each state One of the Progressive Amendments Provisions:

Harold Ickes

Interior Secretary under the Roosevelt administration. He organized liberal Republicans for Roosevelt in 1932.

Cyrus McCormick

Invented the mechanical reaper

John Deere

Invented the steel plow

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Children's Bureau

Investigated and publicized problems with child labor

Sir Edward Sandys

Investor who ousted the original leader of the Virginia Company and instituted colonial reforms

Rosenberg Case

Involved Julius and Ethel Rosenberg who were American communists. They were executed for passing nuclear weapons secrets to the USSR.

Ancient Order of Hibernians

Irish semi-secret society that served as a benevolent organization for downtrodden Irish immigrants in the United States. Semisecret Irish organization that became a benevolent society aiding Irish immigrants in America

Stimson Doctrine, 1932

Issued by Secretary of State, Henry L. Stimson, it was in response to Japan's violation of the Open Door policy when it attacked Manchuria in 1931. It stated that United States would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force. It was ignored by the Japanese and they moved towards to Shanghai in 1932.

President Monroe

Issued the Monroe doctrine that said the American continents are not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers served from 1817 to 1825. fifth president. established the Missouri Compromise and Monroe Doctrine. bought Florida from Spain

American Anti-Slavery Society (1833)

It condemned the institution of slavery . It calls for the immediate abolition of slavery without terms, and is critical of the efforts of the American Colonization Society. At the same time, it declares the group to be pacifist, and the signers agree- if necessary- to die as martyrs. An abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. Frederick Douglass was a key leader of the society and often spoke at its meetings. William Wells Brown was another freed slave who often spoke at meetings. Had about 250k members by 1838.

Battle of Quebec (1759)

It was a battle between the English and the French for control of North America. During the night, half of Wolfe's men climbed a cliff protecting Quebec. In the morning, Wolfe's men had surrounded Quebec.

Regulator Movement

It was a movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.

October War (1973)

It was a war between the Arabs and Israel. Its motive was for the Arabs to regain the territory lost to Israel in the Six-Day War. Kissinger went to Moscow to restrain the Soviets while Nixon placed America's nuclear forces on alert and gave the Israelis $2 billion dollars worth of war supplies. This helped the Israelis and brought a cease fire.

Bureau of Budget 1921

It was created to help the President plan a budget to be approved by Congress. It helped reduce the debt from WWI.

WWI starts

July 28, 1914

Committee on Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

Jay's Treaty (1794)

It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals.

Nicola Sacco

Italian anarchists convicted and executed for murder despite scarce evidence against them

Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)

Italian-born navigator sent by English to explore North American coast in 1498

Jackie Kennedy

JFK's wife

Election of 1832

Jackson v Clay, Jackson wins. Political parties will hold nominating conventions where the people decide who the nominee is. First time a third party was in an election, Anti-Masonic party.

Force Bill (1833)

Jackson's response to S. Carolina's ordinance of nullification that declared the tariffs of 1828 & 2832 null and void, & S. Carolina would not collect duties on them; authorized President Jackson to use military force to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832; never invoked b/c it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary; nullified by S. Carolina

Blain and Pan-Americanism Conference (1889)

James G Blaine wanted closer ties to America and was going to do so by starting this conference to show the improvements he could make.

Blaine and Pan-Americanism

James G. Blaine's ideal to expand American influence into Latin America where he believed the US could look for markets for their surplus good.

Little Jemmy

James Madison

"Valley of Democracy"

Jefferson's nickname for the newly aquired land in Louisiana

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule. Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Human Rights Diplomacy

Jimmy Carter's foreign policy. America should act morally and do what's right, not just what's in its best interest. Influenced the stopping of Apartheid and the Panama Canal Treaty.

Harper's Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

"His Accidency"

John Tyler

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public 1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

Alf Landon

Kansas governor who ran as republican against FDR and lost by a landslide

Lucy Stoners

Kept maiden name

King George III

King of England during the American Revolution

Louis XVI (16th)

King of France during the French Revolution

King Gustavus Adolphus

King of Sweden who fought for the Protestant cause and had the strongest military presence in Northern Europe.

Mary Elizabeth

Known as "Mary Yellin'" and "the Kansas Pythoness," she made about 160 speeches in 1890. She criticized Wall Street and the wealthy, and cried that Kansans should raise "less corn and more hell."

Syngman Rhee

Korean leader who became president of South Korea after World War II and led Korea during Korean War.

Haymarket Square

Labor disorders had broken out and on May 4 1886, the Chicago police advanced on a protest; alleged brutalities by the authorities. Suddenly a dynamite bomb was thrown that killed or injured dozens, including police. It is still unknown today who set off the bomb, but following the hysteria, eight anarchists (possibly innocent) were rounded up. Because they preached "incendiary doctrines," they could be charged with conspiracy. Five were sentenced to death, one of which committed suicide; the other three were given stiff prison terms. Six years later, a newly elected Illinois governor recognized this gross injustice and pardoned the three survivors. Nevertheless, the Knights of Labor were toast: they became (incorrectly )associated with anarchy and all following strike efforts failed.

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Stephan Crane

Late Nineteenth Century Realism (1865-1915)- Novels

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Selective Service Act of 1917

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Navigation law of 1650

Law passed by Parliament to regulate the mercantilist system; aimed at rival Dutch shippers. Said that all commerce flowing to and from the colonies could only be transported in British/colonial vessels

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

Wendell L Willkie

Lawyer in the United States and was the dark horse Republican Party nominee for the 1940 presidential election. Liberal who was against domestic policies of the New Deal. He thought were inefficient and anti-business.

Captin John Smith

Leader of Jamestown; changed attidude of Jamestown; Pohahantas saved his life; Virginia

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

George Rogers Clark

Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779., secured the Northwest Territory for America

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Ethan Allen

Leader of the Green Mountain Boys

Sam Adams

Leader of the Sons of Liberty

John Hopkins

Leading medical school, founded in 1893 in Baltimore, Maryland Very well-known for fighting of cancer

Reverand Thomas Hooker

Led an energetic group of Boston Puritans and swarmed as a body into the Hartford area with the ailing Mrs. Hooker carried on a horse lifter.

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

General Winfield Scott

Led the U.S. forces' march on Mexico City during the Mexican War. He took the city and ended the war.

Post War Europe

Left in ruins. All agriculture and transportation systems destroyed. Famine and disease was widespread. Reconstruction of Germany Stalin's Blockade of West Berlin and the Berlin Airlift Start of the Cold War us- in charge of west europe soviets- in charge of east europe

Johnson-Reed Act of 1924

Legislation that made passports and visas a requirement for entry to the United States and established national-origin quotas for European immigrants. The act was overtly racist in that it was designed to increase the Nordic Population in the United States and put a stop to the growth of other groups.

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

jackass

Lewis Cass

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Harley-Smoot Tariff

Sky-high tariff bill of 1930 that deepened the depression and caused international financial chaos

Fort Sumter, 1861

Located in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. One of only two federal forts that had not fallen to Confederacy. The troops needed provisions, or would have to surrender to seige. Lincoln informed the South Carolinians that he would send provisions but no reinforcements. When the Union sent a naval force, the South opened fire on the Fort, marking the official beginning of the Civil War. There were no casualties (except for a horse) and the fort surrendered.

Armed Neutrality (1780)

Loose alliance of nonbelligerent naval powers, organized by Russia's Catherine the Great, to protect neutral trading rights during the war for American independence.

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms

Huey P. ("Kingfish") Long

Louisiana governor, later senator, whose anti-New Deal "Share Our Wealth" program promised to make "Every Man a King"-that is, until he was gunned down in 1935.

Murder in Memphis

MLK assassinated

Harlan P. Halsey

Made a fortune by dashing off about 650 potbiolers

Pirates of the North African Barbary States

Made a national industry of blackmailing merchant ships that ventured into the Mediterranean. Preceding Federalist administration had been forced to buy protection. Jefferson refused to pay tribute to these pirates, so the pasha of Tripoli informally declared war on the US. The navy went to the "shores of Tripoli". After 4 years of fighting, a treaty was signed, costing America $60000 Looting US ships and indirectly declared war. Jefferson sent the navy to stop them.

Strikes of 1919

Major strike in Seattle where 60,000 unionists held a peaceful strike for higher pay. Boston police went on strike to protest firing of police officers who tried to unionize and Governor Calvin Coolidge sent in National Guard. U.S. Steel Corporation had a strike, after considerable violence, the strike was broken by state and federal troops. (p. 467)

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

Major tanker accident in Alaska in 1989, that resulted in a major oil spill in Prince William Sound.

Second Berlin Crisis

May 1959, US has six months to get out of Berlin or there will be war. Eventually, Khruschev meets with Eisenhower and they agree to a summit conference.

V-E Day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

Awful Disclosures

Maria Monk's sensational expose of alleged horrors in Catholic convents. Its popularity reflected nativist fears of Catholic influence.

End of the Cold War

Marked by the fall of the Soviet Union which was the result of Eastern European countries gaining independence, Gorbachev's reform policies, and a series of nuclear limitation treaties.

Fall of Saigon

Marked the end of the Vietnam War in April, 1975 when North Vietnamese invaded South Vietnam, forcing all Americans left to flee in disarray as the capitol was taken

Old Kinderhook

Martin Van Buren

Election of 1840

Martin Van Buren vs. William Henry Harrison MVB hurt by Panic of 1837. Significance: massive voter turnout & use of slogans: "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too", "Log cabin and hard cider" Created second national two-party system William Henry Harrison (Whig) vs. Martin Van Buren (Democrat); result: Whig victory & a truly national two-party system.

"Kansas Pythoness"

Mary Elizabeth

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Quota Laws

Maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate from each country to a particular country during a one-year period. Ex: In 1910, Congress passed immigration quotas, the immigration from European countries could only be 3% of the number of its nationals living in the U.S.

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Measure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship. Served as a model for the religion clause of the first amendment to the Constitution.

McCormick Reaper

Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots; 1831; fueled the large-scale establishment of commercial agriculture in the Midwest

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon (1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Minutemen

Member of a militia during the American Revolution who could be ready to fight in sixty seconds

Liberal Protestants

Members of a branch of Protestantism that flourished from 1875 to 1925 and encouraged followers to use the Bible as a moral compass rather than to believe that the Bible represented scientific or historical truth. Many Liberal Protestants became active in the "social gospel" and other reform movements of the era.

Hay's Second Round of Notes

Message delivered by John Hay in the summer of 1899 to the nations of the world, begging them to respect Chinese rights and influence in the spirit of fair competition.

First Continental Congress (1774)

Met to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts; adopted the *Declaration and Resolves* in which they: Declared the Intolerable Acts null and void. Recommended that colonists arm themselves and that militias be formed. Recommended a boycott of British imports. Convention of delegates from the colonies called in to discuss their response to the passage of the Intolerable Acts

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Causes of WW1

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

My Lai Massacre (1968)

Military assault in a small Vietnamese village on March 16, 1968, in which American soldiers under the command of 2nd Lieutenant William Calley murdered hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, mostly women and children. The atrocity produced outrage and reduced support for the war in America and around the world when details of the massacre and an attempted cover-up were revealed in 1971.

Milard Filmore

Millard Fillmore was the 13th President of the United States, the last to be a member of the Whig Party while in the White House.

New Lights

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening.

Joseph Brant

Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution.

City Beautiful Movement

Movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. Architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from the frenzied new industrial world.

Abolition

Movement to end slavery

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

Name attached to five cases brought under the Civil Rights Act of 1875. In 1883, the Supreme Court decided that discrimination in a variety of public accommodations, including theaters, hotels, and railroads, could not be prohibited by the act because such discrimination was private discrimination and not state discrimination.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association; founded in 1890 to help women win the right to vote

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

malaise speech (1979)

National address by Jimmy Carter in July 1979 in which the President chided American materialism and urged a communal spirit in the face of economic hardships. Although Carter intended the speech to improve both public morale and his standings as a leader, it had the opposite effect and was widely perceived as a political disaster for the embattled president.

Chief Tammany

Native American leader who gave land to William Penn and Pennsylvania in exchange for goods

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Chinook

Native Americans living in the Pacific Northwest of the present- day united States.

Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)

Nazi organized riot against the Jews on November 9, 1938

Battle of Trafalgar (1805)

Nelson defeated French Navy off the coast of Spain which put an end to Napoleon's hopes of invading and crushing England, Another naval battle between France and Great Britain. Spanish navy helped France but even so the French lost to Nelson at Gibraltar. Failure. Napoleon lost half of his navy Napoleon's invasion of Britain ended

Napoleon III

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon withdrew.

Salmon Chase (1808-1873)

New England born abolitionist who, as secretary of the treasury, pushed Lincoln to take a tougher stance on slavery during the Civil War. In 1864, Radical Republicans unsuccessfully tried to replace Lincoln with him on the Republican ticket. Later that year, Lincoln appointed him as chief justice of the Supreme Court, where he served until his death.

Lord De La Warr

New governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610, immediately imposing a military regime in Jamestown and declaring war against the Powhatan Confederacy. Employed "Irish tactics" in which his troops burned houses and cornfields.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

Case of Sacco and Vanzetti

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, who in 1921 had been convicted in a Massachusetts court of committing robbery and murder. Liberals protested that the two men were innocent, and that they had been accused, convicted, and sentenced to die simply because they were poor Italians and anarchists (who were against all government). After six years of appeals and national and international debates over the fairness of their trial, Sacco and Vanzetti were executed in 1927.

Spiro Agnew

Nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of Maryland. He was replaced by Gerald R. Ford.

Third Amendment (1791)

No quartering of soldiers

King George's War (1744-1748)

North American theater of Europe's War of Austrian Succession that once again pitted British colonists against their French counterparts in the North. The peace settlement did not involve any territorial realignment, leading to conflict between New England settlers and the British government.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross

Robert Taft

Ohio senator and Republican candidate in the 1952 presidential election who had become the foremost spokesman for domestic conservatism and for a foreign policy that his enemies branded as isolationist.

Trenton

On Christmas night, 1776, Washington led 2,400 men across the Delaware River to attack the drunken Hessians who were sleeping. The Americans killed 30 of the enemy and took 918 captives and 6 Hessian cannons.

Sinking of the Maine

On February 15, 1898, the USS Maine battleship exploded in Havana Harbor. The yellow press accused Spain of blowing up the ship even though experts later concluded that the explosion was probably an accident. (p. 413)

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Homestead Strike (1892)

On June 29, 1892, workers belonging to the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers struck the Carnegie Steel Company at Homestead, Pa. to protest a proposed wage cut. Henry C. Frick, the company's general manager, determined to break the union. He hired 300 Pinkerton detectives to protect the plant and strikebreakers. After an armed battle between the workers and the detectives, several men were killed or wounded, the governor called out the state militia. The Homestead strike led to a serious weakening of unionism in the steel industry until the 1930s.

Pancho Villa's raid, 1916

On March 9, 1916, several hundred Mexican rebels led by Francisco "Pancho" Villa attacked Columbus, New Mexico killing 17 Americans. General John J. Pershing launched an expedition into Mexico to capture Villa, but failed. Resentment over the U.S. intrusion led to a diplomatic crisis with the Mexican government that escalated into violence when Mexican troops attacked the 10th Cavalry. Pancho Villa's raid drove a wedge between the U.S and Mexican governments, which led to the halt of all economic aid and resulted in American resentment towards Mexican Americans.

SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization)

Organization that formed in 1954. The organization was made up of the United States and many Asian nations like South Korea, Japan, India, and Australia. Its goal was to stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. defensive alliance aimed at preventing communist aggression in Asia

Eighteenth Amendment (1919)

One of the Progressive Amendments Provisions: Banned the making, selling, and transporting of alcoholic beverages in the US

Patronage

One of the key inducements used by party machines. A patronage job, promotion, or contract is one that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence alone. (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Lord Cornbury

One of the worst colonial governors, was a cousin of Queen Anne, who made him governor of New York and New Jersey.

Unicameral

One-house legislature

N. P. Gordon

Only slave trader to be executed

Caleb Cushing

Opens up commerce in China and negotiated Treaty of Wanghia, first formal agreement between China and US, and granted US trading rights, also states that Americans will be tried in American courts, not chinese American diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Wanghia with China in 1844

Antifederalists

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government, generally.

W.E.B. DuBois

Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP. 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Organization founded by pacifists in 1942 to promote racial equality through peaceful means

PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)

Organization founded in 1964. Recognized as the representative of the Palestinians

American Tabacco Company

Read the name and James Buchanan Duke abosrbed his main competors into this

Mason-Dixon Line

Originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia in the 1760s, it came to symbolize the North-South divide over slavery.

Old Lights

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality.

Declatory Act 1766

Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. It authorized the president to negotiate with Indians tribes in the Southern U.S. for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their homelands. The act was strongly supported by non-native people of the South, who were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by the Five Civilized Tribes. The Removal Act paved the way for the reluctant migration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West, an event widely known as the "Trail of Tears". Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

criminal syndicalism laws (1919-1920)

Passed by many states during the red scare, these nefarious laws outlawed the mere advocacy of violence to secure social change. Stump speakers for the International Workers of the World, or IWW, were special targets.

National Security Act

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

Twenty-second Amendment

Passed in 1951, the amendment that limits presidents to two terms of office.

Act of Toleration (1649)

Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period.

Workingmen's Compensation Act of 1916

Passed under Woodrow Wilson, this law granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability. It was a precursor to labor-friendly legislation passed during the New Deal. granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability

John Hancock

Patriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress; first person to sign the Declaration of Independence.

funding at par

Payment of debts, such as government bonds, at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal government pay its Revolutionary war debts in full in order to bolster the nation's credit.

Camp David Accords (1978)

Peace treaty between Egypt and Israel; hosted by US President Jimmy Carter; caused Egypt to be expelled from the Arab league; created a power vacuum that Saddam hoped to fill; first treaty of its kind between Israel and an Arab state

Garfield and Arthur

Pendleton Act

Metacom's War (King Philip's War)

Period of bloody conflict between Wampanoag Indians and Puritan settlers in New England (1675-1676); an example of Indian resistance to English expansion in North America.

Era of Good Feelings, 1815-24

Period of strong nationalism, economic growth, territorial expansion under the presidency of James Monroe. Only one major political party at the time (Republican)

Neutrality Act of 1939

Permitted the sale of arms to Britain, France, and China Act that allowed nations at war to buy goods and arms in the United States if they paid cash and carried the merchandise on their own ships European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry basis"; improved American moral and economic position

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

Stamp Act of 1765

Placed a tax on almost all printed materials in the colonies

Nathaniel Bacon

Planter who led a rebellion in 1676 against the governor of the Virginia Colony, William Berkely

Pan-America Conference

Pledged never again to intervene in the international affairs of a Latin American country during these; warned that if a European power acted against America, the power would find a war with the Western Hemisphere; FDR repudiated the policy of Theodore Roosevelt

The American System, 1815

Policies devised by the Whig Party and leading politician Henry Clay: national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements

Omaha Platform

Political agenda adopted by the populist party in 1892 at their Omaha, Nebraska convention. Called for unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism), government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms.

Greenback Labor Party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

Greenback Party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

Know-Nothing Party

Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant

Dwight L. Moody

Popular evangelical preacher who brought the tradition of old-time revivalism to the industrial city

Burned-Over District

Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work

Hawks vs. Doves

Popularly, "hawks" are those who advocate an aggressive foreign policy based on strong military power. "Doves" try to resolve international conflicts without the threat of force.

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.

Ferdiand Magellan

Portuguese explorer who sailed to the Philippines through the Magellan straight (discovered it)

Court Packing Plan

President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

President Andrew Johnson

President after Lincoln, he was impeached in 1868 for violating the Tenure in Office Act by firing his Secretary of War without Senate approval; he was found not guilty in his impeachment trial, so he was not removed from office. first president impeached but NOT removed from office became president after Lincoln's assassination. Many thought he was too easy on the South. Congress impeached him but he was not removed from office

President Madison

President during the War of 1812 Dem-Rep; "father of the constitution"; Jefferson's Secretary of State who oversaw the Louisiana purchase

Charles W. Eliot

President of Harvard in 1896. Reduced the number of required courses and introduced electives to accommodate the teaching of modern languages and sciences.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

Gag Resolution

Prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals. Driven through the House by pro-slavery Southerners, the gag resolution passed every year for eight years, eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams.

Civil Rights Act 1875

Prohibited discrimination against blacks in public place, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public transportation. Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Title IX of Education Act of 1972

Prohibited gender discrimination in federally subsidized education programs

Food and Drug Act of 1906

Prohibited interstate commerce in adulterated or misbranded food, drinks, and drugs. Government pre-approval of drugs is required.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Prohibited state-sponsored recitation of prayer in public schools by virtue of 1st Amendment's establishment clause and the 14th Amendment's due process clause; Warren Court's judicial activism.

Maine Law of 1851

Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade.

Eighteenth Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Clement Vallandigham

Prominent Copperhead who was an ex-congressman from Ohio, demanded an end to the war, and was banished to the Confederacy Notorious Copperhead, convicted of treason, who ran for governor of Ohio while exiled to Canada

Lecompton Constitution (1857)

Proposed Kansas state constitution; protected the rights of slaveholders already in Kansas and provided referedum in which voters could vote for the "Constitution with Slavery" or the "Constitution with no Slavery"; supported by President Buchanan but rejected by the House of Representatives.

Bank of the United States (BUS)

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Proposed by Senator Douglas (Illinois) and advocated popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories (vote by people of territory whether they would be slave or free state). Douglas wanted it to facilitate the building of the transcontinental railroad on a central route through Illinois, thus benefitting his state economically. K/A Act passed but backfired terribly as extremes of both sides of slavery debate flooded into Kansas. Votes on constitutions were plagued with fraud and "Bleeding Kansas" begins as violence erupts between pro/anti-slavery groups.

Crittenden Amendments

Proposed in an attempt to appease the South, the failed Constitutional amendments would have given federal protection for slavery in all territories south of 36°30' where slavery was supported by popular sovereignty.

Fordeny-McCumber Tariff

Proposed to increase tariff on imported goods to 60% to protect American industry. Ultimately hurt the global economy because it hurt European trade

John Calvin (1509-1564)

Protestant reformer who wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

Social Security Act of 1935

Provided old-age pension (retirement), and a program of unemployment insurance (temporary aid to help people who lose jobs to find a new job), and federal welfare program (aid for very poor). Most famous and important legacy of New Deal. Has resulted (along with Medicare) with drastic reduction in poverty among elderly in the US Created both the Social Security Program and a national assistance program for poor children, usually called AFDC.

RhodeIsland

Providence, the sewer, they sent the prinsiors there for not folllowing a religions.

Great Awakening (1739-1744)

Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. The Great Awakening was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies.

Underwood Tariff

Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax

George Wallace

Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Radical attempt to further diminish Andrew Johnson's authority by providing that the president could not remove any civilian official without Senate approval; Johnson violated the law by removing Edwin Stanton as secretary of war, and the House of Representatives impeached him over his actions.

self-reliance

Ralph Waldo Emerson

The American Scholar

Ralph Waldo Emerson's address at Harvard College, in which he declared an intellectual independence from Europe, urging American scholars to develop their own traditions.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Slaves of the Slave System

Refers to the south's unhealthy dependency on cotton for its economy. This was very bad for the land which only made them want more so they bought out the small farmers and got greedy by over expanding. The fact that the South was in fact a slave of their own system is one reason why they won and started the civil war. Because they were so greedy it made them want as many slaves as possible to capitalize on the cotton, but eventually they had nothing left and could not sustain a nation.

Liberal Republican Revolt 1872

Reformers rose out of disgust for Grant's administration. Nominated Horace Greeley to be the leader. Wanted to end military reconstruction. Revolt that urged purification of the Washington administration as well as an end to military Reconstruction after Grant. Established Greeley as their presidential candidate. Frightened regular Republicans into cleaning out their own house.

Black Belt

Region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves. The "Black belt" emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government

The three R's

Relief, Recovery, Reform

Desim

Religious belief that says God created the world and lets it run itself by natural law

Protestant Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It spit the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, among many others.

General Burnside

Replaced McClellan for the Battle at Fredericksburg on Dec. 1862; wasn't prepared for battle and brought defeat to the Union union general successor after mcclellan, headed south to fight, had big sideburns

Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act

Replaced the AAA in which farmers were paid to cut production of soil depleting crops and they were also given reward s for practicing good soil conservation methods

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so Macon's Bill No. 2 replaced it.

Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)

Republican Domestic Affairs: Mellonomics (trickle down) Normalcy Ohio Gang Scandals Teapot Dome Veterans Bureau Budget and Accounting Act Immigrant Quota System 21,24 Issue of war protesters Foreign Affairs Open Door for Middle East oil Dawes Plan Limitation on naval power (England, US Japan) 4 and 5 Power Naval Conferences

Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)

Republican Domestic Affairs: Laissez-faire/ Predestination Immigration Act of 1924 Coolidge Opposed Veteran's Bonus Act Farm Relief Laws Foreign Affairs: Kellogg-Briand Pact Assertive influence in Latin America

congressional election of 1894

Repubs won 244 seats to 105 looked forward to next election

Twelfth Amendment (1804)

Required a separate vote tally in the Electoral College for president and vice president. This change made running on a party ticket much easier.

Gold Reserve Act of 1934

Required that all gold and gold certificates held by the Federal Reserve be surrendered and vested in the sole title of the United States Department of the Treasury.

White Backlash

Resistance to Black demands led by "law and order" advocates whose real purpose was to oppose integration.

Clinton Impeachment

Result of a political sex scandal emerging from a sexual relationship between United States President Bill Clinton and a 22-year-old White House intern, Monica Lewinsky.

Walker Tariff of 1846

Revenue-enhancing measure that lowered tariffs from 1842 levels thereby fueling trade and increasing Treasury receipts.

Second Amendment

Right to bear arms

Seventh Amendment

Right to trial by jury

The Great White Fleet (1907)

Roosevelt did not want Japan to think that "Gentlemen's Agreement" was a result of American fears so he sent battleships to tour the world; started in Virginia and recieved welcomes in Latin America, Hawaii, New Zealand, and Australia; in Japan schoolchildren taught how to wave American flags and sing the "Star-Spangled Banner"

Court Reorganization Plan

Roosevelt tried to put 6 extra justices on the Supreme Court. These justices would be supporters of Roosevelt and there would be a maximum of 15 judges. The plan failed. Congress would not accept it as it would give FDR too much power. add more justices to the supreme court so they wont deem his agenda unconstitutional

Revolution in Panama

Roosevelt was eager to begin construction of a canal, Colombia controlled the isthmus of Panama, refused to agree to US terms for digging, Roosevelt supported revolt in Panama in 1903, rebellion succeeded, land for canal was granted to US

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Francis Perkins

Roosevelt's Secretary of Labor and first woman cabinet member in U.S. history.

Destroyers for Bases Deal

Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act; Britain received 50 old but still serviceable US destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean.

Big Stick Policy

Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

FDR

Roosevelt, the President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms

Thomas Hutchinson (1711-1780)

Royal governor of MA during the run-up to the Revolution; misjudged colonial zeal during the Tea Act controversy and insisted that East India Company ships unload in Boston Harbor, thereby prompting the Boston Tea Party

Lord Dunmore

Royal governor of Virginia who issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)

Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.

Smith vs. Allwright (1944)

Ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries.

Yates v. United States (1957)

Ruled that the First Amendment protected radical and revolutionary speech, including that of Communists, unless it presented a "clear and present danger" to the safety of the country.

Maroons

Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities. raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa.

51 degree line

Russia set this line that embraced present day brutush colobumia. The fear prevailed in the united states that the russians were planning to cut the republic from cali

Model Treaty (1776)

Sample treaty drafted by the Continental Congress as a guide for American diplomats. Reflected the Americans' desire to foster commercial partnerships rather than political or military entanglements.

Black Hawk

Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States (1767-1838)

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Albert Gallatin

Secretary of Treasury to Jefferson who reduced the national debt and balanced the budget.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

Shawnee brothers who unified many Indian tribes in a last ditch battle with the settlers; allied with the British. Two Shawnee brothers who called for attacks on American frontier settlements.

Congretional Church

Self-governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the Anglican Church.

Sam Ervin/ Senate

Senate chairman: strong opponent of desegregation

Great Nullifier

Senator John C. Calhoun had a view that would bring 2 presidents in one from the North and one from the South each would have the right to veto. Died before the debate was over.

Bob Dole

Senator from Kansas; challenged Clinton for presidency in 1996

Robert Y. Hayne

Senator from South Carolina who defended nullification and state sovereignty. Man who composed a counterproclamation to Jackson's proclamation against nullification The governor of South Carolina during the nullification crisis and called for a counterclaim to Jackson's opposition of the South Carolina stance

Senator Roscoe Conkling

Senator often held responsible for the assassination of Garfield, often disagreed Republican senator; dictated who in the Republican Ranks would be appointed to lucrative jobs in the New York Customs House

Foreign Relations Committee

Senatorial committee whose chairman used delaying tactics and hostile testimony to develop opposition to Wilson's treaty and League of Nations

Operation Rolling Thunder (1965)

Series of bombing campaign that start in March 1965. Largely trying to cut off the Ho Chi Ming Trail, but it is very very difficult. Tens of thousands of American troops are being sent to Vietnam. At the peak, there are 536,000 troops in Vietnam.

Bicentennial Celebration

Series of celebrations during the mid 70's that paid tribute to the historical events leading up to the creation of the U.S. ordered by Nixon

Navigation Laws

Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England.

panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Hull House

Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Eleanore Roosevelt

She played a key White House role. She had a background in Progressive Era settlement-house work. She influenced FDR's ideas by exposing him to reformers, social workers, and advocates of minority rights. She traveled ceaselessly and served as the eyes, ears, and sometimes the conscience for her wheelchair-bound husband.

Anne Hutchinson

She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.

The panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915.

Creole (ship)

Ship that was overtaken by 130 slaves; British gave asylum to the slaves (this upset Southern Americans)

California Bear Flag Republic (1846)

Short-lived California republic, established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico. Once news of the war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the Republic in favor of joining the United States.

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937

Short-sighted acts passed in 1935, 1936, and 1937 in order to prevent American participation in a European War. Among other restrictions, they prevented Americans from selling munitions to foreign belligerents.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

Treaty of Wanghia (1844)

Signed by the U.S. and China, it assured the United States the same trading concessions granted to other powers, greatly expanding America's trade with the Chinese.

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state. Drafted by Thomas Jefferson

Tiananmen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

Slave revolt began in 1791 a. slaves burned down the sugar cane plantations Effects: a.Haiti becomes an independent black republic and abolishes slavery. b. Inspires further slave revolts. c. Haiti is forced to pay reparations for the plantations and slaves to France. Debt totals 20 billion US dollars The only successful black slave rebellion against the slave holders and the French empire War incited by a slave uprising in French-controlled Saint Domingue, resulting in the creation of the first independent black republic in the Americas.

clipper ships (1840s-1850s)

Small, swift vessels that gave American shippers an advantage in the carrying trade. Clipper ships were made largely obsolete by the advent of sturdier, roomier iron steamers on the eve of the Civil War.

"hard" money vs. "soft" money

Soft money is unprotected by the FECA, party organizations have right to unfettered independent spending. Hard money is raised and spend under FECA's limitations.\ Money backed by gold vs. paper money not backed by specie (gold or silver).

Adlai Ewing Stevenson

Soft money, hopeful wantabe Vice President

Stono Rebellion (1739)

South Carolina slave revolt that prompted the colonies to pass stricter laws regulating the movement of slaves and the capture of runaways.

Scallywags

Southern whites who gained political office during Reconstruction

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Bartolome de Las Casas

Spaniard Priest who fought for Native American rights.

Conquistadores

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

De Lome Letter

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.

Hernando de Soto

Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river.

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish Explorer; in 1513 and in 1521, he explored Florida, thinking it was an island. Looking for gold and the "fountain of youth", he failed in his search for the fountain of youth but established Florida as territory for the Spanish, before being killed by a Native American arrow.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Francisco Franco

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975).

"Butcher" Weyler

Spanish general whose brutal tactics against Cuban rebels outraged American public opinion

Amistad (1839)

Spanish slave ship dramatically seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved Africans aboard. The ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial. Former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before the Supreme Court, securing their eventual release.

Thomas Eakins

Specialized in painting the everyday lifes of working-class men and women and used the new technology of serial-actions photographs to study human anatomy and paint it more realistically.

YMCA

Spiritual organization meant to provide healthy activities for young workers in the cities

Russian Revolution of 1917

Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms. Czar forced to give up throne and assassinated; (U.S. finds it easier to join Allies WWI)

Birth of the Whig Party

Started by modernizers who saw President Andrew Jackson as a dangerous man on horseback with a reactionary opposition to the forces of social, economic and moral modernization; majority of founders supported Jeffersonian Democracy/ Democratic- Republican Party; Republicans who formed the party were led by Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams.

Open Door policy, 1899

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China issued by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay. The policy proposed to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis; thus, no international power would have total control of the country. The Open Door policy was rooted in desire of American businesses to exploit Chinese markets it could not reach because of European spheres of influence. It was mainly used to mediate competing interests of the colonial powers without much meaningful input from the Chinese

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798)

Statements authored secretly by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Resolutions asserted the right of states to veto federal legislation.

Border States

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede. in the civil war the states between the north and the south: delaware, mayland, kentucky, and missouri

1823 Monroe Doctrine

States that Europe should stay out of the Americas

Elkins Act (1903)

Strengthened the *Interstate Commerce Act* by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them

Charles II (1660-1685)

Stuart Restoration - he learned the lessons of his predecessors (Don't mess with Parliament!) - religious toleration, but leaned toward the Catholics. - Test Act (1673). - Habeas Corpus Act (1679). - he launched bold new foreign policy ventures challenging the Dutch for the commercial leadership of Europe.

Peace Democrats

Sub-division of the fractured democratic party. Tens of thousands who did not support the Lincoln Administration. The hippies of the civil war.

William Franklin

Supporter of the loyalist cause who was the last royal governor of New Jersey. He was the royal governor of New Jersey. Ben Franklin's son. He was very loyal to the king. Had an English wife.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Supreme Court case that established the Court's power to invalidate state laws contrary to the Constitution; in this case, the Court prevented Georgia from rescinding a land grant even though it was fraudulently made.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments.

Cohens v. Virginia

Supreme Court case which asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review the decision of state supreme courts Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government.

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled that the Constitution implicitly guarantees citizens' right to privacy. Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution

Fordism

System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford.

House Speaker Joe Cannon

Taft angered progressive republicans when he failed to support their effots to reduce the dictorial powers of congress leading conservative.

Richard Ballinger

Taft's Secretary of the Interior, allowed a private group of business people to obtain several million acres of Alaskan public lands

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

The 1923 Supreme Court case that voided a minimum wage for women workers in the District of Columbia, reversing many of the gains that had been achieved through the groundbreaking decision in Muller v. Oregon.

Corps of Discovery (1804-1806)

Team of adventurers, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific. Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West's flora, fauna, and native populations, and their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the West.

Scopes Trial (1925)

Tennessee legal case involving the teaching of evolution in public schools. Scopes, a biology teacher, was tried for teaching Darwinism in public school. Clarence Darrow was one of Scopes' attorneys, while William Jennings Bryan, a leading Christian fundamentalist, aided the state prosecutor. Darrow put Bryan on the stand and sharply questioned Bryan on the latter's literal interpretation as appropriate for science class. Bryan was humiliated and died a few days after the trial. Scopes was convicted.

American Plan

Term that some U.S. employers in the 1920s used to describe their policy of refusing to negotiate with unions. Demonstrated laissez-faire economics.

Old Northwest

Territories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes. The well-organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future land acquisitions.

Goliad

Texas outpost where American volunteers, having laid down their arms and surrendered, were massacred by Mexican forces in 1836. The incident, along with the slaughter at the Alamo, fueled American support for Texan independence.

James Buchanan

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

Midnight Judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Oil Embargo of 1973

The 1967 Oil Embargo began on June 6, 1967, one day after the beginning of the Six-Day War, with a joint Arab decision to deter any countries from supporting Israel militarily. Several Middle Eastern countries eventually limited their oil shipments, some embargoing only the United States and the United Kingdom, while others placed a total ban on oil exports

Edith Wharton

The Age of Innocence

The big four

The Big Four were the four most important leaders, and the most important ones at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.

Civil Rights Act of 1965

The Civil Rights Act of 1965 or also known as the Voting Rights Act gave federal protection to black voters which allowed many more to vote and participate in the government.

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand

The French foreign minister who rudely refused to see the envoys of President Adams in 1797.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

The Great Gatsby

T. S. Eliot

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

Spanish-American War (1898)

The Maine mysteriously blew up in the Havana harbor from internal explosion. Yellow journalists like Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst sensationalistically influence public opinion in newspapers ("Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain"). Americans declare war on Spain. The War was also caused by Americans' desire to expand as well as the harsh treatment that the Spanish had over the Cubans; the U.S. also wanted to help Cubans gain independence from Spain. The war resulted in the U.S. gaining Guam and Puerto Rico as well as control over the Philippines.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

William Pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

Pueblo Indians

The Pueblo Indians lived in the Southwestern United States. They built extensive irrigation systems to water their primary crop, which was corn. Their houses were multi-storied buildings made of adobe.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers.

The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslingers of 1884

The Republicans chose James G. Blaine as their presidential candidate for the election of 1884. The Democrats chose Grover Cleveland. Grover Cleveland was a very honest and admirable man. Cleveland won the election of 1884.

John C. Breckinridge

The South's pro-slavery Democratic candidate in the election of 1860. Completed the split of the Democratic Party by being nominated.

Army-McCarthy Hearings

The Trials in which Senator McCarthey accused the U.S. Army of harboring possible communists.These trials were one of the first televised trials in America, and helped show America Senator McCarthey's irresponsibility and meanness.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River 1794 battle in which federal troops defeated the Miami Confederacy of Native Americans

Wilson's Moral Diplomacy

The U.S. had a duty to promote democracy in Latin nations in order to prevent war and revolution.

Merrimak

The Union Monitor and the Confederate Merrimack, renamed the Virginia, traded blows in Hampton Roads for several hours but neither was able to disable the other. Eventually both ships retreated to their bases, the Virginia more the worse for wear, and never met again.

John Sirica

The Watergate trial's presiding judge who believed that the men had not acted alone

Jones Act (1916)

The act that granted the Phillipines territorial status and promised independence as soon as stable government was achieved

Kate Chopin

The awakening

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Census of 1890

The census of 1890 declared that except for a few pockets, the entire frontier had been settled. (p. 343)

Charles Wilson Peale

The colonial painter (1741-1827) best known for his portraits of George Washington who also ran a museum for stuffed birds and practiced dentistry.

General Westmoreland

The commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam

The Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

mechanization of agriculture

The development of engine-driven machines, like the combine, which helped to dramatically increase the productivity of land in the 1870s and 1880s. This process contributed to the consolidation of agricultural business that drove many family farms out of existence.

Fifteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1870 to extend suffrage to African Americans.

Sixteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.

Nineteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote.

Twenty-fourth Amendment

The constitutional amendment passed in 1964 that declared poll taxes void in federal elections.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.

Wall Street Crash of 1929

The crash signaled the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries and did not end in the United States until 1947.

Debt Moratorium (1931)

The dawes plan for collecting debt could no longer work, so they proposed this, britian and Germany quickly accepted but france did not

Henry M. Teller

The dramatic speech delivered by which US senator convinced many American businessmen and religious leaders that the US had a duty to use military force, if necessary, in Cuba?

Anglo-Saxon

The entire English race wherever found, as in Europe, the United States, or India.

Coloumbian Exchange

The exchange of plants animals diseases, and technologies between the America and and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Pequot War (1637)

The expansion of English settlement led to wars against the native peoples. In this war, 700 Pequots were killed by the colonists and their Indian allies.

War Industries Board (WIB)

The federal agency that reorganized industry for maximum efficiency and productivity during WWI

Hetch Hetchy Valley

The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. This was a blow to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located.

James Monroe (1817-1825)

The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Monitor (ship)

The first Union ironclad held its own battle but was unable to claim a victory.

Lord North (1732-1792)

The first minister of King George III's cabinet whose efforts to subdue the colonies only brought them closer to revolution. He helped bring about the Tea Act of 1773, which led to the Boston Tea Party. In an effort to discipline Boston, he wrote, and Parliament passed, four acts that galvanized colonial resistance. (page 187)

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

John Petter Zenger

The guy who sued after he printed the truth but they did not like it

Frederick T. Scopes

The guy who was put on trial for teaching evoltuion

Barbados Slave Code of 1661

The harsh system of laws governing African labor, first developed in Barbados and later officially adopted by South Carolina in 1696

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

U-2 Incident

The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

Dow Jones Index

The index of stock prices that fell from its high of 381 before the crash to an ultimate low of 41 during the Great Depression.

Clean Air Act of 1970

The law aimed at combating air pollution, by charging the EPA with protecting and improving the quality of the nation's air.

jus sanguinis

The law of blood, which determines citizenship based on one's parents' citizenship.

Election of 1796

The person with the most electoral votes, John Adams, became President and the person with the second most electoral votes, Thomas Jefferson, became Vice President. A problem from this situation was that Adams and Jefferson belonged to different political parties, so political tensions were strong in the Executive Branch. In modern elections, presidential candidates choose their vice presidential candidates to run with them, so the situation in 1796 could not occur.

Tenth Amendment

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

interlocking directorates

The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company. J. P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s.

New Jersey Plan

The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population. A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Bible Belt

The region of the American South, extending roughly from North Carolina west to Oklahoma and Texas, where Protestant Fundamentalism and belief in literal interpretation of the Bible were traditionally strongest.

Fourth Amendment

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Bolshevik Revolution (1917)

The second stage of the Russian Revolution in November 1917 when Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik party seized power and established a communist state. The first stage had occurred the previous February when more moderate revolutionaries overthrew the Russian Czar.

Lousiana Purchase

The selling of Lousiana by the French to the United States in 1803 for about $15 million; Jefferson was hesitant about the purchase, as he didn'g believe it was constitutional, however he eventually submitted to the treaties of Congress. It essentially doubled the size of the U.S. The purchase of French land between the Missippi river and the Rocky Mountains that doubled the size of the US/

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Keynesian economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Calvanism

Theory of the elect: certain people already choosen by God to achieve salvation; created by John Calvin

Reservation System

The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times.

Colombian Exchange

The trading of various animals, diseases, and crops between the Eastern and Western hemispheres

Alien and Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

"privateer" ships

These craft were privately owned armed ships - legalized pirates in a sense - specifically authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping. Altogether over a thousand American _____, responding to the call of patriotism and profit, sallied forth with about seventy thousand men ("sailors of fortune"). They captured some six hundred British prizes, while British warships captured about as many American merchantmen and privateers.

Seminole Indians

They lived in Florida. They waged a seven years war against the Americans to try and remain in the east instead of being forcibly removed to the west. They were tricked into a truce where their chief Osceola was captured. Most were moved to Oklahoma while others remained hidden in the everglades.

Teller Amendment

This Amendment was drafter by Henry M. Teller which declared that the US had no desire for control in Cuba & pledged the US would leave the island alone. Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Lord Calvert of Maryland

This Catholic nobleman was granted control of land by the Chesapeake Bay for his loyal service to king Charles I; established the proprietary colony of Maryland; wanted to achieve great wealth and create a haven for his fellow Catholics, but died before he could

Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929

This act established the Federal Farm Board, a lending bureau for hard-pressed farmers. The act also aimed to help farmers help themselves through new producers' cooperatives. As the depression worsened in 1930, the Board tried to bolster falling prices by buying up surpluses, but it was unable to cope with the flood of farm produce to market.

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

This act reversed traditional high-protective-tariff policies by allowing the president to negotiate lower tariffs with trade partners, without Senate approval. Its chief architect was Secretary of State Cordell Hull, who believed that tariff barriers choked off foreign trade.

National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities

This agency formed in 1965 provided federal funding for the arts and for creative and scholarly projects.

SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)

This agreement froze each country's arsenal of missiles.

election of 1840

This election was characterized by the mudslinging or the attack or insult on each others reputation. William Henry Harrison wins election. Martin Van Buren vs. William Henry Harrison MVB hurt by Panic of 1837. Significance: massive voter turnout & use of slogans: "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too", "Log cabin and hard cider" Created second national two-party system William Henry Harrison (Whig) vs. Martin Van Buren (Democrat); result: Whig victory & a truly national two-party system.

Peace of Paris

This ended the Seven Years War/French and Indian war between Britain and her allies and France and her allies. The result was the acquisition of all land east of the Mississippi plus Canada for Britain, and the removal of the French from mainland North America.

Buffalo Bill Cody

This former pony express rider and Indian fighter and hero of popular dime novels for children traveled around the U.S. and Europe and put on popular Wild West shows. The shows included re-enactments of Indian battles and displays of horsemanship and riflery

Samuel Colt

This inventor patented the six-shooter pistol, which was used often during the Mexican war. He later used the concept of mass production in his factory to produce them more quickly.

Postdam Conference

This is the conference where Stalin, Truman, and Churchill came together to decide how Germany would be administered. Their goals were to establish order, settle peace treaty issues, and deal with the effects of WWII.

Coercive Acts

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

Volstead Act (1919)

This law that established a Prohibition Bureau within the Treasury Department was under budgeted and largely ineffective, especially in strongly anti-prohibition states

Harry L. Hopkins

This man led the FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration) which replaced Hoover's RFC by giving grants to the states to promote civil work projects, but the states preferred just to give the money to the men instead of creating jobs. He would also run the CWA and the WPA

Randolph Bourne

This man was a "cultural pluralist" along with Horace Kallen. He opposed the idea of immigration restriction. He, in fact, believed in cosmopolitan interchange which was destined to make America "not a nationality but a trans-nationality." In this view the U.S. should serve as the vanguard of a more international and multicultural age. (pgs. 724-725)

Clarence Thomas

This man was an African American jurist, and a strict critic of affirmative action. He was nominated by George H. W. Bush to be on the Supreme Court in 1991, and shortly after was accused of sexual harassment by Anita Hill. Hearings were reopened, and he became the second African American to hold a seat in the Supreme Court.

Tariff of 1857

This new tariff responded to souther pressure. It reduced rates to their lowest since 1812. (James Buchanan) Lowered duties on imports in response to a high Treasury surplus and pressure from Southern farmers

Daughters of Liberty

This organization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent.

Article X

This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U. S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression.

Frances E. Willard (1839-1898)

This pious leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union wished to eliminate the sale of alcohol and thereby "make the world more homelike." Her ecumenical "do every thing" reform sensibility encouraged some women to take the leap toward more radical causes like woman suffrage, while allowing more conservative women to stick comfortably with temperance work.

Wilmont Proviso (1846)

This proviso never became law but was endorsed by the state legislature of free states, and stated that slavery was prohibited in every state acquired in the Mexican War.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president. 1872 illegal manipulation of contracts by a construction and finance company associated with the building of the Union Pacific Railroad

Thomas Alva Edison

This scientist received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone and motion picture equipment.

Anglican Church

church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade.

Russo-American Treaty

This treaty between Russia and America set the southern borders of Russian holdings in America at the line of 54 degrees- 40', the southern tip of Alaska. Fixed the line of 54°40' as the southernmost boundary of Russian holdings in North America.

Pinckney's Treaty (1795)

This treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi River and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

10% Plan

This was Lincoln's reconstruction plan for after the Civil War. Written in 1863, it proclaimed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the 1860 election pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, and then formally erect their state governments. This plan was very lenient to the South, would have meant an easy reconstruction.

Square Deal for Labor

This was Roosevelt's new program that enforced control of corporations, consumer protections, and conservation of natural resources

Shiloh

This was battle fought by Grant in an attempt to capture the railroad of the South. The battle was fought in the west prevented the north from obtaining an easy victory. However, the Confederates strong resistance showed that they would not go quietly and the war was far from over.

Line of Demarcation

This was the line drawn by Alexander VI that gave Portugal most of Brazil and Spain the rest of South America

Election of 1804

Thomas Jefferson was the odds-on favorite to be reelected in 1804, gaining widespread popularity through the Louisiana Purchase, the repeal of the excise tax on whiskey and by standing up to the Barbary pirates. The president dropped Aaron Burr as his running mate, perhaps unfairly believing that Burr had tried to steal the presidency from him in 1800. A group of New England Federalists known as the Essex Junto (many lived in Essex County north of Boston) began scheming in advance of the election. incumbent Democratic-Republican President Thomas Jefferson against Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Thomas Jefferson ran as a Democratic-Republican and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney ran as a Federalist. Jefferson easily defeated Pinckney. George Clinton won for Vice President.

Dorthea Dix

Tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. Appointed superintendant of women nurses for the Union forces.

Disestablished

To separate an official state church from its connection with the government. Following the Revolution, all states disestablished the Anglican Church, though some New England states maintained established Congregational Churches well into the nineteenth century.

King Nicotine

Tobacco: the economic savior of Virginia in the 17th century. Made profitable by John Rolfe, tobacco was important as it became the cash crop of Jamestown helping establish its economy, a Southern culture, and England's place in the New World.

Regulars

Trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts. During the French and Indian War, British generals, used to commanding experienced regulars, often showed contempt for ill-trained colonial militiamen.

Aaron Montgomery Ward

Traveling salesman whose company beginning in the early 1870s eliminated the "middlemen," whose services increased the retail price of goods, by reaching consumers directly through mail-order catalogs.

Florida Treaty of 1819

Treaty in which Spain agreed to cede its claims to Oregon and give Florida to the Americans in exchange for Texas

Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819

Treaty in which Spain agreed to cede its claims to Oregon and give Florida to the Americans in exchange for Texas In 1819 Spain ceded Florida and other claims to Oregon in exchange for Texas. This gave land to Mexico but later caused Americans to fight against Mexicans for their old land.

Hitler-Stalin Pact

Treaty signed on August 23, 1939 in which Germany and the Soviet Union agreed not to fight each other. The fateful agreement paved the way for German aggression against Poland and the Western democracies.

Laird Rams (1863)

Two well-armed ironclad warships constructed for the Confederacy by a British firm. Seeking to avoid war with the United States, the British government purchased the two ships for its Royal Navy instead.

Sheppard-Towner Act

U.S. Act of Congress providing federal funding for maternity and child care, a response to the lack of adequate medical care for women and children

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

U.S. acquisition of land south of the Gila River from Mexico for $10 million; the land was needed for a possible transcontinental railroad line through the southern United States. However, the route was never used.

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

U.S. forces - led by William Henry Harrison - defeated Tecumseh's confederacy then burned its headquarters at Prophetstown. *Historical Significance:* Tecumseh's confederacy allied with the British during the War of 1812; Harrison emerged as a war hero.

Anti-Saloon League (1893)

U.S. organization working for prohibition of the sale of alcoholic liquors. Founded in 1893 as the Ohio Anti-Saloon League at Oberlin, Ohio, by representatives of temperance societies and evangelical Protestant churches, it came to wield great political influence.

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

John J. Pershing

US general who chased Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him

Genocide in Cambodia (1975)

US government supported Cambodia, which fell under Khmer Rouge,a radical communist faction that conducted genocide against one million of it's own people, ford ordered an attack on Cambodian naval base that captured the US merchant ship, Mayaguez

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

US v Britain:fought over trade restrictions caused by British-French war; the impressment of American sailors, British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion,

Spirit of Geneva

USSR and US conferring on peace in 1955, couldn't agree on demilitarization or Open Skies but suspended nuclear tests

1868 Republican presidential nominee

Ulysses S. Grant

Dominion of Canada (1867)

Unified Canadian government created by Britain to bolster Canadians against potential attacks or overtures from the United States.

Peninsula Campaign (1862)

Union *General George McClellan*'s failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital; Confederate victory made possible by the leadership of *General Robert E. Lee*.

George G. Meade

Union general who replaced Hooker three days before the Battle of Gettysburg, where he finally broke the Confederate attack.

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Bartolomeo Vanzetti

United States anarchist (born in Italy) who with Nicola Sacco was convicted of murder and in spite of world-wide protest was executed (1888-1927)

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

John Jay

United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829) 1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington

Denmark Vesey

United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Bracero Program

United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. The program stimulated emigration for Mexico.

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

Joseph Pulitzer

United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911)

Gilbert Stuart

United States painter best known for his portraits of George Washington

Henry Clay

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Brigham Young

United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith

Mark Twain

United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)

New York Draft Riots (1863)

Uprising, mostly of working-class Irish-Americans, in protest of the draft. Rioters were particularly incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions.

Submarine Warfare

Used during World War I mainly between German U-Boats and Atlantic supply convoys for Great Britain

Patroonships

Vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845)

Vivid autobiography of the escaped slave and renowned abolitionist Frederick Douglass

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Micheal Wigglesworth

WHO; American Puritan poet, physician, and minister WHAT; His poem "The Day of Doom" enjoyed a popular success unequaled in America before Longfellow WHEN; 1631-1705

Office of Price Administration

WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation

Massasoit

Wampanoag chieftain who befriended English colonists

Govenor William Berkeley

Was a ruler who was miserable. It soon got worse as a thousand Virginians broke out of control by 1676 led by Nathanial Bacon

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Repeal of Silver Purchase Act

Was in debate to repeal by William Jennings campaigned for free silver

Twenty-Third Amendment

Washington DC is not a state, but gets 3 electoral votes.

Seventh of March Speech

Webster's last great speech to the US Senate which called upon his fellow senators to give their full support to the Compromise of 1850 This was a famous speech given by Daniel Webster when he was trying to work out the Compromise of 1850. In it, he fought for compromise. He asked for a stricter fugitive slave law and said that there was no need to legislate slavery in the territories because the land was not fit for it. His speech became widely printed and read, and it increased the popularity of Union and compromise. Daniel Webster's impassioned address urging the North to support of the Compromise of 1850. Webster argued that topography and climate would keep slavery from becoming entrenched in Mexican Cession territory and urged Northerners to make all reasonable concessions to prevent disunion.

Seven Days Battle

Week-long fighting in which Confederates turned back the Union effort to take Richmond

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Lost Generation Writers

Wrote about horror of WWI Scorned consumerism Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis

Eleventh Amendment

When states sue other states, it automatically goes before the Supreme Court. Residents of one state cannot sue another state. Another country can't sue the US and vice verse.

Conversion

When your life is changed by giving yourself to God

President Taylor

Whig president and war hero in the Mexican American War who supported the immediate annexation of California as a free state. Died in office and was succeeded by his VP Millard Fillmore.

Payne-Aldrich Bill

While intended to lower tariff rates, this bill was eventually revised beyond all recognition, retaining high rates on most imports. President Taft angered the progressive wing of his party when he declared it "the best bill that the Republican party ever passed."

Conciliation treaties

Wilson's commitment to democracy was shared by Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan. Bryan negotiated treaties in which nations pledged to submit disputes to international commissions and observe a one-year cooling-off period before taking military action. Thirty of these treaties were negotiated.

Old Fuss and Feathers

Winfield Scott

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

James Wilkinson

Wilkinson had been an officer in the Continental Army, and later held several positions relating to the Army, such as secretary of the board of war and clothier general to the army. He was one of the Commissioners appointed to receive the Purchase Louisiana from the French, and served as Governor of Louisiana from 1805-1806. He informed Pres. Jefferson of Burr's conspiracy to take over Louisiana, and was the primary witness against Burr at his treason trial, even though Wilkinson was himself implicated in the plot.

Old Tippecanoe

William Henry Harrison

1896 election

William Jennings Bryan lost to McKinley w/ the "silver issue" dominating the campaign; McKinley won, the Populists disappeared, the GOP became the party who represented the interests of the corporations and the wealthy, and a realignment occurred

Holy Experiment

William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all.

"Make the world safe for democracy"

Wilson gave this as a reason for U.S. involvement in WWI.

U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)

With the Chinese Exclusion Act in effect, some exclusionists even tried to strip native-born Chinese-Americans of their citizenship, but the Supreme Court ruled in U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark in 1898 that the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed citizenship to all persons born in the United States. This doctrine of "birthright citizenship" (or jus soli, the "right of the soil," as contrasted with jus sanguinis, the "right of blood-tie," which based citizenship on the parent's nationality) provided important protections to Chinese-Americans as well as to other immigrant communities. Supreme Court ruled in favor of Chinese born Americans, felt that they could not strip them of citizenship because of 14th Amendment

WAVES

Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service in the Navy

camp followers

Women and children who followed the Continental Army during the American Revolution, providing vital services such as cooking and sewing in return for rations.

SPARs

Women serving in the coast guard.

WAC

Women's Army Corps

Oliver H. Kelley

Worked in the Department of Agriculture and lead the Granger Movement.

Sultana

Worst maritime disaster in U.S. History

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Twentieth Amendment

Written by George Norris and also called the "Lame Duck Amendment," it changed the inauguration date from March 4 to January 20 for president and vice president, and to January 3 for senators and representatives. It also said Congress must assemble at least once a year.

Progress and Poverty

Written by Henry George, critical of entreprenuers, after studying poverty in America, determined that rich didn't pay fair share of taxes and proposed "Single Tax" on incremental value of land

Washinton Irving

Wrote "Rip Van WInkle", "Legend of Sleepy Hollow". First American writer to gain international fame

Francis Hopkinson

Wrote "The Battle of the Kegs"

Lord Sheffield

Wrote a popular pamphlet in England that said Britain would win back America's trade and that commerce would naturally follow old channels.

William Hope Harvey

Wrote a popular pamphlet titled Coin's Financial School; this pamphlet overwhelmed the bankers and professors of economics with his brilliant arguments on behalf of free silver Author of the popular pro-silver pamphlet "Coin's Financial School"

David G. Phillips

Wrote a series in Cosmopolitan titled "The Treason of the Senate" which boldly charged that 75 of the 90 senators represented the railroads and trusts, not the people. His indictment impressed President Roosevelt. He continued his writing until he was killed in 1911.

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka

a 1954 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" education for black and white students was unconstitutional

Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur

a Frenchman who settled in New York territory in 1759; he wrote a book called Letters of an American Farmer that established a new standard for writing about America:

James G. Blaine

a U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time United States Secretary of State, and champion of the Half-Breeds. He was a dominant Republican leader of the post Civil War period, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination, but lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland

Women's Trade Union League

a U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions

Alfred Thayer Mahan

a United States Navy officer, geostrategist, and educator. His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. Several ships were named USS Mahan, including the lead vessel of a class of destroyers. His research into naval History led to his most important work, The Influence of Seapower Upon History,1660-1783, published in 1890

Grandfather Clause

a clause exempting certain classes of people or things from the requirements of a piece of legislation affecting their previous rights, privileges, or practices. A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Opium War

a conflict between Britain and China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain's opium trade in China

Juan de Onate

a descendant of a wealthy Spanish family who, in 1598, took control of the Rio Grande region and the Pueblo region of what is now New Mexico for Spain. Spanish explorer and conquistador. He claimed New Mexico for Spain in 1598 and served as its governor until 1607.

Square Deal

a fair bargain or treatment. Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers Theodore Roosevelt's promise of fair and equal treatment for all

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

a federal agency charged with enforcing regulations against selling and distributing adulterated, misbranded, or hazardous food and drug products

Washinton's Farewell Address

a final, official speech of a President as he or she leaves office Washington warned against permanent alliances and political parties

Fundamentalsim

a form of a religion, especially Islam or Protestant Christianity, that upholds belief in the strict, literal interpretation of scripture.

War Production Board (WPB)

a government agency set up to oversee production of war materials during World War II

Australian ballot

a government-printed ballot of uniform dimensions to be cast in secret that many states adopted around 1890 to reduce voting fraud associated with party-printed ballots cast in public

Ecomienda System

a kind of feudalism granting Spanish colonists control of conquered lands and obliging the Indians to provide forced labor and a fixed portion of their harvests

March on Washington (1963)

a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march. Widely credited as helping lead to the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the National Voting Rights Act (1965). 80% of the marchers were black. Organized by union leader A. Philip Randolph.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

a law enacted in 1933 to raise crop prices by paying farmers to leave a certain amount of their land unplanted, thus lowering production

Dodd-Frank Act

a law enacted in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2008-2009 that strengthened government oversight of financial markets and placed limitations on risky financial strategies such as heavy reliance on leverage

Higher Education Act of 1965

a law providing federal financial aid through needs-based scholarships and low-interest student loans for college students

Judiciary Act of 1801

a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created sixteen new federal judgeships ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary.

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799) "Give me liberty or give me death"

Referendum

a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

Scientific Management

a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it

Mayans

a member of a major pre-Columbian civilization of the Yucatán Peninsula that reached its peak in the 9th century a.d. and produced magnificent ceremonial cities with pyramids, a sophisticated mathematical and calendar system, hieroglyphic writing, and fine sculpture, painting, and ceramics.

Do-Nothing Congress

a name Truman called the Republican congress for refusing to enact his legislative agenda.

Second Bank of the United States

a national bank overseen by the federal government. Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter. The purpose of the bank was to regulate state banks, which had grown rapidly since the First Bank of the US went out of existence in 1811. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency.

Demon Rum

a negative term for alcohol that was groggy an to be floored by the Eighteenth amendment

Interstate Highway System

a network of high-speed roads built to make interstate travel faster and easier

Dust Bowl, 1935

a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion caused the phenomenon.

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)

Racketeers

a person who engages in dishonest and fraudulent business dealings

Monrow Doctrine

a policy of U.S. opposition to any European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

Glasnost

a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

Josiah Strong

a popular American minister in the late 1800s who linked Anglo-Saxonism to Christian missionary ideas

Iroquis Confederacy

a powerful group of Natie Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and the Oneida

doughface president

a president who is a Northern man with Southern principles, President Franklin Pierce being the first and james buchannan being the second one

Moses Brown

a quaker merchant who wanted to build a spinning mill in Rhode Island; he opened a mill with Slater

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

a resolution adopted by Congress in 1964, giving the president broad powers to wage war in Vietnam

Poniac's Rebellion

a revolt aginst british forts and american settlers in 1763, led in part by ottawa war leader poniac, in response to the settlers claims native american lands and harsh treatment by british soldiers

Environmental Movement

a social movement organized around concerns about the relationship between humans and the environment

Ostend Manifesto (1854)

a statement by American envoys abroad to pressure Spain into selling Cuba to the United States; the declaration suggested that if Spain would not sell Cuba, the United States would be justified in seizing it. It was quickly repudiated by the U.S. government but it added to the belief that a "slave power" existed and was active in Washington. admision of cuba for 125 mil

Naturalism

a style and theory of representation based on the accurate depiction of detail.

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

excise tax

a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of goods produced within a country Consumer tax on a specific kind of merchandise, such as tobacco.

Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)

a. Atomic bombs dropped (1945) b. Yalta Conference (1945) c. The beginning of the Baby Boom (1945) d. Truman Doctrine (1947) e. Marshall Plan (1947) f. NATO formed (1949) g. Cold War (1946-1991)

Thirteenth Amendment

abolished slavery

James Knox Polk

accomplished the 4 for 4

Child Nutrition Act of 1966

added breakfasts to the school lunch program

Sedition Act of 1918

added to Espionage Act to cover "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces.

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted US citizenship. The act was an attempt to destroy Indian culture and the unity of the tribe and make each Native American head of household more like the White citizen/farmers.

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Lend-Lease Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

Meuse-Argonne Offensive

also called the Battle of the Argonne Forest, was a part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire western front. The whole offensive was planned by Marshall Ferdinand Foch to breach the Hindenburg line and ultimately force the opposing German forces to surrender;

Constitutional Union Party

also known as the "do-nothings" or "Old Gentlemen's" party; 1860 election; it was a middle of the road group that feared for the Union- consisted mostly of Whigs and Know-Nothings, met in Baltimore and nominated John Bell from Tennessee as candidate for presidency-the slogan for this candidate was "The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the laws."

St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois

also known as the Wabash Case, was a Supreme Court decision that severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce. It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Jacob S. Coxey and Coxey's Army

an American politician, who ran for elective office several times in Ohio. He twice led a namesake Army in 1894 and 1914, consisting of a group of unemployed men that he led on marches from Massillon, Ohio to Washington, D.C. to present a "Petition in Boots" demanding that the United States Congress allocate funds to create jobs for the unemployed

Captain Daniel Shays

an American soldier, revolutionary, and farmer famous for being one of the leaders of Shays' Rebellion, a populist uprising against controversial debt collection and tax policies in Massachusetts in 1786 and 1787.

Robert Jenkins

an English captain whose ear was cut off by Spaniards, and appeared before British Parliament reporting his ear as an example of Spanish atrocities to British merchants in the West Indies

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

an agency, established as part of the New Deal, that put young unemployed men to work building roads, developing parks, planting trees, and helping in erosion-control and flood-control projects. New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects

Platt Amendment (1901)

an amendment added to Cuba's constitution by the Cuba government, after pressure from the United States; it provided that Cuba would make no treaties that compromised its independence or granted concessions to other countries without U.S. approval. The amendment was abrogated in 1934.

Regionalism

an element in literature that conveys a realistic portrayal of a specific geographical locale, using the locale and its influences as a major part of the plot

Brooke Farm

an experiment in Utopian socialism which lasted for 6 years (1841-1847) in New Roxbury, MA. It was created by George Ripley as a thinking tank, combining high thinking and plain living. It survived only because of an excellent community school, which many from outside the community paid to send their children too.

Horace Kallen

an intellectual who championed alternative conceptions of the immigrant role in American society, defended newcomer's right to practice their ancestral customs, vision- the US should provide a protective canopy for ethnic and racial groups to preserve their cultural uniqueness, stressed the preservation of identity, believed pluralism

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later. A confrontation among the Soviet Union, Cuba and the United States in October 1962, during the Cold War.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)

an organization that sought to apply non-violent protest as means of fighting segregation

The north star

antislavery newspaper published by Fredrick Douglass

Sudetenland (1938)

appeasement; Hitler promised that his last territorial demand was the Sudeten territory from Czechoslovakia

Charles J. Guiteau

assassinated President James A. Garfield to make civil service reform a reality. He shot Garfield because he believed that the Republican Party had not fulfilled its promise to give him a government job

Aldrich-Vreeland Act of 1908

authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral

U.S Neutrality act 1936

banned loans/credits to countries at war; set no trade limit on materials useful for war (US companies able to sell items on credit to General Franco in the Spanish Civil war)

John Watson

behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat

Mercantilism

belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.

loose construction

belief that the government can do anything that the constitution does not prohibit

Mcleod

boasted of helping in the attack on the U.S. ship Caroline and was arrested and condemned to execution > almost caused war with England

Atomic Bomb

bomb dropped by an American bomber on Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroying both cities

Looking Backward

book written by edward bellamy; described experience of a young bostonian who slept in 1887 and woke up in 2000 to find the social order changed, large trusts that had grown grew and combined to create one big one that would distribute the wealth among everyone and eliminate class divisions-called it nationalism

Augustus Saint-Gaudens

born to an Irish mother and French father; adopted American; most gifted American sculptor one of his most moving works is the Robert Gould Shaw memorial

War of 1812 causes

causes: -pre existing past revolution, British influence on Native Americans, violation of trading rights, British impressment, and U.S desired Canad

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

John Ehrlichman

chief domestic adviser

Tsar Alexander I of Russia

called the Americans and British to come to peace because he didn't want his British ally to lose strength in the Americas and let Napoleon take over Europe

hard money

campaign money that is subject to regulations by the FEC] Political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed.

Second Red Scare

caused by rise of "Red China" and the Shocks of 1949; Origins from formation of HUAC who made accusations about "subversives" (traitors/Communists) in government. Included FELP, blacklist, Alger Hiss Case, Rosenberg Case, and Joe McCarthy (rise of McCarthyism); deportations; escalated by Korean War

Urban Dominance

clear victory for business, urban centers, conservative economics, moderate middle class values, proved to be last hope for rural Amerca

Colonel Leonard Wood

commanded the Rough Riders.

Captain John C. Fremont

considered the father of California. When war broke out in California, he helped overthrow Mexican rule. California was declared an independent country, the Bear Flag Republic. Took California and proclaimed the "Bear Flag Republic".

writ of assistance

court document allowing customs officers to enter any location to search for smuggled goods

William H. McGuffey

created the nations first and most widely used series of textbooks

Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

created to investigate possible subversive activities by fascists, Nazis, or communists

Causes of the Great Depression

credit buying, overproduction, less consumer spending, falling stocks stock markets crashed, unemployment rising, the dustbowl, overproduction of everything, layoffs,buying on credit

General Anthony Wayne

crushed northwest indians at battle of fallen timbers on august 20, 1794

Declaration of War 1917

decl war on Germany bc of Zimmerman telegram, ship attacks, Russian democracy, lasting peace

General Sam Houston

defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto and later became president of Texas leader of the Texans in their fight for independence

President Jackson

democrat; populist movement toward universal white male suffrage swept him to victory after he lost the first time he ran; was elected next term also refused to annex Texas because it would upset the balance of slave and free states - Elected in 1828 - Election spurred the formation of second party system - Rural origin

Half-Way Covenant (1662)

did not require evidence of conversion to receive a kind of church membership

Primgeniture

during the middle ages the right of the first born sons to inherit lands and titles, leaving their brothers the option of a military or religious career

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

established minimum living standards for workers engaged in interstate commerce, including provision of a federal minimum wage

St. Augustine

early christian leader who writes the book City of God that instructs how Christians are to be

Market Revolution

economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves

John Tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

Tilden v. Hayes

election of 1876; controversy over questioned electoral votes; Compromise of 1877; Hayes won; republicans agreed to remove troops from the south; ended reconstruction; only election that someone won over 50% of popular vote but not electoral vote

Hatch Act of 1887

extended the Morrill Act and provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges.

jingoism

extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy

Pontiac

famous chief of the Ottawa who led an unsuccessful rebellion against the British (1715-1769)

The Red Scare

fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life

Fort Henry and Fort Donelson

feb. 1862,TN, Grant captures these two forts on the TN river and Cumberland river Key victory for Union General Ulysses S. Grant, it secured the North's hold on Kentucky and paved the way for Grant's attacks deeper into Tennessee.

John Randolf

fiery Virginian who was initially a royal Jeffersonian, but overtime became the most radical conservative "old republicans". He believed protecting state's rights was more important than the need for a strong national government. He also claimed he loved liberty and hated equality. attorney general.

The Liberator (1831)

first anti slavery newspaper written by Garrison

Harvard

first college in America

Lady Bird Johnson

first lady after Jackie Kennedy, contributed to the environment with her Beautify America campaign

Neutrality Act of 1936,

forbade the extension of loans and credits to belligerents

Neutrality Act 1937

forbade the shipment of arms to the opposing sides in the civil war in Spain

Neutrality Act of 1937

forbade the shipment of arms to the opposing sides in the civil war in Spain

National Consumers League

formed in the 1890's under the leadership of Florence Kelly, attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions.

Sugar

formed the foundation of the west Indian economy

James B. Weaver

former Civil War general who ran for president with the Greenback Party (1880) and the Populist Party (1892). He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West.

Lillian Wald

founded the Henry Street Settlement and Visiting Nurse Service which provided nursing and social services and organized educational and cultural activities. She is considered the founder of public health nursing

Tom Hayden and Al Haber

founders of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

Lieutenant Jefferson Davis

from mississippi and helped crush black hawk.

China 1937

full scale war erupted between Japan, US gunboat Panay was bombed and sunk by Japanese planes, Japan's apology was accepted

Capper-Volstead Act of 1922

gave farmers protection from anti-trust law and allowed them to cooperatively market

Stonewall Jackson

general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863) Brave commander of the Confederate Army that led troops at Bull Run. He died in the confusion at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

Charles Townshend

government official, close to the king, likeable, sponsored taxes, "Champagne Charlie", sponsored taxes for: lead, glass, paper, paint & tea,

William Phips

governor of Massachusetts; one of 27 children (MA invention of grandparents, closer families)

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

group formed by student activists; used the sit-in as an effective method of protest

WCTU (Women's Christian Temperance Union)

group organized in 1874 that worked to ban the sale of liquor in the U.S.

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

halted sale of tribal lands, enabled tribes to regain unallocated lands; repealed Dawes Severalty Act of 1887; helped secure Indians' entry into New Deal associations; led by John Collier 1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

he was a confederate general who was known for his fearlessness in leading rapid marches bold flanking movements and furious assaults. he earned his nickname at the battle of first bull run for standing courageously against union fire. During the battle of chancellorsville his own men accidently mortally wounded him. Confederate general whose men stopped Union assault during the Battle of Bull Run

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

Andrew jackson 2 enemies

henry Clay and John C Calhoun

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

New Immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe

William Loyd Garrison

important abolitionist leader who founded abolitionist newspaper, the Liberator; cofounded the New England Antislavery Society

The first tarrif

imposing a low tarriff of about 8 % on the value of dutiable imports, was passed by the first congress in 1789

Louis Daguerre

improved on earlier technologies to produce successful photographs

Buena Vista

in 1847 United States forces under Zachary Taylor defeated Mexican forces under Santa Anna in the Mexican War

Green backs

in 1862 the government issued a new paper currency know as greenbacks (B/C of color) helped northern econmy by ensureing that people had money to spend. also helped pay 4 war

Sputnik Shock

in 1957 the soviet union shcoked the us by launching the first satellites into orbit around the earth

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Settlement Houses

institutions that provided educational and social services to poor people

Elias Howe

invented the sewing machine

Samuel F.B. Morse

inventor of the telegraph

Yellow Journalism

journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration. Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Ida M Tarbell

journalist who published a devastating but factual expose of the Standard Oil Company

Edwin L. Godkin

launched the Nation, a liberal and intellectual journal; Irish born; critic; crusaded for civil-service reform; honest government and moderate tariff; believed that if he could reach the right amount of small people ideas could reach to many more people

Civil rights act of 1866

law that established federal guarantees of civil rights for all citizens

Blue Laws

laws designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality

General Josiah Harmar

leader of army sent to claim Ohio, clashing with little Turtle and suffering a great loss

Dwight D. Eisenhower

leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School leader of the Allied forces in Europe then was elected to be Pres. of the USA American General who began in North Africa and became the Commander of Allied forces in Europe.

U.S. Grant

leading Union general in the American Civil War.Grant first reached national prominence by taking Forts Henry and Donelson in 1862 in the first Union victories of the war. The following year, his brilliant campaign ending in the surrender of Vicksburg secured Union control of the Mississippi and—with the simultaneous Union victory at Gettysburg—turned the tide of the war in the North's

American Indian Movement (AIM)

led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans; protested at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre

A Michelle Palmer

led the first red scare in 1919-20 after a series of labor strikes, not to mention the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia...

Adalai Stevenson

lost 1956 election -democrat -former government of IC -liberal -let national convention picks candidate=runs a lot of tv commercials aimed at women -anti-war Senator from illinois and democratic candidate for president in 1952 and 1956 against eisenhower

Twenty-sixth Amendment

lowered the voting age to 18

Neutrality Act of 1935

made it illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at war

Smith Act of 1940

made it illegal to advocate the overthrow of the US government by force or violence

rendezvous

meeting

Open Door Notes

message send by secretary of state John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy & Japan asking the countries not to interfere with US trading rights in China.

Chesapeake Colony

mid-Atlantic colony that grew slowly due to disease and a shortage of labor until the 1660's; adopted headwright system in which 50 acres of land was given to anybody who could pay for the passage from England - Few resources, individual focus, shortened life spans - Random housing/settling Agricultural society in the Chesapeake region (Virginia and Maryland). It was a royal colony with a colonial legislature.

Securities and Exchange Commission

monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds

Sacajawea

native american woman who served as a guide an interpreter for the lewis and clark expedition

Thomas Macdonough

naval officer who forced the invading British army near Plattsburgh to retreat on September 11, 1814; He saved the upper New York from conquest. In 1814, this U.S. naval commander defeated a British fleet on Lake Champlain. As a result the British had to retreat and abandon their plan to invade New York and New England.

sextant

navigation tool used to determine a ship's latitude and longitude (by measuring the altitudes of stars)

Yellow Press

newspapers that used sensational headlines and exaggerated stories in order to promote readership

irreconcilable

not reconcilable; not able to be brought into friendly accord or compromise; incompatible

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Morrill Land Grant Act

of 1862, in this act, the federal government had donated public land to the states for the establishment of college; as a result 69 land- grant institutions were established.

William H. Crawford

of Georgia was nominated by the Republican caucus(last caucus selection), as he was the favorite of the extreme states' rights faction of the party. But other candidates received nominations from state legislatures and won endorsements from mass meetings throughout the country. 1824 presidential nominee who's campaign was weakened by poor health

Wagner Act (1935)

officially "National Labor Relations Act"; established National Labor Relations Board to administer labor laws and union elections; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands. Highest legislative achievement for unions in US history.

Jermiad

often fiery sermons lamenting the waning piety of parishioners first delivered in new england in the mid 17th century . named after the doom sayinf prophet, jeremiah

General Stephen Kearny

on august 18, 1846 kearny took santa fe, the capital city, without a fight -he claimed the entire providence of New MX for the U.s. and marched west to california where another conflict with Mx was under way Took New Mexico without any shots being fired

Martin Delany (1859)

one of the few black leaders to take seriously the notion of mass recolonization of Africa; visited West Africa's Niger Valley seeking a suitable site for relocation

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

George Caitlin

painter and student of Native American life who was among the first Americans to advocate the preservation of nature; proposed the idea of a national park

Postwar politics

parliamentary politics, 3 periods 1. Continuation of prewar politics as modified to new political environment—a conservative and socialist party emerged 2. Soon there was one party rule by LDP (Liberal Democratic Party) it rebuilt Japan and maintained security through ties with the US. Ideological strife, decrease in popularity, and fragmented opposition parties were common during this rule 3. Collapse of left socialists and communists, decrease in popularity—but with economic decline, the population turned back to the seasoned politicians to help recovery.

Electoral Count Act of 1877

passed by Congress in 1877, set up an electoral commission consisting of 15 men selected from the Senate, the House of Representatives, and the Supreme Court. It was made to determine which party would win the election. The committee finally determined, without opening the ballots from the 3 disputed states, that the Republicans had been victorious in the disputed ballots from the three states, giving the Republicans the presidency.

Middle Men

people who load and unload products; make goods expensive to trade for Spain and Portugal

Anti-Federalists

people who opposed the Constitution

Captain Myles Standish (Captain Shrimp)

peppery and stocky soldier of fortune, rendered indispensable service as an Indian fighter and negotiator

Child Labor Act

placed a 10% tax on profits of child emplying companies, it was struck down by the supreme court (Bailey v. Drexel Furniture, 1922 court's opinion that this was an inappropriate use of congress' power to tax)

Protective Legislation

policies designed to protect women from exploitation by restricting their workplace participation

Cash and Carry

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

Victoria Woodhull and Tennessee Claflin

published a periodical that shocked proper elizabeth society. Woodhull announced belief in free love and wrote womens propaganda

Cardinal James Gibbons

popular with Roman Catholics and Protestants, as he preached American unity.

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

powerful pamphlet telling the colonists to break free. British were trying to destroy colonies' natural rights. Government is there to protect life liberty and property. Power came from people, not kings. Colonies don't benefit from British Empire.

Fedrick Douglas

powerful speaker and one of the abolitionists of his time

President Buchanan

president who stated that secession was illegal, but there was nothing he could do to stop it

Lame Duck President

president with no real power because his or her period in office will soon end- Herbert hoover

Recall

procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office

Gag Resolution (1836)

prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals; driven throught eh House by pro-slavery Southerners, the gag resoultion passed every year for eight years, eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams

Senator Crittenden

proposed a plan to the south

James Tallmadge

proposed two amendments to the Missouri statehood bill: one to prohibit bringing in of slaves and one to slowly emancipate slaves

The 1860 Republican Party platform favored

protective tariffs, construction of a transcontinental railroad, free homesteads, and nonextension of slavery.

Resettlement Administration (RA)

provided loans to sharecroppers, tenant farmers and small farmers

McKinley Tariff of 1890

raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been. Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition.

Fire-eaters

refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America.

Pendleton Act

reform measure that established the principle of federal employment on the basis of open, competitive exams and created the Civil Service Commission 1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

Twenty-first Amendment (1933)

repealed the 18th amendment which banned liquor

Lancaster Turnpike

road built in the 1790s by a private company, linking Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania

Wiskey Ring

robbed the treasury of millions in excise tax revinue, "Let no man escape"

Chief Justice John Jay

sent to London to work out compromise for the Jay Treaty

Intolerable Acts (1774)

series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party

Lyndon B. Johnson

signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894

slightly reduced the United States tariff rates from the numbers set in the 1890 McKinley tariff and imposed a 2% income tax. Protective tariff that was passed to ease the Panic of 1893—It had an amendment on it that created a graduated income tax. This tariff provided a moderate reduction in tariff rates and levied a 2 percent income tax.

"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"

slogan used in the 1844 presidential election as a call for us annexation of the oregon territory

Brush Fire Wars

small wars in Africa and southeast Asia often aided by the Soviet Union. convinced the Kennedy administration to adopt a policy of "flexible response"

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

squatter

someone who settles on land without right or title. Happened with Carolina

Dixiecrats

southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.

Gettysburg Address (1863)

speech given my President Abraham Lincoln to commemorate the Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg. Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.

land-grant colleges

state educational institutions built with the benefit of federally donated lands

Burger Court (1969-1986)

strict constructionist but did vote to expand civil rights. Landmark cases: Roe v. Wade, US v. Nixon, NY Times v. US, Bakke v. University of California.

Bartholomew Dias and Vasco da Gama

students from Prince Henry's school that searched to find the tip of Africa and connect it to beyond the Indian Ocean

New Federalism

system in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states

Horizontal Integration

system of consolidating many firms in the same business Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

assumption

taking the debts of all the states

King Numbers

term used to refer to the want of popular vote having a bigger impact than King Caucus

Manifest Destiny

the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable. A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

General Wolfe

the British commander who captured Quebec and was killed in battle

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

Warren Court (1953-1969)

the Supreme Court during the era in which Earl Warren served as Chief Justice, best remembered for expanding the rights of minorities and the rights of the accused

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause. The Court's broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers

UN police action

the United Nations starting a military action without declaration of war; against violators of international peace and order

Department of health, education and welfare

the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with health and welfare 1953 created by Eisenhower

Muckraking

the action of searching out and publicizing scandalous information about famous people in an underhanded way.

Lusitania Crisis (1915)

the attack and sinking of a British passenger ship, the Lusitania, by Germany which led the U.S. to consider entering the war

Keynesianism

the belief the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

party system

the categorization of the number and competitiveness of political parties in a polity

Vertical Integration

the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies. Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Space Race

the competition between nations regarding achievements in the field of space exploration. A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

civic virtue

the democratic ideas, practices, and values that are at the heart of citizenship in a free society

What was the United States Begun with

the fall of quebec and montreal, the infant of the republic was cradled on the plains of Abraham

Trail of Tears

the forced removal of Cherokees and their transportation to Oklahoma The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Medicade

the government insurance program for low-income individuals & familys that is funded both by the federal government & each individual state

jus soli

the law of soil, which determines citizenship based on where a person is born

George F. Baer

the multimillionaire spokesman for the owners in the 1902 coal strike who felt that the property interests of the country had been entrusted by God to the owners, not to labor agitators

Suex Crisis

the occured in 1956 when egyptian president gamal nasser siezed control of cerain french and british buisness interests in egypt

Wyoming Stock-Growers' Association

the organization in the West in the 1880's that used its power to control the state and its legislature for the benefit of the cattle interests

Appromattox Courthouse

the place where Lee surrendered to Grant

President McKinley

the president during the Spanish American War; asked congress to go to war in Cuba

President Hoover

the president who was in office when the depression started. He believed that if the government got involved it would only make the depression worse.

Mobilization

the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war

William H. Vanderbilt

the railroad baron who, when asked in 1883 about the discontinuance of a fast mail train, reportedly said, "The public be damned!"

Cattle Kingdom

the region dominated by the cattle industry and its ranches, trails, and cow towns

Middle Passage

the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.

William and Mary

the second college

Hundred Days

the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days.

God, Gold, Glory

the three main reasons for the European age of exploration

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Felix Grundy of Tennessee

three of his brothers killed in clashes w/ natives - say that only way to remove native threat is to wipe out Canadian base

West Virginia

tore itself from the side of virginia to be become a free state in the mid 1861

Sir Ferdinando Gorges

tried to colonize Maine in 1623

Espionage and Sedition Acts

two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in WWI

1871 Chicago Fire

two thirds of downtown chicago burned

James Russel Lowell

united states educator and president of harvard university (1856-1943), united states astronomer whose studies of mars led him to conclude that mars was inhabited (1855-1916), invented a weaving machine and made factories. he started the industrail revolution, ranks as one of america's better poets, he was a distinguished essayist, literary critic, editor, and diplomat, he is remembered as a political satirist in his "biglow papers", massachusetts man who lamented massachusetts' involvement with the mexican war

Charles G. Finney

urged people to abandon sin and lead good lives in dramatic sermons at religious revivals

March to Montgomery (1965)

voting rights march from Selma to Montgomery in Alabama; Police beatings - Johnson sends troops

USS Constitution

warship which defeated the British Warship Guerriere in 1812 -- called "Old Ironsides"

Maine Battleship

was a battleship (launched in 1889) whose sinking by an explosion on February 15, 1898 at 9:40 p.m. killing 266, precipitated the Spanish-American War.

Father Charles Edward Coughlin

was a fierce critic of Roosevelt's new deal. He was a priest in detroit who had developed a large following by broadcasting sermons over the radio.

John C Calhoun

was a prominent U.S. statesman and spokesman for the slave-plantation system of the antebellum South. As a young congressman from South Carolina, he helped steer the United States into war with Great Britain and established the Second Bank of the United State , American political leader who was a congressman, the secretary of war, the seventh vice president

Charles Finney

was an American Presbyterian minister and leader in the Second Great Awakening in the United States. He has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism.

Harry M. Daugherty

was an American politician. He is best known as a Republican Party boss, and member of the Ohio Gang, the name given to the group of advisors surrounding president Warren G. Harding.

Navy Department

was created in war preparations in the US, and the three-ship navy was expanded. They captured over 80 armed French vessels, though several hundred Yankee merchant ships were lost.

Talmadge Amendment

was submitted by James Tallmadge, Jr. in the United States House of Representatives on February 13, 1819, during the debate regarding the admission of Missouri as a state. Amendment wasn't adopted, but proposed the gradual elimination of slavery from Missouri.

Henry Adams

well connected and socially prominent historian who feared modern trends and sought relief in the beauty and culture of the past

Battle for Britain

where radar becomes very important; Hitler was using his Blitzkrieg warfare; Luftwaffe the German aircraft involved in fighting

Joesph Hooker

who led the Union troops at the battle of Chancellorsville? Replaces Burnside. East Patomac General. Loses the Battle of Chancerllorsville. Was in the union army and he defeated Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville

Horacio Nelson

won the Battle of Trafalgar that gave the British control of the sea. One eyed, british admiral

Lunar New Year

world-wide Asian event honored in Houston with a dragon parade

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

General Lew Wallace

wrote Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ. Lawyer soldier and author that faught in the civil war

Micheal Harrington

wrote The Other American which supported the war on poverty

Louis D. Brandeis

wrote the book Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use it. Further showed the problems of the American banking system. Wilson nominated him to the supreme court making him the first jew in that position.

Federick Jackson Turner

wrote the significants of the frontier in American History in which, moving from east to west, shaped the American character and institutions.

H. L. Mencken

young author; published the monthly American Mercury; assailed marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, Rotarians, and the middle class Americans; dismissed the South and attacked the Puritans Baltimore writer who criticized the supposedly narrow and hypocritical values of American society

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Elizabeth I

(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.

Great English Migration

(1630-1642) migration of seventy thousand refugees from England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean; the twenty thousand migrants who came to Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose- to establish a model Christian settlement in the New World

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Sir Walter Raleigh

1587 *Selected Roanoke Island as a site for the first English settlement *Returned to England to secure additional supplies, but he found the colony deserted upon his return; it is not known what became of the Roanoke settlers *Raleigh abandoned his attempts to colonize Virginia after the failure at Roanoke *Held back by a lack of financial resources and the war with Spain, English colonization in America was impeded for fifteen years

House of Burgesses

1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Francisco Coronado

A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos.

Virgina Company

A joint-stock company: based in Virginia in 1607: founded to find gold and a water way to the Indies: confirmed all Englishmen that they would have the same life in the New World, as they had in England, with the same rights: 3 of their ships transported the people that would found Jamestown in 1607. A group of 144 men and boys landed near a river named the James River, built a settlement named JamesTown ( after king James) Paid travelers expenses to work on tobacco fields. Was Canceled by King James 1 because the Powhatan were fighting back

Father Junipero Serra

A major Canadian Franciscan friar that founded the mission chain in California. He was a great promoter of the spread of Christianity because of his missions.

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Tuscarora War (1711-1713)

Began with an Indian attack on New Bern, North Carolina. After the Tuscaroras were defeated, remaining Indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its sixth nation.

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop, part of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a hill"

Pawhatan ended because of 3 D's

Disease, disorganization and disposability

Separatists

English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers

Sir Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

English navigator who in 1583 established in Newfoundland the first English colony in North America, but decided to move to a better area and was killed in a storm on his way home

Carolina Settlers

Enlisted the help of Savannah Coastal Indians as slaves but Lord Proprietors protested against it. Later the indians removed their alliance with them

New York

Founded by: Dutch and the Duke of York Year: 1613/1664 1775 Status: Royal

Carolina

Founded by: Eight nobles Year: 1670 1775 Status: Royal

Maine

Founded by: F. Gorges Year: 1623 1775 Status: Bought by Mass

New Hampshire

Founded by: John Mason and Others Year: 1623 1775 Status: Royal (absorbed by Mass 1641-1678)

Virginia

Founded by: London Co Year: 1607 1775 Status: Royal (under the crown)

Maryland

Founded by: Lord Baltimore Year: 1634 1775 Status: Proprietrary

Connecticut

Founded by: Mass. emigrants Year: 1635 1775 Status: Self Governing

New Haven

Founded by: Mass. emigrants Year: 1638 1775 Status: Merged with Conn

Georgia

Founded by: Oglethorpe and others Year: 1733 1775 Status: Royal

Rhode Island

Founded by: R. Williams Year: 1636 1775 Status: Self Governing

Pennsylavania

Founded by: William Penn Year:1681 1775 Status: Proprietary

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)

Robert de La Salle

Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV

Algonquian

From Plymouth, wigwams, clothing from animals, good hunters, good at growing food

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

King George II of England

In honor of him a group of Georgia people launched a high minded group of philanthropists. They wanted to create a haven for souls imprisoned by debt.

Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644-1646)

Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement.

Veracruz Cortes

Learned the unrest in the Aztec. They Aztecs thought that he was God so they treated him good but he became really greedy, this lead to the Noche Triste

Spanish Armata

Most powerful navy in world defeated by British

Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.

First Anglo-Powhatan War (1610-1614)

Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia. English colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in England's campaigns against the Irish.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. Also saved a spanyard on the island of Cozumel and took this girl named Malince who knew Mayan and Nunauti

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific Ocean (1475-1519)

Noche Triste

Spanish term for the night of June 30, 1520, when war began between Aztecs and Spanish, leading to Spanish conquest of Mexico

Buffer

The English crown intended Georgia to serve chiefly as this and it would protect them against Spain.

Yamesee Indians

The south Carolinians defeated them. With the conquest of them, all the coastal tribes in the southern colonies had been devastated by 1720

Cahokia

an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.

Mayflower

the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620