APUSH - GREAT DEPRESSION/FDR/NEW DEAL, APUSH Definitions, APUSH: Pre-Columbian Societies, Transatlantic Encounters and Colonial Beginnings 1492-1690, Colonial North America 1690-1754 (APUSH 3E-3F), APUSH Revolutionary Era Vocabulary Chapters 5 & 6, A...

Queen Anne's War

(1702-1713), second of the four North American wars waged by the British and French between 1689 and 1763. The wars were the result of the worldwide maritime and colonial rivalry between Great Britain and France and their struggle for predominance on the European and North American continents; each of the wars fought in North America corresponded more or less to a war fought between the same powers in Europe.

New York Slave Revolt

(1712) Uprising of approximately two dozen slaves that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution of 21 participating blacks

Molasses Act

(1733) A British law that imposed a tax on sugar, molasses, and rum imported from non-British colonies into North American colonies. It was intended to maintain the monopoly of the American sugar market by the West Indies sugarcane growers. It was the least successful of the Navigation Acts, since it was avoided by smuggling.

Richard Montgomery

(1738-1775) Irish-born British army veteran who served as a general in the Continental army during the Revolution. He joined Benedict Arnold in a failed attempt to seize Québec in 1775.

South Carolina Slave Revolt

(1739) Uprising, also known as the Stono Rebellion, of more than fifty South Carolina blacks along the Stono River. The slaves attempted to reach Spanish Florida but were stopped by the South Carolina militia

"Mad Anthony" Wayne

(1745-1796) Revolutionary War soldier and commander in chief of the U.S. Army from 1792 to 1796, he secured the Treaty of Greenville after soundly defeating the Miami Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

Albany Congress

(1754) Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French.

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won. "7 years war"

Battle of Quebec

(1759) British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.

Pontiac's Uprising

(1763) Bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive the British out of Ohio Country. It was brutally crushed by British troops, who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as a means to put down the rebellion.

Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt partly to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed.

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

(1784) Treaty signed by the United States and the pro-British Iroquois granting Ohio country to the Americans.

Reign of Terror

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty".

John Brown

(1800-1859) anti-slavery advocate who believed that God had called upon him to abolish slavery. May or may not have been mentally unstable. Devoted over 20 years to fighting slavery, due to misunderstanding, in revenge he and his followers (his sons and others) killed five men in the pro slavery settlement of Pottawatomie Creek. Triggered dozens of incidents throughout Kansas some 200 people were killed. Was executed, still debated over whether he is a saint or killer.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Anglo-American Convention

(1818): Signed by Britain and the US, the pact allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the Northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for 10 years.

Russo-American Treaty

(1824): fixed the line of 54.40' as the southernmost boundary of Russian holdings in North America

John C. Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

McCormick Reaper

(1831) Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots. The introduction of the reaper in the 1830s fueled the establishment of large-scale commercial agriculture in the Midwest.

Battle of San Jacinto

(1836) Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas.

Awful Disclosures

(1836) Maria Monk's sensational expose of alleged horrors in Catholic convents. Its popularity reflected nativist fears of Catholic influence.

Caroline

(1837) Diplomatic row between the United States and Britain. Developed after British troops set fire to an American steamer carrying supplies across the Niagara River to Canadian insurgents, during Canada's short-lived insurrection.

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

William Henry Harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

(1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.

Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls

(1848) Gathering of feminist activists in Seneca Falls, New York, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," stating that "all men and women are created equal."

Bleeding Kansas

(1856) a series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would a slave state or a free state.

Freeport Question

(1858) Raised during one of the Lincoln-Douglas debates by Abraham Lincoln, who asked whether the Court or the people should decide the future of slavery in the territories.

Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War

(1861-1865) Established by Congress during the Civil War to oversee military affairs. Largely under the control of Radical Republicans, the committee agitated for a more vigorous war effort and actively pressed Lincoln on the issue of emancipation.

Second Battle of Bull Run

(1862) a Civil War battle in which the Confederate army forced most of the Union army out of Virginia.

Pacific Railroad Act

(1862) helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with the use of land grants and government bonds.

"10 Percent" Reconstruction Plan

(1863) Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation.

Ten Percent Plan

(1863) a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, citizens of former Confederate states would be given the opportunity to swear allegiance to the government in Washington (high-ranking Confederate military and civilian authorities would not be offered this opportunity), the state was afforded the chance to form its own state government, a state legislature could write a new constitution but it also had to abolish slavery forever, if all processed Lincoln would recognize the reconstructed government

Wade-Davis Bill

(1864) bill made re-admittance to the Union for former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each Southern state to take the Ironclad oath (they were not now disloyal to the Union nor had they ever been disloyal), pocket vetoed by Lincoln

Sherman's March

(1864-1865) Union General William Tecmseh Sherman's destructive March through Georgia. An early instance of "Total war", puposely targeting infrastucture and civialian property to diminish moral and undercut the confederate war effort.

Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

(1865) "amnesty and pardon" to any Southerner who would swear allegiance to the Union and the Constitution, ex-Confederate leaders should not be eligible for amnesty (like in Lincoln's plan) as well as individuals (almost always plantation owners) whose property was worth over $20,000, state needed to abolish slavery before being readmitted, state required to repeal secession ordinances be readmittance, ratify 13th amendment, disowned Confederate debts

Thirteenth Amendment

(1865) outlawed slavery and other forms of involuntary servitude

Freedman's Bureau

(1865) temporary agency created after the Civil War, worked to provide food and medical care, to help the freedmen to resettle, to ensure justice for the freedmen, to manage abandoned or confiscated property, to regulate labor, to establish schools, and to employ them

Reconstruction Era

(1865-1877) Period after the Civil War during which Northern political leaders created plans for the governance of the South and a procedure for former Southern states to rejoin the Union; Southern resentment of this era lasted well into the twentieth century.

Civil Rights Act

(1866) declared blacks to be citizens and forbade the states to discriminate between citizen because of race or color, in cases where these rights were violated, federal troops would be used for enforcement

Black Codes

(1866) passed by all Southern state legislatures, hindered the freedom of blacks, set of regulations limited movement by blacks, prohibited interracial marriage, insisted that blacks obtain special certificates to hold certain jobs

Civil Rights Bill

(1866) passed over Andrew Johnson's veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property.

Reconstruction Act

(1867) act placing Southern states under military rule and barring former supporters of the Confederacy from voting.

Tenure of Office Act

(1867) denied the President of the United States the power to remove anyone who had been appointed by a past President without the advice and consent of the United States Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress

The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

(1867-1868) 1867, Johnson tried to remove Edwin Stanton as Secretary of War, Radical Republicans proclaimed that Johnson had flouted the United States Constitution by directly violating the Tenure of Office Act and began impeachment proceedings against him, The House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson in early 1868 (first president of the United States to be impeached), two-thirds of the Senate had to vote to convict the president for him to be removed but failed to convict Johnson by one vote

Fourteenth Amendment

(1868) granted citizenship to blacks with no interference in their civil and political rights, all citizens were guaranteed the right to vote, citizenship would be the same in all states, states that did not give freedmen the vote would have reduced representation in Congress, former Confederate officials could not hold public office, forbade the payment of the confederate debt

Fifteenth Amendment

(1870) stated no American could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Treaty of Paris

(1898) treaty that ended the Spanish American war. Provided that Cuba be free from Spain.

Disestablished

(18th century) to separate an official state church from its connection with the government; following the Revolution, all states disestablished the Anglican Church, though some New England states maintained established Congregational Churches well into the 19th century.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

(1911) 146 women killed while locked into the burning building (brought attention to poor working conditions)

Great Depression

(1929-1939) The dramatic decline in the world's economy due to the United State's stock market crash of 1929, the overproduction of goods from World War I, and decline in the need for raw materials from non industrialized nations. Results in millions of people losing their jobs as banks and businesses closed around the world.

Furman v. Georgia

(1972) Death penalty is cruel and unusual if carried out in "an arbitrary, discriminatory, and capricious manner".

Home Loan Act

(FDR) 1934, refinancing mortgages at lower rates, preventing foreclosure of home mortgages

Battle of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson

(February 1862) Key victory for Union General Ulysses S. Grant, it secured the North's hold on Kentucky and paved the way for Grant's attacks deeper into Tennessee.

Cuban Missile Crisis

(JFK) , , an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba

Peace Corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Alliance for Progress

(JFK) 1961,, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

(JFK) 1963, Wake of Cuban Missile Crisis (climax of Cold War, closest weve ever come to nuclear war) Soviets & US agree to prohibit all above-ground nuclear tests, both nations choose to avoid annihilating the human race w/ nuclear war, France and China did not sign

Battle of Bull Run (Manassas Junction)

(July 1861) First major battle of the Civil War and a victory for the South, it dispelled Northern illusions of swift victory.

The Feminine Mystique

-written by Betty Friedan -opposed cult of domesticity -"Is this all?"

Peace Corps (Domestic Issues under Kennedy)

-young Americans be trained to go to lesser developed nations to help with education and medical supplies

LBJ

..., Vise President to JFK,1963-1969, deomcrat, passed civil rights act of 64, included a program called Great Society, presidency based on vietnam war, passed Gulf of Tonkin and said "to take any measures nessesary",decided to escalate American involvement in Vietnam, proved to be extremely unpopular

Vietnam

..., a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States

JFK Builds Military and Defense

1- Increased nuclear arsenal to 1,000 ICBMs & 32 Polaris subs to create a "first-strike" capability 2- Increased Army and Air Force

Kennedy Elected & Intensifies the Cold War

1- JFK aimed to close the "missile gap" & increase U.S. defenses 2 - Looked to solve issues in Berlin, Vietnam, & Cuba

Containment in Vietnam

1. Communist leader Ho Chi Minh gained popularity in North Vietnam; By 1961, he gained a foothold in the South 2. U.S. gave aid to unpopular South leader Ngo Dihn Diem 3. Diem lost control of the South, JFK gave the OK for a coup against Diem in 1963

Taft-Hartley Act

1. outlawed "closed shops and required union leaders to sign loyalty oath 2. required 80 day cooling off period before strike

Causes of the Great Depression

1. tariffs and war debt policies that cut down the foreign market for American goods. 2. Stock market speculation- buying stock on margin with borrowed money 3. Bank failures- too many people withdrew their money 4. Fed. Reserve raised interest rates to banks to curb stock market 5. growing consumer debt

Triangle Trade

13 Colonies (raw materials) -> West Indies, Africa, England Africa (slaves/gold) -> West Indies England/Europe (finished products) -> 13 Colonies, Africa

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

House of Burgesses

1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

King Philip's War

1675. longest and bloodiest conflict between settlers and natives in 17th century, native Wampanoags under KIng Phillip ( Indian Chieftain) resisted England encroachment on their land, they killed many settlers in Mass, English joined with Mohawks to defeat them

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Hamilton Fish

16th Governor of New York; often considered the best Secretary of State ever to serve in the US, and he was Secretary of State under Ulysses S. Grant; greatly helped the US maintain peace in many issues, including Cuba's fight for independence against Spain, adding Hawaii as a state, and with conflicts from South American countries and Spain

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865).

Tuscarora War

1711, Carolinas, Tuscarora Indians tire of British abuse and rise up but are put down by the British (with the help of the Cherokee Indians). Many of the Tuscarora are later used as slaves.

King George's War

1744 and 1748. England and Spain were in conflict with French. New England captured French Bastion at Louisburg on Cape Brenton Island. Had to abandon it once peace treaty ended conflict.

Pontiac

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Shakers

1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy.

Common Sense

1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Hamilton's Economic Plan

1790-1791: tries to stable American finances. 1) Assumption of State debts 2) Creation of a National Bank 3) Promotion of the manufacturing industry. First two are passed. Federalists support all of Hamilton's ideas, but Republicans think Hamilton is trying to make America more like England, which they believe is corrupt.

Farewell Address

1796 speech by Washington urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Chesapeake Affair

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.

Nonintercourse Act

1809; An act that allowed Americans to carry on trade with all nations except Britain and France

Macon's Bill No. 2

1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

Treaty of Ghent

1814; Treaty that ended the War of 1812. British were weary of fighting after Napoleonic Wars and Americans knew they couldn't have a decisive victory. Basically was a mulligan, fighting stopped, any won territory was returned, and the prewar boundary between America and Canada was reestablished. No Maritime differences ended.

Rush-Bagot Treaty

1817; The US and British agreed to set limits on the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes. Disarmament of the US / British Canada border

Adams-Onis Treaty

1819 treaty between the United States and Spain in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States.

Tariff of Abominations

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Walker Tariff

1846 - Sponsored by Polk's Secretary of Treasury, Robert J. Walker, it lowered the tariff. It introduced the warehouse system of storing goods until duty is paid.

California Gold Rush

1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on fed gov. to establish a stable gov. in CA.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)

1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate.

Siege of Vicksburg

1863 Union army's blockade of Vicksburg, Mississippi, that led the city to surrender during the Civil War.

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs.

Fifteenth Amendment

1870 constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude.

Pendleton Act

1883 - Law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons.

Newlands Reclamation Act

1902 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states

International Workers of the World

1905 - Also known as IWW or Wobblies - created in opposition to American Federation of Labor

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

Federal Reserve Act

1913; established system of district banks coordinated by a central board; made currency and credit more elastic

Underwood Tariff

1914, lowered tariff, substantially reduced import fees. Lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment.

Scopes Monkey Trial

1925, the trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism

Bonus March

1932, 1000 unemployed WWI veterans marched on Washington demanding immediate payment of their bonuses which were to be given to them in 1945

Tennessee Valley Act

1933, Creates an Authority to oversee construction of dams to control flooding, improve navigation, and bring electricity to the rural south

Social Security Act

1935 New Deal program- guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Wagner Act

1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 Act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

The Grapes of Wrath

1939- Steinbeck tells the story of a poor farmer family who were evicted (in large part due to Dust Bowl in Oklahoma- migrate to CA to find work- Captured the attention of the nation to hardships faced by migrant farmers during the Depression.

Loyalty Program

1947 Truman ordered security checks of govt employees to root out communists

Loyalty Boards

1947: An organization created in 1947 that investigated the employees of the "supposedly disloyal organizations" and eliminated any supporter of communism.

Voice of America

1948; This government agency was created to make radio (and later TV) broadcasts of news and entertainment into foreign countries, especially into those controlled by communists.

Federal Highway Act

1950's, Appropriating $25 billion for the construction of interstate highways over a 20-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history to that point.

Beats

1950s poets and writers who criticized American materialism; nonconformist writers who expressed a more fundamental revolt against middle-class society; scorned the conformity and materialism of "square" America; romanticized society's outcasts; glorified uninhabited sexuality and spontaneity in the search for "it," the ultimate authentic experience; scorned by the mass media

McCarran-Walter Immigration and Nationality Act

1952; restricts immigration to US; people born in Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Isles get US citizenship

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 Supreme Court decision that declared "separate but equal" doctrine unconstitutional; paved way for end of segregation

Baghdad Pact

1955 - A treaty supported by the West that united the defenses of Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, and Iran, to counter the threat of the expansion of the Soviet Union.

Southern Manifesto

1956 statement of southern congressmen, opposing the Brown decision and defending racial segregation

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to south vietnam and fight a war against north Vietnam

Escobedo v Illinois

1964--Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police. The right to remain silent

Civil Rights Act

1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

Office of Economic Opportunity

1965 - Part of the war on poverty, it was headed by R. Sargent Shiver, and was ineffective due to the complexity of the problem. It provided Job Corps, loans, training, VISTA, and educational programs.

Voting Rights Act

1965: a law passed that forbids any state to deny a citizen the right to vote on the basis of race color or sex.

Three Mile Island

1979 - A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Defined the modern Republican Party

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason.

John Jay

1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade).

Jamestown

1st English settlement led by John Smith, 1607

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799).

what was the house of burgesses in Chesapeake?

1st legislature in the us- discussed taxes, land, and native americans

James Fenimore Cooper

1st truly American novelist noted for his stories of Indians and the frontier life; man's relationship w/ nature & westward expansion.

effects of King Phillips war

2000 English colonists were killed and ended resistance in new england

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the United States

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president; known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulation, "Square Deal", Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese WAR

William Howard Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Woodstock

3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field

how long was William Bradford governor of Plymouth?

30 years

FDR

32nd President of the United States, the President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms

Lyndon Johnson

36th President of the United States, wanted to establish a Great Society

How many survived winter in Plymouth?

44/102- saved by indians

James Madison

4th President of the United States. member of the Continental Congress, "father of the constitution"; helped frame the Bill of Rights. He was a federalist to get the Constitution accepted, but joined the Democratic-Republican party.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Neutrality Proclamation

A 1793 statement by President Washington that the United States would not support or aid either France or Britain in their European conflict following the French Revolution.

Chinese Exclusion Act

A 1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States.

Tenement

A 6-7 story building used for high-density housing.

Edward Braddock

A British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, Braddock was mortally wounded.

Alabama (ship)

A Confederate commerce-raider that captured 60 U.S vessels before being sunk off the coast of France. The Confederates purchased warships from British shipyards and did serious damage to U.S merchant ships. After, Britain agreed to pay the U.S back for the damage caused by the commerce-raiders.

Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson

A Confederate general famous for his counterattack during the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861 that sent Union forces scrambling back to Washington, D.C

Admiral de Grasse

A French admiral. He had a powerful fleet in the West Indies that he offered to Washington to help in an attack on Cornwallis at Yorktown.

Henry W. Grady

A Georgia-born journalist and speaker that helped to bring the Confederate states back into the Union following the Civil War; his father died because of the Union soldiers; strongly believed in white supremacy and the New South, which was the post-slavery era of the South

William Berkeley

A Governor of Virginia, appointed by King Charles I, of whom he was a favorite. He was governor from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677. Berkeley enacted friendly policies towards the Indians that led to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676.

Hiawatha

A Mohawk leader who called members of five groups together forming the Iroquis Confederacy around 1570.

Incas

A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

Sacajawea

A Native American woman who proved an indispensable guide to Lewis and Clark during their 1804-1806 expedition. She showed the men how to forage for food and helped them maintain good relations with tribes in the Northwest.

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Half-Way Covenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848.

Thaddeus Stevens

A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Conquistador

A Spanish conqueror of the Americas

Alamo

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

Francisco Coronado

A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos.

Ex Parte Miiligan (1866)

A Supreme Court case in 1866 that ruled that trying civilians in military courts when civilian courts were still available was unconstitutional. This had happened in Indiana during the Civil War.

Ethan Allen

A Vermont blacksmith. Led the Green Mountain Boys in a surprise attack on Fort Ticonderoga. Won the Fort, and a valuable supply of cannons and gun powder, and control of a key route into Canada.

J.P. Morgan

A banker, financier, and philanthropist who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during the 1890s.

Battle of Wounded Knee, SD

A battle between the U.S. Army and the Sioux, in which several hundred Native Americans and 29 U.S. soldiers died. Tensions erupted violently over two major issues: the Sioux practice of the "Ghost Dance," which the U.S. government had outlawed, and the dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up because of the Dawes Act.

Moniter and Merrimac

A battle between two ironclad ships, the U.S Moniter and Confederate Merrimac (Virginia), that took place near Hampton Roads, Virginia in March 1862. Ironclad ships could destroy wooden ships at will, but not other ironclads. The battle ended in a draw without any damage to the Union naval blockade.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Antietam

A battle in September 1862 in which Lee took the offensive and led his army across the Potomac into Maryland, hoping that a major Northern victory would lead to European support. It was the single bloodiest day in the war. McClellan knew his plans, but did not pursue Lee as he retreated into Virginia. It was officially a draw, but it ended Confederate hope for foreign support, so Lincoln used this partial triumph to push his Emancipation Proclamation

Fredericksburg

A battle that took place in December 1862 McClellan's more aggressive replacement General Ambrose Burnside at Fredericksburg Virginia. The Union suffered immense losses compared to the Confederacy, resulting in a Confederate victory

Shiloh

A battle that took place in Shiloh, Tennessee on April 6-7 1862. Albert Johnson of the Confederacy surprised Grant, but Grant managed to make the Confederates retreat after heavy losses on both sides.

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

A bill by Stephen Douglas opening Kansas and Nebraska territory for white settlement, would make that land safe to run the transcontinental railroad through, so that Douglas's home city of Chicago would be the eastern terminal; the bill included the implementation of the controversial popular sovereignty and repealed the Missouri Compromise; Northerners thought was proslavery and protested; most likely cost Douglas the presidency

Ida B. Wells

A black journalist and an early leader in the civil rights movement, as well as actively seeking women's rights and women's suffrage; documented lynching in the US as an example of how the blacks were punished by whites for competing with them

Black Panthers

A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.

Rosa Parks

A black seamstress and the Montgomery NAACP's secretary who became famous for her refusal to stand on a bus when a white man wished to sit, and was subsequently arrested. This began a city-wide boycott of the bus system, which was highly detrimental to those companies and set a movement in place to remove transportation segregation as well.

Dred Scott

A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights.

Calvinism

A body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin.

The Impending Crisis of the South

A book written by Hinton Helper. Helper hated both slavery and blacks and used this book to try to prove that non-slave owning whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. The non-aristocrat from N.C. had to go to the North to find a publisher that would publish his book.

fundamentalism

A branch of Protestantism that came out of the split that occurred in the 1920s. Preachers condemned the modernists and taught that the Bible must be read literally. The key point in ______ was that creationism explained the origin of life. They blamed the liberal views of modernists for causing a decline in morals. It was more prevalent in rural areas.

Corporation

A business owned by investors who buy shares of stock

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Conversion

A change of heart, turning away from sin and toward God

Niagara Movement

A civil rights movement organization founded in 1905; led by W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter; named in comparison the Niagara Falls, because the members wanted a "mighty current of change"; opposed racial segregation, and also opposed the policies that leaders like Booker T. Washington promoted, like accommodation and conciliation

The Souls of Black Folk

A classic written by W. E. B. Du Bois; published in 1903 and written about the history of sociology with many essays about races

Thomas Macdonough

A commander of an American fleet on Lake Champlain that fought near Plattsburgh on floating slaughterhouses; the Americans were nearly defeated, but his nifty techniques forced the British to retreat; this heroic naval battle saved New York from conquest, New England from disaffection, and the Union from dissolution.

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Monopoly

A company that controls the entire market in a certain industry.

Compromise of 1877

A compromise following the controversial elections of 1876; Democrats were willing to give the presidency to Republican candidate Hayes as long as the Republicans agreed to remove federal soldiers from the South, pass new laws that would encourage industrialization in the South, appoint Democrats to patronage positions in the South, and appoint a Democrat to the Cabinet; this compromise greatly hurt the former slaves of the South, as the Republicans stopped actively seeking fair civil rights between the races until the 1950s

Geneva Conference

A conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam.

Convention of 1800

A conference between the U.S. and France which ended the naval hostilities.

Russo-Japanese War

A conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea.

Indentured Servants

A contracted worker who works for the employer to get to the Americas For each head the employer gains 50 acres of land (head-right system)

Spinning Bee

A convention where several colonial women got together and created clothes for their families and to sell.

Writ of Habeas Corpus

A court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody.

Marbury v. Madison

A decision of the Supreme Court written by Chief justice John Marshall in 1803 which interpreted the Constitution as giving the Supreme Court the power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional. This decision is the foundation of the federal judiciary's power of judicial review.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Charter

A document that gives the holder the right to organize settlements in an area

Peculiar Institution

A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War.

Stalwarts

A faction of the Republican party in the ends of the 1800s. Supported the political machine and patronage. Conservatives who hated civil service reform.

Push Factor

A factor that causes people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region.

Pull Factor

A factor that draws or attracts people to another location

assembly line

A factory technique for increased manufacturing output and efficiency perfected by Henry Ford for automobiles in 1914. Production speeds would be determined by a conveyor belt, and workers would stay in one location for their entire shift repeating one simple step in the process. During the 1920s, most major industries adopted the assembly line and realized major gains in worker productivity.

Panic of 1873

A financial crisis that caused a depression in the US and Europe until 1879 or longer; caused by silver being less demanded across the globe; known as the Long Depression

White League

A force of white people that were dedicated to take Republicans out of the office and try and use intimidation to keep freed slaves from voting or participating in politics; a paramilitary group, or a group that acts as a military but has no actual connection the real military of the country; connected to groups such as the KKK, but different because they acted openly and most of the members were known to participate in this paramilitary

Limited Liability

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.

Proclamation of Neutrality

A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France.

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

Liberty Party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848.

Fort Sumter

A fort located in Charleston, South Carolina that was the location of the first battle in the Civil War on April 12, 1861. It was held by federal troops but claimed by South Carolina, which had seceded. Lincoln ordered that supplies be brought to the fort but the Confederates fired, capturing the fort.

George B. McClellan

A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

General Nathan Bedford Forrest

A general for the Confederate Army during the Civil War; the first Grand Wizard, or leader, of the KKK; not a well-educated man, but still wealthy because of his being a planter, real estate investor, and slave trader; accused of war crimes

Bureau of Indian Affairs

A government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans, responsible for distributing land

Tariff

A government tax on imports or exports.

Encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.

Copperheads

A group of Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and wanted immediate peace negotiations with the Confederacy. The most famous was Congressman Clement L. Vallandigham of Ohio who was briefly banished to Canada for his speeches against the war.

Civil Rights Cases (1870s-1883)

A group of five cases all related to civil rights that was condensed into one for the Supreme Court to review; deemed that many civil rights acts that were passed were unconstitutional

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War.

Hollywood ten

A group of people in the film industry who were jailed for refusing to answer congressional questions regarding Communist influence in Hollywood

Ku Klux Klan

A group of people that strongly believe in white supremacy and anti-immigration; typically show their beliefs through terrorism; a far-right organization; since 1865, there have been three different Klans, with the latest one lasting since 1946; the highest membership peaked in 1920-1925

Ethnic Group

A group of people who share a common culture.

Chain Gang

A group of prisoners that are chained together and required to perform work as punishment, with things like mining, timber collecting, building roads, and digging ditches; used mainly in the South only

Oneida Community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

Oneida Community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children. By John Humphrey Noyes, called a "free love" community.

Scopes Trial

A highly-publicized trial that took place in Dayton, Tennessee that focused on the debate between fundamentalists and modernists. It was illegal to teach evolution in Tennessee's public schools, and to challenge the law's constitutionality, the ACLU persuaded a biology teacher, John Scopes, to break the law. He was arrested and brought to trial in 1925. The famous lawyer Clarence Darrow defended Scopes while William Jennings Bryan represented the prosecution. Bryan was made to look foolish with Darrow's clever questioning, and Bryan afterwards died of a stroke. Scopes was convicted, but it was overturned later on a technicality.

Mesabi Range in Minnesota

A land formation that was a major source of US iron

Creole

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.

Plantation

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.

Fence Laws

A law requiring farmers to fence their animals off as opposed to their crops

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

Civil Law

A law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights.

Amnesty Act (1872)

A law that removed the voting restrictions and office-holding disqualifications that had been opposed on the secessionists from the US

John Calhoun

A leader of the American System. Convinced Congress to charter a second National Bank

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote.

Congress On Racial Equality

A leading organization in the civil rights movement. CORE launched the Freedom Riders and came under the influence of the Black Power philosophy.

Act of Toleration

A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: protected the Catholics religion from Protestant rage of sharing the land: Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.

Common Law

A legal system based on custom and court rulings.

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793.

Father Junipero Serra

A major Canadian Franciscan friar that founded the mission chain in California. He was a great promoter of the spread of Christianity because of his missions.

Haitian Revolution

A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Assembly Line

A manufacturing method in which a product is put together by workers performing parts of the assembly as the product moves along a belt

Hartford Convention (1814)

A meeting of Federalist delegates from New England inspired by Federalist opposition to the War of 1812;contributed to the death of the Federalist Party during the "Era of Good Feelings"

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Richard Henry Lee

A member of the Philadelphia Congress during the late 1770's. On June 7, 1776 he declared, "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." This resolution was the start of the Declaration of Independence and end to British relations.

Trust

A method of concentrating business power by placing control of several corporations in a single board of trustees.

The Association

A military organization formed by Benjamin Franklin which formed fighting units in Pennsylvania and erected two batteries on the Delaware River.

Paxton Boys

A mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen led by the Paxtons who massacred a group of non-hostile Indians.

Stephen Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

The Age of Reason

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

modernism

A movement of Protestantism that was one side of the split in the 1920s caused by the changing role of women, the Social Gospel movement, and scientific knowledge. It encouraged taking a historical and critical view of certain passages in the Bible and allowed people to accept Darwin's theory of evolution without abandoning their religious faith. It was much more prevalent in the urban areas.

The Jazz Singer

A movie, made in 1927, that started a demand for dancers who could fulfill the expectations of the 1920s. It encouraged the "flappers" and the sexual attitude of the period.

Upton Sinclar

A muckraking journalist who wrote a novel called the Jungle about unfair working conditions in stockyards of Chicago that lead to laws to change unsanitary conditions in the meat packing industry.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Gilded Age

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich.

Second Bank of the U.S.

A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory powers over currency and credit; modeled after Hamilton's original bank and fixing Revolutionary War debt

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

War Hawks

A new group of you Republicans elected around 1810 who urged war with Britain. They were mostly from frontier states, and were led by John Calhoun and Henry Clay, who said war with Britain would defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy the Native American resistance.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

A new law that was proposed by Charles Sumner and Benjamin F. Butler that would guarantee everyone, no matter what race of previous slave status, the same treatment in any public accommodations, including hotels, theaters, etc.; this law was rarely enforced

Bessemer Process

A new process to create steel at lower cost; created by Henry Bessemer.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

A new tariff proposed by Henry Clay & John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816; avoided civil war & prolonged the union for another 30 years.

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises. Made the American System.

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Kellogg-Briand Treaty

A pact signed by almost all the nations of the world organized by U.S Secretary of State Frank Kellogg and the French foreign minister Aristide Briand in 1928. It renounced the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends, but was ineffective as it permitted defensive wars and failed to provide for taking action against violators of the agreement.

Camp David Accords

A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel

Transportation Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation.

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Gideon v Wainwright

A person who cannot afford an attorney may have one appointed by the government

Gideon v. Wainwright

A person who cannot afford an attorney may have one appointed by the government

Emigrant

A person who leaves their own country to settle permanently in another.

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

"Waving the bloody shirt!"

A phrase used to describe politicians referencing blood of heroes in order to criticize their opponents

Marshall Plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

Appeasement

A policy of giving into the demands of a hostile power in order to avoid conflict and maintain peace

Discrimination

A policy or attitude that denies equal rights to certain groups.

Tammany Hall

A political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

William Walker

A proslavery American adventurer from the South, he led an expedition to seize control on Nicaragua in 1855. He wanted to petition for annexation it as a new slave state but failed when several Latin American countries sent troops to oust him before the offer was made.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization formed after the passage of the Stamp Act to protest various British acts; organization used poth peaceful and violent means of protest

Transcontinental Rail Road

A rail road that stretched from coast to coast; begun in 1862 and completed in 1876.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

What was the Great Awakening?

A religious "revival movement" that swept the colonies

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Confederate States of America

A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States.

Carpetbaggers

A rude term used by Southerners in reference to Northerners that moved to the South during the Reconstruction Era, because they often carried with themselves "carpet bags," which was a common form of luggage from the time

Whiskey Ring

A scandal occurring during Grant's presidency; liquor taxes were raised very high to offset the high cost of the Civil War, and many distillers in the country bribed the Department of Treasury

Credit Mobilier Scandal

A scandal occurring in 1872 involving the Union Pacific Railroad and the Credit Mobilier of American construction company that was building the First Transcontinental Railroad; Credit Mobilier distributed shares of stock to Congr. Oakes Ames and gave other cash bribes to other congressmen, which all took place during Jackson's presidency; however, all of this was revealed during Grant's presidency

SALT II

A second series of negotiations between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. about nuclear arms reduction. The talks, though never ratified by the Senate due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, both sides agreed to limit strategic launchers and weapons.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

A self-educated slave who escaped in 1838, Douglass became the best-known abolitionist speaker. He edited an anti-slavery weekly, the North Star and lectured with William Lloyd Garrison until they parted company on issues of prejudice in the North and secession of the South.

Universal Negro Improvement Association

(UNIA) Association founded by Marcus Gravey in 1914 to foster African American economic independence and establish an independent black homeland in Africa.

War of Jenkin's Ear

(began in 1739) small-scale clash between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean and in the buffer colony, Georgia; it merged with the much larger War of Austrian Succession in 1742

coureurs de bois

(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America.

The Bank War (1832-1836)

*Major Events:* Erupted when Henry Clay sought to renew the Bank's charter before the Election of 1832. Jackson vetoed the bill then ordered all federal deposits in the bank to be withdrawn. Two Secretaries of the Treasury refused and were removed from office. Jackson was censured by the U.S. Senate. Bank president *Nicholas Biddle* called in loans from across the country resulting in a financial crisis. The Bank lost its charter in 1836 and went out of business five years later.

Kennedy's Foreign Policy

- Believed in peace that did not have to be enforced with weapons of war - Believed in peace for Americans and for all men and women around the world

Pros of Roosevelt's New Deal

- Federal government has a duty to help all citizens. - helped the nation through the worst days of the Great Depression. - when people in other countries turned to dictators to solve problems, the New Deal saved the America's democratic system.

effects of the Great Depression

- banks failed- too many withdrew their cash - businesses and factories failed- could not repay debt - sales declined - millions of Americans were out of work/ lost their land and homes - no way to pay their debt - poverty and homelessness -Hoovervilles

Cons of Roosevelt's New Deal

- many believed that the government should not interfere in business or in people's private lives. - New Deal spending led to increases in the national debt. - The New Deal did not end the Great Depression

Wilderness Campaign

A series of brutal clashes between Ulysses S. Grant's and Robert E. Lee's armies in Virginia, leading up to Grant's capture of Richmond in April of 1865. Having lost Richmond, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.

"Alabama" Claims

A series of claims that the US government made against the British government, because the British helped the Confederates during the Civil War; in response, Britain gave the US 15.5 million dollars to pay for the damages, and the relationship between the two countries was peaceful and friendly again

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka

-1st in 1954, 2nd in 1955 -Earl Warren=Chief of Justice -1954=separate but equal doctrine=unconstitutional/reversed and ended Plessy vs. Ferguson -1955=desegregate with all deliberate speed(purpose/pace) -significance=nation wide schools had to integrate, a lot of resistance -Black Intellectuals=didn't agree because violence went up and discipline went down

Uncle Remus (1880)

A series of stories written by Joel Chandler Harris about African Americans, with Uncle Remus being the main character; at the time, not considered racist, but today is

New England Confederation

A short-lived military alliance between the New England colonies because they were afraid of Indians

William Clark

A skilled mapmaker and outdoorsman chosen to explore the Louisiana Territory.

Sally Hemings

A slave who was owned by Thomas Jefferson. Based on recent evidence from DNA and from the timing of Jefferson's visits to Monticello, most scholars now think it probable that Jefferson, a widower, was the father of one and possibly more of her four surviving children.

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Post Civil Rights Era

-Affirmative Act=LBJ passed, consideration be given to women and minorities for colleges/jobs to make up for past discrimination -Bussing=set up by court to achieve racial balance, biggest backlash in Boston,MA

Voting Rights Act of 1965

-Background=Selma, AL~Bloody Sunday~peaceful march~bet by state troopers~shown on national TV~everyone was appalled -points=Federal voting examiners went to south to register voters, end literacy test

Non-conformity

-Beat Generation=group of writers who opposed conformity/materialism -Beatniks=young non-conformist

Stokely Carmichael

-Black Power Movement=economic/social justice

Election of 1968

-Bob Kennedy Assassination=Sirhan Sirhan -Hubert Humphrey (D) -Richard Nixon ® WON -George Wallace=AI(American Independent Party) (loves segregation)

How did colonial governments limit colonists' right to vote?

-By setting property owning limitations. -By setting religious limitations.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere

Mexican Americans/Chicano Movement (The Cultural Revolution and the New Left)

-Cesar Chavez=advocated non-violent protest to reach social/economic justice,lead protest against California Grapes(Mexicans not getting paid enough),set up United Farm Workers Union -Chicano Movement=movement for ethnic pride among Mexican's, wanted social/economic rights, gained Bilingual Education Act of 1968(set up English as a 2nd language, began offering foreign languages classes)

Violence in Birmingham, AL

-Childrens March=policemen sprayed high pressure water on them -16th Street Baptist Church=bombing, 4 black girls killed -effect=JFK pushed for Civil Rights Bill from congress

JFK Assassination

-Dallas -Dealey Plaza -significance=New Frontier Program was passed by LBJ

Election of 1952

-Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon WON -Adlai Stevenson -1st time in 20 years the republican party won

Truman and Civil Rights

-Executive Order 9981=desegregating the armed forces -Civil Rights Legislation=end segregation, blocked by congress

Election of 1976

-Ford(R) Jimmy Carter(D)WON

Little Rock Central High Crisis

-Governor Orval Faubus=segregation wouldn't happen, sent for Air Force -Eisenhower=sent 101st Airborne of US Army to escort students

Describe the colonial governments.

-Governors were elected by the colonists or were appointed by the King -Most colonies had a two house law making legislature -The legislature was responsible for creating laws that benefitted the colonists -In particular, the colonists enjoyed that they could be "taxed with representation" -Colonial legislatures withheld payment of the governors' salaries until they granted their wishes

Election of 1948

-Harry Truman=R, WON -Thomas Dewey -Henry Wallace -Strom Thurmond=SRD(state rights dem of dixie crafts)

The Fair Deal (The Truman Presidency Domestic Issues)

-Housing Act of 1949=provided low income housing -Social Security Act=extended to rural areas -increased minimum wage -National Health Care (fail) -Aid public education (fail)

March on Washington

-I have a dream speech -rally to inspire civil rights bill

Economic Opportunity Act (The Great Society (modeled on New Deal)(Domestic Issues under LBJ))

-Job corps=young men/women gaining jobs -VISTA=Volunteer in service to America -Project Head Start=giving low economic children head start on kindergarten

Literature

-John Kenneth=The Affluent Society, Americans were only concerned about money/themselves while we're breathing filthy air -David Riesman=The Lonely Crowd, opposed conformity

Watts Riot

-LA,California -traffic stop~drunk black driver weaving through traffic~began b/c people believed it was police brutality~took a week to subdue

Election of 1964

-LBJ -Barry Goldwater and New Right Politics -New Right Politics=tough stance against Soviet and Communist, nuclear weapons, oppose socials events of 60's -Johnson won -Republican won solidly conservative south state

Suburia (American Culture During Truman's Presidency)

-Levittowns=Levitt brothers developed this, Long Islands in 1940's~neighborhoods with exact same house pattern

New Frontier Program (Domestic Issues under Kennedy)

-Medical Assistance for elderly (blocked) -Massive Fed package to aid public schools(blocked) -tax cut -space=expand to put man on moon by 1960's -peace corps

Assassination of MLK

-Memphis, TN -effect=signaled end of Civil Rights Era(no more strong leader)

Operation Wetback (under Eisenhower)

-Mexican government believed there was illegal Mexicans in US (using the Bracero Program as an excuse) -1 million were deported (1st large scale deportation)

What were the major results of the Great Awakening?

-More colleges were established -Divisions increased between churches (old and new) -Spirit for democracy and democratic ideals increased

Gloria Steinem

-Ms. Magazine(Ms.=more independent) -womens anthem=I Am A Woman by Helen Reddy

Election of 1972

-Nixon(R)WON, McGovern(D) -Nixon used Southern Strategy=go slow on Civil Rights, won Conservative states

1960 Presidential Election and Inaugural Address

-Nixon-Kennedy Debates=1st pair in television debates

Black Panthers

-Oakland,CA -formed by=Bobby Seale and Huey Newton (both ended up getting arrested) -Childrens Breadbasket=helped feed underprivileged children -lots of clashed with cops, carried around huge guns

Iran-Contra Affair (Domestic Events Under Reagan)

-Oliver North sold illegal arms to Iran for release of hostages -money from Iran was used to fund Central America Rebel Force called Contras(anti-communist group), violation of Boland Amendment(forbade any aid to Contras) -15+ people were sent to prison

Opposition to the Feminist Movement

-Phyllis Schlafly=women should only be involved in traditional roles/cult of domesticity

Religion

-Pledge of Allegiance=under God was added -In God We Trust on money -Families attended Church heavily due to cold war fears -New Evangelist= Billy Graham, Oral Roberts

Environmental Movement (The Cultural Revolution and the New Left)

-Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, 1962=against DDT (pesticide) -effects=Earth Day, Environmental Protection Agency(Clean Air Act), younger Americans

Describe the characteristics of deism.

-Reason rather than revelation -Science rather than bible -A supreme being had created a knowable universe and given human beings the ability to have good moral behavior.

What two ideas led to colonists questioning the authority of the British crown?

-Republicanism -Whig ideals - critiques of corruption within the monarchy and the liberties that colonists enjoyed

Music of 50's and Impact

-Rocket 88 by Jackie Brenston (1st Rock n Roll song) -Rock Around the Clock by Bill Haley and the Comments (1st popular song) -reaction to Elvis Presley=older adults believed he was evil, rock n roll was devil sent -Elvis Presleys impact=began rock n roll movement

Montgomery Bus Boycott

-Rosa Parks=sent to jail -MLK=began bus boycott -Ruling=Earl Warren said segregated busing was unconstitutional

Music Revolution (The Cultural Revolution and the New Left)

-The British Invasion=Beatles, Rolling Stones -effect=college students adopted culture

Outcome of Watergate

-The Cover Up=John Dean(attorney) paid buglers and "plumber's"(plug up leaks on info), ordered by Nixon -White House Tapes=tapped Nixon's convo, said he didn't have to give them up because he had executive privilege -US vs Nixon=ruling is no man is above law, Nixon had to give up tapes(tried to erase them before), Nixon resigned

War on Poverty (The Great Society (modeled on New Deal)(Domestic Issues under LBJ))

-The Other America by Michael Harrington=40 million Americans living in poverty -LBJ wanted to take it on

The Watergate Scandal

-The Pentagon Papers=released by Daniel Ellsberg, published by NY Times, about how presidents had been lying about Vietnam War -Reasons for Watergate=siege mentality(everyone's out to get you-disorder), enemies list(press, entertainment) -Watergate Break-in=sent in CREEP(committee to reelect president), bugged Watergate Hotel(Democratic head, took photos of docs -uncovered by Washington Post Reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein

What was the main purpose of Navigation Acts?

-To guarantee the British mercantilist system. -To ensure that the U.S. colonies remained economically dependent on the British crown.

What was the role of education (primary, secondary, and college) in colonial America?

-To promote Puritan religious beliefs and ideas. -Colleges were founded to help develop ministers (Harvard and Yale were created from the Great Awakening!)

Under a mercantilist system, what is the role of a colony?

-To supply raw goods to its colonizing country -To buy goods from the colonizing country -Overall, to support and increase the prosperity of the colonizing country and support all countries in becoming self-sufficient

Arab Oil Embargo (Events under Gerald Ford)

-Yom Kippur War=Egypt/Syria attacked Israel(won, US took planes to help) -Effects=US helped Israel so Arab nations cut off oil to US (inflation and recession)

Women's Liberation

-a 1960s political movement that was born from Second Wave Feminism. It refers to a series of campaigns for reforms on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's suffrage, sexual harassment and sexual violence. Women wanted to be treated equally to men.

Civil Rights Act of 1965

-banned discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and voting -reactions=John Birch Society(racist group-no communism/ethnic groups), original confederate states refused to enforce this act

Moral Majority (Domestic Events Under Reagan)

-defined=fundamentalist religious movement lead by televangelist -began becoming involved in Republican parties -opposed=abortion, gay rights

Assassination Attempt (Domestic Events Under Reagan)

-effects=congress/Reagan began working closer together

Title XI of Education Amendments

-ended discrimination against women in public schools/college activities -womens sports team

Conformity

-everyone should behave the same -men in gray flannel suit -women=Cult of Domesticity

Nixon Presidency Viewpoints

-expanded new right and conservatism -wanted to be a law and order presidency -The Silent Majority=conservative middle class Americans that didn't like radicalism

Black Militancy During Civil Rights Era

-movement that wanted more forceful action against segregation

Reaganomics and Effects (Domestic Events Under Reagan)

-nicknames=Trickledown Theory, Supply-side Economic -tax cuts to big business~make jobs -actions taken=went through with tax cut, cut back on medicaid/education, income gap(biggest gap between wealthy and poor), increased social security, budget deficit(because of military spending)

The Counterculture (The Cultural Revolution and the New Left)

-opposed conventional mainstream society/values -had issues with Vietnam War, didn't like social injustice -nickname=Hippies -Haight-Ashbury=corner in SanFran, "take trips"

Dynamic Conservation (Eisenhower's view point)

-people=liberal, help them -money=conservation, not gonna spend money

Art in 1960's (The Cultural Revolution and the New Left)

-pop art=consumer culture -Andy Warhol

Consumerism and Business

-postwar boom brought on by New Technology -expansion of middle class -effects of television=evening news, entertainment, sports -automobiles=new design and size -fast food chains -credit card

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (The Great Society (modeled on New Deal)(Domestic Issues under LBJ))

-reversed immigration policies of 1920's -allowed more from Latin America and Eastern Europe

Roe v Wade

-ruling=1st trimester a state must allow the right to chose, 2nd/3rd trimester states can make limits on how/when abortions are performed

Beginnings of Postwar Sunbelt Migration (American Culture During Truman's Presidency)

-rust-belt=mid-west states~thousands moved to sun-belt=virginia to california -new industry=aerospace(to keep up with Soviet/Cold War)

Reagan Revolution and New Right Policies (Domestic Events Under Reagan)

-tax cuts, plan for smaller government, more laissez faire economics

National Organization for Women

-wanted equal rights amendment added to constitution

Berkeley Free Speech Movement (The Cultural Revolution and the New Left)

-wanted restrictions ended on free speech concerning Vietnam War and social issues -can now speak, but no violence (nationwide)

Booker T. Washington

African American leader, former slave, was founder of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. He believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society. He accepted segregation (1856-1915)

Martin Luther King Jr.

African American minister whose emphasis on nonviolence catapulted him to leadership of civil-rights movement

Woodrow Wilson

After World War I, this United States president sought to reduce the risk of war by writing the Fourteen Points that influenced the creation of the League of Nations.

Pottawatomie Massacre

After the free-state town of Lawrence was destroyed, a fanatical abolitionist John Brown and his supporters went to Pottawatomie Creek, a proslavery settlement, dragged five men from their houses, and hacked them to death in front of their families to avenge the deaths of free-state men; set off a guerilla war in the territory that lasted for months

"Bleeding" Kansas

After the passing of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Kansas became a hotspot as people of both opinions flocked to Kansas to vote under popular sovereignty; when an election for territorial legislature occurred Border Ruffians from Missouri crossed over to vote proslavery; the election was declared a fraud, but nothing was done to change the results; the legislature became very proslavery and was fiercely rejected by free state advocates, leading to two governments in the territory; the conflict soon turned violent

RFC

Agency set up under the Hoover administration to make loans to banks and other lending institutions. Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Root-Takahira Agreement

Agreement between US and Japan officially recognizing the territorial sovereignty of each nation

Collective Security

Agreement by a group of nations to defend the other in case of an attack on any member

Sussex Pledge

Agreement in which Germany ceases submarine warfare if British stop mining North Sea

Five-Power Treaty

Agreement made at the Washington Conference in 1921 where the nations with the five largest navies agreed to maintain the following ratio with respect to their largest warships, or battleships: U.S - 5; Great Britain - 5; Japan - 3; France - 1.67; Italy - 1.67. Great Britain and the U.S agreed not to fortify their possessions in the Pacific, while no limit was placed on the Japanese.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment).

Gadsden Purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.

three-sister farming

Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields.

Marshall Plan

Aid to rebuild Western Europe, including Germany; served as another weapon against the spread of communism

Undergroud Railroad

Aided slaves to their escape from slavery in the South to the North. This caused the Fugitive Slave Act and people would lead slaves to the North by following natural signs like the Northern Star.

Funding at Par

Alexander Hamilton's policy of paying off all federal bonds at face value in order to strengthen the national credit

bank holiday

All banks ordered to close until new laws could be passed. An emergency banking law was rushed through Congress. The Law set up new ways for the federal government to funnel money to troubled banks It also required the Treasury Department to inspect banks before they could re-open.

Nine-Power Treaty

All countries represented at the Washington Conference in 1921 agreed to respect the Open Door policy by guaranteeing the territorial integrity of China.

Commercial Compromise

Allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce yet prohibited any tariffs on exported goods. Significance: This agreement incorporated the needs of both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists to some degree.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820).

Popular Sovereignty

Allowed settlers in a disputed territory to decide if the state would allow slavery. Also called Squatter Sovereignty. This did not directly challenge slaveholders' access to the new lands, but also promised to open the lands quickly to non-slaveholding farmers who would most likely dominate the territories. Many democrats hoped this plan would preserve the Union

Tripolitan War (1801-1805)

Also called the Barbary Wars, this was a series of naval engagements launched by President Jefferson in an effort to stop the attacks on American merchant ships by the Barbary pirates. The war was inconclusive, afterwards, the U.S. paid a tribute to the Barbary states to protect their ships from pirate attacks.

Aztecs

Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.

Ashcan School

Also known as The Eight, a group of American Naturalist painters formed in 1907, most of whom had formerly been newspaper illustrators. They believed in portraying scenes from everyday life in starkly realistic detail. Their 1908 display was the first art show in the U.S.

Iran-Contra Scandal

Although Congress had prohibited aid to the Nicaraguan contras, individuals in Reagan's administration continued to illegally support the rebels. These officials secretly sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of American hostages being held in the Middle East. Profits from these sales were then sent to the contras.

24th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

William Faulkner

America's greatest 20th century novelist; wrote The Sound and the Fury

Benedict Arnold

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

Matthew C. Perry (1794-1858)

American Naval officer sent by Millard Fillmore to negotiate a trade deal with Japan. Backed by an impressive naval fleet, Perry showered Japanese negotiators with lavish gifts. Combining military bravado with diplomatic finesse, he negotiated the landmark Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854, ending Japan's two centuries of isolation.

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809).

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence.

Theodore Dwight Weld

American abolitionist whose pamphlet Slavery As It Is (1839) inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin.

John Trumbull

American artist and painter who painted four panels in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington: The Declaration of Independence, The Surrender of General Burgoyne, Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, and The Resignation of General Washington.

USS Maine

American battleship that blew up in Havana, Cuba, and ultimately started the Spanish-American War in 1898

Lusitania

American boat that was sunk by the German U-boats; made America consider entering WWI

Clipper Ships

American boats, built during the 1840's in Boston, that were sleek and fast but inefficient in carrying a lot of cargo or passengers.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence.

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won.

The Rosenberg's

American couple accused of Communism and helping the Soviet Union obtain information about the atomic bomb. They were found guilty and sentenced to death.

George F. Kennan

American diplomat in Moscow, architect of the Cold War policy of containment

Nicholas P. Trist (1800-1874)

American diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, ending the Mexican-American War and acquiring a vast secession of territory from Mexico.

John Jacob Astor

American fur trader and financier, he founded the fur-trading post of Astoria and the American fur company.

Nathanael Greene

American general of Rhode Island, helped to turn the tide against Cornwallis and his British army, used geography of land.

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815).

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

John C. Fremont

American military officer, explorer, the 1st candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the US & 1st presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery; founded & explored CA in preceding decades; "Pathfinder"- mapped Oregon Trail; 1845 report on explorations encouraged westward movement.

Sinclair Lewis

American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature.

John Steinbeck

American novelist who wrote The Grapes of Wrath. (1939) A story of Dust Bowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life.

John Singleton Copley

American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution (1738-1815)

Phillis Wheatley

American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784)

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

John Hancock

American revolutionary patriot who was president of the Continental Congress

Woody Guthrie

American songwriter and folksinger who flourished in the 1930s, writing songs about social injustice and the hardships of the Great Depression years- two of his best-remembered songs are "This Land is Your Land" and "So Long, It's Been Good to Know Yuh."

Robert R. Livingston (1746-1813)

American statesman who served as minister to France from 1801-1804 and negotiated the purchase of Louisiana Territory in 1803.

Lucy Stone

American suffragist who founded the American Women Suffrage Association.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Edgar Allan Poe

American writer known especially for his macabre poems, such as "The Raven" (1845), and short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839).

Rationing

Americans at home reminded to conserve materials in all aspects of life to support the military; resulted in saving up of money to cause economic boom after war

Isolationism in 1920s & 1930s

Americans concerned with economic depression; sought to avoid European involvement, no apparent immediate threats

Sherman Antitrust Act

An 1890 law that outlawed any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce

Booker T. Washington

An African American teacher and an advisor to the Republican presidents; from 1890 to 1915, he was the most important leader of the African-American community; part of the last generation of black people to be born in slavery

W. E. B. Du Bois

An African-American sociologist and civil rights activist, as well as an author and an editor; did not see much racism as he grew up, as he was raised in a tolerant community; strongly opposed lynching, Jim Crow laws, and discrimination, especially in education and employment

Cyrus Field (1819-1892)

An American financier who backed the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic. After four failed attempts in 1857, 1858 and 1865, a submarine cable was successfully laid between Newfoundland and Ireland in July, 1866.

Ulysses S. Grant

An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Patrick Henry (1736-1799)

An American orator and member of the Virginia House of Burgesses who gave speeches against the British government and its policies urging the colonies to fight for independence. In connection with a petition to declare a "state of defense" in virginia in 1775, he gave his most famous speech which ends with the words, "Give me liberty or give me death." Henry served as Governor of Virginia from 1776-1779 and 1784-1786, and was instrumental in causing the Bill of Rights to be adopted as part of the U.S. Constitution.

National Greenback Party

An American political party that was active between 1874 and 1889; believed strongly in reforming our currency, labor rights, and was against monopolism; name refers to money that isn't backed by gold, or "greenbacks"

GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM

An American realist artist, whose paintings depicted life on the frontier.

Susan B. Anthony

An American social reformer and feminist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement.

Amelia Bloomer

An American women's rights and temperance advocate. She presented her views in her own monthly paper, The Lily, which she began publishing in 1849. When Amelia was 22, she married a lawyer by the name of Dexter Bloomer. One of the major causes promoted by Amelia was a change in dress standards for women so that they would be less restrictive.

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Pope's Rebellion

An Indian uprising in 1680 where pueblo rebels in an attempt to resist catholicism and Europeans all together destroyed every catholic church in the province and killed scores of priests and hundreds of spanish settlers.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act of 1922

An act passed during the conservative Harding administration that increased tariff rates, especially on imported agricultural goods. It was seen as an expression of American isolationism that was prevalent during the period. It hurt business in the long run because it caused European nations to recover slowly from the war, which led to their difficulty in repaying their war debts to the United States. Thus, they imposed tariffs of their own on American imports. It helped weaken the world economy and was a factor in causing the Great Depression

Morrill Tariff Act of 1861

An act that raised tariff rates to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers that initiated the Republican program to help industrialists by keeping high protective tariffs

Sugar Act of 1764

An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.

Desert Land Act (1877)

An act which was passed to encourage the development of agriculture in the more arid locations of the Western United States.

Voyageurs

An adventurer who journeyed by canoe from Montréal to the interior to trade with Indians for furs.

Margaret Sanger

An advocate of birth control that led to a growing acceptance of its use in the 1920s.

Central Intelligence Agency

An agency created after World War II to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad. It became involved in intrigue, conspiracy, and meddling as well.

Atlanta Compromise

An agreement made in 1895 between African-American leaders and Southern white leaders that African Americans would receive work, basic education, and due process in law, but could not actively seek equality of justice in the South; never explicitly written down

Sharecropping

An agricultural system in which the landowner would allow someone to use the land, but the landowner would receive a portion of the crops in return

Triple Alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

Triple Entente

An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

The Liberator

An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed.

Ghetto

An area, usually in a city, where members of a minority group are concentrated together.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.

Charles Grandison Finney

An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.

Francis Parkman (1823-1893)

An historian who wrote about the struggle between France and Britain for North America.

Ellis Island

An immigrant receiving station that processed European immigrants entering the United States.

Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)

An important Supreme Court law stating that racial segregation was constitutional, because of "separate but equal"

Standard Oil

An integrated multinational oil corporation created by Rockefeller to gain control of the industry.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

An international oil cartel dominated by an Arab majority, joined together to protect themselves.

Antinomianism

An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson.

"Readjuster" Movement

An opposition and challenge to the Redeemer government; wanted more money for state services; occurred in Virginia, but there were similar movements in other states

Daughters of Liberty

An organization formed by women prior to the American Revolution They got together to protest treatment of the colonies by their British Rulers.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

An organization founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation.

American Temperance Society

An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.

Bay of Pigs

An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.

Poll Tax

Another condition that attempted to limit the number of black people voting; required a tax to be paid before someone could vote, which meant that black people as well as poor whites were not able to vote

Stock Market Crash

Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock.

Tories

Another name for Loyalists

Bill of Rights

Anti-Federalists argued that the introduction of one of these was necessary so that the central government under the Constitution wouldn't become tyrannical. Federalists argued that people wouldn't need to protected because they were already deciding who would run the government (congress etc.). Eventually added, outlined basic rights.

Boxer Rebellion

Anti-foreign Chinese revolt of 1900 that brought military intervention by Western troops, including Americans

Conscience Whigs

Anti-slavery whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds.

Lexington and Concord

April 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord).

Saturday Night Massacre

Archibald Cox, the prosecutor of the Watergate scandal case who had issued a subpoena of the tapes, was fired. Both the attorney general and deputy general resigned because they, themselves did not want to fire Cox.

Little Rock

Arkansas governor Orval Faubus mobilized the state's National Guard to bar nine African American students from entering Little Rock's Central High School under a federal court order; another court order forced Faubus to withdraw the guardsmen, however, blacks still faced consistent abuse; strengthened African American's determination to end Jim Crow; foreshadowed television's vital role in civil-rights movements by airing images of howling whites abusing resolute black students

Orval Faubus

Arkansas governor who called out the National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock's Central High School under federal court order.

Roger B. Taney

As chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws.

court packing

Attempt by FDR to appoint one new Supreme Court justice for every sitting justice over the age of 70 who had been there for at least 10 years. Wanted to prevent justices from dismantling the new deal. Plan died in Congress and intensified opposition to FDR's New Deal

Dawes Plan

Attempt following World War I for the Allies to collect war debt from Germany- provided short term economic benefits to the German economy. It softened the burdens of war reparations, stabilized the currency, and brought increased foreign investments and loans to the German market.

AAA Agricultural Adjustment Administration

Attempted to regulate agricultural production through farm subsidies ($ to decrease the amount of crops produced); ruled unconstitutional in 1936; disbanded after World War IIAgricultural

Populist Party

Attempted to unite discontented farmers; improve their economic conditions; supported increasing the money supply with free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at ratio of 16:1; using the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 to regulate railroads and prevent discrimination against small customers; organizing cooperative marketing societies; supporting Bryan in 1896 election

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of Independence.

Michael Harrington

Author who wrote The Other American. He alerted those in the mainstream to what he saw in the run-down and hidden communities of the country.

Washington Irving

Author, diplomat, wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer

Pacific Railway Act of 1862

Authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route to link the economies of California and the western territories to the eastern states

Moctezuma

Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died. Tried to clean up scandals. Business prospered and people's wealth increased

George Grenville

Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling.

organized crime

Became widespread in the 1920s due to Prohibition, which caused the bootlegging of alcohol to become a big business. Rival gangs struggled violently for control of the illegal alcohol trade, the most famous being a Chicago gang headed by Al Capone. The trade made millions, allowing for the expansion of other illegal activities like prostitution, gambling, and narcotics.

Herbert Hoover

Because Calvin Coolidge did not run for President a second time, the Republicans nominated _____________, the Secretary of Commerce. He won the presidency over Democratic candidate Alfred E. Smith. Republicans boasted of "Coolidge Prosperity" that _______ promised to extend, and suggested that poverty would soon end altogether. Later, when the Great Depression hit in 1929, he would be largely ineffective in pulling the country out of it.

Arminianism

Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election.

Loose Construction

Belief that the government can do anything that the constitution does not prohibit.

What were the main characteristics of Jackson's approach to the presidency?

Believed democracy should offer equal protection and benefits to all white male citizens with no region or class over another. Attacked aristocracy to promote the West and the South

Quakers

Believed in peace, pacifists

Poor Richard's Almanac

Benjamin Franklin's highly popular collection of information, parables, and advice

Peter Cartwright

Best known of the Methodist "circuit riders" (traveling frontier preachers). Sinewy servant of the Lord ranged for half-century from Tennessee to Illinois, calling upon sinners to repent.

What happened as a result of Jackson's attempts?

Biddle fought back by calling in loans and raising interest rates, and the country fell into a recession. Supporters of the bank blamed Jackson, but Biddle finally caved when business interests convinced him and in all he lost the re-charter of the bank. Credit increased as did state banks that issued their own currency

Nation of Islam

Black American Muslim organization that spoke out against integration and wanted more black empowerment.

Battle of Shiloh (April 1862)

Bloody Civil War battle on the Tennessee-Mississippi border that resulted in the deaths of more than 23,000 soldiers and ended in a marginal Union victory.

NSC-68

Blueprint for Cold War; called for military buildup, H-bomb, worldwide containment

Nonimportation Agreements (1765 and after)

Boycotts against British goods adopted in response to the Stamp Act and, later, the Townshend and Intolerable Acts. The agreements were the most effective form of protest against British policies in the colonies.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.

Atlee

British Prime Minister that finished the Potsdam Conference

West Africa Squadron

British Royal Navy force formed to enforce the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. It intercepted hundreds of slave ships and freed thousands of Africans.

Salutary Neglect

British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. Relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureacrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government

Robert Owen

British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who said deficit spending was acceptable because in difficult times the government needed to spend well above its tax revenues in order to initiate economic growth, "priming the pump". His ideas and theories influenced FDR's New Deal policies to put people back to work.

John Burgoyne

British general in the American Revolution who captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777 (1722-1792).

Isaac Brock

British general known for his brilliant defensive tactics, captured Detroit in the War of 1812. Killed by American sharpshooters at the Battle of Queenston Heights.

General Charles Cornwallis

British general who fought the Patriots in the south; surrounded at Yorktown and surrendered to George Washington

virtual representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Orders in Council

British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods.

impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812.

British Orders-in-Council

British retaliation against France during Napoleonic wars, closed all ports under French control.

Marcus Garvey

Brought the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) from Jamaica to Harlem in 1916. He advocated individual and racial pride for African Americans and developed political ideas of black nationalism. He established an organization for black separatism, economic self-sufficiency, and a back-to-Africa movement that was condemned by W.E.B DuBois and other African American leaders. His sale of stock in the Black Star Steamship line led to federal charges and fraud and he was tried in 1925, convicted, and jailed. The movement collapsed when he was deported to Jamaica.

Responsorial

Call and response style of preaching that melded Christian and African traditions. Practiced by African slaves in the South.

House Un-American Activities Committee

Called HUAC, "Red-hunting" House committee; served as a platform for extreme conservatives' denunciation of the New Deal as a communist plot

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Pilgrims

Came on Mayflower and found Plymouth. Wanted to escape persecution and purify the church of England, Anglican Church

Schenck v. US

Can limit free speech when there is a "clear and present danger"

Father Coughlin

Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into Anti-Semitic rants during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air; he was popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

Earl Warren

Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes.

Earl Warren

Chief justice of Supreme Court who broadened constitutional protections for individual rights

Little Turtle

Chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance that raided U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. He was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. Later, he became an advocate for peace.

Massasoit

Chief of the Wampanoag Indians who helped the Pilgrims survive. They had peace for 40 years until his death.

Mao Zedong

Chinese revolutionary whose communist forces took control of China in 1949

Mormons

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT

Mormons

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT.

What was the primary cause of the Great Awakening?

Churchgoers and preachers became more "liberal" in their thinking and practicing of religious beliefs.

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

CWA

Civil Works Administration -emergency work relief program- put more than four million people to work during the winter of 1933-34

Cohens v. Virginia

Cohens found guilty of selling illegal lottery tickets and convicted, but taken to supreme court, and Marshall asserted right of Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme court decisions.

Royal Colonies

Colonies controlled by the British king through governors appointed by him and through the king's veto power over colonial laws.

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop, part of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a hill"

Sam Houston (1793-1863)

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas.

Committees of Correspondence

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

New Harmony (1825-1827)

Communal society of around one thousand members, established in New Harmony, Indiana by Robert Owen. The community attracted a hodgepodge of individuals, from scholars to crooks, and fell apart due to infighting and confusion after just two years.

Mao Zedong

Communist Leader of China

Satellite Nations

Communist nations in Eastern Europe on friendly terms with the USSR and thought of as under the USSR's control

Connecticut Compromise

Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force.

Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson

Confederate general; he commanded troops at both battles of Bull Run and was mortally wounded by his own soldiers at Chancellorsville in 1863.

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Congress set up $2 billion. It made loans to major economic institutions such as banks, insurance companies and railroads.

Radical Republicans

Congressional group that wished to punish the South for its secession from the Union; pushed for measures that gave economic and political rights to newly freed blacks in the South and that made it difficult for former Confederate states to rejoin the Union.

David Wilmot

Congressman who proposed the amendment that would have outlawed slavery from Mexican territories.

Minstrel Shows

Consisted of white actors in blackface. Consisted of comedy routines, dances, and instrumental solos. While today this is seen as racist, it does speak to the profound effect African American music had on American music.

Excise Tax

Consumer tax on a specific kind of merchandise, such as tobacco.

Second Continental Congress

Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.

Bretton Woods

Created International Monetary Fund (IMF) to stabilize currency and the World Bank to invest in projects globally to stimulate economic growth (Presidential exertion of US power on an international scale)

TVA- Tennessee Valley Authority

Created in 1933 in order to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly impacted by the Great Depression

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

Created in 1954, it was designed to provide collective defense against the progression of communism in Southeast Asia (Asia's version of NATO). It was dissolved in 1977.

Federal Emergency Relief Act

Created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, it focused on immediate relief. Headed by Harry Hopkins

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery.

Andrew Carnegie

Creator of major steel company who was famous for using vertical consolidation.

George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Seventh of March speech (1850)

Daniel Webster's impassioned address urging the North to support of the Compromise of 1850. Webster argued that topography and climate would keep slavery from becoming entrenched in Mexican Cession territory and urged Northerners to make all reasonable concessions to prevent disunion.

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

Decisive battle between the Miami confederacy and the U.S. Army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the United States.

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York; considered to be the turning point of the American Revolution. *Historical Significance:* Caused France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.

Freeport Doctrine (1858)

Declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it, territorial legislatures, not the Supreme Court, would have the final say on the slavery question. First argued by Stephen Douglas in 1858 in response to Abraham Lincoln's "Freeport question."

Settlement Houses

Dedicated to helping the urban poor; established day nurseries for working mothers; published reports condemning deplorable housing conditions, and taught literacy classes

Yamasee Indians

Defeated by the South Carolinians in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the southern colonies.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Defensive military alliance formed in 1949 by ten Western European countries, the US and Canada

Alexander Hamilton

Delegate to the Constitutional Convention and leader of the Federalists; first secretary of the treasury.

First Continental Congress

Delegates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with Britain and to promote independence

Constitutional Convention of 1787

Delegates met to revise the Articles of Confederation, but ultimately decided to write the Constitution as a replacement.

James Buchanan (1857-1861)

Democratic Domestic Affairs: Bleeding Kansas Dred Scott Case John Brown's invasion at Harper's Ferry Secession crisis John Brown Lecompton Constitution Foreign Affairs: Asserted authority in Central America Continued desire to annex Cuba

John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)

Democratic Domestic Affairs: Corrupt Bargain American System Internal improvements Foreign Affairs: Hampered by opponents in Congress Accomplishments came as Sec of State under Monroe

Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)

Democratic Domestic Affairs: Kansas-Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas Foreign Affairs: Gadsen Purchase Attempt to secure Cuba-Ostend Manifesto William Walker Nicaraguan dictatorship

James K. Polk (1845-1849)

Democratic Domestic Affairs: Walker Tariff bill lowered rates Independent Treasury 1846 Wilmot Proviso Annexation of Texas Gold in California Foreign Affairs: Oregon "54°40' or Fight." -secured to 49th Mexican American War -see war chart Treaty of New Grenada (trading in Panama) Slidell Mission.

James Madison (1809-1817)

Democratic Republic Domestic Affairs: Rechartering of National Bank (20 year charter) Tippecanoe Harrison vs. Tecumseh and Prophet Hartford Convention Foreign Affairs: Macon's Bill No. 2 War of 1812 Harrison New Orleans (Jackson)

war hawks (1811-1812)

Democratic-Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from the South and West, the war hawks resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier.

Progressive Goals

Democratization of the political process; reform of local governments; regulation of big business

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Denied alleged fugitive slaves a jury trial, gave commissioners a fee of $10 when they certified delivery of an alleged slave, and required citizens to help enforce the act (violators would be imprisoned or given a large fine)

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Mccarthyism

Describes a time period in the Early Cold War in which people were unscrupulously accused of being disloyal (as by saying they were Communists)

Lyceum Movement

Developed in the 1800's in response to growing interest in higher education. Associations were formed in nearly every state to give lectures, concerts, debates, scientific demonstrations, and entertainment. This movement was directly responsible for the increase in the number of institutions of higher learning.

Economic Sectionalism

Different parts of the country emerging with different economic strengths.

Medgar Evers

Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan.

Containment

Doctrine of continuous confrontation in order to stop Soviet expansion

Ostend Manifesto

Document written by US ministers to Great Britain, France, and Spain claiming that if Spain refused to sell Cuba to the US (Minister to Spain Pierre Soule had offered $130 million and been refused), then the US would be justified in taking Cuba; government denied this when the document was leaked and Northerners disapproved

Market Revolution

Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses).

executive power

Drawing upon the powers given as a chief executive and a commander in chief, sometimes without approval from Congress ex. Lincoln: 1) calling for 75,000 volunteers to put down the rebellion 2) authorizing spending for war 3) suspending writ of habeas corpus

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

Drawn up after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The 12 local Indian tribes gave the Americans the Ohio Valley territory in exchange for a reservation and $10,000.

National War Labor Board

During WWII it mediated disputes between management and laborers to prevent strikes

jazz age

During the 1920s, the younger generation of high school and college youth expressed their rebellion against their elders' culture. They adopted more open attitudes toward sex and jazz became the symbol of the "new" and "modern" culture of the cities. Phonographs and radios made jazz very accessible to the young public.

William Howe

During the summer of 1776, he led hundreds of British ships and 32,000 British soldiers to New York, and offered Congress the choice between surrender with royal pardon and a battle against the odds, and despite having far fewer troops, the Americans rejected the offer.

Jacobus Arminius

Dutch Protestant theologian who founded Arminianism which opposed the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin (1559-1609)

Warren Court

Earl Warren; the chief justice that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson in Brown v. Board of Education (1954); he was the first justice to help the civil rights movement, judicial activism

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC

Federal Style

Early national style of architecture that borrowed from neoclassical models and emphasized symmetry, balance, and restraint. Famous builders associated with this style included Charles Bulfinch and Benjamin Latrobe.

Emma Willard

Early supporter of women's education, in 1818. She published Plan for Improving Education, which became the basis for public education of women in New York. 1821, she opened her own girls' school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to prepare women for college.

Ferdinand of Aragon

He married Isabella of Castile to form a union for Spain (though they were never politically united). He and Isabella worked together to form a strong infantry army in Spain.

Upton Sinclar

He said that his book "aimed for America's heart but instead hit its stomach"

How did Jackson try to remove power from the bank?

He tried to remove the government's deposits from the Bank. Jackson fired his secretary of treasury's until he got one that agreed with his position. His new secretary started putting more government money into state banks

What were Jackson's view regarding power of the federal government?

He wanted the federal government to have less power, but wanted the president to have a lot of power. Overall, he believed in the strength and preservation of the 'union' or country as a whole

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

David Walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

Thomas Jefferson

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

Crispus Attucks (1723-1770)

He was an African American and one of the colonials involved in the Boston Massacre, and when the shooting started, he was the first to die. He became a martyr.

George Kennan

He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.

John Adams

He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist. He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts. Prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair. His passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts severely hurt the popularity of the Federalist party and himself

Marquis de Lafayette

He was very rich and noble when he arrived in America at the age of 19 years old. He believed in the liberty that the Americans were fighting for and asked to help. He became a general on Washington's staff and fought hard. He was known as "the soldier's friend," and is buried in france but his grave is covered with earth from Bunker Hill.

Thomas Jefferson

He wrote the Declaration of Independence, was the 3rd president of the U.S.A. and made the Louisiana purchase. Democratic-Republican/Republican

Daniel Shays

Head of Shay's Rebellion; he and several other angry farmers violently protested against debtor's jail; eventually crushed; aided in the creation of constitution because land owners now wanted to preserve what was theirs from "mobocracy".

Headright System

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Bacon's Rebellion

High taxes, low prices for tobacco, and resentment against special privileges given by the governor, William Berkeley, 1676

Alger Hiss and Whittaker Chambers

Hiss was a major figure in Truman administration convicted of perjury for denying communist connections alleged by Chambers; Chambers was a senior editor at Time and a former Soviet agent who had broken with the communists in 1938

Charles Beard

Historian who argued that the Constitution was designed to protect the economic self-interest of this framers. Beard's view is largely rejected by contemporary scholars.

Ecological Imperialism

Historians' term for the spoliation of western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing.

Gag Resolution (1836-1844)

House resolution that tabled (did not allow the presentation or discussion of) ANY bill that went against slavery Eventually overturned with help of John Quincy Adams.

H.U.A.C.

House under american activities committee by Martin Dies, went to Hollywood to expose elements that were against God, country and children

sod house

Houses built by cowboys; they were help together by pieces of sod and grass.

Cult of Domesticity

Idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands.

Huey P. Long

Immensely popular governor and senator of Louisiana; provided tax favors, roads, schools, free textbooks, charity hospitals, and improved public services for Louisiana citizens; cost: corruption and personal dictatorship; formed national organization (Share Our Wealth)

Saratoga

Important battle of the Revolutionary War. The American victory encouraged France to aid colonial independence from Britain.

Isaac Singer

Improved the sewing machine.

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Alien and Sedition Acts

In 1798, Federalist-supported laws that permitted the president to expel foreigners, made it harder for immigrants to become citizens, and allowed for citizens to be fined or jailed if they criticized the government or its officials

Florida Purchase Treaty

In 1819 Spain ceded Florida and other claims to Oregon in exchange for Texas. This gave land to Mexico but later caused Americans to fight against Mexicans for their old land.

Liberia

In 1820, the American Colonization Society created a colony in West Africa for freed slaves to go. By the 1840s this colony had its own constitution and became and independent nation.

Samuel Howe

In 1832, he became the first director of the New England Institution for the Education of the Blind (now Perkins School for the Blind), the first such institution in the United States. Howe directed the school for the rest of his life

Trent Affair

In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city buses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Berlin Wall

In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989.

Freedom Summer

In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Battle of Long Island (1776)

In August 1776, Howe defeated the Americans here and forced their retreat to Manhattan Island. There, Howe outflanked Washington's troops and nearly trapped them. Outgunned and outmaneuvered the Continental Army retreated.

Intolerable Acts

In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses.

Charles Lindbergh

In the 1929s, admired celebrities turned from political figures to movie actors/actresses and sports stars. The most celebrated was _____, who in 1927 flew nonstop across the Atlantic from Long Island to Paris. There was radio coverage of his flight progress that many Americans tuned into. His return to the United States was welcomed with ticker tape parades larger than those given to the returning soldiers of WWI.

Panic of 1857

Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homestead.s

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Reaganomics

Economic policy with three standards: tax cuts (especially for the rich), deregulation, and an increased military budget

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

The Man Without A Country

Edward Everett Hale's fictional account of a treasonous soldier's journeys in exile. The book was widely read in the North, inspiring greater devotion to the Union.

Suez crisis

Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, prompting Britain, France, and Israel to take military action; Eisenhower's greatest crisis in the Middle East; swelled Third World antiwestern sentiment after America's closest allies coordinated an attack on Egypt

Radical Whigs

Eighteenth-century British political commentators who agitated against political corruption and emphasized the threat to liberty posed by arbitrary power. Their writings shaped American political thought and made colonists especially alert to encroachments on their rights.

Operation Wetback

Eisenhower administration deported some 3 million allegedly undocumented entrants

Geneva (1955)

Eisenhower and Soviet leaders met in Geneva for the first East-West conference since World War II; held mutual talk of "peaceful coexistence"

Military Industrial Complex

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

John Foster Dulles

Eisenhower's secretary of state and anticommunist hard-liner; rigid, humorless Presbyterian who advocated a holy war against "atheistic communism"

John Tyler

Elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery.

Herbert Hoover

Elected president- 1928. Republican- approach to economy known as voluntarism (avoid destroying individuality/self-reliance by government coercion of business)- 1929 the stock market crashed- tried to fix it through creating the Emergency Relief and Construction Act and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation- lost reelection to FDR by a landslide

Jefferson Davis

Elected the president of the Confederacy in 1861. According to the Confederate Constitution, he was provided a six-year nonsuccessive term and presidential item veto. He tried to gain more executive powers but other southern governors resisted.

Alexander H. Stephens

Elected the vice president of the Confederacy in 1861. He strongly believed in states' rights and argued for his state of Georgia to secede from the Confederacy as Davis called for more executive power.

Full Employment Act

Enacted after WWII and stated that returning veterans were guaranteed a job. US government responsible for putting people to work

Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862

Encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges

Treaty of Paris-1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

Ended Japan's two-hundred year period of economic isolation, establishing an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the War of 1812. Did not address grievances that led to the war (stalemate for both sides).

Elizabeth I

English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise

Proprietary Colony

English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment

Sir Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

James Wolfe

English general, led troops up steep cliff to capture Quebec which marked the beginning on the end of the French/Indian War

Royal African Company

English joint-stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698. The supply of slaves to the North American colonies rose sharply once the company lost its monopoly privileges.

Virginia Company

English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony.

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

George III

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances. King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1760 to 1820

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

William Wilberforce (1759-1833)

English politician, philanthropist, and a leader of the movement to stop the slave trade.

The Federalist

Essays promoting ratification of the Constitution, published anonymously by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison in 1787 and 1788.

Sally Tompkins (1833-1916)

Established an infirmary for wounded Confederate soldiers in Richmond, Virginia. When Confederate hospitals were brought under military control, Jefferson Davis commissioned She as an officer with the rank of captain, making her the first female military officer in American history.

Bureau of the Budget

Established by Harding's administration in which all government expenditures would be placed in a single budget for Congress to review and vote on.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution.

Barbados Slave Code

Established in 1661, it gave masters virtually complete control over their slaves including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review; "midnight judges;" John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court.

Dumbarton Oaks

Estate in D.C. where the Allies met to shape the United Nations as an international agency that would arbitrate disputes among members as well as impede aggressors, by military force if necessary

Regulator Movement

Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite.

Society of the Cincinnati

Exclusive, hereditary organization of former officers in the Continental Army. Many resented the pretentiousness of the order, viewing it as a vestige of pre-Revolutionary traditions.

FHA Federal Housing Authority

Expanded private home ownership among moderate-income families through federal guarantees of private mortgages, the reduction of down payments from 30 to 10 percent, and the extension of repayment from 20 to 30 years; continues to function today.

Quebec Act

Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.

First American strategy in WWII

FDR and Churchill agreed to defeat Germany first rather than concentrate on Japan

"Four Freedoms" speech

FDR asked for increased authority to aid Britain; freedom of speech/expression, of religion, from want, from fear; resulted in Lend-Lease

Quarantine Speech, 1937

FDR encouraged democracies to quarantine their opponents (economic embargos); criticized by isolationists

Tallmadge Amendment (1819)

Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Black Legend

False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ.

Daniel Webster

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.

Appomattox Court House

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant.

KKK

Favored White supremacy and immigrant restriction

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

SEC- Securities and Exchange Commission

Federal government agency that oversees the exchange of securities (stocks and bonds) to protect investors and their savings and investments

Patent Office

Federal government bureau that reviews patent applications. A patent is a legal recognition of a new invention, granting exclusive rights to the inventor for a period of years.

public works

Federal government projects financed by the government to help the public and put people back to work

FDIC- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Federal guarantee of savings or bank deposits initially of up to $2500, raised to $5000 in 1934, and frequently thereafter; continues today with a limit of $100,000

Samuel Chase

Federalist Supreme Court justice impeached by the House in 1804 but acquitted by the Senate.

Preston S. Brooks (1819-1857)

Fiery South Carolina congressman who senselessly caned Charles Sumner on the Senate floor in 1856. His violent temper flared in response to Sumner's "Crime Against Kansas" speech, in which the Massachusetts senator threw bitter insults at the Southern slaveocracy, singling out his South Carolina colleague, Senator Andrew Butler.

Guinn v. US

Fifteenth Amendment- declared Grandfather Clause unconstitutional

Purpose of French Exploration

Find NW passage

Jackie Robinson

First African American to play major-league baseball

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910)

First female physician in the United States in 1849.

Anti-Masonic Party

First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

First government to recognize people as the power Extended voting rights to non-church members Limited the power of the governor

Eleanor Roosevelt

First lady of the United States from 1933-1945. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)

First major battle of the American Revolution; ended in colonial defeat. *Historical Significance:* The British suffered heavy casualties, including a notably large number of officers.

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

Canadian Shield

First part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level

Nixon's Resignation

Following the court order to release the tapes Nixon resigned to avoid a Senate trial.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

18th Amendment

Forbade the sale or manufacture of intoxicating liquors

Camp David Accord

Ford got Sadat (Egypt) and Menachem (Israel) to come together to make peace. Egypt recognized Israel and Israel gave back territory and the Sinai peninsula

Ida Tarbell

Foremost women in the muckraking movement; criticized the Standard Oil Company

Constitutional Union Party

Formed by moderate Whigs and Know-Nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis.

Free Soil Party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Organization of American States

Formed in 1948 to promote democracy, economic cooperation, & human rights; Members pledged not to interfere with one another; The US often dominated this organization

Battle of Acoma (1599)

Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Onate and the Pueblo Indians in present-day New Mexico. Spaniards brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609.

War of 1812

Fought with Britain, 1812-14, over lingering conflicts that included impressment of American sailors, interference with shipping, and collusion with Northwest Territory Indians; settled by the Treaty of Ghent in 1814.

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River.

NAACP

Founded by W.E.B. Du Bois; called the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; rejected Booker T. Washington's gradualism and separatism; focused on using the court to achieve equality and justice

American Anti-Slavery Society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

Founded in 1962, a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s.

Lord Baltimore

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.

US Sanitary Commission (1861)

Founded with the help of Elizabeth Blackwell, the government agency trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union Army. The commission helped professionalize nursing and gave many women the confidence and organizational skills to propel the women's movement in the postwar years.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Jane Addams

Founder of the Hull House in Chicago

Samuel Adams

Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Mary Lyon

Founder of the first college for women

William T. Johnson (1809-1851)

Free New Orleans black, known as the "barber of Natchez", who eventually owned fifteen slaves.

What US ideals were influenced by the Enlightenment?

Freedom from oppression, natural rights, and structures of government

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Edmond Genet

French diplomat sent to the United States to recruit American volunteers to attack British ships.

Citizen Genet

French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834)

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

Fort Duquesne

French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

Comte de Rochambeau

French general who commanded French troops in the American Revolution, notably at Yorktown (1725-1807).

Acadians

French residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as "Cajuns."

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.

Maximilian

French viceroy appointed by Napoleon III of France to lead the new government set up in Mexico. After the Civil War, the U.S. invaded and he was executed, a demonstration of the enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine to European powers.

John J. Audubon (1785-1851)

French-born naturalist and author of the beautifully illustrated Birds of America.

Robert de La Salle

Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV

squatters

Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Many of North Carolina's early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony's reputation as being more independent-minded and "democratic" than its neighbors.

George Rogers Clark (1752-1818)

Frontiersman who helped remove the Indians from the Illinois territory in May, 1798.

Land Act of 1820

Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819.

16th Amendment

Gave Congress the power to lay and collect income taxes

Hay-Paunceforte Treaty

Gave US control over route for Panama Cannal and also a helping hand to build it and rights to fotify it

Vicksburg

General Grant seiged Vicksburg, Mississippi and secured complete control of the Mississippi River to cut off Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas when the Confederate troops surrendered on July 4, 1863

Stephen W. Kearny

General that led a detachment of 17,000 troops over the Santa fe Tail from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe. Secured California for the US.

Zimmerman Telegram

German Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram to the German minister in Mexico City telling him to promise the Mexican President German help if Mexico went to war with the U.S. the telegram was intercepted and decoded by the British, shocked the American public.

Baron von Steuben

German commander who came to Valley Forge to help George Washington; trained the colonists and taught them discipline

Hessians

German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

What was the Whig Party?

Got the name from the "Whig" party of Britain that wanted to limit the power of "King Andrew". Different and similar to the Democrats who believed in limited government, more opportunity for the common man, and the preservation of the country. The Whigs believed in expanding the power of the federal government by encouraged industrial and commercial growth. Whigs supported a "laissez faire" economic system (capitalism). Whigs were cautious of western expansion. Whigs were usually the manufactures in the Northeast and wealthier planters in the South

British East India Company

Government charted joint-stock company that controlled spice trade in the East Indies after the Dutch

New York Times v. United States

Government must provide claims of national secuirty before press can be restrained from publishing information

Charles Townshend

Government official, close to the king, likeable, sponsored taxes, "Champagne Charlie", sponsored taxes for: lead, glass, paper, paint & tea,

Thomas Hutchinson

Governor of Boston who ordered cargo of tea to be unloaded in Boston despite colonial objection

DeWitt Clinton

Governor of New York who started the Erie Canal project. His leadership helped complete the canal, which boosted the economy greatly by cutting time traveled from west New York to the Hudson.

Sir Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England

Reform Bill of 1867

Granted suffrage to all male British citizens, dramatically expanding the electorate. The success of the American democratic experiment, reinforced by the Union victory in the Civil War, was used as one of the arguments in favor of the Bill.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote

Freedom Ride

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Know-Nothing Party

Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.

Lord De La Warr

Harsh military governor of Virginia who employed "Irish tactics" against the Indians

What were Adams' struggles as president?

Haunted by the "corrupt bargain". Diplomatic frustrations. Lost struggle with state of Georgia who wanted to remove the Native Americans from their soil and Adams couldn't stop the plan for their removal. Failed to please either New England nor the South with a bill regarding tariffs (known as tariff of abominations)

W.E.B. DuBois

He believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately. He helped found the Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight for equal rights. He also helped found the NAACP.

Why did Andrew Jackson hate the National Bank?

He believed that gold and silver were the basis for money and condemned bank notes. Jackson's own business failed and fell into debt and he blamed the paper currency. Jackson planned to get rid of the bank

Crop-Lien System

A system for agriculture in which farmers would get credit before the planting season by borrowing money against the value for the anticipated crops; used because the farmers had little money following the Civil War

"Convict-Lease" System

A system in which prisoners were used for labors in private companies

Primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

open shop

A tactic that kept jobs open to nonunion workers used by companies to encourage their workers not to join unions and helped result in membership in unions during the 1920s declining by 20 percent.

Excise tax

A tax on the production, sale, or consumption of goods produced within a country. Sparked the Whiskey Rebellion.

Muckraker

A term coined for journalists who "raked up" dirt and exposed corruption and problems of society.

Captains of Industry

A term that refers to wealthy industrialists who used their power to help others

Pet Banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

Redeemers

A term used by white Southerners to describe the southern wing of the Bourbon Democrats, who were the conservative and pro-business part of the Democratic Party

Scalawags

A term used to describe Southerners that supported Reconstruction after the Civil War; considered to be against the typical southern values

Robber Baron

A term used to refer to an industrialist that made huge profits at the expense of others.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.

New Harmony

A utopian settlement in Indiana lasting from 1825 to 1827. It had 1,000 settlers, but a lack of authority caused it to break up.

Fourierism

A utopian socialist movement started by Charles Fourier. He wanted to counter the current industrial system to replace boredom of factory life. He advocated different forms of work each day as well as relatively free sexual activity. ;D

United States vs. Reese

A voting rights case decided by the Supreme Court that undermined the voting process by requiring things like a literacy test, poll tax, or the grandfather clause in order to vote

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Francis Scott Key

A washington lawyer who watched the all-night battle at Fort McHenry and showed his pride by writing what became the national anthem.

Grantism

A word coined by Senator Charles Sumner in relation to President Grant, due to his association to many scandals, including Black Friday, corruption, and other political problems

Bourbon Rule

A word used to describe the power in the South by Bourbon Democrats, who were pro-business conservatives; Bourbon is a term used in a critical manner

Joel Chandler Harris

A writer best known for writing his Uncle Remus stories; like Henry W. Grady, he supported the idea of a New South

Gertrude Stein

A writer who coined writers who during the 1920s wrote about disillusionments with American society a "lost generation"

THOMAS HART BENTON

A zealous supporter of western interests, he staunchly advocated government support of frontier exploration during his term in the Senate from 1820 - 1850. A senator from Missouri, but he opposed slavery.

Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President. Killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel.

Merrimack

Abandoned Union warship salvaged by the Confederacy. Enforced with iron plates to become an ironclad ship. Renamed "Virginia".

Emancipation Proclamation

Abraham Lincoln used his power as commander in chief of the armed forces to free the slaves in the Confederacy, and it went into effect January 1, 1863. It did not immediately free all slaves, but it enlarged the purpose of the war to be about slavery. The committed the government to a policy of abolition. It also gave the Union many more soldiers and new rallying point.

Gettysburg Address (1863)

Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.

Alger Hiss

Accused of being a Russian spy and aiding the Soviets w/secret information. He wasn't convicted of espionage because there was no proof. However, he was convicted of perjury.

Quartering Act of 1765

Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.

Homestead Act of 1862

Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation projects.

GI Bill

Act that allowed for education and home ownership for veterans; designed to forestall the expected recession by easing veterans back into the work force and rewarding "soldier boys'

Embargo Act

Act that forbade the export of goods from the U.S. in order to hurt the economies of the warring nations of France and Britain. The act slowed the economy of New England and the south. The act was seen as one of many precursors to war.

Landrum-Griffin Act

Act that protects the rights of union members from corrupt or discriminatory labor unions; also known as Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA)

Timber Culture Act (1873)

Act which allotted 160 acres to individuals in certain Western states if they agreed to plant one fourth of it with trees.

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

Act which funds primary and secondary education.

National Origins Act

Act which restricted immigration from any one nation to two percent of the number of people already in the U.S. of that national origin in 1890. Severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely

Alien Laws (1798)

Acts passed by a Federalist Congress raising the residency requirement for citizenship to fourteen years and granting the president the power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace.

Force Acts

Acts passed to promote African American voting and mainly aimed at limiting the activities of the Ku Klux Klan. Through the acts, actions committed with the intent to influence voters, prevent them from voting, or conspiring to deprive them of civil rights, including life, were made federal offenses. Thus the federal government had the power to prosecute the offenses, including calling federal juries to hear the cases.

Force (KKK) Acts of 1870/1871

Acts that were an attempt at limiting the acts of the KKK; 1870 banned terrorism, force, or bribery as methods for keeping someone from voting because of their race; 1871 brought a law that authorized state officials to be held liable in federal courts if they deprived anyone of their due civil rights; hundreds of KKK members were arrested and tried for terror

Sedition Act of 1918

Added to Espionage Act to cover "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces.

Theodore Roosevelt

Addressed Progressive issues such as the conservation of natural resources and wildlife; unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry; monopolization and consolidation in the RR industry; unsafe drug products

Ida B. Wells-Barnett

African American civil rights advocate and early women's right advocate; opposed to lynching

Malcom X

African American leader who helped to inspire the Black Power movement - believed that African Americans should have the right to defend themselves, using violence if necessary.

W.E.B. Du Bois

African American leader who opposed segregation; pushed for higher education opportunities and voting rights for African Americans; helped to found the NAACP

Macon's Bill 2

This law helped lead to the War of 1812. It was an 1810 ploy to induce either Britain or France to lift trade restrictions. US promised to lift trade sanctions on the Country that agreed and reimpose sanctions on the other. Napoleon pretended to agree, then backed out of his promise, did damage to US-British relations.

George Washington

This man left many precedents on America, such as his willingness to surrender power, his neutrality and willingness to trade with many countries.

Progressive (Bull Moose) Party

This political party was formed by T. Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President W.H. Taft in the election of 1912. After Taft won the Republican party's nomination, Roosevelt ran on the Progressive party ticket.

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Coercive Acts

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

Pinckney's Treaty (1795)

This treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi River and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.

1800

Thomas Jefferson beat out John Adams in the dirty election of ____, but it was a tie vote between him and Burr in the electoral college. Jefferson was chosen by the house of representatives.

Dawes Plan (1924)

Thought of by the American banker who would become Coolidge's vice president, this compromise would establish a cycle of money flowing from the United States to Germany and from Germany to the Allies (in reparations) and from the Allies back to the United States (repaying war debts). It helped ease the financial problems in America and Europe, but when the stock market crashed in 1929, the U.S bank loans stopped and the prosperity this compromise propped up collapsed.

Peace Corps and Alliance for Progress

To combat Communism & to help underdeveloped countries, JFK created these organizations

Rendezvous

To meet in accordance of plan.

What steps did Jackson take to put his theory of democracy into practice?

Took a new approach to the offices of the federal government and believed the common man should have more opportunity. He believed people should be able to rise in power due to their talent and energy into the task. Dismissed many of the office holders and replaced them with his supporters. This was called the "spoils system." He also pushed for parties to elect their candidate to run for president through "political conventions." Jackson got many voter restrictions removed and got popular presidential elections in most states

Seneca Falls Convention

Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.

Gettysburg

Took place on July 1, 1863 and commonly considered the turning point of the Civil War. Lee took the offensive in Pennsylvania, but Union forces held. It was the bloodiest battle with over 50,000 casualties and Lee's forces never could regain the offensive.

cow town

Towns where cattle were held in pens until they could be loaded into railroad cars and shipped into markets in the East

Regulars

Trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts. During the French and Indian War, British generals, used to commanding experienced regulars, often showed contempt for ill-trained colonial militiamen.

Brussels Pact

Treaty signed between Belgium, France, Luxembourg, UK, and Netherlands that contained a mutual defense clause

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)

Treaty signed in 1972 by Nixon which limited each of the superpowers to 200 antiballistic missiles and set qoutas for intercontinenal and submarine missiles

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and CA in exchange for $15 million.

Treaty of Greenville

Treaty to end battles against the Miami Confederacy of Indians. Confederacy gave up land for money, rights to hunt, and "sovereignty"

Pinckney's Treaty

Treaty with spain in 1795 because Spain feared an American-English/French alliance. Set southern border for Florida. Gave some navigation rights for the Mississippi river.

Model Treaty (1776)

Treaty written by John Adams in 1776 as a first draft of a treaty to potentially be sent to France asking for just economic support, not military or political connections. This was never sent to France, but acted as a guide for later treaties.

Employment Act of 1946

Truman's only major domestic accomplishment in the seventy-ninth Congress; committed the federal government to ensuring economic growth; established the Council of Economic Advisers to confer with the president and form policies to maintain employment, production, and purchasing power

Fair Deal

Truman's unsuccessful proposed extension of New Deal; an ambitious social and economic program proposed in his 1949 State of the Union message

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Valpariso, 1892

Two American soldies died here, leading the US near to war with Chile

Describe the Supreme Court case Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge

Two Massachusetts companies fought over who got to build a bridge across the Charles River in between Boston and Cambridge. The new Supreme Court justice appointed by Jackson gave the decision to the state of Massachusetts to give the charter. This case reflected the Jacksonian belief that economic opportunity results when large monopolies are taken down

The Wright Brothers

Two bicycle mechanics who flew the first successful gasoline-powered flying machine in 1903 and started the aircraft industry

Espionage Act

Two lwas, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against US partcipation in WWI

Saco and Vanzetti

Two men accused of murdering a paymaster and his guard at a shoe factory in South Braintree Mass. They were found guilty and executed. No one knows if they really did it or not. They were anarchists and many said it was their beliefs that were on trial.

Sacco and Venzetti

Two poor Italian immigrants with anarchist sympathies who had been convicted in a Massachusetts court for committing robbery and murder in 1921. There was great protest from Liberals who argued that the men were innocent and that they had been discriminated against. They were executed in 1927 after six years of appeals and national and international debates over the fairness of their trial.

Laird Rams (1863)

Two well-armed ironclad warships constructed for the Confederacy by a British firm. Seeking to avoid war with the United States, the British government purchased the two ships for its Royal Navy instead.

George Pickett

U.S. Army officer who became a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He is best remembered for his participation in the futile and bloody assault at the Battle of Gettysburg that bears his name, Pickett's Charge.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

John Jordan Crittenden (1787-1863)

U.S. Senator from Kentucky who introduced a compromise in 1860 in an effort to avoid a civil war. He proposed to amend the constitution, prohibiting slavery in territories north of 36° 30' but expending federal protection to slavery in territories to the south.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

U.S. forces - led by William Henry Harrison - defeated Tecumseh's confederacy then burned its headquarters at Prophetstown. *Historical Significance:* Tecumseh's confederacy allied with the British during the War of 1812; Harrison emerged as a war hero.

Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty

U.S. garantee of independence for newly created Republic of Panama, Agreement in 1903 and gave the United States unending sovereignty over a 10 mile wide canal across the Isthmus of Panama

U-2

U.S. spy plane shot down by the Soviets

U-2 spy plane

U.S. spy plane shot down over the USSR which ended a move toward "rapprochement" at the end of the Eisenhower administration.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

U.S.-led political and military alliance against Soviet Union; America's first peacetime military alliance

General John J Pershing

US General who chased Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him

Taft-Katsura Agreement

US conceded Japan hegemony over Korea in return for Japan's pledge not to undermine the US position in the Philippines

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

General Leonard Wood

US general of Rough Rider fame acted as administrator of the American military government. Much progress made against yellow fever

Joseph McCarthy

US senator; claimed that their were Soviet spies and Communists within the government but had no evidence; discredited by the US senate

Dominion of Canada

Unified Canadian government created by Britain to bolster Canadians against potential attacks or overtures from the United States.

Truman Doctrine

Unilateral implementation of containment: U.S. would support any government facing communist challenge; declared that the US must support any free people "resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities of by outside pressures."; proclaimed the national intention to become a global policeman everywhere on guard against advances by the Soviet Union and its allies; laid the foundation for American Cold War policy

Peninsula Campaign (1862)

Union *General George McClellan*'s failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital; Confederate victory made possible by the leadership of *General Robert E. Lee*.

Sherman's March

Union General William Tecumseh Sherman led a force of 100,000 men to destroy and burn everything in Georgia and South Carolina that the Southerners might use to survive. He took Atlanta in September 1864 and completed his campaign in February 1865 in Columbia. As a pioneer in the tactics of total war, Sherman broke the will of the Confederacy to fight on.

Oliver O. Howard (1830-1909)

Union General put in charge of the Freedmen's Bureau during Reconstruction. He later founded and served as president of Howard University, an institution aimed at educating African American students.

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war.

Joseph Hooker (Fighting Joe)

Union army general, known as "Fighting Joe" for his bold attacks on Confederate lines during McClellan's peninsular campaign. He took command of the Army of the Potomac from A.E. Burnside in 1863, a post he lost just six months later after he led a failed attack on Lee's forces at Chancellorsville.

George G. Meade (1815-1872)

Union general who led the Army of the Potomac to victory against Lee's forces at Gettysburg. Meade, unable to stomach the immense human costs of his victory, refused to pursue Lee back across the Potomac, and thus lost his post to Ulysses S. Grant shortly thereafter.

John Pope (1822-1892)

Union general whose army suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Robert E. Lee in the Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas).

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883).

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913).

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Dr. Martin Luther King

United States civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968). He preached non-violence and was assassinated by James Earl Ray.

James Meredith

United States civil rights leader whose college registration caused riots in traditionally segregated Mississippi

Oliver Hazard Perry

United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812.

John Jay

United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)

Horace Mann

United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education

Meriwether Lewis

United States explorer and soldier who lead led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River (1774-1809).

McCarran Internal Security Act

United States federal law that required the registration of Communist organizations with the Attorney General in the United States and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons thought to be engaged in "un-American" activities, including homosexuals

Denmark Vesey

United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822).

Benedict Arnold

United States general and traitor in the American Revolution

Gen. George A. Custer

United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn

Big Bill Haywood

United States labor leader and militant socialist who was one of the founders of the Industrial Workers of the World (1869-1928)

Henry Ford

United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947)

Margaret Sanger

United States nurse who campaigned for birth control and planned parenthood

Joseph McCarthy

United States politician who unscrupulously accused many citizens of being Communists (1908-1957)

Brigham Young

United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith.

Mark Twain

United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)

Oppression

Unjust use of authority or power.

New York Draft Riots (1863)

Uprising, mostly of working-class Irish-Americans, in protest of the draft. Rioters were particularly incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions.

Berlin airlift

Use of cargo planes to supply Berlin, blockaded by Stalin, with supplies in 1948; order by Truman to provide Berliners with the food and fuel necessary for survival; highlighted American determination and technological ability; revealed Stalin's willingness to use the innocent as pawns; heightened anti-Soviet feeling in the West

Submarine Warfare

Used during World War I mainly between German U-Boats and Atlantic supply convoys for Great Britain

Ann Lee-Shakers

Utopian society founded in England 1747 and brought to America 1774 by Mother Ann Lee; first American Shaker communities in upstate New York. They outlawed marriage and sex and were virtually extinct by 1940.

Patroonships

Vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property.

John C. Breckinridge (1821-1875)

Vice president under James Buchanan, he ran as the candidate of the Southern wing of the Democratic party in 1860, losing the election to Abraham Lincoln. A Kentucky slave owner, he acknowledged the South's right to secede but worked tirelessly to hammer out a compromise in the weeks before Lincoln's inauguration. Once the Civil War began, he served as a Confederate General, briefly serving as Jefferson Davis's Secretary of War in 1865.

Woodrow Wilson

Vigorous reformers to assaulted high tariffs, banking problems, and trusts; supported Federal Reserve Act of 1913

Virginia Plan

Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population

George Washington

Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845)

Vivid autobiography of the escaped slave and renowned abolitionist Frederick Douglass.

Peace Corps

Volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.

Dwight David Eisenhower

War hero and thirty-fourth president of the United States whose two-term presidency was marked by moderation and stability; nicknamed "Ike"

Lewis Cass (1782-1866)

War veteran, diplomat and U.S. senator, Cass ran as the Democratic candidate in the 1848 election, losing to Zachary Taylor. Cass is best known as the father of "popular sovereignty," the notion that the sovereign people of a territory should themselves decide the issue of slavery.

Korean War

War with communist North Korea to contain spread of communism in Asia

French and Indian War

Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

Edgar Allen Poe

Was an American poet, short-story writer, editor and literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. Failing at suicide, began drinking. Died in Baltimore shortly after being found drunk in a gutter.

John Wilkes Booth

Was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

Calvin Coolidge

Was the vice-president of Warren Harding who was famous for being the Massachusetts Governor who broke up the Boston Police Strike. He took over the presidency when Harding died in 1923. In the election of 1924, Coolidge won over Democratic candidate John W. Davis and Progressive candidate Robert La Follette. He was known as "Silent Cal" believed in a limited government that stood aside white business conducted its own affairs. He believed in a very limited budget, even vetoing some Republican Congressional bills. He did not allow bonuses for WWI veterans and vetoed the McNary-Haugen Bill of 1928 that would help farmers.

Farewell Address

Washington warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism in his _________ _______.

Purpose of English exploration

Wealth and power

Reasons Populist Party Failed

Western and southern farmers disagreed on political strategies; racism prevented poor white and black farmers from working together; increase in urban population led to higher prices for agricultural products; discovery of gold increased supply, easing access to credit; Democratic party absorbed programs; Bryan lost the 1896 election

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

welfare capitalism

When some companies during the 1920s voluntarily offered their employees improved benefits and higher wages in order to remove the need for organizing unions. It helped push the union movement backwards.

Zachary Taylor (1849-1850)

Whig Domestic Affairs: Pushed for Compromise of 1850 Hard stance on secession Gold Rush Died of food poisoning after party Foreign Affairs: Clayton-Bulwer Treaty-Canal across Nicaragua (agreement with Britain)

Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)

Whig Domestic Affairs: Secured Compromise of 1850 Supporter of Fugitive Slave Law Faced secession threat Foreign Affairs: Opened trade with Japan (Commodore Perry) Kept Hawaii from Euro annexation Failed Cuban invasion

"Conscience" Whig & "Cotton" Whig

Whigs revolted against the democratic party, forming two opposing groups. The 1st didn't like the democratic candidate who was a slaveholder and eventually joined the free soil party. The 2nd was made up of northern businessmen and southern planters.

Stephen C. Foster

White Pennsylvanian who wrote the most famous black songs; went to the south one time in 1852; contributed to American folk music by capturing the painful spirit of slaves; lost his art and popularity and died in a charity ward as a drunkard.

Stamp Tax (1765)

Widely unpopular tax on an array of paper goods, repealed in 1766 after mass protests erupted across the colonies. Colonists developed the principle of "no taxation without representation" which questioned Parliament's authority over the colonies and laid the foundation for future revolutionary claims.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

James Wilkinson (1759-1825)

Wilkinson had been an officer in the Continental Army, and later held several positions relating to the Army, such as secretary of the board of war and clothier general to the army. He was one of the Commissioners appointed to receive the Purchase Louisiana from the French, and served as Governor of Louisiana from 1805-1806. He informed Pres. Jefferson of Burr's conspiracy to take over Louisiana, and was the primary witness against Burr at his treason trial, even though Wilkinson was himself implicated in the plot.

Who were the candidates for president in the election of 1824?

William H. Crawford (Secretary of Treasury). John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State). Henry Clay (Speaker of the House). Andrew Jackson (Senator and military hero from War of 1812)

"you furnish the pictures, I'll furnish the war"

William Hearst's example of yellow journalism. It was a response to the Spanish sinking the US naval ship called The Maine

what was the glorious revolution?

William and mary took over in a bloodless coup

who founded Pennsylvania?

William penn (Quakers)

Overman Act

Wilson fought for and signed the Overman Act in 1918 when conservative Republicans tired to take control of the war effort from him. The act gave him much personal power and established him as the de facto head of the U.S. World War I war machine.

"Peace without victory"

Wilson's appeal to all the belligerents in Jan 1917, before GER resumed submarine warfare (which led US into WWI)

Anaconda Plan

Winfield Scott's three-part plan to defeat the Confederates: 1) Use of the U.S navy to blockade the Southern ports and thus cut them off from essential supplies 2)Taking control of the Mississippi River to divide the Confederacy into two 3) Take Richmond with an army of 500,000 men

iron curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.

Camp Followers

Women and children who followed the Continental Army during the American Revolution, providing vital services such as cooking and sewing in return for rations.

Woman's Loyal League (1863-1865)

Women's organization formed to help bring about an end to the Civil War and encourage Congress to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery.

WPA- Works Progress Administration

Work Progress Administration: Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by FDR during WWII

Dorothea Dix

Worked on behalf of the mentally ill

Lost Generation

Writers in the 1920s who expressed disillusionment with American society. They scorned religion as hypocritical and condemned the sacrifices of wartime as a fraud perpetrated by money interests. The term was coined by writer Gertrude Stein. It included novelists F. Scott Fitzgerald (The Great Gatsby), Ernest Hemingway (Farewell to Arms), and Sinclair Lewis(Mainstreet/Babbit), poets Ezra Pound and T.S Eliot, and playwright Eugene O'Neill. H.L Menkin, a journalist, outspokenly shared his disdain for American society and the middle class. Fitzgerald and O'Neil drank while Eliot and Hemingway moved to Europe.

Birth of a Nation

Written by D. W. Griffith; depicted KKK activities as heroic and commendable; played a role in the resurgence of the KKK during the Progressive era

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Upton Sinclair

Wrote "The Jungle," exposing abuses in the meatpacking industry; convinced Congressional reform

Working Women

Young and unmarried; worked as domestic servants, garment workers, teachers, and cigar workers; didn't work as physicians and lawyers

Factory Girls

Young women employed in the growing factories of the early nineteenth century, they labored long hours in difficult conditions, living in socially new conditions away from farms and families.

"Buffalo Bill" Cody

a former buffalo hunter who created a traveling Wild West show in 1833. These performances encouraged and created stereotypes of the Wild West.

Great White Fleet

a group of 16 gleaming white ships on a crise around the world to display the nation's naval power

Boycott

a group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies

Faction

a group, usually a small part of a larger group, united around some cause; disagreement within an organization

Prohibition

a law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799)

Tet Offensive

a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968.

Exodusters

a name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas

"Ghost Dance"

a new religious movement which was incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems

A Century of Dishonor

a non-fiction book by Helen Hunt Jackson that chronicles the experiences of Native Americans in the United States, focusing on injustices

F. Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval The Great Gatsby is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.

Common Sense

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Rough Riders

a part of the invading army, was a regiment of volunteers consisting of cowboys and ex-athletes, led by Leonard Wood but organized by TR

Harlem Renaissance

a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

"splendid little war"

a phrase said by secretary of State John Hays about the Spanish-American war

Imperialism

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force

Iron Curtain

a political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eatern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Alliance for Progress

a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems

Vietnam

a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States

Geronimo

a prominent Native American leader of the Bedonkohe Apache who fought against Mexico and the United States for their expansion into Apache tribal lands for several decades during the Apache Wars

Whiskey Rebellion

a protest caused by tax on liquor; it tested the will of the government, Washington's quick response showed the government's strength and mercy

James Dean

a rebellious character in Rebel Without a Cause (1955) elevated by teens to cult status for overturning respectable morals

Army-McCarthy Hearings

a series of hearings where Senator McCarthy accused people in the US military of being communists

Freedom Rides

a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961

Guantanamo Naval Station

a stipulation of the Platt amendment that gave the US ownership of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba

Salutary neglect

a term coined by British statesman Edmund Burke regarding the English colonies; idea that the colonies benefited by being left alone, without too much British interference

Californios

a term used to identify a Spanish-speaking, mostly Roman Catholic people, or of Latin American descent, regardless of race, born in California before 1848

Chisholm Trail

a trail used in the late 19th century to drive cattle overland from ranches in Texas to Kansas railheads

"Range" Wars

a type of armed conflict, typically undeclared, which occurs within agrarian or stock-rearing societies. The subject of these conflicts were the control of "open range", or rangeland freely used for cattle grazing

World War I

a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918

habeas corpus

a writ, or legal action, through which a prisoner can be released from unlawful detention, that is, detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence (Wikipedia) [One has the right to know the charges against them]

Organized labor assisted in the war effort by

agreeing to a no-strike pledge

Connecticut (Great) Compromise

agreement during the constitutional convention that congress should be composed of a senate, in which states would be represented equally, and a house, in which representation would be based on a state's population

Treaty of Paris

agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

wha were the navigation acts?

all goods bound for English colonies must stop at an English port or England. forbade colonies from trading w other countries

Neutrality Act, 1939

allowed sale of weaponry to democracies on "cash-and-carry" basis, avoided full-blown war; danger zones proclaimed; solved American unemployment crisis

Joseph F. Glidden

an American farmer who patented barbed wire, a product that forever altered the development of the American West.

"Calamity" Jane

an American frontierswoman, and professional scout best known for her claim of being an acquaintance of Wild Bill Hickok, but also for having gained fame fighting Native Americans.

Workingman's Party of CA

an American labor organization led by Denis Kearney in the 1870s, Their goal was to "rid the country of Chinese cheap labor."

Frederic Remington

an American painter, illustrator, sculptor, and writer who specialized in depictions of the Old American West, specifically concetrating on American West and images of cowboys, American Indians, and the U. S. Cavalry.

Annie Oakley

an American sharpshooter and exhibition shooter. Oakley's amazing talent[4] and timely rise to fame[5] led to a starring role in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, which propelled her to become the first American female superstar.

insurrection

an act of revolt against a constituted government or another civil authority ex. In the beginning of the Civil War, the North's goal was to put down the Southern insurrection ex 2. Many slaves tried to organize slave insurrections

Stamp Act

an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

Quartering Act

an act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists

Missouri Compromise

an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories

Filipino Rebellion

an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the US which arose from the struggle of the First Phillipine Republic to gain independence following annexation by the US

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

an atrocity in the Indian Wars of the United States that occurred on November 29, when a 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia attacked and destroyed a village of friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in southeastern Colorado Territory killing and mutilating an estimated 70-163 Indians, about 2/3 were women and children.

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

jeremiad

an elaborate and lengthy tale of sadness

Emergency Quota Act

an immigration quota that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 3% of the number of persons from that country living in the United States in 1910, according to the U.S. Census

NASA

an independent agency of the United States government responsible for aviation and spaceflight

Central Intelligence Agency

an independent agency of the United States government responsible for collecting and coordinating intelligence and counterintelligence activities abroad in the national interest

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

an interracial group founded in 1942 by James Farmer to work against segregation in Northern cities

United Nations

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

Nixon in Latin America

angry crowds in Peru and Venezuela, angered by interventions, spat at Vice President Nixon and stoned his car in 1958

gaspee affair

angry residents of Rhode Island boarded this British ship, set it afire, and sank it in the Narragansett Bay. The angry British, instead of putting the accused attackers on trial in colonial courts, sent a special commission to America with power to send the defendants back to England for trial.

Tong Wars

any of several feuds carried on in U.S. cities (e.g., San Francisco and Los Angeles) between gangs of Chinese immigrants or their descendants. These gang wars spanned a 70-year period beginning in the 1850s and continuing until the 1920s.

why was Georgia founded (military)

as a buffer zone between Seminoles and carolinas

Japanese Americans were placed in concentration camps during World War II

as a result of anti-Japanese prejudice and fear

One of the most valuable contributions of Native Americans to the war effort was

as code talkers who transmitted war messages into their native languages

Michael Harrington

author of The Other America: Poverty in the United States (1962); spoke of the poor living trapped in a cycle of want and deprivation

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

authorized the President of the United States to survey Indian tribal land and divide it into sections for individual Indians.

Fall of Saigon

battle where North Vietnam captured capital of South Vietnam and named it Ho Chi Mihn City

what is another name for middle colonies?

breadbasket colonies

Bracero program

brought in Mexicans for temporary jobs, concentrated in southern CA, given extremely poor working conditions (as they were not American citizens)

'Liberation'

called for by Dulles; the freeing of the captive peoples of Eastern Europe

Student protest

caused because of rising school enrollment, different perspectives from lower class, frustration with the government (Vietnam war), and frustration over consumerism

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

Tombstone, AZ

city in Cochise County, Arizona, United States, It was one of the last wide-open frontier boomtowns in the American Old West.

'63 March on Washington

civil rights event which led to the creation of the Civil Rights Act of '64

Rosa Parks

civil-rights leader whose refusal to give a white man her bus seat triggered the Montgomery bus boycott; an office of the Montgomery NAACP

Henry Hudson- English exploration

claimed N. Canada

Areas of French Exploration

claimed east coast of modern day US and S. Canada

Military-industrial complex

coalition that, according to Eisenhower, was amassing dangerous power

Nonimportation agreement

colonists agreed not to import goods taxed by England

General Douglas MacArthur

commander of the US forces in the Philippine Islands who directed the Allied occupation of Japan

Eisenhower Doctrine

committed the United States to policy of intervention in the Middle East (1957); a proclamation that the US would send military aid and/or troops to any Middle Eastern nation threatened by "Communist aggression"

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

committee formed in the House of Representatives in the 1930s to investigate radical groups in the United States; it later came to focus on the threat of communism in the United States during World War II and the Cold War

Commodore George Dewey

completely took over the Philippines from the Spanish; threatened the German navy with war; got help from Emilio Aguinaldo

The fundamental strategic decision of World War II made by President Roosevelt and the British at the very beginning of the war was to

concentrate first on the war in Europe and to place the Pacific war against Japan on the back burner

Ben Franklin impact on enlightenment

considered most enlightened thinker in the US, was a deist, made poor Richards almanac

Equal Rights Amendment

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Brown v. Board of Education

court found that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection clause "separate but equal" has no place

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

created from recommendations of Science Advisory Committee that was established by Eisenhower

Potsdam Conference (1945)

decided to punish war crimes, established program for de-Nazification of Germany

Morgan v. Virginia

declaration of segregation in interstate bus transportation unconstitutional (1946)

Roosevelt Corollary

declared an American right to intervene in Latin American nations under certain circumstances

half way covenant

defendants of original puritans could be baptized to be recognized as Puritan (couldn't vote)

Escobedo v. Illinois

defendent must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

diplomatic agreement of 1901 that permitted the US to build and fortify a Central American canal alone, without British involvement

Seventeenth Amendment

direct election of senators

slave conditions

disease, families separated, horrible livin conditions

Standard Oil Co. v. US

dissolved a monopoly, applied the "rule of reason" to future anti-trust cases.

Vietnamization

during the Vietnam War to reduce United States troop strength in Vietnam and train the South Vietnamese to take over the fighting themselves

Freedom riders

early 60s movement by SNCC & CORE members to desegregate buses in the South

what did the dominion of New England change?

ended local assemblies and legislatures, sent over red coats to enforce laws, and heavy taxes

Treaty of Portsmouth

ended the Russo-Japanese War

Baby boom

enormous population spurt from 1946 to 1964; in conjunction with vaccines and such, led to 19 percent population spurt

Baker v. Carr

established "one man, one vote" principle

Federal Employee Loyalty Program

established by Truman's Executive Order 9835 in March of 1947; rooted out subversives in the government

Elihu Root

established the Army War College. Improved US relations with Latin America

Yalta Conference (1945)

established world organization; Soviet Union pledged to allow democratic procedures in Eastern Europe; pledge broken, led to Cold War

Define Colombian Exchange

exchange of goods, ideas, and culture between America, Europe, and Africa

Mann-Elkins Act

extended the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission to telephone and telegraph companies

what was the issue of the regulator movement?

farmers were in debt and couldn't pay their taxes but refused to give up their land

who were commoners in 18th century?

farmers, laborers, frontiersman, shopkeepers

Economic activities of SE Indians

farming and agri

Economic activities of SW Indians

farming and agri west of Rocky mtns

Japanese internment

fear of Japanese-Americans as traitors, sent off (by law) to internment camps; removal of deemed threats in military areas

Despite demands of the wartime economy, inflation was kept well in check during the war by

federally imposed wage and price controls

Montgomery bus boycott

fifty thousand black Montgomerians boycotted the buses for a year, organizing car pools and often walking miles to work; blacks then filed suit, challenging bus segregation; demonstrated black strength and determination; affirmed the possibility of social change; vaulted Dr. King into the national spotlight

Project Apollo

final stage in the U.S. program to reach the Moon, in which Neil Armstrong was the first human to step onto the Moon's surface

St. Augustine, FL

first European settlement in US, Spanish

Sandra Day O'Connor

first female Supreme Court justice

New Mexico colony

first major colony in new spain

effects of bacons rebellion

first major rebellion against authority, lead to disputes with elites and commoners

Sputnik

first man-made satellite to orbit the earth; launched by Soviet Union; circled the earth at eighteen thousand miles per hour; a "technological Pearl Harbor"

KDKA

first radio station

Economic activities of NE Indians

fishing and hunting

Valeriano "Butcher" Weyler

forced peasants into concentration camps to keep them from helping rebels

Historians look to the fact that many women wanted to keep work and did after the war as

foreshadowing the eventual revolution in women's roles in America

Rachel Carson

former researcher for the Fish and Wildlife Service; published Silent Spring IN 1962; dramatized the problems caused by the use of the insecticide DDT and its spread through the food chain; led many states to ban its use followed by the federal government

Anthony Ashley Cooper

founded Carolinas and found rice

Where was New France?

from St Lawrence to Hudson Bay

Who was John Winthrop?

gave city upon a hill sermon on a boat- "model of Christian charity"

Maryland act of toleration

gave religious freedom to all Christians but killed all who didn't take Christ as savior

who is Jonathan Edwards

gave sinners in the hands of an angry God sermon in response to enlightenment

Emergency Banking Act

gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened

Lever Act

gave the President power to manage the production and distribution of foods and fuel vital to the war effort. It also created the Fuel Administration, which sponsored gasless days to save fuel.

Christopher Comlumbus theory on sailing

go west across Atlantic to get to Asia

who were elites in 18th century?

government officials who control government, voting, and society

who was Edmund Andros?

governor of New England colony

Nineteenth Amendment

granted women the right to vote in 1920

Levittowns

groundbreaking construction of thousands of look-alike 720-square-foot houses built as quickly as possible by Alfred and William Levitt; achieved with mass-production techniques; contributed to suburbanization

Stamp Act Congress

group of colonists who protested the Stamp Act, saying that Parliament couldn't tax without colonist' consent

Anti-Imperialist League

group that battled against American colonization of the Philippines, which included such influential citizens as Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie

Bracero program

guest worker program that brought hundreds of thousands of Mexican laborers to the United States in the 1950s; admitted 450,000 workers

Edward R. Murrow

had powerful firsthand reports from Lodon during WWII and established CBS as the premier radio news network

Khruschev

he succeeded Stalin as head of the Soviet communist party and became the soviet premier.

Henry Cabot Lodge

he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

why did King James II start the dominion of New England?

he was frustrated with colonists and decided to make It all one colony

James G Blaine

he was nominated for president in 1884, but lost a close race to Democrat Grover Cleveland

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

Dr. Walter Reed

helped combat the yellow fever problem in Cuba

Emillio Aguinaldo

helped the Americans overthrow the Spanish rulers; he took his trooops into guerilla warfare when the US did not give the Phillipines their freedom. Was later captured by US soldiers

Yorktown

in 1781 during the American Revolution the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops

"Gentlemen's agreement"

in 1907 Theodore Roosevelt arranged with Japan that Japan would voluntarily restrict the emigration of its nationals to the US

President's Committee on Civil Rights

in 1947, it recommended a legal assault on segregation, desegregation of the armed forces, and a permanent FEPC; established by Truman

intolerable acts

in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

CIA (Iran, Philippines, & Guatemala)

in third world countries, this agency fought covert wars against those thought to imperil American interests; this agency intervened in third world countries to ensure pro-Americanism and trample political opposition

Fordney McCumber Act

increased tariffs made it difficult for European nations to conduct trade in order to pay off war debts; protected US industries from foreign competition

reasons for slavery in america

indentured servants contracts were expiring and saves were thought to be used to humidity and unlikely to rebel

House un-American Activities Committee

investigate disloyalty in the u.s.

what was the English objective in creating New York?

it unified the colonies

James the first

king of England after Elizabeth died, king during colonial settlement and cared more about religion

cultural impact of scots Irish

language, Presbyterian, racism towards indians

What was exchanged in Columbian Exchange

language, religion, disease, warfare, slaves, food, animals

Foraker Act, 1900

law passed by Congress in 1900's under which the US gave Puerto Ricans a limited say in government

Selective Service Act

law requiring men to register for military service

blue laws

laws designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality

John Cabot- English exploration

lead voyage to claim newfoundland canada

who was James Oglethorpe?

leader of Georgia- no rum and no slaves

Dwight D Eisenhower

leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School

A. Philip Randolph and the March on Washington

led Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters: threatened a siege on DC if FDR did not agree to end discrimination in military

Venustiano Carranza

led a revolutionary movement against Huerta with support from the US

Explain Jamestown

led by John smith- starving times- native Americans saved them- became part of Virginia

explain Roanoke colony

led by John white- defeated Spanish Armada to get there, white leaves to get supplies and colony is gone... croatoan

Free Speech movement

led by Mario Savio it protested on behalf of students rights. It spread to colleges throughought the country discussing unpopular faculty tenure decisions, dress codes, dormitory regulations, and appearances by Johnson administration officials.

Col. J. M. Chivington

led militia who massacred 400 Indians apparently posed no threat; Leader of the Colorado militia, highly anti-Native and had pursued a very aggressive policy against natives, was largely responsible for the Sand Creek Massacre of 180 Native Americans, mostly women and children

Writs of assistance

legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled. Basically an unlimited search warrant.

Roe v. Wade

legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Platt Amendment

legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

What was the general court in the New England colony?

legislative body of Massachussets bay that enforced the New England way

de Lome letter

letter from Spanish minister de Lome to someone in Cuba, which was intercepted and published in the New York Journal. It insulted McKinley and his efforts in Cuba, leading to deLome's hasty resignation

38th Parallel

line of latitude that separated North and South Korea

Long term effects of French relations with Indians

made allies w many groups which helped in french and Indian war

Home Owners Refinancing Act

made morgages to home owners low on intrest rate, and extends the time to pay off the morgage.

What was the Paxton boys revolt?

marched towards Philadelphia angry over taxes and "savages" killed conestoga indians but never prosecuted

Manila Harbor

marked the end of the wooden navy, US Steel Navy destroyed Spanish Navy with one US fatality

what was the great migration?

mass migration of puritans to America- 200,000+ in 30 years

who were indentured servants in Chesapeake?

men in debt from England who signed a work contract

Victoriano Huerta

mexican military officer and President of Mexico who was also leader of the violent revolution that took place in 1913. His rise to power caused many Mexicans to cross the border as well as angering the US who saw him as a dictator

LULAC (League of United Latin American Citizens)

middle class organization that campaigned to desegregate schools and public facilities

'Born-again' Christians

millions of people who embraced evangelical fundamentalism; followed preaching against the hedonism and secularism of modern life

Who did the french bring in first and how did Indians react?

missionaries and business people- natives had a peace flag and greeted them

who is George whitefield?

most dynamic minister of great awakening- traveled from place to place preaching

who was thomas hooker?

moved from Massachussets to Connecticut. wrote fundamental orders of Connecticut

Chiang Kai Shek

nationalist of China. Strong (early). 1937: Japan attacks China and Mao and Chiang get back together to fight Japan. U.S. gives Chiang money and army support, he does not use it for army or war while Mao and peasants battle Japan. 1945: Civil War to become leader. 1949: Chiang runs away to Taiwan, takes his people and Chinas former government.

Weakness of Articles

no power to levy taxes, no power to regulate trade, could not enforce laws, need 9 of 13 states to pass laws, amendments required approval of all states, no executive branch, and no national court system.

Trading with the Enemy Act

obliged any newspaper printed here in a foreign language to furnish the postmaster general with English translations of everything published about the war

what is the historical context of the regulator movement?

occurred during early revolution (stamp act, Townsend acts, Boston massacre)

anti-federalists

opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states

Who was roger williams?

opposed the New England way and believed people should think for themselves. also believed in sep. of church and state. went to Rhode Island

Shelley v. Kraemer

outlawing of restrictive housing covenants that forbade the sale or rental of property to minorities (1948)

what did the Quakers believe and enforce in Pennsylvania?

pacifists, equality, no slaves, tolerance

Whigs

party that favored a national bank, protective tariffs and eventually the abolition of slavery

middle men

people who load and unload products; make goods expensive to trade for Spain and Portugal

Sixteenth Amendment

permitted Congress to levy an income tax.

Dr. Benjamin Spock

physician and author who urged mothers to devote themselves fulltime to the welfare of their children; emphasized the link between full-time mothers and healthy children; urged mother not to work outside the home in order to create an atmosphere of warmth and intimacy for their children in his Baby and Child Care (1946)

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

what was the headright system?

planters got 50 acres if they brought over indentured servants

explain events in bacon rebellion

planters, farmers, servants, and immigrants burned down Jamestown. red coats were sent and bacon died of sickness. rebellion was broken up and leaders were hanged

mercantilism

policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver.

Compromise of 1877

political compromise ending the disputed presidential election of 1876; by the terms of this compromise Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the electoral votes of Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina, thus giving him the presidency; in return, all federal troops were removed from the South and the Congress promised to stop enforcing much Reconstruction-era legislation concerning the South.

reasons for scots Irish to come to america

political unrest, high price for farmland

William Jennings Bryan

politician who ran for president 1896, 1900, 1908 under Democrats, was a pro-silverite and Populist leader

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

possession of second-strike nuclear capabilities, which ensures that neither of two adversaries could prevent the other form destroying it in an all-out war

William H Taft

president after Roosevelt and passed 16th amendment

William McKinley

president in 1896, supporter of big business, he pushed for high protective tariffs. Under his leadership, the US became an Imperial world power. He was assassinated by an anarchist in 1901

Warren G. Harding

president who called for a return to normalcy following WWI

Neutrality Acts, 1935-37

prohibited aiding of belligerent nations, banned civilian involvement; limited power of president during international war, built up armed forces

Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)

prohibited discrimination in any government-related work; increased black employment

impact of regulator movement

promoted no taxation without representation

During World War II, most Americans economically experienced

prosperity and a doubling of personal income

Billy Graham

protestant evangelical preacher and outspoken opponent of homosexuality, communism, and working wives; syndicated newspaper columns, best-selling books, and radio and television programs

Sit-Ins

protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.

Sit-ins

protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.

Farm-Credit Act

provided loans to those farmers in danger of foreclosure.

Pueblo Revolt/ Popes Rebellion

pueblo attack missionaries and govt officials- burned down Spanish churches and killed 400, forced Spanish out

"Remember the Maine"

quote in response to the USS Maine explosion

Zoot Suit riots

racism riots against Mexican laborers (imported for jobs)

no taxation without representation

reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament

reasons for German immigrants

religious persecution, continuous wars, and economic issues

Once at war, America's first great challenge was to

retool its industry for all-out war production

National Liberation Front

rising communist insurgency in South Vietnam, supported by the government of North Vietnam

Reasons for US to drop atomic bombs

risk of too many casualties and high costs for hand-to-hand combat/invasion, Japanese surrender unlikely

Turnpike

road on which tolls are collected.

who was anne Hutchinson?

said that church was teaching incorrect and had church meeting in her home. banished and went to rhode island

Philippe Bunau-Varilla

scheming French engineer who helped stage a revolution in Panama and then became the new country's "instant" foreign minister

who settled in Pennsylvania?

scots Irish and germans

Pentagon Papers

secret government documents published In 1971; revealed that the government had misled americans about the Vietnam War.

Who were the puritans?

separatists who vowed to separate from the Church of England

Aaron Burr

served as the 3rd Vice President of the United States. Member of the Republicans and President of the Senate during his Vice Presidency. He was defamed by the press, often by writings of Hamilton. Challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and killed him.

What was the Mayflower compact?

set up Plymouth to be self governing and based on majority rule. written at cape cod. set up governors

fundamental constitution of carolinas

set up social structure, remained intact through civil war

who was Cecilus Calvert?

set up the Maryland colony for catholics

German settlement patterbs

settled in Pennsylvania

scots Irish settlement patterns

settled in Pennsylvania and delaware

Chicago Seven

seven defendants charged with conspiracy related to protests that took place in Chicago, Illinois on the occasion of the 1968 Democratic National Convention, Bobby Seale.

industry in new england

ship building, iron, timber, fishing

Birmingham, AL

site of protests where students and children were beaten, arrested and jailed for non-violent civil rights marches

I Love Lucy

situation comedy that portrayed perfectly coiffed moms who loved to vacuum in high heels, frisky yet ultimately obedient kids, and all-knowing dads

Impact of Stono rebellion

slave codes put in place: no guns or weapons and cannot be taught to read or write

Encomienda System

slave labor system by Spanish which forced Native American to mine gold and plant crops

David Riesman

sociologist who wrote The Lonely Crowd (1950); claimed the new "company people" were eager to follow the cues from their peers

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

spied for the Soviets and were executed in 1953; considered coconspirators in passing atomic secrets to the Soviets

Free Speech Movement

started at UC Berkeley when they did not let reform groups recruit on campus, 6000 students rebelled & overtook administration building, movement spread across the nation

Sunbelt

states of the southwestern United States; increasingly populous and conservative in the 1950s; stretched from Old Confederacy across Texas to southern California; political power of Republican Party rose accordingly

ICBM (Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile)

successfully tested missile of the United States

John Peter zinger trial significance

sued for libel but found innocent because he wasn't lying. precedent for freedom of the press

Boxers

super patriotic group who murdered more than 200 foreigners and thousands of Chinese Christians

federalists

supporters of the stronger central govt. who advocated the ratification of the new constitution

causes of bacon rebellion

susquehannoks attacked settlers moving onto their land and the elites payed little to no taxes

Rosie the Riveter

symbol of women workers during the war

ABC Powers

term for the three Latin American nations (Argentina, Brazil, Chile) whose mediation prevented war between the US and Mexico in 1914

Scalawags

term of derision used in the South during the Reconstruction era for white southern Republicans.

Dollar Diplomacy

term used to describe the efforts of the US to further its foreign policy through use of economic power by guaranteeing loans to foreign countires

Yellow Journalism

term used to describe the sensational newspaper writings of the time, considered tainted jouirnalism-omissions and half-truths

Apollo II

the Apollo mission which carried out the first manned exploration of the moon

How did the English take over new Netherlands to make it New York?

the Dutch did not like their leader and didn't resist being taken over as long as they could stay

effects of Pequot war

the Pequot tribe was virtually destroyed by English and other tribes. first time Indians saw total warfare

Iran Hostage Crisis

the Shah of Iran (a US ally) came to US after a revolution in Iran and armed students took 52 American hostages.

Teller Amendment

the US will free Cuba after it has stabilized it

Department of Housing and Urban Development

the United States federal department that administers federal programs dealing with better housing and urban renewal

Brinkmanship

the art of never backing down in a crisis; Dulles insisted on the necessity of this

Domino theory

the belief that if Vietnam fell to the communists, all of Asia would follow

3/5 Compromise

the decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress

Deterrence

the development of military power to prevent an attack

separation of powers

the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Army-McCarthy hearings

the emergent nationally televised Senate investigation attributed to the army charging McCarthy with using his influence to gain preferential treatment for a staff member who had been drafted; caused by McCarthy's 1954 accusation that the army harbored communist spies; brought McCarthy down

The employment of more that six million women in American industry during World War II led to

the establishment of day-care centers by the government

Concord

the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775). British wanted to get the weapons that were held in Concord.

what was the old deluded act in the New England colonies?

the first educational system; one teacher for every 50 households

ENIAC

the first electronic computer; devised by military in 1946 to improve artillery accuracy; could perform five thousand calculations per second

Comstock Lode

the first major U.S. discovery of silver ore

what were the fundamental orders of Connecticut?

the first written constitution- had freedom of religion and speech

Civil Disobediance

the form of protest that calls on people to disobey unjust laws

Natural Rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

Interstate Highway Act

the largest and most expensive public-works program in American history; backed by Eisenhower; authorized construction of a 41,000 mile system of expressways; initially a defense measure

Queen Lilivokalani

the last queen of Hawaii and was overthrown by a group of American planters when she tried to return government power to Hawaiians

The greatest consequence of World War II for American race relations was

the massive migration of African Americans from the rural South to northern and western cities

Domino Theory

the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control

Middle Passage

the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade

Hundred Days

the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days.

Dynamic conservatism (modern Republicanism)

the term Eisenhower used for his centrist course

'Massive retaliation'

the threat backing the advocated holy war against "atheistic communism" with nuclear weapons

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Dienbienphu

the valley where Vietminh, a broad based Vietnamese nationalist coalition led by communist Ho Chi Minh, besieged twelve thousand French troops in 1954; French surrendered here after appealing for U.S. intervention and receiving none

"speak softly and carry a big stick"

the value and importance of using American Power in the world

Brinkmanship

the willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down

Economic Interpretation of the Constitution

theory that the framers of the Constitution represented the well-to-do classes and was designed to protect their interests

what was the conflict with the Powhatan confederacy?

there was a treaty with Powhatan on land, but as tobacco ruined the soul settlers moved onto Powhatan land. powHatan were defeated

Insular Cases

these decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos

Wright Brothers

they invented the air plane; the first flight was in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

How were French and Huron Indian relations?

they were major allies and the Huron taught the french to fur trap

Shay's Rebellion

this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

Articles of Confederation

this document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

Glass-Steagall Banking Act

this gave the President the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange

Ku Klux Klan

this group was founded in Tennessee in 1866; its oftentimes violent actions during the Reconstruction era represented the resentments felt by many Southern whites towards the changing political, social, and economic conditions of the Reconstruction era.

Columbus 1st voyage

thought he was SE of Asia but really new world

John L. Lewis

through CIO, led three coal mine strikes (some of the very few strikes during the time period)

triangular trade concept

to Africa: rum and gunpowder slaves shipped from Africa to West Indies over middle passage slaves to east coast of US

why was Georgia founded (philanthropy)

to rehabilitate debtors

Lexington

town in eastern Massachusetts near Boston where the first battle of the American Revolution was fought

Treaty of Paris, 1898

treaty that concluded the Spanish American War. America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid $20 million for the Phillipines. Cuba was freed from Spain

Trenton and Princeton

two restounding victories for the Continental army that restored hope in Washington and his men

Great American Desert

used in the 19th century to describe the western part of the Great Plains east of the Rocky Mountains in North America

Spaniard governing style

very harsh towards natives and lead by a governor

Most of the money raised to finance World War II came through

voluntary contributions

Owen Wister

was an American writer and "father" of western fiction.

Battle of Little Big Horn

was an armed engagement between combined forces of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho people against the Cavalry of the United States Army. the most famous action of the Great Sioux War of 1876

Charles the second

was disliked for his support of catholism in england, restored Monarchy Parliment Anglican church and some Puritan and Catholic rights

Motives of later Spanish exploration

wealth, land, glory, power, spread of Catholicism

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

were American communists who were executed after having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage. The charges were in relation to the passing of information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. Theirs was the first execution of civilians for espionage in United States history

genizaros

were Native American slaves who served as house servants, sheepherders, and in other capacities in Spanish, Mexican, and US households

The impact of World War II on many of the New Deal programs launched during the Great Depression was that they

were retired due to wartime production

Women working in defense industries during the war

were told by advertisers that they were fighting for freedom

The Homefront

westward migration of workers (new economic opportunities, esp. aircraft industry), high rates of divorce and family/juvenile violence, women encouraged to work in factories, still held inferior to men

Concurrent Majority

when the majority of people in state felt law wasn't benefiting, then the law could be nullified

Good Neighbor Policy

withdrawal of American troops from foreign nations (especially Latin America) to improve international relations and unite western hemisphere; Clark Memorandum (rebukes the "big stick"); peaceful resolution of Mexican oil fields

Stono rebellion

worst slave uprising in Charlestown SC- 20 slaves tried toget to Spanish Florida but we're very obvious and were caught

William Randolph Hearst

writer and creator of Yellow Journalism. Deceived the people to believe that the problems in Cuba were worse than they actually were

Joseph Pulitzer

writer and creator of the yellow journalism. Led people to believe that the situations occurring in Cuba were worse than they were in reality

Influence of Sea Power Upon History

written by Captain Alfed Thayer Mahan, which argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance; it stimulated the naval race among the great powers

"White-Man's Burden"

written to show how the USA has become Imperialistic nation "burdened" by other nations that it is trying to take control of

Betty Freidan

wrote The Feminine Mystique credited with starting the second wave of woman's liberation movement, question domestic fulfillment, founded NOW

Rev. Josiah Strong

wrote the book "Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis" which was inspired by Yellow Journalism

Alfred Thayer Mahan

wrote the book "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History". Made the argument that control of the sea was the key to being the most dominant in the world. Helped to stimulate the naval race within the many great powers

Ethnic Heritage Studies Act of 1972.

•Mexican American were in the forefront of the ethnic groups that became active in the 1970s. Cesar Chavez created National Farm Workers Association and after strike and boycott wages went up.

Harlem Renaissance

In the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural south to urban northern cities, the largest African American community developed in the Harlem section of New York City. In the 1920s, it became famous for its concentration of talented actors, artists, musicians, and writers. The artistic achievement was referred to as the ___. Poets included Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, and Claude McKay. Their poems expressed the bitterness, resentment, joy, and hope that came with their heritage. Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong were famous jazz musicians. Bessie Smith was a great blues singers and Paul Robeson was a actor and singer.

54 40 or fight

In the election of 1844, Polk used this as a campaign slogan, implying that the he would declare war if Britain did not give the United States all the Oregon territory up to its northern boundary.

"Open" range

In western US is rangeland where cattle roam freely regardless of land ownership.

Trent Affair

In which Britain almost supported the Confederacy. In late 1861 Confederate diplomats James Mason and John Slidell were sailing on the Trent, a British steamer. A Union warship removed Mason and Slidell and named them prisoners of war. Britain threatened war, but Lincoln returned Mason and Slidell. However, they were unable to obtain recognition of the Confederacy in Britain or France.

U-2 Incident

In which the Russians shot down a high altitude US spy plane over the Soviet Union; this incident exposed a secret US tactic for gaining information.

Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829)

Incendiary abolitionist track advocating the violent overthrow of slavery. Published by David Walker, a Southern-born free black.

XYZ Affair (1797)

Incident that precipitated an undeclared war with France when three French officials demanded that American emissaries pay a bribe before negotiating disputes between the two countries. *Historical Significance:* Led to the Quasi-War with France; convinced John Adams to strengthen the U.S. navy.

Compromise of 1850

Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War.

"Self-Reliance"

Independence; the capacity to rely on one's own capabilities and to manage one's own affairs.

Powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia

Malinche (Doña Marina)

Indian slave who served as an interpreter for Hernán Cortés on his conquest of the Aztecs. Malinche later married one of Cortés's soldiers, who took her with him back to Spain.

Second Anglo-Powhatan War

Indians last effort to dislodge Virginians, they were defeated. Peace treaty of 1646 stopped any hope of creating native peoples into Virginia society or peace with coexisting.

John D. Rockefeller

Industrialist who formed Standard Oil in 1870 used horizontal consolidation to create big oil trusts.

Henry Ford

Industrialist who pioneered mass production of automobiles on assembly lines.

fireside chat

Informal radio conversations Roosevelt had with the Amercian people to keep spirits up. It was a means of communicating with the people on how he would take on the depression. Mass media

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Inspired by Betty Frieden, a reform organization that battled for equal rights with men by lobbying and testing laws in court. NOW wanted equal employment opportunities, equal pay, ERA, divorce law changes, and legalized abortion.

Greek Revival

Inspired by the contemporary Greek independence movement, this building style, popular between 1820 and 1850, imitated ancient Greek structural forms in search of a democratic architectural vernacular.

Which technological advancement had the greatest effect on the growth of factories and machinery in the U.S.?

Interchangeable parts

Washington Conference (1921)

International Conference held in Washington, D.C in 1921 organized by Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes to arrange treaties of disarmament. It was attended by representatives from Belgium, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, and Portugal. It resulted in the Five-Power Treaty, the Four-Power Treaty, and the Nine-Power Treaty.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882)

Internationally recognized poet. Emphasized the value of tradition and the impact of the past on the present.

Marshall Plan

Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin.

Cyrus McCormick

Invented the mechanical reaper.

Elias Howe

Invented the sewing machine.

John Deere

Invented the steel plow.

Samuel F.B. Morse

Invented the telegraph.

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor of the telephone and in 1884 he set up American Telephone and Telegraph Company.

Thomas Edison

Inventor responsible for light bulb, phonograph and revolutionizing use of electricity by developing central power stations.

Muckrakers

Investigative reporters who promoted social and political reforms by exposing corruption and urban problems; leading critics of urban bosses and corporate robber barons; rise of mass media helped them reach a large audience

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism.

Ancient Order of Hibernians

Irish semi-secret society that served as a benevolent organization for downtrodden Irish immigrants in the United States.

Roanoke Island

Island colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580s

Second Continental Congress

It met in 1776 and drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence, which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain. Also selected George Washington as military leader.

Fourteen Points

It was Wilson's peace plan. Each of the points were designed to prevent future wars. He compromised each point at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.

Regulator Movement

It was a movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.

What was the theory of nullification?

It was basically that if a state felt that Congress passed a law that was unconstitutional, the state could hold a convention and declare that law "null" and choose not to follow it. This theory result from the "tariff of abominations" that South Carolinians were against. When put to test on the theory of nullification, Jackson emphasized unity and came out looking like a stronger president.

Committee on Public Information (Creel Committee)

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

Jay's Treaty (1794)

It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)

Italian-born navigator sent by English to explore North American coast in 1498

Crisis Over Berlin

JFK's 1st confrontation with the Soviet Union - Khrushchev was upset with the exodus of skilled workers from East Germany to West Berlin - USSR threatened to remove all U.S. influence from West Berlin, but settled on building the Berlin Wall in 1961

The Honeymooners

Jackie Gleason's situation comedy that did not feature suburban, consumer-oriented, upper-middle-class families

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson led this battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

What was the result of the election of 1824?

Jackson won the most electoral and popular votes, but not a majority. The decision went to the House of Representatives. Clay used his influence to help John Q. Adams get elected and Jackson and his supporters were furious. They were even more upset when Adams named Clay the Secretary of State and called the "corrupt bargain"

What were the limitations of Jacksonian Democracy?

Jackson's reforms didn't really actually transfer power to the people. Jackson's allies held most of the power. "Common men" weren't represented. African Americans, Native Americans, and women continued to be left out of the picture

Force Bill (1833)

Jackson's response to S. Carolina's ordinance of nullification that declared the tariffs of 1828 & 2832 null and void, & S. Carolina would not collect duties on them; authorized President Jackson to use military force to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832; never invoked b/c it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary; nullified by S. Carolina

Who won the election of 1828?

Jackson, but a landslide. Clearly he did not win the "North" or New England but won the South and the West. Thus began the "Age of the Common Man"

Leisler's Rebellion

Jacob Leisler seized control of lower New York from 1689 to 1691. The uprising, which occurred in the midst of Britain's "Glorious Revolution," reflected colonial resentment against the policies of King James II. Royal authority was restored in 1691 by British troop

John Rolfe

Jamestown colony leader who showed that tobacco could be grown successfully in Virginia

Pearl Harbor

Japanese bombing of ships in harbor; resulted in FDR's request for declaration of war against Japan; Germany and Italy responded with declarations of war

Inaugural Address

Jefferson expressed freedom and equality for all, including the political minority. Jefferson also said the U.S. would remain neutral in foreign affairs. Also said "We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans" in his ______ ________.

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Harper's Ferry, VA

John Brown with about 20 men occupied a federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry; his plan was to arm slaves and support slave insurrections; in reality Brown holed up in there until surrounded by enraged townspeople and militiamen who killed the men Brown sent to surrender; the next day Robert E. Lee led the Marines in who broke the barricade and arrested Brown; Brown was hanged for treason, but became a martyr for antislavery and set off a panic among slave owners

Harper's Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged.

Open Door Policy

John Hay's clever diplomatic efforts to preserve chinese territorial integrity and maintain America's access to China

Eisenhower Doctrine

Joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.

Our Country: Its Possible Future

Josiah Strong wrote this of Anglo-Saxon descent people were "the fittest to survive" and that Protestant Americans had a Christian duty to colonize other lands for the purpose of spreading Christianity and Western Civilization

Jacob Riis

Journalist and photographer working primarily in New York City; wrote "How the Other Half Lives," showed poverty and despair of immigrants in NYC's Lower East Side

Smith Act of 1940 (Smith v Dennis)

Justice Department prosecuted eleven top leaders of the American Communist party; outlawed any conspiracy advocating the overthrow of the government

Battle of Buena Vista (1847)

Key American victory against Mexican forces in the Mexican-American War. Elevated General Zachary Taylor to national prominence and helped secure his success in the 1848 presidential election.

Archduke Ferinand

Killed in Sarajevo, Bosnia: started WWI

Duke of York

King Charles the Second gave the colony to his brother (this name) who renamed it New York instead of New Netherland/New Amsterdam

George 111

King of England during the American Revolution.

Seven Years War

Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Causes of Korean War

Korea had been divided up into two sections: the Soviets controlled the north above the 38th parallel( divided at this point) and the United States controlled south of that line. the North Korean army invaded South Korea.

Great Society

LBJ's policies of fighting poverty and racial injustice

AFL-CIO

Labor union forged by the 1955 merger of the AFL and the CIO.

Laird rams

Laird rams were ships with iron rams that the Confederacy had arranged to purchase from Britain to use against the U.S naval blockade. Charles Francis Adams, the U.S minister to Britain, was able to persuade the British to cancel the sale rather than go to war against the U.S

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

Last major battle of the American Revolution. *Historical Significance:* Prompted the British government to negotiate an end to the conflict.

Clara Barton

Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.

Tea Act

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

Meat Inspection Act

Law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption.

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War.

Personal Liberty Laws

Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves

Spirit of St. Louis

Lindbergh's airplane

Armed Neutrality (1780)

Loose alliance of nonbelligerent naval powers, organized by Russia's Catherine the Great, to protect neutral trading rights during the war for American independence.

Tariff of 1857

Lowered duties on imports in response to a high Treasury surplus and pressure from Southern farmers.

Sedition Act

Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, gauranteed by the First Amednment.

Annual Message

Madison's _________ _________ of 1815 advocated military streamlining, a new national bank, protective tariffs to promote industry, and internal improvements after the war of 1812

Mass Production

Making large quantities of goods quickly and cheaply.

Port Huron Statement

Manifesto of the Students for a Democratic Society, which criticized the federal government for racial inequality, poverty, and also the Cold War and international peace.

Marcus Garvey

Many poor urban blacks turned to him. He was head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and he urged black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other business

geographic region of Chesapeake colonies

Maryland and virgina

Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)

Massachusetts-born poet who, despite spending her life as a recluse, created a vivid inner world through her poetry, exploring themes of nature, love, death and immortality. Refusing to publish during her lifetime, she left behind nearly two thousand poems, which were published after her death.

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Measure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship. Served as a model for the religion clause of the first amendment to the Constitution.

Taft-Hartley Act

Measure that limited power of labor unions

Medicare and Medicaid (The Great Society (modeled on New Deal)(Domestic Issues under LBJ))

Medicare -medical assistant to elderly Medicaid -insurance to poor, aid with medical expenses (both are social security amendment)(both are entitlement=congress doesn't reauthorize it, once you're in you're in)

postdam conference

Meeting between Truman and Stalin to work out what to do with Germany after WWII

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party (talks of the N.E. ceding were involved). These actions were largely viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalists much influence

Joe Hill

Member of the IWW. Best known for his labor songs and his conviction and execution for murder in Utah in 1915. Regarded as a martyr for the IWW and for his famous statement before he was executed, "Don't waste time mourning, organize!"

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876).

Pancho Villa

Mexican revolutionary who killed many Americans in Mexico. The US sent John J Pershing to capture him but never did.

The tide of Japanese conquest in the Pacific was turned following the Battle of

Midway

Important WWII Battles

Midway (US Signal Corps, turning point of war in the Pacific), D-Day (Eisenhower's amphibious invasion of Normandy, led to depletion of German forces), Stalingrad (Russians defeated Germans, saved Moscow and Leningrad, turning point in Europe)

Great English Migration

Migration of seventy thousand refugees from England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean. The twenty thousand migrants who came to Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose—to establish a model Christian settlement in the new world.

Charles Francis Adams

Minister to Great Britain during the Civil War, he wanted to keep Britain from entering the war on the side of the South.

Henry Ward Beecher (1813-1889)

Minister who worked against slavery in Kansas Border War, promoted civil service reform.

New Lights

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening.

Elvis Presley

Mississippi-born rock & roll singer beloved among younger Americans in the 1950s

Cahokia

Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans

Joseph Brant

Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution.

Era of Good Feelings

Monroe's presidency was marked by this era of nonpartisanship

W.E.B. Du Bois

Most influential advocate of full political, economic, and social equality for Black Americans, founded the NAACP in 1909; advocated the development of a "talented tenth" of Black population; opposed Booker T. Washington's program for Black progress

Abolitionist Movement

Movement in the 18th and 19th centuries that sought to make slavery illegal in the U.S. and the British West Indies.

Populist Movement

Movement of farmers in the late 1800s to become politically involved to protect their interest in America; movement wanted to expand the money supply and regulate Big Business.

NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization-Alliance formed by domocratic Western nations as and attempt to contain communism. Warsaw Pact-Soviets feel threatened and form a communist alliance

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural).

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war.

Napoleon 111

Napoleon III (1808-1873) was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was president of the Second Republic (1850-1852), then emperor of the Second Empire of France (1852-1870). Napoleon III built France's economic and political power, but his foreign policies were unsuccessful. He was deposed in 1870 after France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional

Bank of the United States (1791)

National bank responsible for holding and transferring federal government funds, making business loans, and issuing a national currency.

Metacom

Native American chief who fought against English colonists in the King Philip's War

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Necessary requirements for the former Confederate States to be readmitted to the Union.

Paris Peace Talks

Negotiations between the US and the North Vietnam, beginning in 1968. Failed to produce an agreement

Urban League

Network of churches and clubs that set up employment agencies and relief efforts to help African Americans get settled and find work in the cities

National Banking System (1863)

Network of member banks that could issue currency against purchased government bonds. Created during the Civil War to establish a stable national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds.

CCC Civilian Conservation Corp

New Deal program for young men between the ages of 18 and 25 -volunteered to be placed in camps to work on regional environmental projects, mainly west of the Mississippi; they received $30 a month, of which $25 was sent home; disbanded during World War II- built the Appalachian Trail.

Civilian Conservation Corps

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects

Salmon Chase (1808-1873)

New England born abolitionist who, as secretary of the treasury, pushed Lincoln to take a tougher stance on slavery during the Civil War. In 1864, Radical Republicans unsuccessfully tried to replace Lincoln with him on the Republican ticket. Later that year, Lincoln appointed him as chief justice of the Supreme Court, where he served until his death.

New England Confederation

New England colonists formed the New England Confederation in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization.

Mercy Otis Warren

New England woman who wrote many works. These included a history of the revolution, a play, and poems One of America's first writers.

Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888)

New England-born author of popular novels for adolescents, most notably Little Women.

Herman Melville (1819-1891)

New York author who spent his youth as a whaler on the high seas, an experience which no doubt inspired his epic novel, Moby Dick.

Zenger Trial

New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel.

John Peter Zenger

New York publisher who was taken to court for criticizing the governor of New York

Clayton Antitrust Act

New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions

Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP)

Nixon organization; caught for tapping the phone lines at the 1972 Democratic Convention, linking Nixon to the crime and beginning the Watergate Scandal.

Checkers speech

Nixon's heart-tugging television defense to the accusation of the existence of a "slush fund," created to keep Nixon in "financial comfort"; claimed he intended to benefit his family by buying a cocker spaniel named Checkers for his daughters

Spiro Agnew

Nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of Maryland. He was replaced by Gerald R. Ford.

Effects of Korean War

North Korea retreated from the South and Korea remained divided to this day.

Where did Iroquois and Mohawk reside?

Northeast- NY and New England region

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era; traditional elements of Southern society were deeply resentful of profits made by them during this period

War Powers Act

Notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops; had to gain congress' approval to stay longer than 90 days

Patriots

Numerous in New England at the time, younger and would like change.

Kennedy Assasination

ON November 22, 1963 he was assasinated in dallas texas in the back of a convertable limosine. Lee Harvy Oslwald was charged with the murder. Impacts were: huge emotional response from country, everyone was hurt, and especially the youh who looked up to him. This started the dont trust the government, and the hippe movement. But it also helped the space program. We learned our government is very sturdy

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Homestead Act of 1862

Offered 160 acres of public land free in the Great Plains to any person who would agree to farm the land for five years

Spot Resolutions (1847)

Offered by Abraham Lincoln requesting that Polk provide Congress with the exact location (the "spot") upon which blood was spilt on American soil; called into question Polk's conduct during the Mexican-American War.

Battle of Trenton

On Christmas day at night, Washington's soldiers began crossing the Deleware River. The next morning, they suprise attacked the British mercenaries which were Hessians.

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

On what labor did the Lowell system depend on?

On the labor of unmarried women

Fourteenth Amendment (1868)

One of the Reconstruction Amendments *Provisions:* *Citizenship Clause* - Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. *Due Process Clause* - Prohibited state and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without certain steps being taken to ensure fairness. *Equal Protection Clause* - Required each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction.

Martin Delany (1859)

One of the few black leaders to take seriously the notion of mass recolonization of Africa; visited West Africa's Niger Valley seeking a suitable site for relocation.

Horace Greeley

One of the founders of the Liberal Republican Party; founded and edited the New York Tribune; used this influential newspaper to spread his beliefs about opposition to slavery and promoting the Whig and Republican parties; a Republican candidate that lost in a landslide, and the only to die before the electoral votes were counted

Grandfather Clause

One of the laws that were passed to try and keep black people from voting; law stated that voting restrictions, such as taxes, property ownership qualifications, and literacy tests, were not applied to people whose grandfathers had voted previously; this obviously did not include black people

Ernest Hemingway

One of the most popular writers of the 1920's who wrote "A Farewell to Arms"

Gerald Ford

Only person not voted into the White House, appointed vice president by Nixon: became president after Nixon resigned: Pardoned Nixon

Caleb Cushing

Opens up commerce in China and negotiated Treaty of Wanghia, first formal agreement between China and US, and granted US trading rights, also states that Americans will be tried in American courts, not chinese.

Antifederalists

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government, generally.

Anti-Federalists

Opposed the adoption of the U.S. Constitution because it gave too much power to the national govt. at the expense of the state govts and it lacked a bill of rights.

New Jersey Plan

Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states.

New England Emigrant Aid Company

Organization created to facilitate the migration of free laborers to Kansas in order to prevent the establishment of slavery in the territory.

American Colonization Society (1817)

Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa.

Committees of Correspondence

Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies

National Municipal League

Organization founded in Philadelphia to bring about more honest and efficient government

Iyceum

Organizations that conducted discussions, founded libraries, and worked to establish public schools.

Captain John Smith

Organized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat".

Stephen Austin

Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A".

Mason-Dixon Line

Originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia in the 1760s, it came to symbolize the North-South divide over slavery.

Annapolis Convention

Originally planning to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from five states met at Annapolis in September 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation

Old Lights

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Edward Hopper and Georgia O'Keefe

Painters who had a critical view of the impact of the new technology and urban life of the 1920s

greenbacks

Paper money that the U.S Treasury issued in the Civil War that could not be redeemed for gold. This caused inflation. To manage the added revenue movement, Congress created a National Banking System in 1863, the first unified banking system since the Second National Bank

Lord Sheffield (1725-1831)

Parliamentarian who persuaded Britain to take a hard line in negotiations with the newly independent United States, closing off American trade with the West Indies, and continuing to enforce navigation laws. His approach prompted many Americans to call for a stronger central government, culminating in the 1787 Philadelphia convention.

Hoover Dam

Part of a massive public-works program; brought much-needed employment and hydro-electric power to the Southwest. Initiated by President Hoover but similar to programs that Roosevelt would use in the New Deal.

PWA Public Works Administration

Part of the New Deal programs. Put people to work building or improving public buildings like schools, post offices, dams etc.-

Free Soil Party

Party formed in 1848 to oppose slavery in the territory acquired from the Mexican War. The party consisted of 3 major groups: rebellious democrats, antislavery Whigs, and members of the Liberty party. Nominated Martin Van Buren for president (who lost). They were successful in splitting the democratic vote. By 1854 most of the party's members joined the republican party.

Women Progressive Reforms

Passage of child labor legislation; campaigns to limit the working hours of women and children

Declatory Act 1766

Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures.

Glass-Steagall Act

Passed by Congress in 1933- prohibited commercial banks from engaging in investment banking services. The law also created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which currently insures bank deposits up to $250,000. Also known as the Banking Act of 1933.

Panama Canal Treaties

Passed by President Carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality.

Federal Farm Loan Act

Passed by president Wilson in 1916. Was originally a reform wanted by the Populist party. It gave farmers the chance to get credit at low rates of interest.

Judiciary Act of 1801

Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created sixteen new federal judgeships ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary.

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill)

Passed in 1944, the GI Bill gave generous provisions for sending returning WWII veterans to school.

National Security Act

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

Thirteenth Amendment

Passed in December 1865 and abolished slavery in all U.S states and territories

National Defense Education Act

Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

National Defense Act

Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an oppurtunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

John Hancock

Patriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress; first person to sign the Declaration of Independence.

Battle of Quebec

Patriots tried to advance and capture Quebec, but were quickly turned back by the British. Americans suffered almost half of their troops killed, wounded, or captured. Both General's were killed in the battle. Was a major turning point in the French and Indian War for the British.

Funding at par

Payment of debts, such as government bonds, at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal government pay its Revolutionary war debts in full in order to bolster the nation's credit.

results of holy experiment?

Pennsylvania was the most tolerant and enlightened colony

revivalists: Billy Sunday; Aimee Semple McPherson

People who in the 1920s preached a fundamentalist message using mass communication like the radio. _______ drew large crows as he attacked drinking, gambling, and dancing while ____________ condemned the twin evils of communism and jazz music from her pulpit in Los Angeles.

Separatists

People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims.

Henry Ford

Perfected a system for manufacturing automobiles in his plant in Highland Park, Michigan by means of an assembly line in 1914. In 1925, the popular Model T was produced in a factory every 24 seconds. Model Ts were famously only available in black, but when General Motors introduced a car in different colors in 1925, he followed suit with the Model A in 1927.

John Dickenson

Philadelphia lawyer; reacted to "external" duties of Townshend Acts in Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer with argument that external taxation was legal only when designed to regulate trade, not raise a revenue

Trancendentalism

Philosophical and literary movement, centered in New England, that greatly influenced many American writers of the 19th century. Emotions and nature.

Pragmatism

Philosophical principle, first expressed by William James, that expressed the evolutionary idea that truth arose from the testing of new ideas, the value of which lay in their practical consequences.

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops.

Admirality Courts

Place where trials for smugglers, tax evaders, ship owners, and others; no trial by jury.

Assumption of State Debts

Plan by Hamilton meant to tie the states more securely to fed gov; created huge national debt

Nathaniel Bacon

Planter who led a rebellion in 1676 against the governor of the Virginia Colony

Eugene O'Neill

Playwright who won 4 Pulitzer Prizes for his tragic live-like dramas

"Concentration" policy

Policy between the Indian tribes and the US gov; US gov compromised with Indians to end attacks against settlers if they gave them Oklahoma as their own territory.

"Fifty-Four Forty Or Fight"

Political slogan of the Democrats in the election of 1844, which claimed fifty-four degrees, forty minutes as the boundary of the Oregon territory claimed by the United States.

Burned-Over District

Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

Great Compromise (1787)

Popular term for the measure which reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College.

Kennedy's Foreign Policy

Possible Short Answer Question: Understand his main points of his foreign policy

Second Red Scare

Postwar anticommunist hysteria that cast a cloud of suspicion over government, academia, even Hollywood; influenced both governmental and personal actions

Lecompton Constitution

Potential constitution for Kansas drawn up by proslavery supporters, was put to a rigged election because voters could not vote against it, but only vote for it with or without slavery; abolitionists boycotted the vote; President Buchanan steps in and supports the Lecompton Constitution; the antislavery legislature held another vote for or against the constitution where it was overwhelmingly voted down; despite this, Buchanan still tried to push it through Congress; Congress held another vote in Kansas where the Constitution was overwhelmingly voted down even though rejecting it slowed their path to statehood

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

New Deal

President Franklin Roosevelt's programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy- RELIEF, RECOVERY, AND REFORM

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

Truman

President at end of WWII; drops a-bombs on Japan; president during beginning of Cold War; Truman Doctorine (containment and economic aid); Berlin airlifts; sent money to Vietnam supporting French over Vietnam allies

John F Kennedy

President during Bay of Pigs, and Cuban Missile Crisis. Strong image icon. Creator of Civil Rights Act.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America.

Who was Nicholas Biddle and what was the National Bank?

President of the National Bank. Most powerful institution in the nation. Provided credit to enterprises, issued bank notes, and restrained smaller state banks. Overall it was supported by business interest in the north and east

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

Richard Nixon

President of the United States from 1969 to 1974 who followed a foreign policy marked by détente with the Soviet Union and by the opening of diplomatic relations with China. In the face of likely impeachment for the Watergate scandal, he resigned.

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

President to offer military supplies to nations "vital to the defense of the US"; ended US neutrality (economic war against Germany); Hitler began to sink American ships (limited scale)

Jimmy Carter

President who stressed human rights. Because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow

Lord North

Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.

Benjamin Franklin

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.

Emancipation Proclamation

Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union.

Maine Law of 1851

Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade.

Eighteenth Amendment

Prohibition

Clement L. Vallandigham

Prominent Copperhead who was an ex-congressman from Ohio, demanded an end to the war, and was banished to the Confederacy.

Navigation Laws

Promoted English shipping and control colonial trade; made Americans ship all non-British items to England before going to America

Lecompton Constitution (1857)

Proposed Kansas state constitution; protected the rights of slaveholders already in Kansas and provided referedum in which voters could vote for the "Constitution with Slavery" or the "Constitution with no Slavery"; supported by President Buchanan but rejected by the House of Representatives.

Crittenden Amendments

Proposed in an attempt to appease the South, the failed Constitutional amendments would have given federal protection for slavery in all territories south of 36°30' where slavery was supported by popular sovereignty.

Tariff of 1842

Protective measure passed by Congressional Whigs, raising tariffs to pre-Compromise of 1833 rates.

Quakers

Protestant reformers who believe in the equality of all people

Esch-Cummins Transportation Act

Provided for the return of railroads to private control, widened powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

National Industrial Act

Provided money to states to create jobs chiefly in the construction of schools and other community buildings

Higher Education Act

Provided scholarships and low interest laons for college students

17th Amendment

Provided that the senators shall be elected by popular vote

Baron von Steuben

Prussian soldier who helped train American forces at Valley Forge in the American Revolutionary War.

Letters from a Farmer in Philadelphia

Published by John Dickenson that argues that external taxation was legal only when designed to regulate trade, not raise a revenue.

Gadsden Purchase

Purchase of southernmost parts of New Mexico and Arizona from Mexico for $10 million for a likely Pacific railroad route

buying on margin

Purchasing stock with a little money down with the promise of paying the balance at sometime in the future

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

de jure segregation

Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies.

George Wallace

Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Radical Republican plan for Reconstruction that required 50% of a state's 1860 voters to take an "iron clad" oath of allegiance and a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials; pocket-vetoed by Lincoln.

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Radical attempt to further diminish Andrew Johnson's authority by providing that the president could not remove any civilian official without Senate approval; Johnson violated the law by removing Edwin Stanton as secretary of war, and the House of Representatives impeached him over his actions.

Benjamin Wade

Radical republican who endorsed woman's suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for northern blacks.

Which transportation system quickly replaced canals as an adequate means of transportation?

Railroads

Causes of Agrarian Discontent

Railroads were using discriminatory rates to exploit farmers; big businesses used high tariffs to exploit farmers; deflationary monetary policy based on gold hurt farmers; corporations charged exorbitant prices for fertilizers and farm machinery

Morrill Tariff Act (1861)

Raised tariff rates to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers; high protective tariffs to project industrialists.

"The American Scholar"

Ralph Waldo Emerson's address at Harvard College, in which he declared an intellectual independence from Europe, urging American scholars to develop their own traditions.

National Revenue Act

Re-imposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment and lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families.

Union League

Reconstruction-Era African American organization that worked to educate Southern blacks about civic life, built black schools and churches, and represented African American interests before government and employers. It also campaigned on behalf of Republican candidates and recruited local militias to protect blacks from white intimidation.

Joseph R. McCarthy

Red-baiting republican senator from Wisconsin; accused many of being disloyal and communist but could not substantiate his accusations

business prosperity

Referring to the success of business during a period of time, in this case the 1920s, lasting from 1922-1928. Unemployment was under 4 percent and the standard of living for most Americans increased. Income for the middle class and the working class greatly increased. The ________ was caused by a 64% increase in manufacturing output between 1919 and 1929. This was caused by increased productivity through Taylorism and the assembly line, increased use of oil and electricity, and government policy that favored the growth of big business.

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Lord Charles Cornwallis

Reformer of the East India Company administration of India in the 1790s; reduced power of local British administrators; checked widespread corruption.

Black Belt

Region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves. The "Black belt" emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west.

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages. Many families migrated to the west in search of jobs and new opportunities.

Agrarian

Related to farming.

Protestant Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It spit the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, among many others.

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so Macon's Bill No. 2 replaced it.

Herbert Hoover

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

In 1828, who were the two major political parties?

Republicans - supporters of John Q. Adams, many used to be federalists. Democratic Republicans - supporters of Andrew Jackson who opposed the "economic aristocracy" and symbolized the "Common man"

McCarran Internal Security Act

Required all alleged communist organizations to register with the government, specifically the Department of Justice; adopted by Congress in 1950; vetoed by Truman; authorized the arrest and detention during a national emergency of "any person as to whom there is reason to believe might engage in acts of espionage or sabotage"

Land Ordinance of 1785

Required new townships to set aside a parcel of land for public education and stipulated that the sale of public lands would be used to pay off the national debt.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Resolutions passed in 1798 that attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as being unconstitutional.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Restricted production during the New Deal by paying farmers to reduce crop area.

Thomas Paine

Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man

Watts Riots of '65

Riots in LA which occurred because of police brutality & prejudice

draft riots

Riots that occurred in the July 1863 in New York City against the Union draft in which Irish American mobs attacked blacks and wealthy whites. The Conscription Act of 1863 required all men ages 20 and 45 to serve, but allowed people to find a substitute or pay $300. Poor whites thought this was unfair. Also, African Americans were exempt and poor whites feared they would take their jobs.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Thomas Hutchinson (1711-1780)

Royal governor of Massachusetts during the run-up to the Revolution, Hutchinson misjudged colonial zeal during the Tea Act controversy and insisted that East India Company ships unload in Boston Harbor, thereby prompting the Boston Tea Party.

Lord Dunmore

Royal governor of Virginia who issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army.

Ex parte Milligan (1866)

Ruled that a civilian cannot be tried in military courts while civil courts are available.

Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

Areas of later Spanish exploration

SE and SW United states

Black Hawk

Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States (1767-1838).

Burr Conspiracy

Scheme by Vice-President Aaron Burr to lead the succession of the Louisiana Territory from the US and create his own empire. He was captured in 1807 and charged with treason. Because there was no evidence or two witnesses he was acquitted. Marshall upholds the strict rules for trying someone for treason.

Ostend Manifesto (1854)

Secret Franklin Pierce administration proposal to purchase or, that failing, to wrest militarily Cuba from Spain. Once leaked, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition from the North.

Molly Maguires (1860s-1870s)

Secret organization of Irish miners that campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the Pennsylvania mines.

Seward's Folly

Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase.

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama Canal

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

Albert Gallatin

Secretary of Treasury to Jefferson who reduced the national debt and balanced the budget.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers.

Edwin M. Stanton (1814-1869)

Secretary of war under Presidents Lincoln and Johnson, he advocated for stronger measures against the South during Reconstruction, particularly after widespread violence against African Americans erupted in the region. In 1868, Johnson removed him in violation of the 1867 Tenure of Office Act, giving pretence for Radical Republicans in the House to impeach him.

de facto segregation

Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.

Congregational Church

Self-governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the Anglican Church.

Stephen A. Douglas

Senator of Illinois who separated the 5 different parts of the compromise of 1850 so they voted on each one separately and therefore was able to get a majority vote to pass each part. This was the same system used to pass the Missouri Compromise.

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Great migration

Separatists/puritans coming to Plymouth to escape persecution in England, 1628-1630

Aroostook War

Series of clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of northern Maine, resolved when a permanent boundary was agreed upon in 1842.

The Federalist Papers

Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists

George McClellan

Served briefly as the General-in-Chief of the Union army after Winfield Scott retired from 1961-1862. He wanted his troops to be trained for a long time before the Peninsula Campaign (invasion of Virginia) in March 1862, which failed. He was replaced by John Pope, but was restored by the Battle of Antietam in September 1862. However, even knowing Lee's plan, McClellan failed to pursue Lee successfully, and Lincoln removed him for a final time.

What were the effects of the Erie Canal?

Settlement westward became more accessible. More canals were constructed due to the financial success of the Erie Canal. Trade in agriculture and manufacturing became more effective between East and West.

Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Tecumseh

Shawnee chief who formed a confederacy among Native American nations in the Northwest; joined with British after Battle of Tippecanoe; killed at Battle of Thames

California Bear Flag Republic (1846)

Short-lived California republic, established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico. Once news of the war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the Republic in favor of joining the United States.

Pony Express (1860-1861)

Short-lived, speedy mail service between Missouri and California that relied on lightweight riders galloping between closely placed outposts.

Mayflower Compact

Signed by 41 English colonists on the Mayflower in 1620 First written government framework for Plymouth

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

Signed by Britain and the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S.-Canadian border, completed in the 1870s.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia.

Payne Aldrich Tariff

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

Treaty of Wanghia (1844)

Signed by the U.S. and China, it assured the United States the same trading concessions granted to other powers, greatly expanding America's trade with the Chinese.

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

Battle of Antietam (1862)

Single bloodiest day of the American Civil War; Union victory that turned back a Confederate invasion of the North. *Historical Significance:* Allowed Lincoln to issue the *Emancipation Proclamation* proclaiming the freedom of slaves in the ten states then in rebellion and shifting the war objectives of the North.

Civil Right Tactics (non-violent)

Sit-ins -4 black teens attending North Carolina A and T in Greensboro,NC went to a Woolworth Lunch Counter -effects=other white and blacks began sit-ins Freedom-rides -Bus rides involving white and blacks -KKK bombed bus in Anniston, AL -everyone on bus was taken to jail in MS Voter Registration Drives -SNCC(Student nonviolent coordination committee) -Freedom Summer of 1964 in MS -went to voting register office to sign up -3 boys went missing, found dead by KKK

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Slave Dred Scott sued his owners, claiming his residency in a free state while traveling made him free under the Missouri Compromise; was ultimately denied freedom by the Supreme Court because he was not a citizen and so could not legally sue, and because the Court would not take a person's property away from them without just cause; the case also ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional because it "deprived citizens of property in slaves" which was against the Constitution; first time court found an act of Congress unconstitutional since Marbury vs. Madison

Breakers

Slave drivers who employed the lash to brutally "break" the souls of strong-willed slaves.

Margaret Fuller

Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past".

Medicare

Socialized medical insurance for the elderly

Medicaid

Socialized medical insurance for the poor

Loyalist

Someone show wanted to remain under colonial rule, wanted to remain in the same situation. 20 % of population, or 500,000 people were this. Older and wealthy.

Where did Cherokee and Seminole reside?

Southeast

Jim Crow laws

Southern laws which separated the races after Plessy v. Ferguson

Where did Pueblo reside?

Southwest

U-2 affair

Soviets shot down a U.S. spy plane far inside their border; Eisenhower refused to apologize; the summit collapsed

Francisco Coronado

Spanish Conquistador, Present day SW US- Arizona and New Mexico explored

Juan Ponce de Lyon

Spanish conquistador, present day Florida explored

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Dupuy de Lome

Spanish minister who sent letter that insulted Mckinley to someone in Cuba but intercepted by US and strained Spanish-American relations

Amistad (1839)

Spanish slave ship dramatically seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved Africans aboard. The ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial. Former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before the Supreme Court, securing their eventual release.

Federal Reserve Act

Sparked by the Panic of 1893 and 1907, the 1913 Federal Reserve Act created the Federal Reserve System, which issued paper money controlled by government banks.

Hundred Days

Special session of Congress from March 9, 1933 to June 16, 1933, called by President Franklin D. Roosevelt- important social legislation was enacted. relief, recovery, and reform

deficit spending

Spending more money than the govt. receives in revenue Used by FDR to finance the New Deal Kenysian economic model.

French Settlements

St. Lawrence, Nova Scotia, Quebec (first permanent)

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws that kept segregation in the public facilities in the South; however, the African-American facilities were typically not as good as the facilities made for white people

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Border States

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.

Star Wars

Strategic Defense Initiative pursued by Reagan in the 1980s; involved satellite defense against missiles

James Madison

Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812

Charles Sumner

Strong Conscience Whig, US Senator who was very anti-slavery, beat with a cane by Preston Brooks on the Senate floor after an infammatory, insulting anti-slavery speech criticizing occurences in Kansas and insulting Brooks's uncle Senator A.P. Butler, sit remained empty for two and a half years while he recovered but voters continued to elect him

Compromise of 1850

Suggested by Henry Clay as a compromise between the north and south. Caused a great debate between Clay, Calhoun, and Webster. Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, made New Mexico a territory and set the Texas boundary, Utah was set up as a territory. None of the new territories directly said whether they would permit slavery, but popular sovereignty was accepted as the means to decide.

Talented Tenth

Supported by W.E.B. Du Bois; hoped that this group would become influential by continuing their education, writing books, or becoming involved in social change

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

Federalists

Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens. 1857.

Engele v. Vitale

Supreme Court case that determined that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court case which established separate but equal & led to Jim Crow laws

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government.

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

Supreme Court that overturns minimum wage for women

Whittaker Chambers

TIME magazine editor and former communist. Confessed to spying for the Soviet Union during the 1930's. Named fellow spies, some of them in Roosevelt's cabinet.

Ballinger/Pinchot Affair

Taft cabinet members who had fought over conservation efforts and how much effort and money should be put into conserving national resources

Skyscrapers

Tall buildings with many floors supported by a lightweight steel frame that became practical in the late 1880s because of the invention of elevators and electricity.

Townshend Acts (1767)

Tax on tea, glass, and paper. Passed around the times of the other "Intolerable Acts".

Corps of Discovery (1804-1806)

Team of adventurers, led by Merriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific. Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West's flora, viability of overland travel to the west.

Tenantry

Tenants considered in a group; the act of being a tenant

3 states reconstructed under the Ten Percent Plan

Tennessee, Louisiana, and Arkansas (went through procedures to form loyal state governments, applications for renewed participation in the Union were not approved by the Radical Republicans who dominated the Congress)

second American Revolution

Term coined by historians for the Civil War because the Civil War transformed the U.S from a partially agricultural society to a complex modern industrial society of capital, technology, national organizations, and corporations

Half-Breeds

Term of disparagement ginned-up by the Stalwarts, was applied to the moderate faction of the Republican Party. They backed Hayes' lenient treatment of the South and supported moderate civil service reform. James G. Blaine of Maine was the leader of this group, but failed to win the party nomination in 1876 and 1880. James A. Garfield was also affiliated with the Half-Breeds.

Old Northwest

Territories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes. The well-organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future land acquisitions.

Goliad

Texas outpost where American volunteers, having laid down their arms and surrendered, were massacred by Mexican forces in 1836. The incident, along with the slaughter at the Alamo, fueled American support for Texan independence.

What precedent did John Peter Zenger's case establish?

That the people of the U.S. could legally print true information about their public officials.

William H. Seward

The 12th Governor of New York and Secretary of State under both President Lincoln and President Johnson; very outspoken, but this could have harmed in in some situations, such as in the 1860 bid for president; survived an attempt of assassination on the same night that Lincoln was fatally shot

Midnight Judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Horatio Seymour

The 18th Governor of New York and the Democratic Party nominee for the Presidential elections of 1868, but he lost to the Republican Ulysses S. Grant

First Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand

The French foreign minister who rudely refused to see the envoys of President Adams in 1797.

Winfield Scott

The General-in-Chief of the United States Army who was a veteran of the War of 1812 and the Mexican-American wars who devised the Anaconda Plan for winning a long-term war

Robert F. Kennedy

The Presidential candidate that was assasinated after he won the California Presidential Primary by Sirhan B Sirhan

William Pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

Quebec Act (1774)

The Quebec Act, passed by Parliament, alarmed the colonies because it nullified many of the Western claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west. The concessions in favor of the Roman Catholic Church also roused much resentment among Protestants in the Thirteen Colonies as some colonials took it as a sign that Britain was planning to impose Catholicism upon the colonies.

Black Hawk War (1832)

The Saukfox Indians lived in Wisconsin and were led by Black Hawk. When their burial ground was dug up, they declared war against the U.S. The war ended at Bad Ax, Wisconsin, after 230 Indians were killed.

Specie Circular (1836)

The Specie Circular, issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by States printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. The Circular required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Dixiecrats

The States' Rights Democratic Party; made up of southern segregationists; posed a major roadblock to Truman's chances of victory; ran by Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers.

Northern Securities Co. v. US

The Supreme court ruled against the NSC because it owned 3 railroads and seemed to turn into a monopoly

The Blackboard Jungle

a 1955 film about juvenile delinquency; many parents hereon linked rock and roll with disobedience and crime

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Sitting Bull

a Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux holy man who led his people as a tribal chief during years of resistance to United States government policies

crazy Horse

a Native American war leader of the Oglala Lakota. He took up arms against the U.S. Federal government to fight against encroachments on the territories and way of life of the Lakota people, including leading a war party to victory at the Battle of the Little Bighorn

"Containment"

a U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

Women's Trade Union League

a U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions

Helen Hunt Jackson

a United States writer who became an activist on behalf of improved treatment of Native Americans by the U.S. government. wrtoe A Century of Dishonor and Ramona about the mistreatment

Tin Pan Alley

a city district (originally in New York) where composers and publishers of popular music do business

Space Race

a competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union

'Who lost China' debate

The Truman administration's insisting that it could have done little to alter the outcome and placed responsibility for Jiang's defeat on his failure to reform China; most Americans were unconvinced of this; raged in September 1949; this in culmination with the explosion of the Soviet Union's atomic bomb created anticommunist hysteria and lead to irrational searching for scapegoats and subversives to substantiate American setbacks in world affairs

Polaris Submarine

a detachment of submarine forces responsible for a mission or an operation and configured to deliver a type of ballistic missiles. Carries 16 nuclear war heads

Warren Harding

The U.S president who was elected in 1920, winning against Democratic candidate Governor James Cox of Ohio. His campaign slogan was "return to normalcy" and was a Republican conservative. He appointed powerful men into his administration, and pardoned Eugene V. Debs. He approved the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act of 1922, a reduction in income tax, and established the Bureau of the Budget. However he administration had many scandals, including the Teapot Dome Scandal uncovered in 1924. He died while in office in August 1923 because of a heart attack and was succeeded by his vice president Calvin Coolidge.

Four-Power Treaty

The U.S, France, Great Britain, and Japan agreed to respect one anther's territory in the Pacific.

what was the NY colony originally?

a dutch colony called new Netherlands purchased from Indians by Henry Hudson

Ulysses S. Grant

The Union General who led the North's campaign for control of the Mississippi River. In 1862 he captured forts along the Cumberland River, opening up Mississippi for Union attack. He was successful in making the Confederates retreat at Shiloh, Tennessee and in 1863 took control of Vicksburg. In 1864 he was named commanders of all the Union armies sought to outlast Lee by fighting a war of attrition.

David Farragut

The Union navy flag officer who led to the Union capture of New Orleans in April 1862

Battle of Fredericksburg

The Union, led by Major General Ambrose Burnside, was defeated and lost 12,000 men. General Robert E. Lee, Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, was the Confederate general who led in the defeat.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

a federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

The Wilmot Proviso was a rider to a bill proposed by Pennsylvania Congressman David Wilmot in 1846 that sought to ban slavery in any territories or new states acquired from Mexico. Essentially the argument was over whether there would be slavery in Texas, New Mexico, California, and other new western states. The debate is considered a crucial part of the lead-up to the Civil War.

Virginia, Kentucky

The ________ and _________ Resolutions were written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Miranda v. Arizona

The accused must be notified of their rights before being questioned by the police

Townshend Act

The act that put taxes on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea in 1767.

Abrams v. US

The act's amendments are constitutional and the defendants' convictions are affirmed. In Clarke's majority opinion, the leaflets are an appeal to violent revolution, a call for a general strike, and an attempt to curtail production of munitions

John Wilkes Booth

The actor who assassinated Lincoln on April 14, 1865 while the president was attending a performance at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C. A co-conspirator attacked Secretary of State William Seward but only wounded him. Lincoln's death caused more Northern anger towards the South.

functionalism

The architectural philosophy that form follows function, developed by Louis Sullivan and was popular in the building of skyscrapers with little decoration in the early 20th century. Frank Lloyd Wright expanded on this philosophy.

Washington D.C.

The capital was moved here to help urge Southerners to accept the assumption of state debts.

New York City

The city that is the home of Wall Street, Ellis Island and the first electric power plant

San Francisco

The city that was the center for west coast immigration

Chicago, Illinois

The city that was the center of the meat packing industry.

Cleveland, Ohio

The city where Standard Oil was founded

Arms Race

The competition between countries (specifically, between the USA and USSR during the Cold War) for superiority in the number and power of weapons held.

Confederate States of America

The confederation of the eleven southern states that seceded between 1860-1861 and was active from 1861-1865. South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas were the first to secede. After Fort Sumter, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina also seceded. Jefferson Davis was elected president.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Thirteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

Civic Virtue

The democratic ideas, practices, and values that are at the heart of citizenship in a free society.

Culture

The entire way of life of a group of people.

Watergate

The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

James Monroe (1817-1825)

The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.

Helsinki Accord

The final act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Helsinki, Finland. Thirty-five states signed the declaration in an attempt to improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West.

Hiram Revels

The first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans.

Fundamental Orders

The first constitution written in North America; granted ALL adult males to vote not just church going land owners as was the policy in Massachusetts

Blanche K. Bruce

The first non-white Senator to serve his full term in the US, as he was a Senator from Mississippi; served from 1875 to 1881

Hiram R. Revels

The first non-white to serve as a Senator in the US, but he did not serve his full term; was a Senator from Mississippi from in only 1870 and 1871

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution.

American Temperance Union

The founding of this organization in 1826 by evangelical Protestants signaled the start of a national crusade against drunkenness. Using a variety of techniques, the union set out to persuade people not to drink intoxicating beverages and was successful in sharply lowering per capita consumption of alcohol. It was an example of the spirit of reform that was so prevalent in the early 1800s.

Ngo Dinh Diem

a fiercely anticommunist Catholic installed by the CIA in 1954 as premier and later president of an independent South Vietnam; his autocratic Catholicism alienated the predominantly Buddhist population; his refusal to institute land reform and end corruption spurred opposition

border states

The four slave-holding states of Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky who did not leave the Union during the Civil War. They stayed mainly because (a) martial law (b) presence of U.S troops (c) declaration of neutrality. Lincoln needed the border states because they would increase the Confederate population and weaken the North's strategic plans. Lincoln did not want early emancipation that would anger them.

Peter Stuyvesant

The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

maize cultivation

The growing of Indian corn, a staple of many Indians diets, leading many nomadic tribes to settle and develop great civilizations such as the Aztecs incas and Mayans.

Which economic development had the largest effect on the economy of the U.S.?

The growth of factories.

Nixon's Enemy List

The informal name of what started as a list of President of the United States Richard Nixon's major political opponents compiled by Charles Colson, written by George T. Bell

Which developments led to the popularity of railroads?

The invention of tracks. The advancements of the steam engine. The development of the railroad car

Fire Eaters

The leaders of the southern disputes in 1846-1850 that transformed the abstract doctrine of secession into a movement. Some were Robert Barnwell, William Lowndes Yancey, and Edmund Ruffin.

Kitty Hawk NC

The location of the first powered flight by a self-powered airplane.

Appomattox Court House

The location where Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865 after he had unsuccessfully tried to escape to the mountains. Lee had retreated from Richmond with less than 30,000 men.

Henry Kissinger

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

March on Washington

The march was a huge civil rights protest. It was here when King made his "I have a dream" speech. The march also pressured the government to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Neal S. Dow

The mayor of Portland, Maine who, in 1851, sponsored a law that helped earn his nickname "Father of Prohibition."

The Supreme Court and Reform

The most active impulse for social change in the early 1960s

New Deal

The name of President Roosevelt's program for getting the United States out of the depression

Teapot Dome

The name of the biggest scandal that was uncovered by Congress in 1924 connected to the Harding administration. Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall was able to have two oil deposits put under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior and one was a reserve in Wyoming called ______________. He leased the reserves to private companies and took bribes from them. He also took bribes for agreeing to not prosecute some criminal suspects. He was sent to prison in 1929.

Seward's Folly

The nickname of the Alaskan Purchase, as most people believed that Seward's purchase of Alaska was foolish; however, later Alaska proved to be a valuable resource

Which region saw the most growth in factories?

The northeast, specifically Massachusetts

Barbary Pirates

The pirates of the Barbary states on the North Coast of Africa that made a national industry of plundering and holding for ransom merchant ships sailing into the Mediterranean. The conflict with these people led Jefferson to, against his pacifist will, to dispatch an infant navy to the shores of Tripoli.

The National Security Act of 1947

The primary purpose of which agency is to oversee the foreign policy establishment, iron out the differences among the key players in foreign policy and to integrate their positions in order to help the president make his foreign policy?

Assimilation

The process of becoming part of another culture.

Horizontal Consolidation

The process of bringing together or buying out many firms that are competitors in the some business to form one large company.

Immigration

The process of entering a new country to settle there.

Vertical Consolidation

The process of gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all steps in a product's development.

Industrialization

The process of transforming from an agricultural to an industrial society

Internal Improvements

The program for building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads in and between the states. There was a dispute over whether the federal government should fund these, since it was not specifically given that power by the Constitution.

Wilmot Proviso

The proposal to prohibit slavery any territory acquired from the Mexican War. Proposed by David Wilmot. The House adopted this, but the Senate refused. It continued coming up several times, but was defeated by John Calhoun and southern senators who proposed the Calhoun Resolutions (which were never accepted by the government). They argued through these that Congress had no right to prevent any citizen from taking slaves into the new territories since they were the common possession of the states.

Deism

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

Tuskegee Institute

The school at which Washington taught; the school taught academics, but also emphasized practical things such as farming, carpentry, brickmaking, shoemaking, printing, and cabinetmaking

New York, Massachusetts, Virginia

These three states refused to ratify the constitution even after the necessary nine states did. These states were in strategic positions geographically, such that if they didn't ratify the country would never have national unity or strength. They rallied to the anti-federalist cause, largely led by Patrick Henry, before being convinced to ratify by the Federalist papers and Bill of Rights.

Paxton Boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

This 1906 law prohibited that the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and required that producers advertise ingredients truthfully.

Meat Inspection Act of 1906

This 1906 law set strict standards of cleanliness in the meatpacking industry. It was passed in reaction to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle and the investigation of the meatpacking industry ordered by Teddy Rosevet.

Shay's Rebellion (1786)

This MA conflict caused criticism of the Articles of Confederation; weak govt; increased calls for a Constitutional Convention to revise the Articles.

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

This act permanently banned anyone from China to immigrant to the U.S. This was a display of how old immigrants used their status against new immigrants and the nativist feeling in America.

Calhoun's Bonus Bill

This bill attempted to fund roads and canals that were part of the american system. It passed the vote in congress but Madison vetoed it saying the constitution didn't give him these powers.

Ordinance of 1785

This divided public lands into townships of six miles square each and the subdivided each township into one mile square lots.

Federal Trade Commission Act

This law authorized a presidentially-appointed commission to oversee industries engaged in interstate commerce, such as the meatpackers. The commissioners were expected to crush monopolies at the source.

Don Juan de Onate

"the last conquistador"- lead to New Mexico- cut off one foot of Pueblo survivors

cold war

" War of words and threats" between the US and USSR from 1945-1990. It was a political and economic stuggle between these nations.

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

Privateers

"Legalized pirates," more than a thousand strong, who inflicted heavy damage on British shipping.

Winfield Scott

"Old Fuss and Feathers," whose conquest of Mexico City brought U.S. victory in the Mexican War.

noche triste (June 30, 1520)

"Sad night", when the Aztecs attacked Hernán Cortés and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochitlán, killing hundreds. Cortés laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the Aztec Empire and inaugurating three centuries of Spanish rule.

New Jersey Plan (1787)

"Small-state plan" put forth at the Philadelphia convention, proposing equal representation by state, regardless of population, in a unicameral legislature. Small states feared that the more populous states would dominate the agenda under a proportional system.

Tenskwatawa

"The Prophet" He inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them; killed by Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe.

Isabella of Castile

(1451-1504)Along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

First Anglo-Powhatan War

(1614) series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia. English colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in England's campaigns against the Irish

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

King William's War

(1689-1697) Small war between French and English that had small battles fought in Northern New England.

Malcolm X

-black separatism, joined Nation of Islam -met with MLK who told him to exit NOI~Malcolm did~was assassination by NOI

Camp David Accords (great achievements) (Carter Presidency)

-brought leaders of Egypt and Israel together -Egypt got back Sinai Peninsula and recognized as a nation by Israel

Energy Crisis (Carter Presidency)

-causes=oil embargo, budget deficits -Malaise Speech=a moral and spiritual crisis due to materialism -effects=55 mph

Attack on Great Society

-conservatives=lost money, socialism -liberals=LBJ didn't go far enough with reforms -effect=War in Vietnam ended funding for Great Society programs

Student For A Democratic Society (The Cultural Revolution and the New Left)

-group of college students ran by Tom Hayden -Port Huron Statement=participatory democracy(everyone can make their own decisions affecting their own life)

Baby Boom (1945-60)

-large number of babies

Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 (Interstate Highway Act) (under Eisenhower)

-largest public work project -reasoning=travel to suburbs, national defense -effects=pollution, white flight(whites leaving to another city to continue segregation)

Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 (The Truman Presidency Domestic Issues)

-postwar labor unrest=labor unions -reduced power of labor unions -banned closed shops -workers had to sign Anti-Communist pledge -Truman vetoes~congress overridden~became law

HUD (Housing and Urban Development) (The Great Society (modeled on New Deal)(Domestic Issues under LBJ))

-provide affordable/low cost housing -1st black to head cabinet=Robert C Weaver

Servicemen's readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights) (The Truman Presidency Domestic Issues)

-provide education,job training,jobs for veterans -provide federal loans if needed

Iran Hostage Crisis (Carter Presidency)

-reasons=US supported Shah of Iran(westerized Iran), had secret police force killing enemies, got toppled in revolution, captured, escaped, ended up in US for cancer treatment -new leader=Ayatollah Khomeini(un-westernized Iran), demanded US to send back Shah, Carter payed no attention to him -US Embassy=52 white males captured and kept hostage), used for propaganda and embarrassing the US -US response=froze assets, military rescue(failed) -Election of 1980=Reagan won -Agreement between Carter/Iran=US released assets if they released hostages (Iran needed assets for war)

Stock Market Crash (Domestic Events Under Reagan)

-reasons=bank failures(saving/loans), risky business mergers, less regulation of business markets -took 11 months to recover=more regulation

immigration quota laws (1921, 1924)

Laws that Congress passed that severely limited immigration by setting quotas based on nationality due to the nativism prevalent in post-war years. The first limited immigration to 3 percent of the number of foreign-born persons from a given nation counted in the 1910 Census. A second act was passed to discriminate against Southern and Eastern European immigrants that set quotas of 2 percent based on the Census of 1890, which was before most of the "new immigrants" has arrived. By 1927, the quota for Asians and Southern/Eastern Europeans was limited to 150,000, with Japanese immigrants completely barred. Canadians and Latin Americans were exempt from the quotas.

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

Chief Joseph

Lead the Nez Perce during the hostilities between the tribe and the U.S. Army in 1877. His speech "I Will Fight No More Forever" mourned the young Indian men killed in the fighting.

Churchill

Leader of Great Britain during WWII

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

Henry Clay

Leader of the Missouri Compromise. Also helped lead the creations of the American System

Progressive Points

Leaders where middle-class reformers concerned with urban and consumer issues; believed government should be used to ameliorate social problems; wanted to use government power to regulate industrial production and improve labor conditions; rejected Social Darwinism

Nathaniel Bacon

Led Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, was a member of the governor's (William Berkeley) council, and died from dysentery (extreme diarrhea)

Albany Plan of the Union

Led by Benjamin Franklin to unite all the colonies "Join or Die" Snake divided into 13 pieces representing the colonies

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Led by Carry Nation; convinced many women that they had a moral responsibility to improve society by working for prohibition

Bolsheviks

Led by Vladimir Lenin it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian goverment during WWI

Democratic-Republicans

Led largely by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

George Canning (1770-1829)

Led the House of Commons in Parliament. Cut Great Britain from the Holy Alliance in 1823. First leader to recognize the independence of the Spanish colonies in America and support the Monroe Doctrine, which helped restore good relations between the U.S. and Great Britain.

Progressive party

Left-wing Democrats joined with communists launched this party; nominated Henry A. Wallace; threatened Truman's chances in northern states

Confiscation acts

The First Confiscation Act was passed in August 1861. It said that slaves were "contrabands of war" and thus the Union did not have to return them to their plantation owners. In July 1862, the Second Confiscation Act was passed freeing slaves of persons engaged in rebellion against the U.S and empowered the president to use freed slaves in the Union Army.

consumerism: autos, radio, movies

The 1920s was big on ____________, especially with the widespread availability of electricity in homes that allowed Americans to buy consumer appliances like refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, and washing machines. The assembly line made automobiles available to many Americans had had a profound effect of society. It promoted certain industries like the steel, glass, etc. and promoted shopping, traveling for pleasure, commuting to work, and courting. It also caused problems like traffic jams and car accidents. The first commercial radio station went on the air in 1920, but soon became mainstream. NBC and CBS were established and allowed listeners across the country to listen to the same programs: news broadcasts, sporting events, soap operas, quiz shows, and comedies. The movie industry based in Hollywood, California became big in the 1920s, and going the movies became a common past time for Americans, especially after the advent of movies with sound in 1929.

Volstead Act

The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors

Sigmund Freud

The Austrian psychiatrist who stressed the role of sexual repression in mental illness in his writings, which might had influenced the young men and women in the 1920s revolt against traditional sexual taboos.

Pequot War

The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Impressment

The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Robert E. Lee

The Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia who was promoted to General-in-Chief of the Confederate Army in 1865. He was involved in most of the major battles of the Civil War.

Alfred E. Smith

The Democratic candidate for president in the election of 1928 who lost to Republican Herbert Hoover. He was the governor of New York and a Roman Catholic who opposed prohibition. He appealed to immigrant urban voters, but many Protestants were prejudiced against Smith. It was enough to keep some states in the solidly Democratic south from voting for him.

Governor Samuel J. Tilden

The Democratic candidate for the highly controversial 1876 elections in the US; the 25th Governor of New York; the first US president to lose the election despite receiving the absolute majority of the popular vote; Tilden had 19 more electoral votes than the other candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, but 20 of the electoral votes were still being disputed and eventually went to Hayes

election of 1864

The Democrats nominated General George McClellan and used the platform of peace appeal to the many people weary of the war. The Republicans changed their name to be the Unionist Party to attract War Democrats and nominated Lincoln with Andrew Johnson, a War Democrat from Tennessee. Lincoln-Johnson easily won the electoral votes, but the popular vote was much closer.

Prohibition; Volstead Act of 1919

The Eighteenth Amendment, ratified in 1919, strictly prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages, including liquors, wines, and beers. The federal law enforcing it was ________. However, the amendment did not stop people from drinking, and especially in cities, speakeasies (illegal bars) where bootleg (smuggled) liquor was sold became popular. Organize crime became a big business as rival gangs fought for control of the bootleg trade. Republicans publicly supported the "noble experiment", as did Southern Democrats, who said there were declines in alcoholism and alcohol-related deaths. Opponents argued about the ineffectiveness, the increased crime, and the economic reasons. In 1933, the Twenty-First Amendment repeated the Eighteenth was ratified.

Ku Klux Klan

The second incarnation of the group established by former Civil War Confederates during Reconstruction. This group was founded in 1915 and was as strong in the Midwest as in the South. Their hatred was towards blacks, Catholics, Jews, foreigners, and suspected Communists. It grew to 5 million members by 1925 due to using modern advertising techniques and drew most of its support from lower-middle-class white Protestants from small cities and towns. In the early 1920s, it had strong political influence. Dressed in white hoods and robes, they would burn crosses and punish their victims with whips, tar and feathers, and hanging. At first most white Americans tolerated it because it vowed to uphold Christian standards and drive out bootleggers. However, with reports of corruption in 1923 and the 1925 conviction of Indiana's Grand Dragon David Stephenson for murder, power and influenced rapidly declined. It continued however to exist as a strong force for white supremacy into the 1960s.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Stock

The shares that people buy to invest in the ownership in a corporation

Bull Run

The site of the first major battle of the war near Manassas Junction, Viriginia in July 1861 that was a strong Confederate victory (Stonewall Jackson). It became clear after this battle that the war would go on longer than expected and fed into the belief that the Confederate troops were invincible. It was also the site of another Confederate victory in August 1862. Lee took advantage of General John Pope's recent replacement of McClellan for the Union.

Pittsburg, Pennsylvania

The steel-making capital of the US and location of the first petroleum oil well

Union Party

The temporary 1864 coalition of republicans and War Democrats that backed Lincoln's re-election.

Social Darwinism

The theory that the concepts of Darwinism or evolution should be applied to sociology and politics, because conflict helps to spur progress, as superior groups will outcompete and be better than inferior ones

Dominion of New England

The union of northern colonies was an attempt to better control the uncooperative trade and religious practices in several unruly colonies

Why did the building of canals become necessary in the early 1800s?

The use of turnpikes and steam boats was not efficient and fast especially as the economy and population of the United States grew.

Cold War Politics

The world was spilt into three factions, those with the USA, the first world, those with the Soviets, the 2nd world, and everyone else; the 3rd world. The 3rd world were typically poor and underdeveloped countries which is how we use the term today

Sputnik

The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's plan for labor; showed by settling of Anthracite Coal Strike in 1902

Freeport Doctrine

Theory created by Stephen Douglas in response to Lincoln in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates; Lincoln attempted to force Douglas to choose between popular sovereignty and the Supreme Court's decision in the Dred Scott case; Douglas went for the middle ground with the Freeport Doctrine, which theorized that local laws should be used toe decide/enforce an area's decision on slavery

"Turner Frontier Thesis"

Theory put forth by Frederick Turner that stated the frontier was the source of American vitality and exceptionalism.

Why was their increased political friction between the colonies and the British government?

There was disagreement over taxes - colonists though the British could only tax the colonists with their consent