APUSH
Al Gore
Clinton's vice president; presidential nominee in 2000
new right
Conservative movement that was not content with Jimmy Carter's direction liberalism, and the moral decline in America.
Hurricane Katrina
Considered to be the one crisis of the Bush administrations second term and in is inefficiency to deal with the crisis. It destroyed 80% of New Orleans and more than 1300 people died, while the damages were $150 billion.
Briefly describe at least 2 major ways that court decisions, especially those by the Supreme Court, supported and encouraged business and economic growth?
Dartmouth was protecting business from the state, and Gibbons gave the federal government the ability to control interstate commerce.
Boston Tea Party
Dec 1773, Boston's Sons of Liberty threw 342 chests of East India Company tea into the Boston harbor rather than allow them to be landed and pay the hated tea duty
Identify two (2) major components of the Dred Scott decision. (1857)
Dred scott had no right to sue in a fed court, because the framers did not intend for them to be used by people of African descent Congress did not have the power to deprive any person of property without due process of the law and if slaves were a form of property, then congress could not exclude slavery from any federal territory Bc of congress' law of 1820, excluded slavery from Wisconsin and other northern territories, that law was unconstitutional Declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional Stated that they couldn't remove someones property by taking away their slaves Brought into question the 'law and conscience' of the supreme court
End of Cold War (1989-1991)
During 1989 and 1990, the Berlin Wall came down, borders opened, and free elections ousted Communist regimes everywhere in eastern Europe. In late 1991 the Soviet Union itself dissolved into its component republics. With stunning speed, the Iron Curtain was lifted and the Cold War came to an end.
Allies / Central Powers
During WWI, these were powers opposing the Allies. These countries included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. allies = included Great Britain, France and Russia; later the US, amongst others, joined this alliance, also known as triple entente. Central powers = included Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (although Italy switched sides half way through the war) aka triple alliance
War Production Board
During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers
After World War II ended, what were some of the different ways that the U.S. showed its commitment to remaining involved in world affairs? Give at least 3 examples.
...
As president, how successful was Ronald Reagan at implementing his major goals (that became recognized as core conservative goals): 1. cutting taxation and regulation - 2. cutting government spending on social programs - 3. boosting military spending/confidence/assertiveness -
...
Besides opposition to the westward extension of slavery, what did Republicans want or support (especially in terms of their economic agenda)?
...
Blockbuster
...
Briefly identify 2-3 ways in which the war changed women's lives.
...
Did the Panic of 1837 boost the fortunes of the Whigs or the Democrats? Why?
...
Even though the National Bank didn't have to be rechartered until 1836, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster pushed for an early rechartering bill in 1832? What was their political strategy for doing so? Did their strategy work?
...
From the point of their independence in 1836, most white Texans wanted to join the United States as a new state. Why, then, did it take until 1845 for Texas to become a state? [Be brief—the answer isn't too complicated.]
...
How and when did the U.S. gain the Oregon Country or Oregon Territory? Did the U.S. wage war or negotiate peacefully? With whom?
...
How did the actions and policies of Union generals, the Republican Congress, and slaves themselves accelerate the process of emancipation?
...
Identify 2-3 reasons why the Civil War is often called the "first modern war."
...
Identify 2-3 ways in which Jacksonian Democrats differed from the Jeffersonian Democratic Republicans from whom they took much of their inspiration.
...
Identify 4 ways in which the U.S. government extended anticommunist measures within the United States beyond Truman's Loyalty Program.
...
Identify and briefly explain 2-3 steps Eisenhower and the USA took that got the USA more involved in Vietnam and its internal conflicts.
...
Identify and briefly explain 3 important shifts in U.S.-Soviet relations, 1954-1960. (Chillier or warmer? U.S. more aggressive or less? U.S. and U.S.S.R.—more attentive to Europe/Japan or "Third World"? etc.) Give one example for each shift.
...
Identify and briefly explain 3 nations in which the USA intervened and/or where it supported repressive governments?
...
Identify and briefly explain at least 2 examples of repressive policies enacted by Woodrow Wilson and the U.S. government.
...
Identify and briefly explain at least 3 factors that led to explosive growth of American suburbs between 1945-1960.
...
Identify at least 3 critiques or complaints of American society (1970-2000) made by different conservative groups who made up the "New Right."
...
Identify at least 3 factors that heightened tensions over the tariffs of 1828 and 1828 and led many Southerners (especially many South Carolina residents) to heavily emphasize a states' rights position?
...
Identify at least 3 major economic changes that took place between 1970 and 2000. Why were they so important?
...
Identify at least 3 major obstacles or challenges faced by Bill Clinton and his administration.
...
Marshall Plan (1947)
A plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II, proposed by U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall in 1947 and implemented in 1948 under the Economic Cooperation Administration.
Bush Doctrine
A policy adopted by the Bush administration in 2001 that asserts America's right to attack any nation that has weapons of mass destruction that might be used against U.S. interests at home or abroad.
Newt Gingrich
After the disagreement in the federal government over the budget between Republican leaders and the president, Public opinion turned quickly and powerfully against the Republican leadership and against much of its agenda. This controversial Republican Speaker of the House, quickly became one of the most unpopular political leaders in the nation, while President Clinton slowly improved his standing in the polls.
League of Nations
After the war, Wilson proposed the League in the 14th point of his peace plan. He envisioned it as an Assembly with seats for all nations and a special council for the great powers. The US voted not to join the League because in doing so, it would have taken away our self-determination, and Congress could not decide whether to go to war or not.
AAA / Agriculture Adjustment Act (1933)
Agricultural Adjustment Administration. Aimed at restoring the security and the purchasing power of farmers
Before 1898, where had the USA already territorially expanded or projected its power overseas?
Alaska, Hawaii, and Samoa
Who fought who in World War II? (Stick to the major nations; include dates for those nations that entered the fighting later or switched sides)
Allies - United States - England - France Axis powers - Germany - Japan - Italy
Who fought whom in World War I (WWI)?
Allies Britain France Russia Italy Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Turkey
Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
Also called the Labor Management Relations Act. This act was Congress' response to the abuse of power. Outlawed closed shops; prohibited unions' unfair labor practices, and forced unions to bargain in good faith.
settlement houses
Established by middle class reformers. Intended to help poor immigrant workers cope with the harsh conditions of city living.
To what extent was JFK friendly toward, or supportive of, the Civil Rights Movement?
He supported the Freedom Riots, and on 11 June 1963, the president delivered a televised speech in which he discussed the recent incidents of racially motivated violence and outlined a general proposal for a Civil Rights Bill.
Teapot Dome Scandal
Harding Administration scandal in which Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall profited from secret leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California
Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)
Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict.
Open Door notes
Hay proposes that all nations would have equal trading privileges in china. No nation rejected, so Hay claimed that everyone had accepted, and the press celebrated him for it. The second one stated the US commitment to 1) preservation of china's territorial integrity, 2) safeguard 'equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese empire'.
Gold Rush
Hundreds of thousands of people from around the world, mostly young men, came to California in 1849 after gold was discovered in search of instant riches.
What was the original purpose of many of the early colleges in the colonies (such as Harvard, Brown, Columbia, Yale)?
It gave candidates for ministry a proper theological and scholarly education. It also existed to promote doctrines of religious sects.
Great Awakening
It was the first movement that was an American experience, rather than just going somewhere with people of your cultures. Everyone could be a part of it (Dutch, Scot-Irish, poor, slaves, women). It was a focus on individuality and freedom, which transferred over to political freedom.
American Railway Union
Led by Eugene Debs, he refused to handle Pullman cars and equiptment. Within a few days thousands of railroad workers and territories were on strike. Transportation from chicago to the Pacific Coast was paralyzed.
Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
Lengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act's list of practices that were objectionable and exempted labor unions from being called trusts., legalized strikes, and peaceful picketing by labor union members. Displayed the changing attitude towards labor unions
Identify and briefly describe 2 characteristics that distinguished Pennsylvania from most other colonies.
Pennsylvania has religious freedom and political freedom, which created religious and ethnic diversity. W. Penn also gave generous land grants, attracting more immigrants than other colonies.
consumer culture
People were more concerned with what they owned and the idea that when you want something you should go out and by it (no longer on a need to need basis).
"free silver"
Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan
Progressive Party / "Bull Moose" Party
Political party formed by Roosevelt in 1912 when the republicans refused to nominate him for president. The party adopted a sweeping reform program.
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Political pressure from western states moved Congress to pass Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, which prohibited further immigration to the United States by Chinese laborers. Renewed ten years later, this law was the first major act of Congress to restrict immigration on the basis of race and nationality.
debt peonage
Poor white farmers and African-Americans who could not afford their own land would farm another person's land. Most were caught in debt and tied to the land. This was called sharecropping and initially the benefits were mutual.
War Labor Board
Settled disputes between business and labor without strikes so that production would not be interrupted and morale would be high. Acted as a supreme court for labor cases. Did more harm than good when it tried to limit wages, which led to strikes.
Second Continental Congress
intercolonial body that made in Philadelphia in 1775 a few weeks after the Battle of Lexington and Concord; organized Continental Army, appointed George Washington as Commander-in-Chief and pursued policies of military resistance, conciliations
Afghan War
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. The USSR invaded and set up a "puppet" government., Failed attempt by USSR to take over Afghanistan - expense/negative public reaction hurt USSR communists - US supported Afghan guerrillas
Nikita Kruschchev
Soviet Leader during cold war and responsible for De-stalinization. He backed the soviet space program. He did not see eye to eye with the United States, but he helped turn Russia around after Stalin had nearly destroyed Russians hopes.
FTC / Federal Trade Commission (1914)
made to regulate business practices. Was made to help businesses, large and small to regulate themselves in ways that contributed to national well-being.
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979)
Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan to help the Afghan communist government crush anticommunist Muslim guerrillas; anti communist guerrillas received support from US and GB; USSR withdrew→ communist party remained in power
Pinckney's Treaty
Spain became scared that Britain and America were joining forces so they decided to consolidate its American territory in order to avoid clashing with America and possible British allies. Spain agreed to open the lower Mississippi River and New Orleans port to Americans free of charge
conquistadores
Spanish conquers and explorers.
Why did support for FDR and the New Deal began to wane in 1937 and after? (Identify at least 3 reasons.)
The Court packing the scandal, Recession of 1937, and the increasing concerns in WWII.
Mercantilism
The English economic policy which looked upon trade, colonies, and the accumulation of wealth as the basis for their military and political strength.
Freeport Doctrine
The Freeport Doctrine occurred in Freeport, Illinois during the debates of Lincoln and Douglas for senator. This was a question that Lincoln asked Douglas that made Douglas answer in such a way that the South would know that he was not truly supporting them. Stated that exclusion of slavery in a territory (where it was legal) could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property, eventually led to Douglas's loss in the 1860 presidential election
Conciliatory Proposition
promised not to tax colonies that paid the minimum tax requirement but would use force against disobedient colonies; released same day as Restraining Act
court-packing scheme (1937)
proposed plan to reform the entire federal judiciary. 35 additional district judges could speed decisions in lower courts. The age of 6 Supreme Court justices-all over 70-slowed its deliberations. For every justice of that age who did not retire, Congress should allow the President to appoint another judge to assist him. Roosevelt wanted to add to the Court liberals certain to approve New Deal Reforms
sit-ins
protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.
REA / Rural Electrification Agency (1935)
provided federal loans for the installation of electrical distribution systems to serve rural areas of the United States.
Manifest Destiny
The belief that the United States was destines to grow from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Arctic to the tropics. Providence supposedly intended for Americans to have this area for a great experiment in liberty.
Wealth Tax Act / Revenue Act of 1935
raised United States federal income tax on higher income levels, by introducing the "Wealth Tax". It was a progressive tax that took up to 75 percent on incomes over 5 million
Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)
raised import duties to protect American businesses and farmers, adding considerable strain to the international economic climate of the Great Depression.
McKinley Tariff of 1890
raised the tax on foreign products to over 48%
mass production
rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical products
modernism
The deliberate departure from tradition and the use of innovative forms of expression that distinguish many styles in the arts and literature of the 20th century., A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.
Name 2-3 institutions or documents that indicated the early democratic leanings of the different colonies (even if they weren't completely democratic).
The fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1639, established a representative government in Connecticut and William Penn created the Charters of Liberty, 1701, which guaranteed freedom of worship for all unrestricted worships, and Town Hall meetings in New England.
Which part of the Compromise of 1850 provoked the most controversy? Why?
The fugitive slave laws because the Northerners did not want Southerners coming into the north and using their resources to take slaves back to the south.
What was the main issue in the presidential election of 1844? Who won and what was his position on that main issue?
The main issue was expansion into California and Texas. Polk ran on this issue promising to expand into California and Texas, but Mexico refused to sell them.
Chief Justice Earl Warren / Warren Court
The man who said "separate is inequal," he also gave the majority vote. ,Accepted cases involving controversial issues, particularly civil rights and the rights of the accused
Protestant Reformation
The separation from a corrupt Catholic church to form the protestant church.
Jay's Treaty
chief justice named John Jay went to England to try to put an end to impressment and seizures of ships. After a year of negotiations, he came back with treaty where Brits agreed to evacuate the Western Frontier but said nothing about ships seizures. Narrowly ratified by the Senate
Boston Port Act
closed the port of Boston until Bostonians paid for the tea, quite enforceable, couldn't be nullified by the colonists
Olive Branch Petition
approved by Congress to George III on July 5, 1775, in the hopes of ending the bloodshed; petition affirmed the colonists' loyalty to the crown, implored the king to take the initiative
Mexican Cession
as part of the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico ceded CA, AZ, CO, NM, UT, NV.
Tenochtitlán
capitol of the Aztec empire, conquered by Spanish conquistadores led by Hernán Cortés, in the early 1500s. An example of a large and sophisticated city that rivaled any in Europe at the time.
America First Committee
influential political pressure group in the United States (1940-41) that opposed aid to the Allies in World War II because it feared direct American military involvement in the conflict
First Continental Congress
intercolonial body met in Philadelphia in Sept/Oct 1774 to organize resistance against the Coercive Acts by defining American rights, petitioning the king, and appealing to the people
Treaty of Paris (1898)
Provided for 1) the recognition of Cuban independence, 2) US acquisition of 2 spanish islands, Puerto rico and guam, and 3) US acquisition of the Philippines in return for payment to spain of 20 mil (ams not so cray about this last one).
OWI (Office of War Information)
Set production priorities and controlled raw materials. Cost-plus system...cost of production plus a certain percentage of profit goes to the contractors.
Underwood-Simmons Tariff (1913)
reduced tariff barriers from approximately 40 to 25%. To make up for revenue lost to tariff reduction, Congress then passed the first income tax law. It required the wealthy to pay taxes on a greater percentage of their income than the poor.
Social Gospel
the religious doctrines preached by those who believed in that the churches should directly address economic and social problems
realism / realpolitik
the tendency to view or represent things as they really are/ politics focusing on the practical rather than moral or ideological considerations (TR). Cost versus benefit
Roger Williams
young, popular minister in Salem, Massachusetts who argued for a complete break from the Puritans (Anglican Church). He believed separation of church + state and fair treatment of Native Americans were needed in MA colony. In 1635, Williams was found guilty for preaching dangerous opinions and was exiled. Williams and his supporters fled to Rhode Island to establish a colony for political freedom.
Identify 2-3 measures or actions that Presidents Jefferson and Madison, and the Democratic‑Republicans in Congress dealt with British and French harassment of American ships and sailors?
~Embargo Act (Jefferson) ~Non-Intercourse Act (Madison) ~War of 1812 (Madison)
Briefly describe the essential misunderstandings or suspicions (even paranoid suspicions) that existed, from both the English and American sides, before the Revolutionary War. [The author of this chapter of the textbook, John Murrin, sees these misunderstandings—about taxes, policy, liberty, etc.—as greatly contributing to the outbreak of war.]
~Proclamation Line of 1763: colonies thought Britain wanted to limit their land use, but really Britain was trying to prevent fights between colonies and NA ~Boston Massacre: colonies thought Britain was taking over and trying to kill them ~Sugar Act: brits constraining their trade, colonists paying for their military protection
Regionally, identify 2-3 of the most important ways the economies and use of slavery change for the Upper South (VA, MD, DE, KY, TN, NC, MO) and the Lower South (SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, TX, LA, AK) changed from 1790 to 1850.
· Chesapeake farmers have less reliance on their slaves, and start to free them · Deep south farmers increase dependency on slaves (to pick rice and cotton) and import as many as they can before importation of slaves is ceased.
Briefly explain 2-3 ways that white Southerners used the Bible to defend slavery during the antebellum period (1800-1860).
· Chosen people of the Old testament were patriarchs and slave holders · Jesus lived in a society with slaves · Slaves were the descendents of Ham and deserve punishment · Slavery had given African Americans the opportunity to live in a Christian society.
Many slaveowners avoided relentless brutality toward their slaves and, instead, tried to encourage family stability and some social freedoms among slaves. List two reasons why they did so.
· Slaveowners could ask more work of their slaves if they gave them better standards of living when they weren't working · Movement towards acting humane · Lep 246
In spite of many white Southerners' boasting about "King Cotton," the Southern economy was actually highly dependent on the northern and European economies. Why?
·Lack of urbanization in the south forced southerners to look north for any business matters ·Dependent on manufactured goods ·Dependent on north west for food ·Perpetuation/continuation of cotton in the south - slavery must be protected and extended
Why has one historian described the Dawes Severalty Act as "an unqualified disaster" for Indians on reservations and a boon [i.e., great benefit] for white settlers?
• By the turn of the century, disease and poverty had reduced the Native American population to 200,000 persons, most of whom lived as wards of the federal government. • Good for white settlers because they ended up buying land from the govt/native Americans.
gag rule
1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress
Northern Securities case (1902-1904)
$400 million monopoly set up by financiers/railroad tycoons to control railroads from Chicago to Washington state. Roosevelt ordered the justice department to prosecute them, giving him the nickname, 'trust buster'.
Persian Gulf War/ Gulf War I (1991)
(1990 - 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States' coalition emerging victorious.
9/11
(2001) Common shorthand for the terrorist attacks that occurred on Sep. 11, 2001, in which 19 militant Islamist men hijacked and crashed 4 commercial aircraft. Two planes hit the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, causing them to collapse. One plane crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, D. C., and the fourth, overtaken by passengers, crashed into a field in rural Pennsylvania. Nearly 3,000 people were killed in the worst case of domestic terrorism in American history.
Kyoto Protocol
(2005) controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries
"Long Telegram"
(February 22, 1946): key document of the Cold War written by George Kennan in the US embassy in Moscow and was very influential to US foreign policy. Telegram states that the "traditional and instinctive Russian sense of insecurity is responsible for the influence of Marxism and the unethical methods/tactis of the USSR.
Peace Corps
(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America
Horace Mann
(May 4, 1796 - August 2, 1859) was an American education reformist. As a politician he served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1827 to 1833. He served in the Massachusetts Senate from 1834 to 1837. In 1848, after serving as Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education since its creation, he was elected to the US House of Representatives. Mann was a brother-in-law to author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn the nation's unruly children into disciplined, judicious republican citizens, Mann won widespread approval from modernizers, especially in his Whig Party, for building public schools. Most states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts, especially the program for "normal schools" to train professional teachers. Mann has been credited by educational historians as the "Father of the Common School Movement". Considered the father of American education.
SNCC
(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement
(National Defense) Highway Act of 1956
- Most expensive program in history - 41000 mile system- accelerated suburban growth, heightened dependency of vehicles, hastened decline of nation's rails, pollution, gas consumption, decay of central cities
Saddam Hussein
- Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.
Identify and briefly describe some of the major arguments for imperialism, especially regarding the acquisition of colonies.
- more of a trade monopoly - expanded economy - releases social tension
Identify and briefly describe some of the major arguments against imperialism, especially regarding the acquisition of colonies.
- taking possession of such a heavily cultured/populated area would violate life liberty and the pursuit of happiness - immoral
During the first half of the 1800s, white thinking about blacks (i.e., racism) and blacks' position and power in northern society (especially cities) changed significantly. Briefly identify 2-3 of the most important changes.
- there was less slavery in the north because of the revolutionary idealism ~after the Missouri compromise, new territories in the north, slavery did not exist. 30-6-30 - whites did not want to work alongside african americans, so even though they are free they could not get good jobs or nice places to live. - integration into society: whites removed all "colored people" outside of employment. - it became a lot more awkward for the South to have slaves and so they became defensive about the anti slavery sentiment in the North. Slavery was immoral and unjust but in the North, the market revolution created a free labor economy. Every individual should be able to put themselves out in the market and be paid for the work. Factory workers see an unfair advantage when the Southern plantation owners have people working but they are not paying the workers like the North is.
Depression of the 1870s (c. 1873-1877)
---Panic of 1873 causes - over spending w/ borrowed money for railroads factories; over speculation; too many loans given out by the banks
Identify at least 2-3 major consequences of the War of 1812.
-Gained respect from Britain and other foreign nations as a capable independent country -When European goods were unavailable, US made progress in self-sufficiency -US came to accept Canada as a friendly neighbor as opposed to a land venture
What were the most heavily mined minerals in the Far West (from 1865-1890) and what were they used for?
-Gold/silver -For money, infrastructure
Identify at least 2-3 major causes of the War of 1812.
-Growing tensions at sea -Seizures of ships and impressments of American crew -War Hawks persuasion
List the major consequences of the French-and-Indian War?
-Proclamation of 1763 -British gain supremacy in North America -French kicked out -no more threats from Spanish, French or NA -higher taxes on colonies b/c war puts Britain in debt
List 2-3 differences between the Rhode Island system and the Waltham (Lowell) system.
-Rhode Island System ~encouraged impoverished families to provide workers ~men in families worked rented farms or as laborers at the mills ~used child labor as well as women (wives) -Waltham (Lowell) System ~heavily capitalized to be mechanized and reduce the amount of labor ~only used young single women for labor (not permanent)
Briefly identify 2-3 of the major difference between "northern settlers" and "southern settlers" in the Northwest territories and states.
-Southern ~use of slave labor ~river trade ~free ranging livestock and wild hogs ~over cultivated fields (duplicated intensive market oriented farming they knew) ~depended on friends and neighbors over distant markets ~repaid debts in kind ~neighbors lent tools rather than renting -Northern ~pens for cattle and hogs to fatten them up ~focus on grains to become dominant wheat producers ~used new technology and farming techniques ~cast iron plows ~no slaves labor, more immigrant and wage labor Southern settlers are more community based and they have subsistence farming Northern settlers farming is the bread basket and more commercial farming.
List 3-4 defining characteristics of the 'Market Revolution.' (What basic parts of America's economy and society experienced revolutionary change?)
-Trade between industrialized north and agrarian west and south -Farmers began to raise crops for sale (not just for personal consumption) b/c new transportation made it easier/cheaper to get those crops to market -Transportation revolution -Growth of Industry ~mechanical inventions ~corporations for raising capital ~factory system ~labor unions -Commercial agriculture ~cheap land and easy credit ~markets -Social changes ~empowerment of women ~economic and social mobility ~decrease in slave ideology (backburnered issue)
Briefly identify 3-4 of the most important social, cultural and/or economic changes in the lives of most northerners from roughly 1790 to 1850 (especially in gender roles and family life).
-free labor ideology -self improvement -separate spheres -cult of domesticity -modesty and sobriety -innovation and entrepreneurialism -moral free agency
List the major causes of the French-and-Indian War?
-land disputes -tension between Britain and France over land in Ohio River Valley -French trade there with NA -NA are scared of colonists -perennial war with France and England
Identify at least 4 major demographic shifts or changes that took place between 1970 and 1990. Briefly explain, as much as possible, some of the reasons for each change or shift you list. (E.g., one good shift to identify would be rising immigration and one good reason to list would be changing immigration policy, especially the Immigration Act of 1965.)
...
In general, how did Southerners, both Whigs and Democrats, differ in their attitudes and approaches to education reform, prisons, and social reforms (like temperance)?
...
In what significant ways did the reality of American women's lives during "the 1950s" (i.e., 1945-1960) match the ideal of the domestic suburban housewife?
...
James M. McPherson (author of chapter 13) asserts that President Polk "provoked" war with Mexico. How did Polk do so?
...
List 3 demands or goals of feminists—like Alice Paul or Margaret Sanger—during this period (1890-1920).
...
List and summarize the stages of secession after the election of 1860. (Which group of states went first, which second, when was the C.S.A. formed, etc.?)
...
List at least 2 factors contributed to Lincoln's landslide victory in the presidential election of 1864 (which, only months before, he predicted he would lose badly)?
...
Summarize the principle Southern arguments justifying secession and the principle Northern arguments against secession.
...
Were American workers and unions better off or worse off during the 1950s? Cite 2-3 pieces of evidence supporting either side (better off or worse off).
...
What economic problems plagued the United States during the 1970s?
...
What issues primarily lead to the creation of the Whig Party?
...
What major events or developments of the 1960s and 1970s seriously shook Americans' faith in the federal government—especially its ability to avoid corruption and abuse of power, manage the economy, and conduct foreign policy effectively?
...
What was the first presidential election in which Whigs ran against Democrats? What was the first presidential election that the Whigs won?
...
What was the main issue in the presidential election of 1848? Who won and what was his position on that main issue?
...
What were the four principle components of the Compromise of 1850?
...
What were the most important "sources" or "factors" leading to economic growth from 1890 to 1920? (Just list the factors; be brief.)
...
Who opposed the Mexican War and why did they do so?
...
Why did many farmers, during the 1870s through the 1890s, call for more "greenbacks" and silver coinage?
...
Why did the C.S.A. have to print so much more paper money than the U.S.A. (even when it led to such severe inflation)? Why was it easier for the U.S.A. (i.e., the North) to raise so much more money than the C.S.A. by selling government bonds?
...
Why did the Confederacy's attempt to gain British and French recognition ultimately fail, even though Great Britain (especially) was highly dependent on Southern cotton?
...
Why was the Emancipation Proclamation more about military and political strategy than moral convictions?
...
Why was the election of 1896 significant?
...
entertainment fragmentation (cable, video/VCRs, etc.)
...
Alice Paul
..., head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.
The lives and thinking of black Americans (free and slave) were affected by events leading up to the Revolutionary War and the colonial discussions of "liberty." List 1-2 examples of events that affected the lives and thinking of (at least some) black Americans before the war.
1) Dunmore's Proclamation 2) when Quaker's tried to abolish slavery 3) Massachusetts slaves wrote letters to local gov't
List 2-3 reasons tensions between the U.S. and France rose by the later 1790s?
1) French seizures of American cargo ships 2) Their ownership of Louisiana territory -tensions rose when the French blocked American access to the Missouri and Mississippi River and the New Orleans port which was the main trading and economic route for Americans
List two (2) of the primary causes of Shays's Rebellion.
1) Objected to high taxes 2) Objected to foreclosures for unpaid debts
Why did political parties emerge in the United States by the mid-1790s? Identify 3-4 factors.
1) Originated as the Federalists vs. the Anti-Federalists -the Feds want centralized gov't -DRs still believe in state sovereignty and people's rights 2) Differing views on Constitutional interpretation -Feds: loose constructionism -DR: strict constructionism 3) Differing views on Hamilton's Financial Plan -Favored by the feds -DRs hated it because they thought it gave too much power to federal gov't (entrusting their $$) 4) Regional influence -Feds: tended to be northern merchants and industrialists -DRs: tended to be western farmers and southern plantation owners
List 2 ways in which Hamilton and his Federalist allies in Congress took advantage of tensions with France to advance their agenda.
1) They used the hatred of the Americans for the French to pass the Alien Acts, which authorized the president to deport any aliens considered dangerous and to detain any enemy aliens in time of war 2) Because the Federalists were strengthened by the public, who were angry with France, they took the opportunity to pass the naturalization Act, which stated that it would take 14 years for immigrants to qualify for citizenship. This act hurt the DR, because most immigrants voted for them. pushing opposition with the French, potentially wants to gain French territory power was strengthened by the public anger - anti French rhetoric - push the Alien and Sedition Act Sedition Act: said that people cannot criticize the government so then Pro French would not criticize based on population property owners were taxed more
President Thomas Jefferson differed greatly in style from Hamilton and the Federalists, and reversed some of their most important policies. List or briefly explain at least 3 ways he differed or changed policies.
1) attempted to reduce federal power by reducing military size, repealing a number of federal jobs, repealing excise taxes 2) annoyed with judicial system and tried to impeach a bunch of federalist judges that weren't qualified in order to reduce federalist influence on the judicial branch 3) Embargo Acts - drastically changed foreign trade and destabilized economy a depression!
List 2-3 issues that caused tensions to rise between the United States and Britain during the 1790s. Did Jay's Treaty solve many, or any, of those issues?
1) seizures of merchant ships 2) impressments of American crews into British navy 3) awkwardness of the British settlers and soldiers that remained on the American frontier (was a potential obstacle for America's western expansion) -Jay's Treaty solved the frontier's tensions but neglected to address the 2 more prominent issues at sea. It was unpopular amongst Congress and was barely passed. It was helpful, however in maintaining America's policy of peace and neutrality towards European conflicts
List two (2) reasons why the Albany Plan (Ben Franklin) was significant
1) sets precedent for future gov'ts and revolutionary ideas (federal vs. state sovereignty) 2) intercolonial gov't 3) one of the first attempts to unify colonies under intercolonial gov't
Identify at least 4 major cultural and religious trends and developments that took place between 1970 and 2000. Why were they so important?
1. Between 1870 and 1900, cities expanded upward and outward on a base of new technologies including metal-frame skyscrapers, electric elevators, streetcar systems, and outlying green suburbs. Cities were no longer "walking cities." As the middle class moved out, immigrants and working class came in, creating urban slums. The city produced what was an increasingly stratified and fragmented society 2. 3. 4.
List 3-4 factors that fueled or contributed to European exploration from the 1400s through the 1600s:
1. Competition between European nations 2. Rivalry with Islam / desire to find new route to spice trade 3. Renaissance 4. Desire for gold
Identify at least 3-4 ways in which white Southern society disfranchised and repressed blacks (legally and otherwise).
1. Discrimination and the Supreme Court - Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal) 2. Segregation laws in the South - Jim Crow Laws 3. Voting discrimination - Common obstacles: literacy tests, poll taxes, and political party primaries for whites only; Grandfather clauses 4. Scare tactics - lynching and general terrorization by groups such as the KKK
In what ways were West African forms of slavery different from the slave system run by Europeans?
1. Less brutal - African slaves were usually included, at a meaningful level, in the social life of their captor's society. 2. Not lifelong, not hereditary - African slaves often gained their freedom at some point. Their descendants were usually free when born.
Identify 4-5 important technological inventions or innovations that emerged from 1870-1900 and that were somehow crucial to the growth of cities and the American economy.
1. bessemer and open hearth process * higher quality steel 2. refrigerated cars * can ship perishables 3. the light bulb * factories can be open 24/7 4. the airplane * transforms transportation and military
Identify at least 3 major economic trends of the 1990s.
1. time of great prosperity in the United States under the Presidency of Bill Clinton, largely due to the unexpected advent of the Internet and the explosion of technology industries that came with it. ______________________ 2. After the 1992 booming of the US stock market, Alan Greenspan coined the phrase "irrational exuberance". ____ 3. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which phases out trade barriers between the United States, Mexico, and Canada is signed into law by U.S. President Bill Clinton.
Identify and briefly explain the perspectives of 3 critics or critiques of 1950s society and conformity. (Hint: a cultural movement, like rock n' roll, could be considered a critique.]
1. writers, members of the so-called "beat generation," rebelled against conventional values. ________________ 2. Elvis Presley popularized black music in the form of rock and roll, and shocked more staid Americans with his ducktail haircut and undulating hips. ______________________ 3. Painters like Jackson Pollock discarded easels and laid out gigantic canvases on the floor, then applied paint, sand and other materials in wild splashes of color.
Tenth Amendment
10th in the B o R; states that all powers delegated to the federal gov't belong to the states or the people
James Buchanan
15th President of the United States (1857-1861), he tried to maintain a balance between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both the North and South, and he was unable to stall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860. He does not want to give an opinion about Kansas and did not do a lot because he was afraid of not being reelected.
Crittenden Compromise
1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans
International Workers of the World
1905 - Also known as IWW or Wobblies - created in opposition to American Federation of Labor. Followed socialist ideas based off of Karl Marx; this group was persecuted during WWI due to their socialist tendencies and activism against the government
Margaret Sanger
1921 - founded American Birth Control League; which became Planned Parenthood in the 1940s. Advocated birth control awareness.
Glass-Steagall Act (1933)
1933. Created the Federal Bank Deposit Insurance Corporation
Second New Deal (1935-36)
1935-38; in response to critics of the 1st New Deal (particularly Huey Long and the more radical critics); contained more relief programs and greater protection for labor unions (this was radical for the 1920s anti-union atmosphere); the most extensive of the reform programs that emerged was social security
Social Security Act (1935)
1935. Established a vast system providing a very modest cushion for most Americans against unemployment, dependency, and old age. Coverage was limited: domestics, agricultural workers, and people working in businesses of fewer than eight employees were excluded. It signaled a basic change in the country's direction and outlook—the U.S. was becoming a welfare state.
Ho Chi Minh
1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable
Joseph McCarthy
1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists
John F. Kennedy
1960; Democrat; Cold War: Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis; established the Peace Corps, domestic program called the "New Frontier," promoted civil rights, major supporter of the space program; assassintated by Lee Harvey Oswald in 1963
Monica Lewinsky
1990s; had affair with Clinton who denied it under oath, but there was physical evidence; he was impeached for perjury and his resulting political battles kept him from being productive in his final term paving way for Bush in 2000
Bill Clinton
1992 and 1996; Democrat; Don't Ask Don't Tell policy implemented by Congress, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, Travelgate controversy; Operation Desert Fox (4 day bombing campaign in Iraq); Scandals: Whitewater controversy, Lewinsky scandal (impeached and acquited), Travelgate controversy, Troopergate; first balanced budget since 1969
First Amendment
1st in the B o R; states that Congress cannot make laws that limit people's right to freedom, religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition, entailed separation of Church and State
War Hawks
2 congressmen were elected into the House with very radical views,wanted to declare war with Britain, main factor in convincing the American government to declare War of 1812
"Quasi-War" with France
2 year undeclared naval conflict with France fought in the high seas during the time when Britain and France were at war when France was trying to limit American trade with England
William McKinley
25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist
Woodrow Wilson
28th president of the United States who was known for WWI leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treat of Versailles, south League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification)
Palmer Raids
A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities
Brigham Young
A Mormon leader that led his oppressed followers to/ Utah in 1846. Under Young's management, his Mormon community became a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. He became the territorial governor in 1850. Unable to control the hierarchy of Young, Washington sent a federal army in 1857 against the harassing Mormons.
NSC-68 (1949)
A National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment
Anne Hutchinson
A Puritan woman who was seen as a threat to patriarchal society in Massachusetts specifically the ministers. Hutchinson followed the beliefs of Antonina and gained many supporters and claim to have had direct contact with God. Puritan leaders banished Hutchinson from Mass. And she fled with her followers to Rhode Island. (Later was killed by Indians, which was seen by Massachusetts Puritan as her punishment for rebelling against ideas of Puritans).
Andrew Carnegie
A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.
Hernán Cortés
A Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Aztecs and the Incas.
Containment
A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances
Munn v. Illinois (1877)
A United States Supreme Court case dealing with corporate rates and agriculture. allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads
Wartime race riots- Chicago, Harlem, Los Angeles
A black teenager drifted to the beaches of the white people while he was swimming and the whites stoned him to death so the blacks gathered together and retaliated against the white people. The whites some how gathered bigger groups to fight against the black, and for about a week Chicago, Harlem, and Los Angeles were at war
tenement
A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety
Zimmerman Telegram (1917)
A coded telegram dispatched by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire, Arthur Zimmermann, on January 16, 1917, to the German ambassador in Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt, at the height of World War I. The telegram instructed the ambassador to approach the Mexican government with a proposal to form a military alliance against the United States. It was intercepted and decoded by the British and its contents hastened the entry of the United States into World War I.
baby boom
A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.
Plymouth Colony
A colony created by Pilgrims fleeing from England on the Mayflower. The settlement struggled its first winter but used its alliance with the Indians to push through (first thanksgiving w NAs). Plymouth colony later was absorbed into Massachusetts Bay colony.
Joint-stock company
A company that pools the savings of people of moderate means and supports trading ventures that seem potentially profitable, like the early colonization of the New World.
Harlem Renaissance
A cultural movement that spanned the 1920s that centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City.
Alger Hiss
A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.
Berlin Wall
A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.
Santa Anna
A general that seized power of Mexico as a dictator, he increased the powers of the national government at the expense of the state governments, a measure that Texans from the United States assumed Santa Anna was aiming directly at them.
Boxer Rebellion (1900)
A group of Chinese nationalists (the society of harmonious fists, or boxers), attacked foreign settlements and killed christian missionaries. US sends in troops to stop this rebellion.
Hollywood Ten
A group of actors, writers, directors, musicians, and other entertainers, who were barred from working in the industry because of their affiliations or suspected affiliations with the Communist Party of America.
Bonus Army (1932)
A group of almost 20,000 World War I veterans who were hard-hit victims of the depression, who wanted what the government owed them for their services and "saving" democracy. They marched to Washington and set up public camps and erected shacks on vacant lots. They tried to intimidate Congress into paying them, but Hoover had them removed by the army, which shed a negative light on Hoover.
Taliban
A group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government in 1996
"Young America"
A group of young members of the Democratic Party who were interested in territorial expansion in the 1840s.
the beats / beatniks
A group of young writers, poets, painters, and musicians who rebelled against the regimented horrors of war and the mundane horrors of middle-class life.
American Temperance Society
A group started by protestant ministers and others, who were concerned about the high rates of alcohol consumption, and advocated for total abstinence through moral arguments
J.P. Morgan
A highly successful banker who bought out Carnegie. With Carnegie's holdings and some others, he launched U.S Steel and made it the first billion dollar corporation.
Cahokia
A large city, center of the last great mound-building society that existed for about 1,000 years before 1700. As many as 25,000 people lived there. An example of a large and sophisticated city that rivaled any in Europe at the time.
bimetallism
A monetary system in which the government would give citizens either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks
Adena, Hopewell
A mound building culture.
Social Gospel
A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.
"people's capitalism"
A new capitalism which all Americans could participate in and have a share of luxuries and amenities. This also refers to new patterns of popular participation in capitalism, esp much broader buying and selling in the stock market by middle class Americans. before the 1920s, only the very wealthy and corporations participated in the stock market, but--just like the economy switched to mainly production and consumption of consumer goods--the stock market broadened to include lots of ownership of stocks by more low-level, "consumer" Americans. This did create some problems by the end of the 1920s, partly because so many middle-class Americans weren't experienced in the stock market and (some, not all) got caught up in speculation (often on credit), helping drive the bubble in the market.
Panama Canal Treaty (1978)
A pair of treaties to turn over control of the Panama Canal to the government of Panama. Ratified by the Senate.
political machine
A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity
Cornelius Vanderbilt
A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.
Whiskey Rebellion
A rebellion in W PA where a group of farmers refused to pay an unaffordable federal excise tax on whiskey. 1st blatant internal challenge to the federal gov't. The farmers couldn't afford to pay and they said they were defending their rights by attacking tax collectors. Washington responded by rounding up 15000 militiamen to end the rebellion, which scared farmed into obeying. Many people applauded the new gov't's example of power and quick reaction comparing it to the failure of controlling shay's rebellion under the articles but some ppl incl Jefferson saw it as an unwarranted use of power against the ppl
Renaissance
A rediscovery by Europeans of the ideas and works of the ancient Greeks and Romans, starting in the 1400s. An important factor that led to European exploration beginning in the 1400s, because it led many Europeans to become more curious about the outside world and seek to know and see more about it.
Sunbelt
A region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the South and Southwest that has seen substantial population growth in recent decades, partly fueled by a surge in retiring baby boomers who migrate domestically, as well as the influx of immigrants, both legal and illegal.
Martin Luther King / SCLC
A second event in October 1960 helped Kennedy get votes. MLK was arrested during a protest and sentenced to months of hard labor. The Kennedy campaign arranged for his release pending appeal. African American voters rallied for Kennedy.
reciprocal treaties
A series of agreements, mostly bilateral (i.e., b/w the U.S. and one other country).
Russian Revolution (1917)
A series of political and social upheavals in Russia, involving first the overthrow of the tsarist autocracy, and then the overthrow of the liberal and moderate-socialist Provisional Government, resulting in the establishment of Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. This eventually led to the establishment of the Soviet Union, which lasted until its dissolution in 1991.
postindustrial
A society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information.
Manchuria / Manchukuo:
A territory of northeastern China constantly disputed over by Russia, China, and Japan between WWI and II. Japan occupied Manchuria in the 1930's as a buffer zone between its mainland territory and the USSR.
1993 World Trade Center
A terrorist attack that happened on February 26,1993. Truck bomb detonated beneath North Tower. Killed 6 people injured 1042.
"Era of Good Feelings"
A time when there was no strife between political parties. Only one party existed - Democratic Republicans
NAFTA
A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.
Which New Deal programs or laws helped farmers
AAA- Agricultural Adjustment Act ~ Protected farmers from price drops by providing crop subsidies to reduce production, educational programs to teach methods of preventing soil erosion. REA- Rural Electrification Administration ~ Encouraged farmers to join cooperatives to bring electricity to farms. Despite its efforts, by 1940 only 40% of American farms were electrified.
Knights of Labor (1880s)/ Terence Powderly
Advocated for men becoming 'their own employer', abolishing child labor, and abolishing trusts/monopolies . lost popularity post haymarket sq. incident.
Populist Party
Advocated: 1. Direct election of senators, state laws enacted by voters through initiatives on the ballot, unlimited silver coinage, graduated income tax, public ownership of railroads by US govt, telegraph/phones operated/owned by US govt, loans and federal warehouses for farmers so they could stabilize crop prices, eight hour work day for industrial wrkrs.
horizontal integration
Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level
Guantanamo Bay
Acquired by sending marines. The United States assumed territorial control over Guantanamo Bay under the 1903 Cuban-American Treaty, which granted the United States a perpetual lease of the area without the Cuban Government reacing.
Federal Reserve Act / Federal Reserve System
Act that brought private banks and public authority together to regulate and strengthen the nation's financial system.
humanitarian interventionism
Actions by states, international organizations, or the international community in general, to intervene, usually with coercive force, to alleviate human suffering without necessarily obtaining consent of the state
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
Election of 1828
Adams had sought re election in 1828 , but the jacksonians were now ready to use the southerners and westerners and new campaign tactics to get Jackson in office. Jackson's party resorted to smearing the president and accusing Adams' wife of being born out of wedlock. Then Adams' supporters accused Jackson's wife of adultery. This "war" attracted a lot of voters making three times the number of voters participate. Jackson ended up winning because of his reputation of a war hero and being a common man of the frontier.
elastic clause
Also known as the The Necessary and Proper Clause that states the president or the congress have the power to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper to carry out the existance of the United States
Iran Contra Scandal
Although Congress had prohibited aid to the Nicaraguan contras, individuals in Reagan's administration continued to illegally support the rebels. These officials secretly sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of American hostages being held in the Middle East. Profits from these sales were then sent to the contras.
March on Washington / A. Philip Randolph (threatened in 1941; didn't happen)
America's leading black labor leader who called for a march on Washington D.C. to protest factories' refusals to hire African Americans, which eventually led to President Roosevelt issuing an order to end all discrimination in the defense industries.
isolationism
America's reluctance to become involoved in World Affairs, practiced prior to WWI and WWII.
AFL-CIO
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations joined in 1955 - Largest labor organization in US.
Ngo Dinh Diem
American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963.
John D. Rockefeller
American businessman - founder of Standard Oil Co. (major monopoly)
Scopes Trial
American legal case in 1925 in which a high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100, but the verdict was overturned on a technicality. The trial served its purpose of drawing intense national publicity, as national reporters flocked to Dayton to cover the big-name lawyers who had agreed to represent each side.
Frederick Winslow Taylor / Taylorism
American mechanical engineer, who wanted to improve industrial efficiency. He is known as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants
John Foster Dulles
American politican principally known for serving as Eisenhower's Secretary of State; drafted the "policy of boldness" designed to confront Soviet aagression with the threat of "massive retaliation" via thermonuclear weapons
XYZ Affair
Americans were trying to negotiate with France to get them to stop seizing their ships in order to do that three anonymous (X, Y, and Z) French ministers asked for bribes in order to do so. This greatly angered Americans when they heard about it in US papers and they clamored for war, which president Adams declined recognizing their army was still not strong enough
Fair Deal
An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.
supply-side economics
An economic theory, advocated by President Reagan, holding that too much income goes to taxes and too little money is available for purchasing. The solution is to cut taxes and return purchasing power to consumers.
John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society (1958)
An economist who attacked the prevailing notion that sustained economic growth would solve America's chronic social problems.
consumer-oriented economy
An economy that produces goods for the average consumer, not a large business.
American Enlightenment
An intellectual movement beginning in England. It was the idea of using scientific reason and evidence to explain the world instead of religion. More and more people especially in New England started looking towards this idea. It was most important in America for science and politics. Ministers thought they would not be important anymore because parts of science might change how people think of the Bible and they may not be needed for things such as praying for someone's health. Instead, a doctor could help them and be practical about it. While some ministers keep their beliefs and try to revive the Bible again, others try to embrace parts of it because they do not believe in the mythical/ superstitious beliefs like hanging women for being witches.
Herbert Hoover
An isolationist who believed the United States should not enter into firm commitments to preserve the security of any other nation.
Shays's Rebellion (Daniel Shays)
An uprising of farmers in western MA in the winter 1786-1787. They objected to high taxes and foreclosure for unpaid debts. Militia from eastern MA suppressed the rebels.
Papism / popish
Anti-Catholic slur.
Osama bin Laden
Arab terrorist who established al-Qaeda (born in 1957). Planned attack of 9-11.
Michael Harrington, The Other America
As described in his book, the poor were trapped in a vicious cycle of want and a culture of deprivation. Because they could not afford good housing, a nutritious diet, and doctors, the poor got sick more often and for longer than more affluent Americans.
modern advertising / mass marketing
As the economy became more consumer oriented advertizing expanded becasue business found that costumers' demand for new products could be manipulated by appealing to their desires for status and popularity
Sand Creek Massacre
As thousands of miners, cattlemen, and homesteaders began to settle on Native American lands, warfare became inevitable. Sand Creek Massacre was a sporadic outburst in 1864 where the Colorado militia massacre an encampment of Cheyenne women, children, and men at Sand Creek, Colorado.
Feminism
As women gain more freedoms through the industrialization/market revolutions, they become more empowered to speak out about their unequal treatment, spurring the feminist movement.
During the years 1898 to 1914, in which area of the world was the U.S.A. most active (economically, diplomatically, militarily)—Europe, Asia, or Latin America & the Caribbean?
Asia
Pacific Railroad Act (1863)
Authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route in order to link the economies of California and the western territories with the eastern states.
16th Amendment (ratified 1913)
Authorized the collection of income taxes. This made the rich pay a fair share to the governemt
Election of 1852
BETWEEN: Franklin Pierce (Democrat) and Winfield Scott; RESULTS: WHIG party splits over nomination Fillmore v. Scott; Antislavery North vs. Southern Whigs that disliked Winfield Scott; Doomed Whig Party - Democratic party united under Pierce! Leads to formation of sectional parties instead of national parties. VICTOR: Franklin Pierce (Democrat)
Ballinger-Pinchot controversy
Balinger (secretary of the interior) reopened for private commercial use 1 million acres of land that the Roosevelt administration had previously brought under federal protection. Pinchot then found evidence tying Ballinger to the sale of Alaskan coal deposits. Taft defended Ballinger. Pinchot went public with his charges and a congressional investigation ensued, bringing Taft onto the hot plate. Roosevelt was pissed too.
rifle /rifled barrel (v. muskets)
Barreled gun that shot a bullet long distances
Why was the Kansas-Nebraska Act so controversial? Why did it contribute greatly to the collapse of the Whig Party?
Bc it overturned the Missouri compromise and it led to the creation of the republicans Overturned the Missouri compromise, leaving the question of slavery to the territory's settlers Northern whigs in congress voted against the Kansas-Nebraska bill, causing them to lose supporters in the south
Harry S Truman
Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb
A simple but tough question: if the Pilgrims and Puritans believed so strongly in predestination, we didn't they just have as much fun as possible (including sinning!)?
Because Adam sinned, the Covenant of works could no longer grant eternal life but it still gave the strict moral standards that every Christian must follow. The Covenant of Works had a communal counterpart. As a people, New Englanders had to obey the law so that they will be prosperous as a people/community. The people agreed with their magistrates to punish the sinners. If the magistrates enforced the law of God, the community will not be punished as a whole. All the puritans made a pact to make sure everyone was following the rules so that the whole community wouldn't go to hell.
Why was it surprising that Europeans, rather than Chinese or Muslims, ended up exploring and colonizing distant continents?
Because both the Chinese and Islamic peoples were richer, had far greater resources, possessed superior knowledge and technology (including naval technology). By comparison to both regions and cultures, Europe was backward, poor, and poorly educated. The Chinese didn't reach out because, basically, they didn't think they had anything to gain by, either economically or in terms of what they might learn. They thought other regions were much less sophisticated. Most people and kingdoms within Islam saw no reason to reach out. Everything they needed they could get within Islamic regions or through trade with bordering areas (like China and the rest of Asia). By contrast, the overall European economy was highly dependent on outside goods.
In 1935, why did FDR put aside caution and push for a collection of laws and acts known as "the second New Deal"?
Because the first new deal was pretty successful, but the people still needed more relief, reform, or recovery.
Many struggling or poor whites in the North and South did not necessarily benefit from the dominant economic style in their regions. Why did they nonetheless overwhelmingly support those systems and societies?
Because they thought that they could work their way up and then they would benefit from those policies
Connecticut Compromise
Before the constitution took its final shape, the small states warned that their voters would never accept a constitution that let the large states swallow them. The large states insisted on proportional representation in both houses. Then the CT delegates announced that they would be happy with proportional representation in one house and state quality in the other. In July the delegates accepted this "Connecticut Compromise"
Election of 1992
Bill Clinton won over George H.W. Bush because of the economy's problems and the solving of foreign policy problems.
Joseph Stalin
Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition
Oklahoma City bombing (Timothy McVeigh)
Bombing of Murrah Federal Building. The blast, set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, killed 168 people, including 19 children in the building's day-care center.
Atlanta Compromise Speech (1895)
Booker T. Washington's Speech where he was giving ideas about how black and whites should be equal and help eachother out but also be separate.
Identify and briefly explain 2-3 ways—besides corruption during the Harding years—that Presidents Harding and Coolidge's attitudes and policies differed from their progressive predecessors.
Both Harding and Coolidge believed in limited government, small federal budgets and spending, and neither of them got a lot accomplished during their presidencies because they vetoed mostof the congress' acts.
Trent Affair
Britain came close to siding with the Confederacy in late 1861 over an incident at sea. Confederate diplomats James Mason and John Slidell were traveling to England on a British steamer, the Trent, on a mission to gain recognition for their government. A Union warship stopped the British ship, removed mason and Slidell, and brought them to the US as prisoners of war. Britain threatened war unless the two diplomats were released. Lincoln gave in to the demands but faced public criticism for doing so. Mason and Slidell were set free, but after again sailing for Europe, they failed to obtain full recognition of the Confederacy from either Britain or France.
public works
Building railroads, bridges, government ran construction programs
Panama invasion/ Manuel Noriega (1989)
Bush ordered this to remove the autocratic General Manuel Noriega; the alleged purpose of this was to stop Noriega from using his country as a drug pipeline to the U.S.
Election of 2000
Bush v. Gore; Bush won although Gore won popular vote; controversy over the final vote count in Florida; settled by Supreme Court decision in favor of Bush
Emancipation Proclamation
By July 1862 Lincoln had already decided to use his powers as commander in chief of the armed forces to free all slaves in the states then at was with the US. He would justify his policy by calling it a "military necessity." After the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln issued a warning that slaves in all states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863 would be "then, thenceforward, and forever free."
Guatemala (U.S. intervention, 1954)
CIA covert operation that deposed President Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán with a paramilitary invasion by an anti-Communist army
Which New Deal programs or laws helped the unemployed
CWA- Civil Works Administration ~ Provided public works jobs at $15/week to four million workers in 1934. CCC- Civilian Conservation Corps ~ Sent 250,000 young men to work camps to perform reforestation and conservation tasks. Removed surplus of workers from cities, provided healthy conditions for boys, provided money for families. FERA-Federal Emergency Relief Act ~ Distributed millions of dollars of direct aid to unemployed workers. PWA- Public Works Administration ~ Received $3.3 billion appropriation from Congress for public works projects. Social Security Act ~ Response to critics (Dr. Townsend and Huey Long), it provided pensions, unemployment insurance, and aid to blind, deaf, disabled, and dependent children. TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority ~ Federal government build series of dams to prevent flooding and sell electricity. First public competition with private power industries WPA- Works Progress Administration ~ Employed 8.5 million workers in construction and other jobs, but more importantly provided work in arts, theater, and literary projects. FHA - Federal Housing Authority
Hungary uprising of 1956
Called for Western-Style democracy. The Soviet army invaded Hungary to crush the reforms. The Hungarians fought back against tanks with stones, rifles and homemade bombs. Because no other nations wanted war with the Soviets, the Hungarian revolt was crushed.
"Log Cabin Campaign"
Campaign run by William Henry Harrison in 1840 against Van Buren, succeeds and Whig Party comes to power, common slogan for him was "Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too".
human rights & foreign policy (under Carter)
Carter believed in the rule of law in international affairs and in the principle of self-determination for all people. Moreover, he wanted the United States to take the lead in promoting universal human rights, believed that American power should be exercised sparingly, and that the United States should avoid military interventions as much as possible. Finally, he hoped that American relations with the Soviet Union would continue to improve and that the two nations could come to economic and arms control agreements that would relax Cold War tensions.
Coal Miners' Strike of 1902
Coal miners wanted to gain a 10-20% wage increase, and an 8 hour work day as well as recognition from their union. They went on strike, and the president called them in along with the mine owners. The owners were expecting Roosevelt to threaten the miners, but he threatened the owners. His forcing the workers and owners to negotiate was called a 'square deal'.
List three (3) of the major terms of the Treaty of Paris (end of the war, 1783):
Colonies could not settle past the Mississippi River Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada Britain would remove their posts in the colonies if the colonists paid back the English merchant debts Britain would recognize America as an independent nation
List at least three (3) crucial factors that allowed the American revolutionaries to win:
Colonies used guerilla warfare: used sneak tactics against British because they knew their native land well Colonies had more motivation because the war was life or death for the colonists while the revolution meant little to the British soldiers Had alliance with French and Spain
General Douglas McArthur
Commander in Chief of the Pacific Forces in the Philippines during WWII. His strategy of "Island Hopping" helped the US overcome early disadvantages in the war.
fundamentalism
Condemned modernism and their key doctrine was that creationism explained the origin of all life. They blamed the liberal views of the modernists for causinfg the decline in morals.
National Banking Act (1863)
Congress created a national bank to manage all the added revenue moving in and out of the Treasury. This was the first unified banking network since Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Bank of the US in 1830's
CORE
Congress of Racial Equality-- First civil rights organization to use non-violent tactics to promote racial equality and desegregation
Confederation Conscription Act (April 1862)
Congress' first Conscription Act made all men between the ages of 20 and 45 liable for military service but allowed a draftee to avoid service by either finding a substitute to serve or paying a $300 exemption fee.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)
Could the state of New York grant a monopoly to a steamboat company if that action conflicted with a charter authorized by congress? In ruling that the New York monopoly was unconstitutional, Marshall established the federal government's broad control of interstate commerce.
WIB (War Industries Board)
Created in July 1917, the War Industries Board controlled raw materials, production, prices, and labor relations It was intended to restore economic order and to make sure the United States was producing enough at home and abroad.
Farmers Alliances
Created in different states in regions due to the discontent of rural America because the prices for crops fell to all new lows during the 1880's. The purpose of these alliances were to serve farmers' needs for education in the latest scientific methods as well as for organized economic and political action.
Denmark Vesey
Denmark Vesey, originally Telemaque,[citation needed] (1767 - July 2, 1822) was an African-American man who was most famous for planning a slave rebellion in the United States in 1822. He was enslaved in South Carolina. After purchasing his freedom, he is believed to have planned a slave rebellion. Word of the plans was leaked, and authorities arrested the plot's leaders at Charleston, South Carolina, before the uprising could begin. Vesey and others were convicted and executed.
William Jennings Bryan
Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.
Did supporters of the Whigs or Democrats hold more extreme racist attitudes toward blacks? Why?
Democrats because they were predominantly in the south.
border states
Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky were the border states that remained in the Union and were essential for keeping the majority of the population in the Union so they could win the civil war. In Maryland, prosecessionists attacked Union troops. The Union army resorted to martial law to keep the state under federal control. In Missouri, the presence of US troops prevented the pro-South elements in the state from gaining control, although guerrilla forces sympathetic to the Confederacy were active throughout the war. Kentucky's state legislature voted to remain neutral in the conflict.
Dawes Severalty Act / Dawes Act (1887)
Designed to break up tribal organizations, which many felt kept Native Americans from becoming "civilized" and law-abiding citizens. It also divided the tribal lands into plots of 160 acres or less, depending on family size. U.S. citizenship was granted to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and "adopted the habits of civilized life."
List 2-3 factors that accounted for the rise and then the fall of open-range cattle drives and cattle ranching (1865-1890)?
Developed from the plethora of cattle in the Great Plains (texas). New herding technique were borrowed from the Mexican cowboys and the Texans. The construction of railroad opened up the easter markets for cattle. New towns started to develop in the west around the cattle industry. However the industry began to end in the 1880s when overgrazing destroyed the grass and hard winters killed the animals.
Economic inequality
Differences in the income/wealth of different households (rich, middle class and poor)
Dunmore's Proclamation
Earl Lord Dunmole made a Proclamation stating that slaves who fought for them would earn freedom if they won
suspension of habeas corpus
Early in the war, Lincoln suspended the write of habeas corpus in Maryland and other states where there was much pro-Confederate sentiment. Suspension of this constitutional right meant that persons could be arrested without being informed of the charges against them. During the war, an estimated 13,000 people were arrested on suspicion of aiding the enemy; without a right to habeas corpus, many of them were held without trail.
Identify 2-3 major sources/areas of tension in the New England colonies that had developed by the later 1600s.
Economic Tension-Because land was limited throughout New England, not much land was designated for farming. Colonists, needing to find decent careers, sought out new occupations like merchants. This growing merchant class shifted a focus of small farming to trading for the New England colonies.Religious Tension- many of the first generation Puritans were becoming old and passing away. Their children and grandchildren were the ones left to carry on their religious but many of them lacked an interest in devoting their lives to God. Instead, many wanted to become successful and wealthy. In order to maintain a fair amount of members of the Puritan Church, a halfway covenant was created. This covenant allowed Puritans to be partial members of the Church rather than full members like their ancestors. Native American Tension- the colonists and Indians had had an uneasy peace for many years before a tribe of Pequot Indians decided they would not submit to the colonists' authority. The Pequot decided to attack the colonists to reclaim the frontier lands lining the east coast of Northern America.
imperialism
Either acquiring territory or gaining control over the political or economic life of other countries.
(Full) Employment Act of 1946
Enacted by Truman, it committed the federal government to ensuring economic growth and established the Council of Economic Advisors to confer with the president and formulate policies for maintaining employment, production, and purchasing power
Morill Land-Grant College Act (1863)
Encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges
When did Europeans begin to create a slave trading system in the Atlantic region? Did Europeans believe Christianity justified or opposed slavery?
Europeans began using a slave trade system in the Atlantic region because of reduced migration to the colonies, a need for a dependable work force after Bacon's Rebellion, and a desire for cheap labor. Europeans believed that Christianity and the bible justified slavery. England implemented the Navigation Acts to restore England's government after its civil war, and for the colonies to provide raw materials to England for the prosterity of its industries.
Paris Peace Conference / Versailles Treaty
Every nation that had fought on the Allied side in the war was represented; 1) Germany was disarmed and stripped of its colonies in Asia and Africa. it was also forced to admit guilt for the war, accept French occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years, and pay a huge sum of money in reparations to GB and France 2) Territories once controlled by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia were taken by the Allies, independence was granted to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, and Poland, and the new nations of Czechoslavakia and Yugoslavia were established. 3) Signers of the treaty would join an international peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations. This league called on each member nation to stand ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of other nations.
Identify and briefly describe at least 3 major causes of the Spanish-American War.
Expansionism/War fever De Lome letter Sinking of the Maine Cuban revolt yellow press
list of New Deal programs
FDIC - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation SEC - Security and Exchange Commission FERA - Federal Emergency Relief Agency PWA - Public Works Agency HOLC - Home Owner's Loan Corporation (created by Home Owner's Refinancing Act) AAA - Agricultural Adjustment Agency CCC - Civilian Conservation Corps TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority NRA - National Recovery Agency (created by NIRA) FHA - Federal Housing Authority Wagner Act (NLRA - National Labor Relations Act, created the National Labor Relations Board) WPA - Works Progress Administration REA - Rural Electrification Agency Revenue Act of 1935 Fair Labor Standards Act
Which New Deal programs or laws helped people with money in banks
FDIC- Glass-Steagall Act ~ Created federally insured bank deposits ($2500 per investor at first) to prevent bank failures. SEC- Securities and Exchange Commission ~ Regulated stock market and restricted margin buying.
"arsenal of democracy"
FDR referred to US, US factories had to produce war goods fast so government encouraged rapid production.
farm subsidies
Farm Security Administration (1937)- Relief, Recovery- Granted loans to small farmers and tenants for rehabilitation and purchase of small-sized farms; Congress slashed its appropriations during World War II when many poor farmers entered the armed forces or migrated to urban areas.
FDIC / Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (1933)
Federal Bank Deposit Insurance Corporation. Guaranteed a minimum amount of bank deposits up to $5,000 and expanding the membership and authority of the Federal Reserve System
"Industrial Democracy"
Fighting for treating workers with more respect, pay, etc
bill of rights
First 10 amendments to the Constitution, which protect the rights of individuals from abuses by the federal government
Jane Addams / Hull House
First American settlement house, established in Chicago in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen gates Starr.
evangelical
Focusing on emotionally powerful preaching, rather than formal ceremonies, and on the teachings of the Bible
Identify at least 2 ways in which the crop-lien system in the New South weakened the Southern economy.
Following the Civil War, many poor farmers were caught in a cycle of debts that accumulated from borrowing farming supplies. The debts were usually extremely deep especially if there was like a bad harvest and then the farmers got no profit and didn't have any money at all to pay for the previous years farming supplies. It was a vicious cycle that pushed the poor southern farmers even further into debt and poverty.
List and briefly explain 2-3 reasons why transcontinental and western railroads were so important (for economic and social changes, etc.)
For connecting national and interstate trade. It helped the South and the West participate in the North East's industrial economy. Socially, people could communicate quicker and easier with the raildroads transporting and their mail and stuff (in the years to come) it forced the country to align their clocks and have a centralized time for trains to run on.
Internment of Japanese Americans
Forcible relocation and internment of approximately 110,000 Japanese nationals and Japanese americans to housing facilities called "war relocation camps", in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. Then justified as a security measure, but has been since deemed unjustified
Election of 1976
Ford vs Carter, Carter wins. Importaint because he was the first president from the south for a while and people thought he would bring fresh ideas
Ford's $5-per-day
Ford would pays his workers more money because he knew the economy was more dependent on consumers, wanted to have loyalty with his workers, and the union movement was increasing.
After the Mexican War ended, what were the four (4) basic positions that emerged regarding the issue of slavery's potential expansion westward? Who was identified with each point?
Free Soilers → Calhoun wanted to give slave states veto power; did not want slavery to expand and opposed to the idea of popular sovereignty Abolitionist → Slavery should end Popular sovereignty → Henry Clay in the 1850 Compromise Continuation → Southerners didn't want slavery to stop
What small, "minor" national political parties (proceeding the Republican Party that emerged in the mid-1850s] opposed the spread of slavery?
Free soil & Liberty party
Metacom's (King Philip's) War
From 1675-1676, Metacom, a chief of a Native American tribes, planned to unite different tribes of Indians in order to sufficiently revolt against the colonists and claim their stolen frontier land. Metacom's son was able to unite a fairly large amount of NAs and they attacked the whites settled on the frontier of New England. Colonists were forced to retreat to Boston but were later able to overcome the NAs. Metacom was beheaded and his family was sold into slavery, serving as an installation of fear to any other NAs who tried/planned to attack the colonists.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
From Austria-Hungary. He and his wife visit the Bosnian city of Sarajevo. The Gen. warned him not to come b/c he would get killed. Conspirators, members of the Black Hands, waited in the streets for him to kill him b/c they wanted Bosnia to be free of Austria-Hungary and to become part of a large Serbian kingdom. Gavrilo Princep eventually succeeded in shooting both the archduke and his wife. Fun fact! Princep saw him when he walked out of a sandwich shop!
Gabriel's Rebellion
Gabriel Prosser, was a literate enslaved blacksmith who planned a large slave rebellion in the Richmond area in the summer of 1800. Information regarding the revolt was leaked prior to its execution, and he and twenty-five followers were taken captive and hanged in punishment. In reaction, Virginia and other state legislatures passed restrictions on free blacks, as well as prohibiting the education, assembly, and hiring out of slaves, to restrict their chances to learn and to plan similar rebellions.
19th Amendment (ratified 1920)
Gave women the right to vote
General George McClellan
General George B. McClellan, the new commander of the Union army in the East, insisted that his troops be given a long period of training and discipline before going into battle. Finally, McClellan's army invaded Virginia but was stopped by the Confederates. McClellan was forced to eventually retreat and was then replaced by General John Pope. But John Pope was tricked by General Robert E Lee and was replaced again by McClellan. McClellan at Antietam invaded the Confederates and Lee's army retreated by McClellan failed to pursue them so once again Lincoln removed him with the complaint that his general was too slow.
U-boat / submarines
German submarines used in World War I; they sank many Allied ships around the British Isles. They were responsible for the sinking of the HMS Lusitania and the Sussex.
From what nations or regions did most immigrants to the U.S. originate during the 1840s and 1850s? Why were immigration levels so high during those decades?
Germany - bc of massive population growth Ireland - potato famine Germany - expanding german population in germany, less land Ireland - potato crop failure Mostly roman catholic
Identify and describe at least 3 ways in which at least some progressives were elitist (anti-democratic), supported social control, or discriminatory (against immigrants, blacks, women, etc.).
Government regulation made to stop big business ended up promoting it Temperance Tried to reform immigrants and assimilate them into urban culture; didn't embrace them, but wanted to reform them
Coxey's Army (1894)
Group of unemployed workers acted as a 'live petition' to congress, hoping for work on public works jobs.
Anti-Imperialist League
Group that battled against American colonization of the Philippines as they objected the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire, which included such influential citizens as Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie;
Warren Harding / "normalcy"
He was a newspaper publisher before he became president. He was not super qualified so he made sure to appoint a really good cabinet to make up for it. He approved a reduction in the income tax, and increase in tariff rates under the Fordney- McCumber Tariff Act of 1922, and established the Bureau of the Budget, with procedures for all government expenditures to be place in a single budget for Congress to review and vote on. He ran on the idea that the American people wanted to return to "normalcy" after WWI and won by a landslide so I guess he was right??
Jonathan Edwards
He was a puritan priest from New England and one of America's first great intellectuals. He loved science and applied it to religion. The idea that religion must be experimental (must be experienced). Renewed interest in prayer, spiritual life, conversion and sanctification ("life in the spirit").
George Whitefield
He was a speaker/ priest during the Enlightenment/ Great Awakening. He was the first type of social entertainment to come and people went crazy when he did. (Kind of like what girls did when the Beatles came but a more religious type of crazy). He was a mesmerizing speaker with dramatic appeal to "the affections". He drew HUGE crowds wherever he went with lots of emotional explosions.
CPI / George Creel
Head of the Committee on Public Information 1917 which was allegedly formed to combat wartime rumors by providing authoritative info. It served as propaganda agency proclaiming the govn'ts version of reality and discrediting those who questioned that version.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.
Henry Cabot Lodge
Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.
Al Smith / Election of 1928
Herbert Hoover was the republican canidate running against democratic opponent Al Smith, who appealed to many immigrants becasue he was against prohinition and he was Roman Catholic. Hoover won in a landslide.
Square Deal
His forcing the workers and owners to negotiate in the coal miners' strike of 1902 was called a 'square deal'. Gained him popularity from Americans who thought he rejected ill-gotten wealth.
"graying of America"
I term used to describe the fact that life expectancy in the United States has increased, so older Americans are living longer and growing as a percentage of the American population.
New Democrats
Ideologically centrist faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of Republican George H. W. Bush in the 1988 presidential election. They are identified with more pragmatic and centrist social/cultural/pluralist positions and neoliberal fiscal values
FEPC / Fair Practices Employment Commission (1941)
Implemented federal regulations requiring companies with government contracts not to discriminate on the basis of race or religion. Led to increased black employment in American industries and the eventual desegregation of the US Armed Forces.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
In 1629, King James granted non-separatists the right to form a settlement in Massachusetts to aid their religious needs (royal colony).
Robert Fulton
In 1807, Robert Fulton built the first practical steam driven boat, the "Clermont" and sailed it on an up river trip from NY to Albany. This invention that first made commercial agriculture feasible in the west. Over the next few years, Americans developed a flat-bottomed steamboat that sail in shallower river waters.
Erie Canal
In 1817, Governor DeWitt Clinton talked the NY legislature into creating a canal connecting the Hudson River with Lake Erie. After construction began in 1819, the canal reached Buffalo in 1825 stretching 364 miles from Albany to Buffalo. By 1830, the corridor of the Erie canal was one of the great grain growing regions lined with market towns and new cities. It first affected western NY but later set the precedent for legislators and entrepreneurs to join the canal boom the lasted for 20 years
Free Soil Party
In 1848 the antislavery Barnburners in the Democratic party combined with the abolitionist Liberty party and nominated Martin Van Buren for president. The party opposed the expansion of slavery into the territories.
Stock Market Crash
In 1929, the stock market crashed and caused a worldwide Depression. As early as March the stock market had mini-crashes, signaling something was seriously wrong. In October 1929, on Black Friday it crashed. The Thursday before 12 mil. stocks had changed hands. The full devastation was not fully realized until the following Tuesday.
Levittown
In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.
Revolution & Iranian hostage crisis (1979)
In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weakened the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.
Bay of Pigs (1961)
In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure even though the idea was carried over from the Eisenhower administration
Sussex Pledge (1916)
In August 1915, two Americans lost their lives at sea as the result of a German submarine attack on another passenger ship, the Arabic. This time, Wilson's note of protest prevailed upon the German government to pledge that no other unarmed passenger ships would be sunk without warning (that is, without time being allowed for passengers to get into lifeboats). Germany kept its word until March 1916 when a German torpedo struck an unarmed merchant ship, the Sussex, injuring several American passengers. Wilson threatened to cut off U.S. diplomatic relations with Germany—a step preparatory to war. Once again, rather than risk U.S. entry into the war on the British side, Germany backed down. Its reply to the president, known as the Sussex pledge, promised not to sink merchant or passenger ships without giving due warning. For the remainder of 1916, Germany was true to its word.
March on Washington (1963)
In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.
Foreign Miners Tax of 1850
In California, hostility to foreigners took the form of this tax of $20 a month on all foreign-born miners.
Constitutional convention
In England, a meeting, usually of the houses of Parliament to address an emergency, such as the flight of James II to France in 1688. The convention welcomed William and Mary, who then restored the traditional parliamentary system. In the United States by the 1780's conventions had become the purest expression of the popular will, superior to the legislature, as in the convention that drafted the Massachusetts constitution of 1780.
Sandanistas
In Nicaragua; they were gorilla fighters and wanted to get rid of old dictator and put in Daniel Ortega
Tripartite Pact / Axis Powers (1936; Germany, Japan, Italy)
In World War II, the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan, which had formed an alliance in 1936
assembly line
In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.
Although the North American colonies were different from each other around 1700, they shared some important common features. Name 2-3
In all the colonies only white, male landowners could participate in any type of voting, and both the northern colonies and the southern colonies had royal governors, appointed by the king.
"policy of concentration" / reservations
In the 1830s, President Andrew Jackson's policy of removing eastern Native Americans to the West was based on the belief that lands west of the Mississippi would permanently remain "Indian country." This expectation soon proved false, as wagon trains rolled westward on the Oregon Trail, and plans were made for building a transcontinental railroad. The federal government began to assign the plains tribes large tracts of land - or reservations - with definite boundaries.
"King Caucus"
In the past, before the Jacksonian era, it had been common for candidates for office to be nominated either by state legislatures or by "King Caucus" which was a closed-door meeting of a political party's leaders in Congress. It gave the common people no opportunity to participate.
Election of 1916
In this election, main concern of voters was whether or not the United States would become involved in World War I. Supreme Court Justice Charles E. Hughes and President Woodrow Wilson ran against each other. Wilson won by an extremely shallow margin, running the campaign slogan "He Kept Us Out Of War"
Identify 2-3 developments that began to erode the ideal of separate spheres during the period 1880-1920.
Increased demand for clerical workers brought women into typically male dominated professions.
Booker T. Washington
Influential African American during this period. Was born a slave. Was determined to get an education as a kid and rose to the top on his own accord. He founded Tuskegee university for blacks. Washington believed that the best interests of black people in the post-Reconstruction era could be realized through education in the crafts and industrial skills and the cultivation of the virtues of patience, enterprise, and thrift. He believed in rising to the same level as whites on their own and then that would be the end of segregation and mistreatment. Separatist.
Fourteen Points (Jan 1918)
Introduced by Wilson in 1918. It was Wilson's peace plan. Each of the points was designed to prevent future wars. He compromised each point at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. The only point that remained was the 14th (League of Nations). Each one was appealing to a specific group in the war and each one held a specific purpose. The points called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.
Deism
It is the idea that God created the world, he exists but he no longer engages in the human world/ events and society. This is also thought of as God the watchmaker because the universe was built as a watch, he constructed it, wound it up and then let it go. This idea changes things because before people would be good so they could go to heaven and not hell in their afterlife. Now, this idea says that you have a predetermined destiny and nothing you do while your living in this life can change that. This was also bad for kings because they no longer have the authority to claim "divine right". The people are the ones with authority and they will decide what happens. This is the start of the phrase we the people comes from. If you think something is wrong, you don't pray for a change, you go and change it yourself. Belief in God based on the application of reason and natural law "God exists as the Creator but has left nature and nature's laws to run the earth.
Food Administration / Hoover
It was a government organization created to stir up a patriotic spirit which encouraged people to voluntarily sacrifice some of their own goods for the war. It helped the war effort by helping create a food surplus to feed America and its allies.
Married Women's Property Act (1860)
It was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that significantly altered English law regarding the property rights granted to married women, allowing them to own and control their own property.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
It was the treaty negotiated between Mexico and the United States during the Mexican War and signed on February 2, 1848. In an attempt to secure territorial gains by the end of the war, President James Polk sent chief clerk of the State Department, Nicholas P. Trist, to negotiate a treaty with Mexican dictator Santa Anna. The terms of this treaty confirmed the American title to Texas and yielded the enormous area stretching westward to Oregon and the Pacific Ocean (this area was called the Mexican Cession, a territory that included the coveted California). This treaty had Mexico to cede about half of its land to the United States, but America agreed to pay $15 million for the territory and to assume the claims of its citizens against Mexico for $3.25 million.
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Jackson thought that the most humane solution for the impatient citizens who wanted NA land was to compel the NAs to leave their traditional homelands and resettle west of the Mississippi. The law forced the resettlement of many thousands of NAs.
Bank War
Jackson vetoed the Bank of the United States because he sees it as unconstitutional.
John C. Calhoun
Jackson's vice president who has to resign after Jackson tried to force the cabinet wives to accept his wife socially. Most of the cabinet also resigned.
"gentlemen's Agreement" (1906)
Japan was upset about American xenophobia towards Japanese immigrants, so US and japan made an informal agreement that japan would restrict emigration from japan, if the fed govt made CALI repeal its discriminatory laws.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Jefferson was really annoyed with the federal court system because it catered to federalist beliefs, therefore instructed his secretary treasurer to not pay any of the federal judges their commissions. Judge Marbury heard about this and sued Jefferson. John Marshall (a federalist), supreme court justice, took the case and originally said that by the Judiciary Act of 1789, Marbury should receive his commission. After reviewing the judiciary act, he decided it was unconstitutional therefore Marbury lost the case, losing what would have been a small federalist victory. He revised the judiciary act in 1801, which included the supreme court's ability of judicial review.
"Jim Crow" laws
Jim Crow laws were segregation laws adopted by southern states. Laws required segregated washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, and other facilities in virtually all public places.
What was the first contested, partisan election in American history? Who ran against whom?
John Adams (F) ran against Thomas Pickney (DR). John Adams won and Thomas Jefferson became VP because people found out about Pickney's attempt at cheating and bribery.
John Brown's Raid (Harper's Ferry)
John Brown was a militant abolitionist that took radical extremes to make his views clear. In May of 1856, Brown led a group of his followers to Pottawattamie Creek and launched a bloody attack against pro-slavery men killing five people. John Brown of Kansas attempted to create a major revolt among the slaves. He wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves with arms from the North, but he failed to get the slaves organized. Brown was captured. The effects of Harper's Ferry Raid were as such: the South saw the act as one of treason and were encouraged to separate from the North, and Brown became a martyr to the northern abolitionist cause. This began violent retaliation against Brown and his followers. This violent attack against slavery helped give Kansas its nick name, "bleeding Kansas". Harpers ferry = site of john brown's 1859 raid on a US armory and arsenal for the manufacture and storage of military rifles. The northerners sympathized with brown which enraged the south and was one of the leading causes of succession. The south is freaked out because they now fear northerners and slaves
John Smith & John Rolf
John Smith lead Virginia to profitability by starting the planting of tobacco. John Rolfe married Pocahontas, Powhattan's daughter, in order to insure peace between the settlers and the Native Americans and together they developed a new variety of tobacco that became very popular in Europe.
Potsdam
July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.
Panic of 1837
Just as Van Buren took office; the country suffered a financial panic as one bank after another closed its doors. Jackson's opposition to the rechartering of the Bank of the US was only one of many causes of the panic and resulting economic depression. The Whigs were quick to blame the Democrats for their laissez-faire economic, which allowed for little federal involvement in the economy.
"X" article
Kennan's "firm policy of containment , designed to confront the Russians with unalterable counterforce at every point where they show signs of enroaching upon the interests of a peaceful and stable world"; argued that internal weakness would eventually cause Soviet collapse if they were able to be contained
King Cotton
King Cotton was a slogan used by southerners (1860-61) to support secession from the United States by arguing cotton exports would make an independent Confederacy economically prosperous, and—more important—would force Great Britain and France to support the Confederacy in the Civil War because their industrial economy depended on cotton textiles.
Rosenberg case
Klaus Fuchs, a British scientist, who had worked on the Manhattan Project, admitted giving A-bomb secrets to the Russians. An FBI investigation traced another spy ring to Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. After a controversal trial in 1951, the Rosenbergs were found guilty of treason and executed for the crime in 1953.
American Federation of Labor (1886-present) / Samuel Gompers
Largest union of the time, advocated for simply higher wages, and better working conditions.
National Farmers' Alliance
Late-nineteenth century groups that worked to improve the condition of farmers in the West and the South
Espionage, Sabotage & Sedition Acts (1917/1918)
Laws passed in 1917 that gave the federal government sweeping powers to silence and even imprison dissenters. An amendment to the Espionage act of 1917 passed at the urging of President Wilson who was concerned that dissent, in time of war, was a significant threat to moral. The passing of this act forbade Americans to use "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, flag, or armed forces during war.
Personal liberty laws
Laws the forbade state officials to assist in the capture and return of runaways.
Eugene V. Debs
Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.
Emilio Aguinaldo
Leader of the Filipino rebellion (guerilla warfare), after fighting alongside American troops against spain.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott
Leaders of the feminist movement and contributors to the Declaration of Sentiments.
Election of 1860
Lincoln won as the republican candidate (first republican candidate to have won election). The Democrats were too sectionalized between the north and the south and split their vote, loosing in the presidential election.
38th Parallel
Line that divided Korea - Soviet Union occupied the north and United States occupied the south, during the Cold War.
Identify and briefly explain (in your own words) 4 major ways the colonies increasingly differed from England as this period (1700-1775) progressed.
Local government - town meetings Social structure - there was more poverty Life expectancy - England 55 and New England was 70 there was no hereditary aristocracy, no nobility representative govt religious freedom ability for social upward mobility
Platt Amendment (1901)
Made US withdrawal of troops dependent on cuba doing 1) never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence, 2) never build up an excessive public debt, 3) to permit the US to intervene in cuba's affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order, 4) to allow the US to maintain naval bases in cuba including one at Guantanamo bay.
"Lost Generation"
Made famous by Gertrude Stein about the writers who had returned from WWI very disillutioned with society and the world.
Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
Madison's attempt to fix the US economy after the Embargo Act fiasco but still try to gain respect from Britain and France for the neutral nations. It stated that foreign trade was legal except with Britain and France.
Quakers
Members of the Religious Society of Friends. Believed in equality of all men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service
Clubwomen
Members of women's clubs focused on self help, education, domestic skills, moral teaching, they embraced social reform. Clubwomen were usually very active in educating girls, and building educational facilities for them.
Define mercantilism in your own words. Include an explanation of the logic and ideas behind Mercantilism and how the English, specifically intended to put the idea into practice.
Mercantilism is the economic theory that colonial trade generates wealth and prosperity for the economic and military stimulation of the parent country. The English put mercantilism into practice by implementing a series of Navigation Acts (1650-1673), which established three rules for colonial trade. These rules were that trade could only be carried by English or colonial built ships, all good that were imported inot the colonies had to first pass through the English ports, and that only specified goods could be traded with England only.
chain migration
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.
Dien Bien Phu (1954)
Military engagement in French colonial Vietnam in which French forces were defeated by Viet Minh nationalists loyal to Ho Chi Minh. With this loss, the French ended their colonial involvement in Indochina, paving the way for America's entry. Signed the Geneva Accord that agreed to remove troops from Vietnam and temporarily divide Vietnam along the 17th parallel.
Missouri Compromise
Missouri wanted to come in as a new state to the US; however, this caused many issues. The North had been alarmed because slavery had been well established there. If Missouri came in as a slave state it would tip the political balance in the South's favor. Henry Clay then created a proposal for a compromise that won the majority of support: (1) Missouri would be admitted as a slaveholding state (2) Maine was to be admitted as a free state (3) In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of the latitude 36° 30', slavery was prohibited. Both houses passed the compromise.
Rush Limbaugh
Most influential talk radio personality and conservative political commentator; 80s: launched his politically oriented talk show; '87: FCC repealed Fairness Doctrine, could focus on his one sided politics; most widely listened to person on radio, 650 radio stations, "dittoheads" listeners, most powerful voice in the Republican Party
Roughly how many northerners supported abolitionism and why did they support it?
Most northerners supported abolitionism because the emancipation of slaves would weaken the southern economy
preservation / conservation
Movement that called for managing the environment to ensure the careful and efficient use of nations' natural resources.
Sacco & Vanzetti
Murder trial in Massachusetts (1920-1927); two anarchist Italian immigrants put on trial for the robbery and murder of a paymaster and a guard at a shoe factory, found guilty, and sentenced to death after attempts at retrial failed
Which New Deal programs or laws helped workers
NIRA- National Industrial Recovery Act ~ Created NRA to enforce codes of fair competition, minimum wages, and to permit collective bargaining of workers. NLRB- Wagner Act ~ Allowed workers to join unions and outlawed union-busting tactics by management.
greenbacks
Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)
Nat Turner
Nathaniel "Nat" Turner (October 2, 1800 - November 11, 1831) was an African American slave who led a slave rebellion in Virginia on August 21, 1831 that resulted in 60 white deaths. Whites responded with at least 200 black deaths.[2] He gathered supporters in Southampton County, Virginia. Turner was convicted, sentenced to death, and hanged. In the aftermath, the state executed 56 blacks accused of being part of Turner's slave rebellion. Two hundred blacks were also killed after being beaten by white militias and mobs reacting with violence.[3] Across Virginia and other southern states, state legislators passed new laws prohibiting education of slaves and free blacks, restricting rights of assembly and other civil rights for free blacks, and requiring white ministers to be present at black worship services.
assumption of war debt
National Bank agreed to pay for all revolutionary war debts. Part of Hamilton's Financial Plan: 1) Pay off the national debt at face value and have the federal gov't assume the war debts of states 2) Protect the young nation's "infant" (new and developing) industries and collect adequate revenues at the same time by imposing high tariffs on imported goods 3) Create a national bank for depositing gov't funds and for printing banknotes that would provide the basis for a stable US currency. The Anti-Federalists were opponents of Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan
NIRA / NRA (National Industrial Relations Act / National Recovery Agency) (1933)
National Recovery Administration. Headed by Hugh Johnson. allowed industries to create "codes of fair competition," which were intended to reduce "destructive competition" and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours. It also allowed industry heads to collectively set minimum prices
Know-Nothing Party (American Party)
Nativist hostility to these newcomers led to the formation of the American party or the KNP bc they often responded to political questions with "I know nothing" they drew support away from the whigs at a time when the party was reeling from its defeat in 1852 election. Their burning issue was opposition to catholics and immigrants who in the 1840s and 1850s were entering northern cities in large numbers
Alfred T. Mahan (Mahanism)
Navy captain, wrote a book, "the influence of sea power upon history" in which he argued that a strong navy was crucial to a country's ambitions of securing foreign markets and becoming a world power.
By the early 1700s, 12 of the original English colonies in North America had been roughly formed (The last, 13th colony of Georgia was established in the 1730s.) Those 12 colonies were: Massachusetts, Virginia, Connecticut, Maryland, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, New Hampshire, South Carolina, and North Carolina. To which larger region did each of the following colonies belong? (Feel free to use abbreviations.)
New England- MA, NH, MA, CT, RI Mid-Atlantic- NY, PA, NJ, DE Chesapeake- VA, MD Lower South- NC, SC
Liberty Party
New York businessmen Arthur and Lewis Tappan organized this political party after they broke with William Lloyd Garrison over issues of abolitionists' involvement in politics and the role of women in the movement. The party nominated James Birney for president in 1840 and 1844, but he garnered few votes. Split Whig (Henry Clay)'s vote.
"trust-buster"
Nickname given to Roosevelt for 'busting' the Northern securities company, a monopoly that controlled the railroads from Chicago to Washington.
"bully pulpit"
Nickname that TR gave to the power of the presidency, the presidency's name
Lend-Lease (1941-1945)
On 11th March 1941, Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act. The legislation gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt the powers to sell, transfer, exchange, lend equipment to any country to help it defend itself against the Axis powers.
Monroe Doctrine
On Dec. 2, 1823, President Monroe inserted into his annual message to Congress a declaration of US policy towards Europe and Latin America. Said that the rights and interests of the US are involved in the American continents by the free independent condition in which they have assumed and maintain, are
NATO (1949)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
Korean War (1950-53)
North Korea invaded S Korea; US and UN troops fight back; China enters the war; after 4 Million dead, the boundary line between N and S is still at the 38th Parallel.
Immigration Restriction of 1917
On February 5, 1917, the United States Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1917 (also known as the Asiatic Barred Zone Act) with an overwhelming majority, overriding President Woodrow Wilson's December 14, 1916, veto. This act added to the number of undesirables banned from entering the country, including but not limited to "homosexuals", "idiots", "feeble-minded persons", "criminals", "epileptics", "insane persons", alcoholics, "professional beggars", all persons "mentally or physically defective", polygamists, and anarchists. Furthermore, it barred all immigrants over the age of sixteen who were illiterate. The most controversial part of the law was the section that designated an "Asiatic Barred Zone", a region that included much of Asia and the Pacific Islands from which people could not immigrate. Previously, only the Chinese had been excluded from admission to the country. Attempts at introducing literacy tests were previously vetoed by Grover Cleveland in 1897 and William Taft in 1913. Wilson also objected to this clause in the Immigration Act, but it was still passed by Congress on the fourth attempt.
Cheyenne
One of the nomadic tribes that was forced to move, that were forced to restrict their movement to the reservations and continued to follow the migrating buffalo wherever they roamed.
Fort Sumter
One of two forts in the south that were held by federal troops in South Carolina were cut off from vital supplies and reinforcements by southern control of the harbor. Lincoln announced that he was sending provisions of food to the small federal garrison. He thus gave South Carolina the choice of either permitting the fort to hold out or opening fire with its shore batteries. Southern guns thundered their reply and thus, the war began. The attack on Fort Sumter and its capture after two days of incessant pounding united most northerners behind a patriotic fight to save the Union.
NAACP / Niagara Movement
Organization that launched in 1910 to fight racial discrimination and prejudice and to promote civil rights for blacks.
Keating-Owen Act (1916)
Outlawed child labor
List 2-3 major factors or characteristics that made the new state governments and their constitutions different, even unique, compared to governments in England and the rest of the world.
Parliament vs democracy Royal power vs separation of church and state Everyone is created equal vs aristocracy
National Security Act (1947)
Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.
Peace Democrats / "Copperheads"
Peace democrats and copperheads opposed the Civil war and wanted a negotiated peace.
Camp David Accords (1978)
Peace treaty between Egypt and Israel; hosted by US President Jimmy Carter; caused Egypt to be expelled from the Arab league; created a power vacuum that Saddam hoped to fill; first treaty of its kind between Israel and an Arab state
Pequot War (1630s)
Pequot tribes had an unsteady relationship with the colonists for many years, creating peace with them by having the first thanksgiving, but was later lost when the NAs wanted to reclaim their frontiers. Colonists not wanting to give up their land began attacking Pequot tribe villages, overall annihilating the Pequot, pushing them westward.
Market Revolution, 1800-1860 (main components or characterizations)
Period of 1850-1860 characterized by big economic changes and commercial explosion driven by technology advancements in transportation and industry. Produced commercial agriculture, urbanization, a specialized labor force, and technological innovation in the north. ~Commercialization of northern family farm created a rural demand for credit banking facilities, farm tools, clothing and other consumer goods, fueling a revolution in commerce, finance, and industry
American-Filipino War (1899-1902)
Phillippines mad that their opportunity for independence from spain was taken by America. Like a rebellion... ended in 1902.
Australian ballot
Practice that required citizens to vote in private rather than in public, and required the government (rather than the parties) to supervise the voting process.
vertical integration
Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution
In what major ways did Bill Clinton's approach to the problem of terrorism differ from than of George W. Bush?
President Bill Clinton preferred reading detailed intelligence memos, which he marked up with notes and comments in order to receive written responses. President Bush sought early-morning, face-to-face briefings from CIA Director George J. Tenet. And Clinton tried to draw attention to the threat of terrorism by frequently mentioning it in speeches, but top aides would spend weeks or months arguing over the fine points in action memorandums -- which Clinton would tinker with before signing them. Bush was tired of "swatting flies" and wanted dramatic results, bristling at the tedium of interagency coordination. He saw little need for formal meetings, instead communicating with top officials via national security adviser Condoleezza Rice.
"New Look"
President Eisenhower's defense policy, which stressed reliance on nuclear weapons as an alternative to conventional ground forces in an effort to balance the budget while maintaining US military superiority
modern /moderate Republicanism
President Eisenhower's views. Claiming he was liberal toward people but conservative about spending money, he helped balance the federal budget and lower taxes without destroying existing social programs.
mass production
Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply
mass distribution
Products are made available to as many consumers as possible through a variety of retail outlets, including supermarkets, convenience stores, and mass merchandisers ro discount stores.
"Urban renewal" / "Urban removal"
Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.
Robert "Fighting Bob" LaFollette
Progressivist who won governor in Wisconsin, and actively worked against republican corruption.
18th Amendment (ratified 1919)
Prohibited the non-medical sale of alcohol. The midpoint of growing drive towards women's rights and showing moral attitude of the era
What were the U.S.A.'s main aims in China, and Asia in general, during this period (1898 to 1914)? Did it achieve its aims?
Promote democracy Scare/gain their respect Root-Takahira agreement
yellow journalism / yellow press
Promoted 'war fever' in the US by publishing exaggerated and false accounts of Spanish atrocities in cuba.
direct tax of 1798
Property tax for the ppl that owned property and it was part of the newly formed nation state had the power of taxation of the purposes of war under the Constitution, power of the federal gov't to prepare for war against France even though it didn't happen
Identify and briefly explain at least 3 things President Herbert Hoover did to try to address the Great Depression. Would you describe him as "conservative"?
RFC - put aside 2 billion dollars in loans - government will give companies loans - companies had to pay back ~ people did not trust banks Smoot-Hawley tariff Bonus Army He was conservative because he felt the government should have less involvement in business and people's economic situations.
SDI
Reagan's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (1983), also known as "Star Wars," called for a land- or space-based shield against a nuclear attack. Although SDI was criticized as unfeasible and in violation of the Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, Congress approved billions of dollars for development.
Election of 1896
Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans.Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff, were crucial.
Teller Amendment (1898)
Responding to the presidents war message, congressed passed a joint resolution authorizing war. The teller amendment stated that the US had no intention of taking political control of cuba and that, once peace was restored to the island, the Cuban people would control their own government.
Charter colony
Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts Bay were charter colonies. In a charter colony, the King granted a charter to the colonial government establishing the rules under which the colony was to be governed
Identify and briefly explain 2-3 ways in which Roosevelt's approach to diplomacy differed from Wilson's.
Roosevelt believed in big stick diplomacy while Wilson was focused on moral diplomacy Wilson wanted to influence and control foreign nations and events through the exercise of economic power Big stick= foreign policy that made negotiations with diplomatic grace backed by the possible threat of military
Panama Canal
Roosevelt supports a revolt against the Colombian rule of panama in order to build a canal there (which the Colombian theocracy wouldn't allow).
fireside chats
Roosevelt used radio as a new political tool. Delivered these to the nation, explaining his policies and plans in a conversational, easily understood manner, and projecting his personality into millions of homes
Good Neighbor Policy
Roosevelt withdrew the remaining symbols of his country's dominance, those troops stalking the streets of small countries to the South, and resisted temptation in Mexico. In return, much of Latin America followed Washington's careful steps toward war in the early 1940s
New Deal
Roosevelt's program for relief, recovery, and reform that creates modern welfare state
"New Nationalism"
Roosevelt's reform program between 1910 and 1912, which called for establishing a strong federal government to regulate corporations, stabilize the economy, protect the weak, and restore social harmony.
William Howard Taft
Roosevelts successor as president who tried but failed to mediate between reformers and conservatives in the republican party.
Henry George, Progress and Poverty
Said that poverty was the inevitable side-effect of progress.
Wagner Act / NLRA / NLRB (1935) (National Labor Relations Act / National Labor Relations Board)
Same as the National Labor Relations Act (1935) and set up the National Labor Relations Board and reasserted the right of labor to engage in self-organization and to bargain collectively. The NLRB was a established could supervise elections among workers, certify duly elected unions as bargaining agents, and collect data on management's unfair labor practices, including refusal to bargain
Washington Conference (1921-1922)
Secretary of State Charles Huges initiated talks on naval disarment, hoping to stabilize the size of the U.S. Navy relative to that of other powers and to resolve conflicts in the pacific. There were three agrements made, the five power treaty, where the nations with the 5 largest navies agreed to keep a certain ratio with their largest warships, the four power treaty oh wow! good work!
John Hay
Secretary of State that negotiated the Open Door Policy to attempt to preserve Chinese independence and protect American interests in China
William Seward
Secretary of state during Lincoln's presidency who was wounded by a coconspirator of John Wilkes Booth in an attempted assassination when Lincoln was assassined
SEC / Securities and Exchange Commission (1933)
Securities and Exchange Commission. Established to regulate the trading of stocks and bonds and to discourage the manipulation of values or over speculation
Senator Stephen Douglas
Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act and the Freeport Doctrine
Destroyers-for-Bases deal (1940)
Sept. 1940- British gives US 8 base sites from Newfoundland to S. America; US trades destroyers
Dorothea Dix
She tried to get people who had mental problems out of prison and into facilities.
Social Darwinism
Similar to survival of the fittest, this states that concentration of wealth in the hands of the fit was a benefit to the future of the human race.
Quartering Act (first Quartering Act, 1765)
Sir Thomas Gage asked for authority to quarter soldiers in private homes with supplies, required to quarter in public buildings
"Double V" Campaign
Slogan for African Americans--Encouraged victory over fascism abroad and victory for equality at home
What personal vices (or, immoral personal behavior) did evangelical reformers target for change?
Social reform (prostitution) and the temperance movement
Nullification Crisis (1832)
South Carolina wanted to nullify the Tariff of 1828 and the tariff of 1832 during a convention. The convention passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs within the state. Jackson told the secretary of war to prepare for military action and persuaded congress to pass a Force bill giving the president the authority to take military action in SC. The president created a proclamation saying that nullification and disunion were treason. Federal troops did not march in this crisis and instead Jackson created a compromise with SC.
Tariff of 1832
South Carolina wanted to nullify this tariff during a convention. It was a protectionist tariff in the United States. It was largely written by former President John Quincy Adams, who had been elected to the House of Representatives and appointed chairman of the Committee on Manufactures. It reduced the existing tariffs to remedy the conflict created by the tariff of 1828, but it was still deemed unsatisfactory by some in the South, especially in South Carolina. South Carolinian opposition to this tariff and its predecessor, the Tariff of Abominations, caused the Nullification Crisis. As a result of this crisis, the 1832 Tariff was replaced by the Compromise Tariff of 1833.
During the 1840s and 1850s, some white leaders in the South argued that the South needed more economic development—especially banks, railroads, textile mills, etc.—and other insisted that it didn't. What arguments did each group make, for and against economic development?
South relies on north economically bc the north has processing that is needed to make southern goods valuable South has to import - reliant
American Colonization Society
Southern Society who came together with common goal of sending African American slaves back to Africa where they thought that they belonged
How did John Brown's Raid on the Harper's Ferry arsenal heighten sectional tensions?
Southerners fear northerners way more and northerners start to have empathy for john brown and other African Americans
"New South" / Henry Grady
Southerners promotes a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalistic values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Chief among them was Henry Grady, editor of the Atlanta Constitution, spread the word in his opionated newspaper articles that argued fo economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism. Local governments helped spur growth by offering tax exemptions and attract investors to start new industries. Cheap (low-wage) labor and no unions were another incentive for businesses to locate in the New South. However much of the south was still in agriculture and poverty. The industrial work (mostly poor whites) paid cheap and was a hard life and the South's late industrial start (compared to the rest of the country) and their uneducated workforce didn't help the situational poverty. Meanwhile many southerners were still poor farmers or sharecroppers. The lack of education compared to the North and West cut off the southern workforce from economic opportunities in the late nineteenth century.
black nationalism
Spurred by Malclom X and other black leaders, a call for black pride and advancement without the help of whites; this appeared to be a repudiation of the calss for the peaceful integration urged by MLK.
Haymarket Square Riot (1886)
Started as a strike for the 8hr work day, but violence broke out, and someone (maybe an anarchist) threw a bomb at the police. This sign of violence (which many attributed to the unions) turned many Americans against the unions.
Great Migration
Starts in World War I; Movement of moving African Americans from the lower, rural South to the urban industrial North
Who were the four major candidates in the presidential election of 1860, what were their parties, and who supported each of them?
Stephen Douglas was the northern democrats candidate John C Breckinridge was the southern democrats candidate Lincoln was the Republican candidate A group of former Whigs, Know-Nothings, and moderate Democrats formed a new party: The Constitutional Union party. They nominated John bell of Tennessee
GM Sit-down Strike (UAW) of 1936
Strike against General Motors (also known as the General Motors Sit-Down Strike, the Great GM Sit- Down Strike, and other variants) changed the United Automobile Workers (UAW) from a collection of isolated local son the fringes of the industry into a major labor union and led to the unionization of the domestic United States automobile industry.
2nd Ku Klux Klan
Strong in the midwest and the south and targeted not only the blacks, but also Catholics, Jews, foreigners, and suspected Communists. The new KKK was even bigger and more open then the first.
Identify 2-3 of the main issues at stake in the Lincoln-Douglass debates (during their Senate race of 1858 in Illinois).
Succession and whether the country should be all slaves or half and half Slavery Immediate versus slow ceasing Social Equality
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
Supported by Roosevelt, protected the public from fraudulently marketed foods and medications.
"grandfather clauses"
Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law requiring "separate but equal accommodations" for white and black passengers on railroads. Court ruled that the Louisiana law did not violate the 14th amendment's guarantees "equal protection under the laws."
International Social Darwinism
Survival of the fittest, applied to nations. This meant that the US had to be strong religiously, militarily and politically, and thus had to acquire land overseas- related to manifest destiny.
Rhode Island system
System that occurred mostly in NE when mill owners built whole villages surrounded by company owned farm lands that they rented to the husbands and fathers of their mill workers (most children in the factories and women who wove yarn into cloth in their homes). The workplace was closely supervised; drinking and other troublesome practices were forbidden in the villages. Fathers and older sons either worked on rented farms or as laborers in mills.
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Tarriff supported by taft in the hopes that a tariff reduction would make foreign goods competitive in America, and thereby lower prices on consumer goods. Taft used is power to pass it, and included a 2% corporate income tax. The bill was a failure, didn't encourage foreign imports.
protective tariffs
Taxes on products imported from other nations. Benefited the North because it allowed businesses to compete. The South did not like this because it was taxed on the goods it was buying.
"birds of passage"
Temporary migrants who came to the United States to work and save money then returned home to their native countries during slack season. World War I interrupted the practice, trapping thousands of migrant workers in the United States.
TVA / Tennessee Valley Authority (1933)
Tennessee Valley Authority. Created in 1933. An independent public corporation with the authority to build dams and power plants, to produce and sell electric power and nitrogen fertilizers, and to sell explosives to the federal government. This also was to provide a yardstick for judging the rates charged by privately owned utilities. Its planners had larger ambitions to further the entire social and economic well-being of the region through erosion and flood control, land reclamation, reforestation, recreational development, and the encouragement of mixed industry.
Chronologically, roughly when did American settlers begin to move to and settle in... [identify a decade, e.g., 1840s]
Texas 1820s/1830s Oregon - 1840's - Oregon Fever California - Late 1840's - Gold Rush Utah -
Nueces River & Rio Grande River
Texas claimed its southern border was the Rio Grande; Mexico wanted the border drawn at the Nueces River, about 100 miles North of the Rio Grande. U.S. and Mexico agreed not to send troops into the disputed territory between the two rivers, but President Polk later reneged on the agreement.
"massive retaliation"
The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.
In what ways were human civilizations in North and South America as old, complex, and diverse as in Europe (and other parts of the world) before 1492?
The Aztecs had a capital as large as most Europeans, had complex irrigation systems, permanent settlements, and accurate calendars.
Haitian Revolution
The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) was a slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which culminated in the elimination of slavery there and the founding of the Republic of Haiti. The Haitian Revolution was the only slave revolt which led to the founding of a state. Furthermore, it is generally considered the most successful slave rebellion ever to have occurred and as a defining moment in the histories of both Europe and the Americas.
David Reisman, The Lonely Crowd (1950)
The Lonely Crowd, a sociological study of modern conformity, which postulates the existence of the "inner-directed" and "other-directed" personalities. How the increasing power of corporate and government organizations influenced national character. He produced a literate and daringly speculative book, altogether different from the narrow and nervously guarded assemblies of statistical data that often make sociology a synonym for dreariness.
Mexican War, 1846-1847
The Mexican-American War was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory despite the 1836 Texas Revolution. Territorial expansion of the United States to the Pacific coast was the goal of President James K. Polk, the leader of the Democratic Party. However, the war was highly controversial in the U.S., with the Whig Party and anti-slavery elements strongly opposed. The major consequence of the war was the forced Mexican Cession of the territories of Alta California and New Mexico to the United States in exchange for $18 million. Mexico accepted the Rio Grande as its national border, and the loss of Texas.
Grange / granger laws
The National Grange Movement was originally a movement for social and educational organization for farmers and their families. By the 1870s the movement grew to the Midwest, the south and the west coast and members morphed it into economic and political ventures to defend famer members against middlemen, trusts, and railroads that would often take advantage of the helpless illiterate farmers. They established cooperatives, businesses owned and run by farmers to save the costs and debts of borrowing from middlemen. They successfully lobbied state legislatures to pass laws regulating the rate charged by railed and elevators. Munn v. Illinois.
Identify and briefly explain at least 2-3 components of the "New South ideology."
The New South was a vision for a new self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth and improved transportation. To get the movement in motion some local governments offered tax exemptions to attract investors to start new industries. Cheap (low-wage) labor was another incentive for businesses to locate in the New South. The South already had new industries like the steel, lumber and the recovering tobacco crops. Hub cities like Memphis and Richmond developed. Cheap labor in textiles (cotton). New railroads gave a boost from 1865-1900.
Frederick Jackson Turner / "Turner Thesis" or "frontier thesis"
The Oklahoma Territory was thrown open for settlement in 1889 (although it was set aside for Native Americans), and hundreds of prospective homesteaders took part in the last great land rush in the West. Historian Fredrick Jackson Turner wrote an essay arguing that 300 years of frontier experience had played a fundamental role in the shaping the unique character of American society. His thesis states that the frontier experience had promoted a habit of independence and individualism. The frontier acted as a social leveler, breaking down class distinctions and thus fostering social and political democracy. The challenges of the frontier life caused Americans to be inventive and practical-minded - but also wasteful in their attitude toward natural resources.
Ostend Manifesto
The Ostend Manifesto took place in 1854. A group of southerners met with Spanish officials in Belgium to attempt to get more slave territory. They felt this would balance out congress. They tried to buy Cuba but the Spanish would not sell it. Southerners wanted to take it by force and the northerners were outraged by this thought. Basically the attempt to acquire Cuba.
What did the U.S.A. get from Spain in return for $20 million at the 1898 Treaty of Paris?
The Philippines
Identify and briefly explain 2-3 that FDR tried to address the nation's economic problems through foreign policy measures or actions.
The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, which allowed him to grant "most favored nation" trade status to countries with which the United States worked out trade agreements and the Good Neighbor Policy.
Homestead Act (1862)
The Republicans passed an ambitious economic program that included not only a national banking system but also other acts. This act promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to whatever person or family would farm that land for at leas five years.
Selective Service Act (1917)
The Selective Service Act instituted conscription to build up US military forces after it was realized that the military was not able to effectively fight in WWI without many more soldiers. Passed in May 1917, the act required all men aged 21-30 to register for military duty.
Lakota (Sioux)
The Souix war in 1866 the tables were turned when the Souix warriors wiped out Fetterman's militia. Following these wars were a bunch of treaties attempted to isolate the Native Americans of the Plains on smaller reservations with promises of government support to be provided by federal agents. However, gold miners refused to stay off Native Americans lands if gold was discovered on them. The treaties became void and tribes attempted to return to their ancestral lands. The conflicts rose up again in 1870s in the Second Souix led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. Before they were the defeated the Souix had their last big victory when they destroyed Colonel Custer's command at Little Bighorn in 1876 but by the 1880s the native Americans had lost and were now obliged to obey the US government.
List at least 2 major, national organizations that had split over the issue of slavery by the eve of war in 1860. Why did the Democratic Party split?
The Southern Democrats favored slavery while the northern democratic were opposed to it. The southern states seceded and formed the Confederate State of America while the north stayed known as the Union.
Identify and briefly explain at least 4 causes of the Great Depression.
The Stock Market Crash of 1929, the bank crises when over 9,000 banks failed. Bank deposits were uninsured and thus as banks failed people simply lost their savings. Surviving banks, unsure of the economic situation and concerned for their own survival, stopped being as willing to create new loans. This exacerbated the situation leading to less and less expenditures, the dust bowl, and the speculation of the stock market.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.
National Park Service
The U.S federal agency that manages all national parks, many national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations.
Election of 1948
The U.S. presidential election of 1948 is considered by most historians as the greatest election upset in American history. Virtually every prediction (with or without public opinion polls) indicated that incumbent President Harry S. Truman would be defeated by Republican Thomas Dewey. Truman won, overcoming a three-way split in his own party. Truman's surprise victory was the fifth consecutive win for the Democratic Party in a presidential election. Truman's election confirmed the Democratic Party's status as the nation's majority party, a status they would retain until the 1980's.
Roosevelt Corollary (1904)
The US would intervene in any Monroe doctrine- violating incidents themselves, when necessary.
manumission
The act of freeing a slave, done at the will of the owner
Mayflower Compact
The agreement created and signed on the Mayflower ship by the Pilgrims stating their settlement would have a crude government and follow majority ruling. This compact was signed by 41 adults and later led the settlement to hold town meetings (idea of representative gov.).
Why did the colony at Jamestown fail for the first 4-5 years (give 2-3 reasons)? Why did it eventually succeed (give 1-2 reasons)? [Note: please don't write that the early colonists struggled at Jamestown because they didn't have enough food. That's called "begging the question," and the question you're begging for in that case is "Why didn't they have enough food?
The colony at Jamestown failed for the first years because they were not prepared for the harsh conditions of Virginia. Many of the early men were businessmen or gentlemen who could not farm, and there were little to no women to reproduce and increase population. They eventually succeeded because they learned how to grow tobacco from Pocahontas, John Rolfe, and John Smith which was a popular cash crop.
Powhatan / Powhatan Confederacy
The confederacy of Native Americans in Virginia. The Powhatan Confederacy had many conflicts with the early settlers over land and goods.
Why didn't the Whig Party enact major parts of their program (national bank, internal improvements, etc.) after the first Whig president (William Henry Harrison) was elected?
The congress had a Democratic majority and they blocked all of their programs
range-cattle industry
The construction of railroad opened up the easter markets for cattle. The industry in which people raised masses of cattle to distribute throughout the country; led to heavily extinction of buffalo because there was hardly any grass left to eat. However the industry began to end in the 1880s when overgrazing destroyed the grass and hard winters killed the animals. Black and Mexican cowboys.
"Reaganomics"
The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.
Jackie Robinson
The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.
Jamestown
The first English settlement in North American. It was settled by the Virginia joint-stock company in hopes of discovering gold that was not there.
Toleration Act of 1649 (MD)
The first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians. However the statute also called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus
Lusitania
The first major crisis challenging U.S. neutrality and peace was the torpedoing and sinking of a British passenger liner, the Lusitania, on May 7, 1915. Most of the passengers drowned, including 128 Americans. Wilson responded by sending Germany a strongly worded diplomatic message warning that Germany would be held to "strict accountability" if it continued its policy of sinking unarmed ships. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan objected to this message as too warlike and resigned from the president's cabinet.
traditionalism
The following of longtime practices and opposing many modern technologies and ideas
Cold War
The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another.
graft
The illegal use of political influence for personal gain
Virginia Company
The joint-stock company, chartered by James I, that established the first settlement in Virginia at Jamestown in 1607.
Ghost Dance movement / Wounded Knee
The last effort of Native Americans to resist U.S. domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands came through a religious movement known as the Ghost Movement. Then in December 1890, over 200 Native American men, women, and children were gunned down by the U.S. Army in the "battle" (massacre) of Wounded Knee in the Dakotas. The final tragedy marked the end of the Indian Wars in the crimsoned prairie. This final tragedy marked the end of the Indian Wars on the crimsoned prairie.
Little Big Horn (1876)
The last victory for the Plains Indians in the second War in 1876. They destroyed Colonel Custer's command at Little Big Horn.
Identify and briefly explain 3-4 of the most important changes in America's economy during the 1920s (e.g., changes in production, consumption, sales, etc.)?
The manufacturing process was made more productive or efficiant by the adoption of improved methods of mass production, there was an increased use of oil and electricity in order to power factories and to provide gasoline for the rapidly increasing number of automobiles, and the economy became more consumer oriented, producing goods for the average consumer, not large businesses.
industrial unionism
The movement to form labor organizations that represent every worker in a single industry, regardless of his or her level of skill.
Jazz Age
The new culture of the 1920s, where High school and college youth expressed their rebellion against their elders' culture by dancing to jazz music. Jazz was a symbol of the new and modern culture of the cities.
"Reagan Democrats"
The nickname given to southern and blue-collar workers who began to vote Republicans in 1980 due to their socially conservative values.
Briefly indicate how economic growth in the North and West during the 1840s and 1850s increased sectional divisions (between North and South)?
The north had five times more industrial output per capita than the south and 3 times the railroad capital and mileage per capita. Also, the south relied on the north because even stuff they produced needed to be fixed by the north before being exported. Northern industrialization North and northwest connected by railroads and waterways while south stays isolated Southern agrarianism Reliance on slaves
Briefly indicate two ways that the differences between Northern and Southern literacy rates and educational systems reflect cultural differences (e.g., differences in beliefs, practices, etc.) between the regions?
The north is far more educated, they are able to treat more people equally i.e. not have slaves because they understand the importance of rights and also they have a stronger economy because more people are educated. Northerners are better educated on all of the different ideas out there because they can read newspapers South must hear things through word of mouth, through gossip, through religion, and thus have less to base their opinions on
Prohibition
The outlawing of consumption of alcohol in the US in response to the temperance movement.
"New Lights"
The people who were for the religious change.
First New Deal (1933-1935)
The programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the "3 R's": Relief, Recovery, and Reform. That is Relief for the unemployed and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression
Far West
The region of North America west of the Great Plains. After the Civil War, many Americans began to settle the Far West.
Identify two (2) reasons why the KnowNothing Party faded in strength and the Republican Party eventually gained the support of many Know-Nothing Party's supporters by 1856.
The republicans convinced them that the slaves were a big threat than the pope bc of the bleeding Kansas incidents. Also, banks their champion in the senate was republican A lot of leaders of know nothing party were actually just republicans who wanted to preach anti slavery to nativists Decrease in the conflict that lead to the rise of the know nothing party
New Immigration
The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; betwen 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.
What ended the Great Depression?
The start of WWII ended the Great Depression. Government spending increased
Confederate States of America (C.S.A.)
The states that seceded from the Union formed the Confederate States of America. The constitution of the Confederacy was modeled after the US Constitution, but it provided a nonsuccessive six-year term for president and vice president. The constitution denied the Confederate congress the powers to levy a protective tariff and to appropriate funds for internal improvements, but it did prohibit the foreign slave trade. The Confederacy always faced a serious shortage of money. The congress nationalized the railroads and encouraged industrial development.
insular cases (1901-1904)
The supreme court ruled that constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions and that the power to decide whether or not to grant such rights belonged to congress.
task system
The task system is a reference within slavery to a division of labor established on the plantation. It is the less brutal of the two main types of labor systems. The other form, known as the gang system, was harsher.[1] The difference between the task labor system and the gang labor system was characterized by the amount of work time required by the slave and also the amount of freedom given to the slave. Some plantation owners allowed their slaves to produce goods for sale in task systems.
McCarthyism
The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.
"Great American Desert"
The treeless area in the plains most Americans considered unsuitable for settlement It generally was passed over by settlers going to the Pacific Coast areas.
"conspicuous consumption"
The very wealthy living very luxurious lives.
Gospel of Wealth
The wealthy claiming that their wealth was god-given, because they were such wholesome and holy people, but god expected them to use the wealth to improve the life of society.
'Lowell girls'
The young women who worked in the Waltham system who hoped to get money for either their impoverished farming families or to find a new life and a husband
"strenuous life"
Theodore Roosevelt's phrase for living & working out west
Keynesianism
Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.
Incas / Mayas / Aztecs
Three advanced Native American civilizations in north, south, and Central America.
How did the territory of Kansas end up with two different territorial governments by 1856? Which government was more legitimate (i.e., better reflected the opinions of the territory's residents)? Did Kansas become a slave state under the Lecompton constitution?
There was one constitution that allowed slavery or didn't but the people who already had slaves still had the rights to them, every antislavery boycotted so only ¼ of voters went to the polls and created an anti slavery govt, they submitted both to the govt for referendum The antislavery govt reflected the majority bc the amount of antislavery to proslavery people was 2-1 and only ¼ of citizens voted for the other one In the end, it didn't allow for slavery but it wouldn't come in as a free state for some time Because of the Kansas Nebraska Act, people flooded to Kansas to vote for pro/anti slavery in the state, and when the pro slavery side out numbered, or got more votes illegally, the anti slavery population got pissed and wrote their own state constitution that didn't include slavery and made their own government. It was technically a slave state
Generally speaking, did male settlers greatly outnumber female settlers to the Far West in the 1840s and 1850s, especially outside of California's gold areas? Identify 2-3 of the main roles of women played in migration and settlement.
There were more women than men in the west and their roles were to give birth to and raise as many children as possible, so they can farm, feeding and clothing the family, managing the housework, and feeding the hired hands.
What kinds of women got involved in the push for women's rights and why did they do so?
They are active in many areas but is especially the movement in abolitionist areas where they will be most involved and protest that. Breaking down into separate spheres.
Where did the Dutch colonize and settle in North America? What was their primary motivation? What religious and ethnic features distinguished them from early English colonies in North America?
They settled in New York or then called New Amsterdam wanted to increase trade in order to compete with the English, and they wanted to find a northwest passage. The Europeans were able to conquer so many Native American groups and regions because they had more advanced weapons, the Native Americans were dying from European diseases, and the Native Americans were mostly divided, making it easier to conquer them.
For the most part, which party did the masses of antebellum immigrants support? Why? During the 1840s and 1850s, which parties were most opposed to immigrants?
They supported the democrats and opposed the know nothings Immigrants mostly pro slavery democrats Know nothings were anti immigrant
Identify 4-5 of the major groups (from Europe) that immigrated to the American colonies during the period 1700-1775. Roughly, in what areas of the colonies did they settle?
They tended to settle in the middle colonies (Pennsylvania, New York, New jersey, Maryland and Delaware) and on the western frontier (Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia). Few went to New England. English - Fewer people from came over compared to the other groups because there were not as many problems at home so they did not have a reason. Germans - Settled mostly in farmlands in West Philadelphia, known as Pennsylvania Dutch country. They kept their language, culture and traditions while obeying colonial law, showing little interest in English politics. By 1775 German stock was 6% of the colonial population. Scotch-Irish - They settled along the frontier of the western parts Pennsylvania, Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia. Their ancestors were from Scotland and immigrated to Ireland. They had little respect for the British government because they pressured them into leaving Ireland. By 1775 they comprised 7% of the population. Other Europeans - This included French Protestants (known as Huguenots), the Dutch and the Swedes. By 1775 this group made up 5% of the population of all the colonies.
"Old Lights"
They were freaked out by the fact that people are having these emotional experiences. They wanted their religion to stay as it was and not change during the Enlightenment. They were not in favor of focus of emotions in religion and denounce "fanaticism".
self-emancipation
This is the idea that rather than the slaves being freed by any federal policies or actions, the slaves freed themselves by running away from their owners and in many cases joining the Union army. The idea of self-emancipation, however, is not totally unrelated to government policy. The Emancipation Proclamation and the advancement of the Union army provided incentive to many slaves to flee. The idea behind self-emancipation, is that the slaves had to take seize freedom for themselves.
Patriot Act
This law passed after 9/11 expanded the tools used to fight terrorism and improved communication between law enforcement and intelligence agencies
Northwest Ordinance (1787)
This ordinance established the NW territory between the Ohio River and the Great Lakes. Adopted by the Confederation Congress in 1787, abolished slavery in the territory and provided that it be divided into 3-5 states that would eventually be admitted to the Union as full equals of the original 13.
Salem Witch Trials
Through 1692-1693, various witch trials were held in Salem, Massachusetts. Many had come to believe in the darkness of witchcraft due to the rumors young girls spread of being bewitched by some women in the villages. Mostly widows (and generally women) were accused of witchcraft (refer to After the Fact).
"Great White Fleet" (TR; 1906-1908)
To demonstrate the strong US navy to other powerful nations, Roosevelt sent a fleet of battleships on a around-the-world cruise.
Legal Tender Act (1862)
To finance the Civil war, the federal government authorized the creation of paper money not redeemable in silver or gold through this bill. About $430 million worth of "greenbacks" were put out in circulation, and this money by law had to be accepted for all taxes, debts and other obligations- even those contracted prior to the passage of this act
Pullman Strike (1894)
Train company runner announced a decrease in wages, union workers appealed to the union heads who told railroad workers not to handle any Pullman trains. This stopped railroad traspo cross country. Then Pullman appealed to the govt, and a federal court demanded that they stop their strike and deliver mail. Debs and other union leaders were jailed.
Truman's Loyalty Program
Truman tested for communist alliances within government; government employees prohibited from taking part in remotely-communist activities
religious right
United States political faction that advocates social and political conservativism, school prayer, and federal aid for religious groups and schools
neutrality
US foreign policy from 1914- 1917 that called for staying out of the war, but maintaining normal economic relations with both sides
What factors led the USA to first support, and then join, the side of Britain and France in "the Great War" (WWI)?
Under President Wilson, the US claimed neutrality when war broke out in Europe but found it difficult to maintain US trading rights and a policy that favored neither the Allied Powers nor the Central Powers. Though claiming neutrality, the US faced its first challenged againts Germany when a British liner, the Luistania, was torepedoed killing 128 Americans. The US also had a strong economic link to the Allied Powers ( Britain and France) before the war began, so tere was naturally a subconcious favoring of one side. The Allies also asked for lons from the US, causing the nation's to maintain it's prosperity.
Waltham System (sometimes called the Lowell system)
Usually in the rural areas outside the Boston area. They were mills that were heavily capitalized by the wealthy investors and as fully mechanized as possible; they turned raw cotton into finished cloth and with little need for skilled workers. The operators who tended their machines were young single women recruited from the farms of N NE. The company provided carefully supervised boarding houses for them and enforced rules of conduct both on and off the job (sobriety). The purpose of using young women was to create a textile industry without creating a permanent working class; farm labor would provide protection against the corruption of manufacturing and young women would usually work, get married, and leave.
"Martin Van Ruin"
Van Burren did not do anything as president and ended up causing the country great economic depression, which was really caused by Andrew Jackson cancelling the Bank of the United States.
V-E Day (5/8/45)
Victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered. Was the day the Allies announced Germany's surrender in Europe
V-J Day (8/15/45)
Victory in Japan Day, the day Allies announced Japan's surrender to end WWII
"New Freedom"
Wilson's reform program of 1912 that called for temporarily concentrating government power so as to dismantle the trusts and return America to 19th century conditions of competitive capitalism.
"Holy Experiment"
W. Penn's idea to establish a colony that provided a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself.
According to James McPherson (author of chapter 14), Northern wage laborers were materially better off than southern slaves. Briefly indicate two items of evidence he presents to support that claim.
Wages and opportunities for work were greater in the north Also, average per capita income was about 40% higher in the north than the south 4 million immigrants come to the US between 1845 and 1860 7/8 of immigrants settled in free states
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Wages cut due to economic downturn, workers shut down 2/3 of all railroads in protest.
Iraq War
War between Iraq and Iran that was started in September of 1980 by Saddam Hussein when he decided to invade the country. The primary goal was to seize control over Iran's oil facilities.
U.S.S. Cole attacked (on Yemen's coast)
Warship that had a hole blown in it due to a Islamic terrorist attack associated with Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network in October 2000
bracero program
Wartime agreement between the United States and Mexico to import farm workers to meet a perceived manpower shortage; the agreement was in effect from 1941 to 1947.
Theodore Roosevelt
Was a moderate reformer. Wanted large corporations because he thought they were rising the American standard of living. Thought that the government should regulate the 'industrial giants' and punish those who had used their power improperly. Aimed to strengthen federal govt.
barbed wire
When homesteaders arrived in the Far West they used barbed wire fencing to cut off access to the formerly open range. Joseph Glidden invented this in 1874, which mainly helped farmers to fence in their lands on the lumber-scarce plains.
Nicholas Biddle
Was the National Bank's president and managed it effectively. His arrogance contributed to the suspicion that the bank abused its powers and served the interests of the wealthy. Jackson shares this suspicion and believed that the Bank of the US was unconstitutional.
Little Rock Central High School (1957)
Was the site of forced desegregation in 1957 when the governor of Alabama wouldn't allow the "Little Rock nine" access to the school. President Eisenhower then mobilized the 101st airborne division to force the school to admit the students.
Booker T. Washington / Tuskegee
Washington founded tuskgee as the first all black college to carry out his belief in improvement and African American success through education.
"Robber Barons"
Wealthy business people who obtained their wealth in questionable ways.
Eisenhower's "Termination Policy" (re Native Americans)
When President Eisenhower called for termination of the Indians due to their annual income. About 64 tribes were terminated between 1954 and 1960.
Panic of 1857
When the Crimean war in Europe cut off Russian grain from the European market, US exports mushroomed to meet the deficiency. A sharp rise in interest rates in Britain and france, caused by war, then spreads to US financial markets. The economic boom had caused the economy to overheat, banks had made too many risky loans, in 1857, banks suspended specie payments, businesses failed, railroads went bankrupt, 100ks of workers were laid off, there were mobs protesting which required soldiers and marines to be called. Charity and public works helped tide the poor over. By spring of 1859 recovery was complete. Nevertheless, less than 1% of the labor force was unionized in 1860
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
When the Soviet Union placed nuclear arms in Cuba the US was threatened. This initiated a stalemate between the Soviet Union and the US because each had the power to destroy each other.
Popular sovereignty (regarding the issue of slavery)
When the people who lived in the territory voted on whether or not there would be slavery in that colony Previous was that political power should resolve within the people. Examples are the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Popular sovereignty was put into action during the "Bleeding Kansas" and led to violence between pro slavery "border ruffians" and the anti slavery people.
New York City Draft Riots (July 1863)
When there was a need for volunteers in the Civil War, both the North and South resorted to laws for conscripting, or drafting, men into service. The law provoked fierce opposition among poorer laborers who feared that their jobs would be taken by freed African Americans. Riots against the draft erupted in New York City, in which mostly Irish American mob attacked blacks and wealthy whites. 117 people were killed before federal troops and a temporary suspension of the draft restored order.
"Bear Flag Republic"
When war between the United States and Mexico became likely in 1846, former general, Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, began inciting the people of California to revolt against Mexico. When U.S. Army Major John C. Frémont arrived in California claiming to be on a mission to find a route to the Pacific (his mission officially was to find the source of the Arkansas River), he began encouraging a parallel rebellion among the Anglo-American settlers. As a result, thirty-three settlers in Sonoma, assisted by volunteers from among the American settlers and Vacqueros from the many haciendas, in the Sacramento River valley, captured the Mexican garrison of Sonoma and raised a homemade flag with a bear and star (the "Bear Flag") to symbolize their taking control. The words "California Republic" appeared on the flag but were never officially adopted by the insurgents
Conscience Whigs
Whigs in the north that were morally against slavery, were a big part in forming the Republican Party, (Sumner was a big part of this)
Berlin Crisis (1948)
While the powers controlling Western Berlin were in favor of leaving Berlin to run its own politics, Stalin had no intention of leaving. In response, the Allies set up a democratic republic in Western Berlin and, as a result, Stalin attempts to take the entirety of Berlin for himself. He shut down all roads leading into West Berlin with tanks.
New Jersey Plan
William Paterson proposed the NJ Plan, which gave the existing Congress the power to levy import duties and a stamp tax (as in Grenville's imperial reforms of 1764 and 1765), to regulate trade, and to use force to collect delinquent requisitions from the states (as in North's Conciliatory Proposition of 1775). As under the Articles, each state would have one vote.
"Peace without Victory"
Wilson's pledge to work for a peace settlement that did not favor one side over the other but ensured an equality among combatants
Which three groups of Americans were the greatest proponents of American overseas expansion by the late 19th Century?
White, anglo saxon, and protestants
In general, who led and supported the temperance movement, why did they support temperance, and how did they push for temperance?
Who - Why - How -
Red Scare
Widespread fear of internal subversion that seized the United States in 1919 and justified the suppression and exile of many American dissenters. Labor unrest, postwar recession, and the difficult readjustment to peacetime life, along with the Soviet establishment of the Comintern, all contributed to the scare. American government feared the Commies and used it as an excuse to get rid of all the people they didn't like.
"idealism" / Wilsonianism
Wilson's strong philosophy to never give into evil, believed in self determination by ethnic groups, advocacy of spread of democracy and capitalism, anti-isolationism, anti-imperialism. Nations should be treated equally and be treated as individuals
Secession
Withdrawing from the Union to become independent.
Cite 3-4 examples of reform efforts that involved great numbers of females.
Woman suffrage Education Safety Hygiene (SEE CLUBWOMEN)
cult of domesticity
Women are expected to adhere to roles and morals imposed by society. In general, the woman's place was in the home
Which groups of Americans benefited most from 1920s' prosperity?
Women at home because of the introduction of labor saving devices as the washing machine and vacuum cleaner eased some of their burrdens. Already wealthy white, protestant men.
Republican Motherhood
Women began to be held superior to men in society by philosophers, clergymen, and writers. Women learned to read and write through female academics opening in the 1790's. This began the ideal of the "republican wife" and the "republican mother," giving wives and mothers an expanding educational role within the family.
Which groups of Americans did not benefit from 1920s' prosperity?
Women in the labor force's situation did not change much, which meant that they only had limited categories of jobs and recieved lower wages than men. Immigrants who were discriminated against and struggled to find good jobs with employers who would hire them.
blue-collar / manual labor
Workers doing more physically demanding work that requires less skill, specialization, or training, pays less, and isn't as considered as honorable → de-skilling
white-collar
Workers such as bosses, clerks, and workers required more high skills using their brains and generally are receiving higher wages.
skilled labor
Workers that are more specialized and requires more skills or training, so that the workers are not as easily replaced and therefore better compensated than manual labor
PWA / Public Works Agency (1933)
Works Progress Administration. The very symbol of the New Deal. Employed over 8 million people in nearly 1 million projects. Constructed and repaired roads, bridges, parks, airports, and public buildings, hired artists and writers to spread culture to even the tiniest villages, and performed a bewildering array of services, some priceless when the project was well designed, some doubtless as waste. A relief measure
WPA / Works Progress Administration (1935)
Works Progress Administration. The very symbol of the New Deal. Employed over 8 million people in nearly 1 million projects. Constructed and repaired roads, bridges, parks, airports, and public buildings, hired artists and writers to spread culture to even the tiniest villages, and performed a bewildering array of services, some priceless when the project was well designed, some doubtless as waste. A relief measure
flappers
a "new breed" of young Western women in the 1920s who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior. Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking, treating sex in a casual manner, smoking, driving automobiles, and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms.
Marcus Garvey
a "new negro" who created the Universal Negro Improvement Association (which attracted thousands of members), promoted the "Back to Africa" movement, organized black businesses and established a corps of Black Cross nurses
Encomienda
a Spanish system of forcibly demanding work as tribute from those native Americans under their control. Especially used in South America in mining, during the 1500s.
Bank of the United States
a bank chartered by the federal gov't, but privately owned; it allowed the gov't to print currency and use federal deposits to stimulate business (basically, it was the source of investment capital). It was to be used as a repository of national assets (a place for people to place their money)
proprietary colony
a colony in which one or two individuals, usually land owners, remained subject to the English's sanctions
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
prohibited any, "Contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce."
"cost-plus" contracts
a contract where a contractor is paid for all of its allowed expenses to a set limit plus additional payment to allow for a profit
cash crop
a crop that is grown for profit not subsistence (plantations)
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)
a fire in New York's Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911 killed 146 people, mostly women. They died because the doors were locked and the windows were too high for them to get to the ground. Dramatized the poor working conditions and let to federal regulations to protect workers.
Indentured servant
a form of debt bondage, established in the early years of the American colonies.
Headright system
a legal grant of land to settlers. Headrights were granted to anyone who would pay for the transportation costs of a laborer or indentured servant.
Unicameral
a legislature with only one chamber or house
Bicameral
a legislature with two houses or chambers
loose constructionism
a loose interpretation of the constitution. The federalists supported this because they believed the Constitution had to be interpreted differently as times/circumstances changed and difficult situations came up
Prohibition
a nationwide ban on the sale, production, importation, and transportation of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933.[1] The dry movement, led by rural Protestants and social Progressives in the Democratic and Republican parties, was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League.
al Qaeda
a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001
Halfway Covenant
a partial Church membership created by Puritans in 1662. Many first generation settlers were dying or decreased and their children often did not express the same desire for religious devotion as their ancestors. Rather, they wanted to focus on gaining economical wealth. In order for the Puritan church to remain a part of every one's lives, a partial membership was given to children and grandchildren, avoiding a complete disinterest in the Church.
Third Party System
a period in American political history between 1854 and the 1890s with the emergence of the Republican Party that focus on unions and abolition.
Federalists
a political party that was originally formed based off of their support for the ratification of the Constitution; wrote the federalist papers and helped the Constitution get passed. The group officially morphed into a political party towards the end of Washington's presidency in 1796. Major group leaders were John Adams and Alexander Hamilton. They believed in a strong central government and a loose constitutional interpretation. They were pro-British in their foreign policies and wanted a large government run peacetime navy (that supported a strong central government). The feds aided businesses, the national bank, and tariffs (in support of Hamilton's financial plan). Chief supporters were northern businessmen and large landowners.
associationalism
a political project where "human welfare and liberty are both best served when as many of the affairs of a society as possible are managed by voluntary and democratically self-governing associations."
Alliance for Progress
a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems
Excise (Whiskey) Tax
a rebellion by a group of PA farmers as a result of the whiskey taxes, to which Washington responded by federalizing state militiamen and placing them up Hamilton's command. This show of force caused the rebellion to collapse. It contributed to the formation of political parties. It also showed that the new gov't had to have the ability to suppress violent resistance of laws.
Dr. Francis Townsend / Townsend Plan
a retired doctor who lived in CA. Disturbed by the terrible effects of depression and unemployment on the elderly, he proposed that the government give each person over 60 a pension on the conditions that the recipient refrain from a paying job and spend the entire amount within a month
Lynching
a scare tactic very commonly to by White racist groups used to terrorize African Americans in the South (KKK).
terrorist attacks on U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania
a series of attacks that occurred on August 7, 1998, in which hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous truck bomb explosions at the embassies of the United States in the East African cities of Dar es Salaam and Nairobi. The date of the bombings marked the eighth anniversary of the arrival of American forces in Saudi Arabia.
Navigation Acts (1600s)
a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies. The colonies could only use british ships or colonial ships.
Sodbuster
a sodbuster was a nickname for the farmers of the prairie who built their houses out of sod bricks on the dry treeless prairie. It characterized the extremely difficult life on the prairie.
subsidy
a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive a parliamentary grant to the sovereign for state needs.
Primogeniture
a system of inheritance where a father's eldest son inherited all the family's land once the father passed. Because Puritan families were considerably large, the father's other sons were forced to work/buy their own land. This system subconsciously helped New England. The colonies were able to developed from these sons need for individual wealth.
McCulloch v. Ogden (1816)
a tax that the state of Maryland had tried to collect from the Second Bank of the United States raised the questions of: Did Congress have the power to create a bank even if no clause in the Constitution mentioned a bank? and Could a state place a tax on a federally created bank? Marshall had ruled that the federal Gov. had the implied power to create the bank and that a state could not tax a federal institution because "the power to tax is a power to destroy." In addition, federal laws are supreme over state laws.
Cotton Belt
a term applied to a region of the southern United States where cotton was the predominant cash crop from the late 18th century into the 20th century.
Mound-builders
a term that refers to a series of complex and far-ranging societies that existed in North America (mostly east of the Mississippi) for nearly 2,000 years before Columbus arrived. An example of a sophisticated society that rivaled any in Europe at the time.
Soviet Atomic-Bomb (1949)
a top secret research and development program begun during World War II, in the wake of the Soviet Union's discovery of the American, British, and Canadian nuclear project.
Chisholm Trail
a trail used in the late 19th century to drive cattle overland from ranches in Texas to Kansas railheads. The portion of the trail marked by Jesse Chisholm went from his southern trading post near the Red River, to his northern trading post near Kansas City, Kansas. Texas ranchers using the Chisholm Trail started on that route from either the Rio Grande or San Antonio, Texas, and went to the railhead of the Kansas Pacific Railway in Abilene, Kansas, where the cattle would be sold and shipped eastward.
Kyoto Treaty
a treaty signed in 1997. It requires countries who sign it to reduce thieir gas emissions to levels below what they were producing in 1990
National Labor Union (1866- 1870s)
advocated for higher wages, 8 hour work days, and equal rights for blacks and women.
"Liberty Bonds"
a war bond that was sold in the United States to support the allied cause in World War I. Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of patriotic duty in the United States and introduced the idea of financial securities to many citizens for the first time. The Act of Congress which authorized the Liberty Bonds is still used today as the authority under which all U.S. Treasury bonds are issued.
Identify and briefly explain 2-3 reasons how the railroad industry was so important and influential to America's economy and society in these different areas:
a. national economic growth allowed for the diversification of economy through distribution of the materials. b. farmers' lives Harder lives bc more competition due to wider availability of places to get food from c. time-keeping railroad standard time pulls time zones together to create 4 standard times that provide clarity.
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
after the Alien and Sedition acts were passed, Republicans sought to resist what they felt were unconstitutional laws passed by Congressional Federalists' and the Adams administration. Jefferson and Madison wrote resolutions opposed to the Acts that were adopted by Kentucky and Virginia state houses (these became the Resolutions). In part, the Resolutions relied on the "compact theory" that said since states voted on joining the union, they had the right to refuse (or nullify) a federal law (such as Alien and Sedition Acts)
Judiciary Act of 1801
after the case of Marbury vs. Madison, supreme court justice John Marshall realized the judiciary act of 1789 was unconstitutional and replaced it with his own in 1801. Many decreased federalist power in courts and gave the judicial branch the power to ratify or overrule the decisions of the other 2 branches. Reduced number of associate justices of the Supreme Court (which also reduced the chance of appointing a new member. Took supreme court off the circuit therefore reducing their presence and power in every state's court.
Embargo Act of 1807
after they Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, Jefferson attempted to respond non-violently but still gain respect from Britain by passing the embargo act. It prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port. Jefferson hoped that the British would stop violating the rights of the neutral nations rather than lose US trade. It barely affected Britain who compensated for the loss of imports elsewhere, but it destroyed the US economy because of how much they depended on Britain and without foreign trade, their economy slumped. This act ruined America's economy in about a year an din the final months of Jefferson's presidency, he repealed it, recognizing its failure.
Cash-and-Carry policy (1939)
aka Neutrality Act of 1939; Euro nations (Allies) can buy war materials from US only if they provide transportation and pay in cash
Quartering Act (second, 1774)
allowed the army to quarter soldiers among civilians if necessary
George Kennan
an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers.
Covenant of grace
an agreement between God and the Puritan community stating God will save you and make you prosper as long as you follow his Ten Commandments.
Bacon's Rebellion
an armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley, because of tension with the Native Americans on the frontier.
Dawes Plan
an attempt in 1924 to solve the reparations problem, which had bedeviled international politics following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles. The plan was for Germany's annual reparation payments would be reduced, increasing over time as its economy improved; the full amount to be paid, however, was left undetermined
laissez-faire
an economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from government restrictions, tariffs, and subsidies, with only enough regulations to protect property rights.
RFC / Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932)
an independent agency of the United States government. The agency gave $2 billion in aid to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations and other businesses. The loans were nearly all repaid. The goal of the RFC was to boost the country's confidence and help banks return to performing daily functions.
Ida B. Wells
an influential black leader. She was journalist for the anti-lynching crusades and was a great supporter of African American education. Separatist.
Jingoism
an intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy.
judiciary branch (of government)
the branch of government that interprets laws, the highest authority is the supreme court, which determines the constitutionality of laws
waterboarding
an interrogation technique in which water is forced into a detainee's mouth and nose so as to induce the sensation of drowning
"Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" (by John Dickenson)
anonymous letters by Philadelphia lawyer Dickinson printed in newspapers trying to rouse colonists to action against taxes; propaganda
temperance movement
campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages
Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward
author who wrote the bestselling novel about a man who wakes up in 2000 and the world is managed by benevolent government trust
Civil Rights Act of 1957
banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal
Freedom Rides (1961)
before SNCC engaged, courts ordered that interstate travel had to be integrated, SNCC and CORE test court order to see if interstate travel was really becoming desegregated; getting white and black ppl together (freedom riders) to ride buses from DC into the South, Gets to Alabama, whites beat riders and fire bomb buses, police stood by, Arrested and jail b/c violated local Jim Crow laws, MEDIA ATTENTION, Enormous pressure on fed govt, Fed govt sent fed martial's to protect the freedom riders, Desegregate all things related to interstate travel, (bathrooms, waiting rooms, etc)
free labor ideology
belief that all work in a free society is honorable and that manual labor is degraded when it is equated with slavery or bondage
Covenant of works
belief that salvation can be "earned" by God by committing acts of kindness and living morally throughout life.
strict constructionism
belief that the constitution needed to be interpreted exactly as the founding fathers meant it. Jefferson and Republicans supported this. Jefferson challenged this when he had to make the decision whether or not to further and reinterpret his executive powers and authorize the Louisiana Purchase even though the power to buy foreign land was not stated in the constitution as presidential. He eventually gave in and presented as part of his power to make treaties.
commercial farming
between subsistence farming and cash crop farming, where farmers grow for personal consumption as well as taking excess to sell at market
legislative branch (of government)
bicameral; the part of government that makes the laws, included in the legislative branch is the house of representatives and the senate
Committees of Correspondence
bodies formed on both colonial and local levels that played an important role in exchanging ideas and information primarily anti-British; did what Albany Plan failed to do to increase unity and communication
Fugitive Slave Law
came from the Compromise of 1850; paid federal commissioners were appointed and given authority to issue warrants, gather, posses and force citizens to help catch runaway slaves; the slaves could not testify inthier own behalf, "Man-Stealing Law". shocked moderates into being antislaveryites
HUAC (House Committee on Un-American Activities)
congressional committee formed in 1938 to search for communists and conspiracies within the US including penetration into the labor movement and federal agencies. Although discredited during the 1950s for its investigations of entertainment and media figures, the committee was not abandoned until 1975.
List and briefly 2-3 fundamental factors that led to rising tensions and conflicts between white, private citizens and different western Indians by the 1860s? What factors led to conflict between the U.S. government and western Indians?
continued westward movement that reignited after the Civil War. The Wild West was finally being almost completely settled and whites and Native kept running into each other. Gold Rush and Silver movement in Colorado provoked a sudden rush of Whites to the west. They refused to back down from Indian lands that had gold potential. The American frontiersmen were having a lot of trouble with Native Americans when settling west, so the government tried to interfere. Also new technologically inventions such as more and railroads cutting ginto Indian lands and barbed wire constricting animals heards disturbed Natives and made them annoyed. They came up with a policy of concentration or reservations where they basically put aside a plot of land for native Americans, on which they had to stay. It was significantly less land thatn before especially hard for the nomadic tribes. There were many battles including the Souix War.
Tallmadge Amendment
created by James Tallmadge. The amendment (1) prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri (2) required the children of Missouri slaves to be emancipated at the age of 25. If it had been adopted the amendment would have led to the gradual elimination of slavery in Missouri. The amendment was defeated in the Senate as enraged southerners saw it as the first step in a northern effort to abolish slavery in all states.
Martin Van Buren
created the system of party government. claimed that political parties were necessary to "check" the government from abusing its power. created the first political machine. denounced the American System and opposed the Whigs. (Jackson's sucessor)
"Great Debate"
debate over intervention and isolationism
Stamp Act Congress
delegates from estates met in NY in October, passed resolutions affirming colonial loyalty to the king but condemned Stamp and Sugar Acts
"satellite states" (in Eastern Europe)
designates a country that is formally independent, but under heavy political, economic and military influence or control of another country
subtreasury
devised by alliance leader Charles Macune by which farmers could store their nonperishable commodities in government warehouses, receive low interest loans using the crops as collateral
Anti-Federalists
did not support constitution during ratification process
Virginia Plan
drafted by Madison; proposed a bicameral legislature; representation in both houses apportioned according to population; legislator choose the executive & the judiciary; possesses all powers currently lodged in Congress & the power to legislate in all cases to which the separate States are incompetent; could navigate all laws passed by the several states; excluded powers to tax or regulate trade
neo-imperialism / economic imperialism / "Open Door" imperialism
economic imperialism; you take land so you can increase your money supply; taking the territory in order to take more trade rather than actually taking the territory for the land itself
CCC / Civilian Conservation Corps (1933)
employed men aged 18 to 25 in reforestation, highway, anti-erosion, and national park projects under the direction of army officers. At its peak, its payroll contained the names of 500,000 conservation soldiers
Abolitionism
encouraged by the second great awakening, this movement advocated for the end of slavery.
interchangeable parts
industrial technique using machine tools to cut and shape a large number of similar parts that can be fitted together with other parts to make an entire item such as a gun
Quebec Act
establish French civil law and Roman Catholic Church in the province of Quebec, added credibility to fear that evil ministries in London were conspiring against them.
17th Amendment (ratified 1913)
established that senators were to be elected directly in order to ensure a more democratic, fair society
Transportation Revolution (1800-1860)
explosion of advances in transportation including roads, canals, steamboats, turnpikes, and railroads that lead to faster transportation of goods and better connections; esp btwn the N&W. Made long distance trade more economical because it was faster and cheaper
First Party System
factions of little support groups that supported certain rights of the Constitution
subsistence farming
farming done to feed families (small farms)
John L. Lewis / CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations)
federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955. The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 required union leaders to swear that they were not Communists. Many CIO leaders refused to obey that requirement, later found unconstitutional. The CIO merged with the AFL in 1955.
poll taxes
fees charged at voting booths for exclusively blacks to discourage them from voting. A loophole around the law.
William Lloyd Garrison and The Liberator 1801-1879
felt that slavery was the original sin of society. burned constitution because it alluded to slavery. immediate emancipation with NO compensation. slavery was a moral, not an economic movement. decides to commit his life to end slavery will see the end of slavery system b4 dies. founds the Liberator - the leading abolitionists mouthpiece newspaper in northern society - published out of Boston - wants to bring a new revolution questioning constitution in relations to slavery. American Anit Slavery Society - radical abolitionist à wanted immediate abolition - splits abolitionist movementgroup of nothrerners form the liberty party to free slaves
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
feminist convention in which the leaders wrote the 'declaration of sentiments' declaring that men and women are created equal. Argued for equal property, voting and legal rights as men.
Selective Service Act (1940)
first act mandating American military service since the Civil War
General Court
first government system outside control of the ministry in Massachusetts (a representative assembly consisting of white male landowners).
Jackson's Inauguration
first president not named adams or from Virginia "the outsiders". during the campaign against JQA, really started to have nasty campaigning against each other. starts to create following
Proclamation Line of 1763
forbade settlers from settling past a line drawn along the Appalachians; purpose stabilize relations with native americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier
Nye Committee: 1934
formed to investigate whether or not munitions manufacturers and bankers were pro-war in WWI soley to make profit; increased anti-war atmosphere and push to pass Neutrality Acts
"Sons of Liberty"
fought against Stamp Act by protesting and agitating the stamp masters out of their jobs
American Anti-Slavery Society (1831)
founded by garrison and other abolitionists, this group advocated for immediate abolition of slavery with no compensation to the slave owners. He argued that slave owners could repent for their sins by freeing their slaves.
Republican Party
founded in Wisconsin in 1854 as a direction reaction to the passage of the Kansas- Nebraska act. A coalition of free soilers and antislavery whigs and democrats made up this new party. Its first platform of 1854 called for the repeal of both the Kansas-nebraska act and the fugitive slave law. Its leaders were chiefly northern and western moderates who were united in their opposition to slavery in the territories. They were content to see slavery continue so long as it was confined to the old slave states of the south. Grew rapidly in the north and established itself as the second largest. Its success could only alienate and threaten the south though bc it remained in the north.
"The Corrupt Bargain" / Election of 1824
four candidates of the same party (Jeffersonian Republicans) campaigned for presidency as a result of breaking down of the old congressional caucus system. JQA, Henry Clay, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson all ran against each other. Jackson won the greatest number of popular votes; however, because the vote was split four ways, he lacked a majority in the electoral college. As a result, the House had to chooses a president from among the top three candidates. Henry Clay supported JQA with his influence in the House to give JQA enough votes to win! JQA appointed Clay to be his secretary of state making Jackson and his followers believe that the popular choice of most voters had been foiled by secret political maneuvers. Jackson supporters accused Adams and Clay of making a "corrupt bargain."
Henry Clay
from Kentucky and a leader in the House of Representatives proposed the American System. Clay also created many compromises such as the Missouri Compromise. Eventually became Jackson's secretary of state after running for president and loosing.
Identify and describe at least 3 goals, characteristics, and/or methods of the NAACP (Was it integrated? a mass movement? Did it prioritize political or economic reform? etc.)
full equality abolition of segregation barriers in the path of black advancement be removed.
CWA / Civilian Works Agency (1933)
gave money to states and localities that put the unemployed to building roads, schools, and playgrounds. Hopkins was the administrator
Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (1963)
gave the women's movement a new direction by encouraging middle-class women to seek fulfillment in professional careers rather than confinig themselves to the roles of wife, mother, and homemaker.
executive branch (of government)
give a general definition— the part of government which is mainly responsible for making sure laws are enforced, for introducing ideas for new laws, and for leading relationships with other governments/nations. Governors and presidents are executives.
Contraband
goods that have been imported or exported illegally. Early in the war Union General Benjamin Butler refused to return captured slaves to their Confederate owners, arguing that they were "contraband of war." The power to seize enemy property used to wage war against the US was the legal basis for the first Confiscation Act passed by Congress in 1861.
Identify the most important factors, in each of the categories below, that led most western and Plains Indians to eventually accept relocation to reservations:
government policies - Dawes Severallty Act, the many devastating battles including the massacre at Wounded Knee (the final one) and the Souix War. technology - barbed wire, expanding railroads actions of private (U.S.) citizens - assimilationists tried to help Natives have a chance at adapting to modern American society providing them with education and farming techniques.
Sen. Huey Long
governor of Louisiana and U.S. Senator. He held virtually dictatorial power in Louisiana, establishing a base for national ambitions. Aimed at forming a coalition of the poor, black, and white, and his slogan was "Every Man a King." Taxed oil profits as governor and used the taxes to provide school books, health services, and other benefits to the people of Louisiana, including poor blacks.
FDR / Franklin Delano Roosevelt
governor of NY -- 5th cousin to Theodore Roosevelt --- wealthy family -- went to Harvard -- served as secretary of the navy -- was suave and conciliatory -- handicapped --came up with New Deal --- elected as a democrat President in 1932 --elected 4 times (only one to do so) --dealt with Great Depression and WWI
Cabinet
group of four advisors to the president; separated into different jobs: secretary of state, secretary of war, secretary treasurer, attorney general. Developed by Washington when his first job as president was to organize the executive branch
Second National Bank
had tightened credit in a belated effort to control inflation. It was chartered by the new national republicans, which began to dominate the scene. The Panic of 1819 was largely a result of the bank.
List the most important areas of industrial and agricultural production in the South (between 1877 and 1900).
industrial production in the South - textiles (from cotton production), new railroad connections really boosted the industrialization.
Sectionalism
loyalty to ones own section or region, what would ultimately lead to the civil war
hydraulic mining/strip mining
hydraulic mining is of form mining that uses high pressured jets of water to dislodge rock material and move sediment. Strip mining was a form of mining where miners gradually remove layers from top surface in. Both were invented in the West in 1880-90s. The "mining-boom" brought the settlement of new western towns that developed the reputation of the Wild West. Usually a good portion of these towns was a foreign-born immigrant that came to take part in the industry (one major group was the Chinese).
code of honor
identifying more with a family name than an individual identity, a value of reputation and family honor. This isolated whites (made equality/ties within white community) from blacks.
"new immigrants"
immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe
"old immigrants"
immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s from Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandenavia, or Northern Europe
Stamp Act
imposed duties on most legal documents in the colonies an don newspapers and other publications; massive colonial resistance to the act created a major imperial crisis
United Nations
international body formed to bring nations into dialogue in hopes of preventing further world wars; much like the former League of Nations in ambition, it was more realistic in recognizing the authority of the Big Five Powers in keeping peace in the world, thus guaranting veto power to all permant members of its Security Council (Britian, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States)
Emergency Banking Act (1933)
introduced on March 9; confirmed the President's power to do as he had already done, provided guidelines for reopening sound banks, and strengthened federal authority over the currency. Enabled 75 percent of member banks in the Federal Reserve System to reopen within 3 days, and boosted stock market prices 15 percent in the next 2 weeks
Muckrakers
investigative journalists who propelled progressivism by exposing corruption, economic monopoly, and moral decay in American society.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
involved a law of New Hampshire that changed Dartmouth College from a privately chartered college into a public institution. The Marshall Court struck down on the state law as unconstitutional, arguing that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state
Oregon Trail
is a 2,000-mile (3,200 km) historic east-west large wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon.
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)
is a federal statute of the United States. The FLSA introduced a maximum 44-hour seven-day workweek,[3] established a national minimum wage,[4] guaranteed "time-and-a-half" for overtime in certain jobs, and prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor", a term that is defined in the statute
Dr. Win-the-War
it refers to FDR and he was the doctor to fix the problems and he defeated Hoover bc he had a desire to fix economic problems and when the war comes out he is considered the person who has to win the war. Shift of focusing on the economy to winning the war.
refrigerated boxcars
just another technological advancement that allowed perishable goods and food to be transported across the country.
"Black Republicans"
label coined by the democratic party to attack the republican party as believers in racial equality. The democrats used this fear to convince many whites to remain loyal to them
contras
label given to the various rebel groups that were active from 1979 through to the early 1990s in opposition to the Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction government in Nicaragua.
trust/antitrust
large corporations that control a substantial share of any given market. Antitrust movement was spurred to counteract this action.
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
law enacted in 1854 to organize new territories of kansas and nebraska (by splitting nebraska into kansas and nebraska) that effectively repealed the provision of the 1820 missouri compromise by leaving the question of slavery to the territories' settlers. It was proposed by Stephen douglas only because he needed to win approval for his plan to build a transcontinental railroad through the central states of the US so he also proposed this
(National Defense) Education Act of 1958
law that authorized the use of federal funds to imporve the nation's elementary and high schools; inspired by Cold War fears that the United States was faling behind the Soviet Union in the arms and space race, it was directed at improving science, math, and foreign-language education
Johnson-Reed Act / National Origins Act of 1924
limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census. It completely excluded immigrants from Asia.
Alexander Hamilton
main Federalist leader who challenged Jefferson in many of his ideals. Believed in loose interpretation of the constitution and a strong central gov't. Came up with a financial plan that addressed and fixed the most pressing problems that troubled the economy while under the A o C and promised to put America on strong stable economic track. Most importantly it established a national bank and foreign tariffs. Elected as governor of NY against Aaron Burr who eventually sought revenge in a duel and shows Alex. When he was the 1st secretary of treasury of the USA, he presented to the new Congress a comprehensive plan for putting US finances (the US economy became weak under A o C) on a firm and stable foundation. (See assumption of war debt for his entire financial plan). He was a strong supporter of the Federalist party. He helped write the Federalist Papers and helped create the Constitution. He later became a prominent lawyer in the colonies.
"Operation Wetback"
massive roundup of illegal immigrants in reference to the migrants' watery route across the Rio Grande, as many as 1 million Mexicans were apprehended and returned to Mexico in 1954
Eli Whitney / cotton 'gin
most famous of American inventors at the time, invented cotton gin, as well as making rifles out of interchangeable parts . A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, allowing for much greater productivity than manual cotton separation.
Nativism
movement based on hostility to immigrants; between native born protestant americans and immigrant germans and irish catholics.
New Netherlands
name for the Dutch colonies in North America, primarily along the Hudson River and around Manhattan Island (in what's now New York state).
New France
name for the early French colonies in North America, specifically in the Great Lakes region (that is mostly now part of Canada).
Pontiac's Rebellion
named for Ottawa chief, brought together several nations to attack 13 British posts in the west
barrios
neighborhoods of ethnic people
Puritans
non-separatists that wanted to purify the Church of England from its remaining Catholic ways but remain a part of the Church. The Puritans grew impatient for waiting for the Protestant Reformation in England so they decided to flee to the Americas seeking religious satisfaction.
antebellum
occurring in the southern U.S. during the time before the American Civil War.
Battleship Maine
on feb 15 1898, the US battleship Maine was anchored off the coast of cuba, and exploded, killing 260 americans. The yellow press accused the Spanish of deliberately blowing up the ship, even though historians now believe it was an accident.
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
one of Jefferson's first acts as president. France closed off American access to the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers and New Orleans Port. They were essential to the westerner's economy and Jefferson was upset because they used to have unsolicited access to the water due to the Jay Treaty under Spain (France had since taken over the land). Jefferson sent some delegate to Napoleon to negotiate and offer to purchase the land. Their budget was 10 million dollars and if they didn't agree they were told to go to England for help and attempt to make an ally. But when the French offered it for just 5 million more, the Americans were delighted and agreed. The French sold the land because they needed funding for their war and had lost interest in American settlement at the moment. Jefferson however was in a predicament after the purchase because they constitution never stated presidential rights to purchase foreign land and his strict constitutional view counteracted that. However, he eventually gave in for the good of the nation and congress ratified the purchase. The purchase doubled America's seize and as more and more settlers moved west, they established agrarian societies (which Jefferson wanted). Lewis and Clark explored the land and got all the way to Oregon coast.
Judiciary Act of 1789
one of congress's first laws in organizing the federal court systems. It established a Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associate justices. The highest court was empowered to decide whether decisions made by state courts were constitutional. Provided a circuit of district courts and three courts of appeals. Was deemed corrupt and unconstitutional by Supreme Court justice John Marshall who replaced it with a new one in 1801
deindustrialization
process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment
"sphere of influence"
other countries could dominate trade and investment within the sphere of another country, and shut out their competitors.
Massachusetts Government Act
overturned Massachusetts charter of 1691, made the council appointive, and restricted town meeting; in effect, it made MA like other royal colonies
Tom Paine's Common Sense
pamphlet first published in Philadephia in Jan 1776, huge success, attacked the Crown and aristocracy and monarchy and urged Americans to unite under a simple republican regime of their own
Townshend Acts (Revenue Act 1767)
passed by Parliament in 1767; this act imposed import duties on tea, paper, glass, red/white lead and painter's colors; provoked imperial crisis of 1767-1770; repealed in 1770 on all but tea
sports entertainment complex
people begin watching sport on television from their homes
Pilgrims (or, Separatists)
people believing that the Church of England could not be reformed from its correctness. Separatists were illegal in England so Pilgrims fled to America to claim religious freedom and acceptance (1620).
"Dust Bowl" / "okies"
period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands from 1930 to 1936 (in some areas until 1940).
Administration of Justice Act
permitted a British soldier or official who was charged with crime while carrying out his duties to be tried either in another colony or in England
Sugar Act
placed a tax on madeira, wine, coffee, sugar, and other products in 1764 to crack down on smuggling
"massive resistance"
policy declared by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. on February 24, 1956 to unite other white politicians and leaders in Virginia in a campaign of new state laws and policies to prevent public school desegregation after the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954
Hoover-Stimson Doctrine (1931)
policy of the United States federal government, enunciated in a note of January 7, 1932, to Japan and China, of non-recognition of international territorial changes that were executed by force - this was in response to Manchukuo
Moral Majority
political organization of the United States which had an agenda of evangelical Christian-oriented political lobbying. Formed by Jerry Falwell. Organization made up of conservative Christian political action committees which campaigned on issues its personnel believed were important to maintaining its Christian conception of moral law. This group pressured for legislation that would ban abortion and ban the states' acceptance of homosexuality.
state sovereignty
power resides in the representative assemblies of the states; people want state to be their govt.; John Adams, George Washington in favor of being able to make state decisions
craft unionism
refers to organizing a union in a manner that seeks to unify workers in a particular industry along the lines of the particular craft or trade that they work in by class or skill level
emancipation
refers to release from slavery or bondage. Gradual emancipation was introduced in Pennsylvania and provided for the eventual freeing of slaves born after a certain date when they reached age 28
"Gilded Age"
refers to the superficial glitter of wealth so prominently displayed in the last years of the 19th century. The politics of the era is often criticized as mostly show and little substance. Forgettable presidents, the govt ignoring problems arising from the growth of industry in cities.
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
renounced the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends. Ineffective becasue it permitted defensive war and failed to take action against violators of the agreement.
Tea Act of 1773
repealed import duties on tea in England but retained the Townsend duties in colonies
Immigration Act of 1965
replaced varying quotas with the limit of 20,000 immigrants per year from anyone outside the western hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western hemisphere
royal colony
ruled by a governor appointed by the Monarch
U.S. v. E. C. Knight (1895)
ruled that the Sherman antitrust act could be applied only to commerce, not to manufacturing. As a result, the US DOJ couldn't convict a lot until the law was strengthened in the progressive era.
FERA / Federal Emergency Relief Act (1933)
run by Harry Hopkins. Provided money to states for relief projects
Homestead Strike (1892)
runner of steel plant cuts wages by 20%, workers strike, he combats them with lockout, guards, and strikebreakers, and the strikers lose. This failure set back the union movement.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1830)
said that Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court after the Cherokees challenged Georgia in the courts.
S & L Crisis
savings and loans crisis- savings and loans were going down so the govt allowed more lenient investment which led to corruption that would cost billions for the Bush adminsitation to back by the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation
Dred Scott Case
scott was a slave in Missouri who moved to Wisconsin and then came back to Missouri but sued the federal courts bc he thought that since he lived in a free state for an amount of time, he should be free from then on. The court decided against scott (republicans are FURIOUS and so are northerners) here are the supreme court's reasons Dred scott had no right to sue in a fed court, because the framers did not intend for them to be used by people of African descent Congress did not have the power to deprive any person of property without due process of the law and if slaves were a form of property, then congress could not exclude slavery from any federal territory Bc of congress' law of 1820, excluded slavery from Wisconsin and other northern territories, that law was unconstitutional
Hartford Convention (1814)
secret meeting of Fed delegates from NE in Hartford inspired by federalist opposition to President Madison's mercantile policies and War of 1812. Decided that two thirds were needed to ratify a bill. Discussed secession, although it didn't happen opened up the idea for future conflicts (south during civil war). Made everyone else further hate the federalists. The end of the Federalist Party.
Indian Reorganization Act (1934) / John Collier / "Indians' New Deal"
secured certain rights to Native Americans
Lincoln-Douglas debates
series of 7 debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen douglas in their contest for election to the US senate in 1858. Lincoln believed that it would be impossible to have a country that was so split on the issue of slavery and that in the end it would be either all free or slaves and he thought it should be all free. Douglas thought it should and could be half and half. Lincoln reaffirmed the declaration of independence
Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)
set up the civil service commission and created a system by which applicants for classified federal jobs would be selected on the basis of their scores on a competitive examination. The law also prohibited civil servants from making political contributions.
Hepburn Act
significantly increased the ICC's powers of rate review and enforcement.
"Bleeding Kansas"
slaveholders from Missouri (neighboring state) set up homesteads in Kansas chiefly as a means of winning control of the territory for the south. Northern abolitionists and free soilers responded by organizing the new England emigrant aid company which paid for the transportation of antislavery settlers to Kansas. Fighting broke out between proslavery and antislavery groups, proslavery Missourians crossed the border to create a proslavery legislature. Antislavery settlers refused to recognize this govt and created their own. Proslavery forces attacked and killed many antislavery homes and businesses. The pierce administration did shit.
"54˚ 40' or Fight!"
slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon; numbers (54 40') was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk.
"Black Republicanism"
southerners said this because a lot of republicans were african americans
James Madison
started off as a Federalist that assisted in the writing of the Federalist Papers; prominent DR leader that eventually became 4th president due to Jefferson's endorsement. He co-wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. He was also Jefferson's Secretary of State, during which the time he supervised the Louisiana Purchase. He wrote the Constitution and was viewed as a prominent intellectual figure in American society. He basically wrote the B o R and helped them become a part of the Constitution. His presidency was dominated by foreign problems of the influences of the Napoleonic wars. Unlike his predecessors he decided to declare war on Britain. He mended Jefferson's mistake of the Embargo Acts and attempted to fix the depressed economy.
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC; 1886)
state laws regulating railroad rates ran into numerous problems with the railroads because they could only control local rates not interstate trade which was a federal matter. Railroads responded by just raising the interstate rates which affected the federal government and was brought to the supreme court. In Wabash v Illinois, the Supreme Court ruled states could not regulate interstate trade, which nullified many of the state legislatures made by the Grangers. Congress responded to the outcry of farmers and shippers by passing the first federal effort to regulate the railroads. The interstate commerce act of 1886 required railroad rates to be "reasonable and just". It also set up the first federal regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Comission which had the power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates and other discriminatory practices of the big railroad companies. However the commission ended up helping the railroads more than the farmers and the new commission lost most of its cases in the federal courts in the 1890s. But the railroads found it quite handy for regulating rates and destroy destructive competition.
supremacy clause
states that federal laws and powers are the highest powers of the United States, above state laws
Depression of the 1890s (c. 1893-1897)
stock market crash due to overspeculation, railroads go into bankruptcy bc of overbuilding, unemployment rate goes to 20%.
Meat Inspection Act (1906)
supported by Roosevelt, committed the govt to monitoring the quality and safety of meat being sold to American consumers.
Federalists / Federalist Papers
supporters of the Constitution during the ratification process. Federalists wrote the Federalist Papers which promoted the Constitution in Newspapers
external tax (see Murrin, 139)
taxes based on oceanic trade, such as port duties; colonists thought of them more as regulation than revenue
internal tax (see Murrin, 139)
taxes that were imposed on land, on people, on retail items or on legal documents and newspaper
McCormick reaper
technological advancement in agriculture to automated the cutting/reaping of crops, replacing manual labor and making it more efficient and easier, resulting in cheaper grain
For the years 1815-1860, what were some of the most important changes in transportation in the areas of...
technology? steam engines, cotton gin, reaper, mechanical developments speed of travel? steam engines, railroads, canals, roads, turnpikes ~faster for goods, communication, and people within and between regions? NE and W and NE and S (turnpikeàcanalsàrailroads) ~trade of food and manufactured goods between regions ~south depended on north
Recession of 1937
temporary reversal of the pre-war 1933 to 1941 economic recovery, which occurred in 1937-38. It was part of the Great Depression in the United States, and had serious political results, and helped strengthen the new Conservative Coalition led by Senators Robert A. Taft and Richard B. Russell. Economic historians have not agreed on the causes, but many of the causes show that because the New Deal involved spending money from the Federal budget, President Roosevelt had to end New Deal spending, and thus programs, as a result. Depression suddenly intensifies
Father Charles Coughlin / "radio priest"
the "Radio Priest." Was at first an enthusiastic New Deal supporter, but soon called Roosevelt a "great betrayer" and suggested anti-Semitic sentiments like that of Fascism in Europe.
Panic of 1819
the Era of Good Feelings was fractured in 1819 by the first major financial panic since the Constitution had been ratified. The economic disaster was most apparently due to the Second Bank of the United States. Every section was hurt however the depression was most apparent in the West.
Election of 1800
the Federalists were swept from power due to the unpopular alien and sedition acts and Thomas Jefferson won against Aaron Burr. Republican house majority?
"Tariff of Abominations" (1828)
the South Carolina legislature declared the increased tariff of 1828, the so -called Tariff of Abominations, to be unconstitutional
Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)
the Supreme Court upheld the government's policy of detaining Japanese Americans in internment camps, even when there was no specific evidence that they posed a danger to American security. The Court justified the policy as a military necessity in wartime.
judicial review
the Supreme Court's power in the checks and balances system that stated they had to review all decisions made in the executive and legislative branch to see if they were constitutional. If not, they could overrule them.
Frances Perkins
the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the US Cabinet
mobilization
the act of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war
Truman Doctrine (1947)
the announced policy of President Truman to provide aid to free nations who faced internal or external threats of a Communist takeover; announced in conjunction with a $400 million economic aid package to Greece and Turkey, it was successful in helping those countries put down Communist guerrilla movements and is considered to be the first U.S. action of the Cold War.
"Slave Power"
the belief that a slave-holding oligarchy existed to maintain slavery in the South and to spread it throughout the United States, including into the free states; this belief held that a southern cabal championed a closed, aristocratic way of life that attacked northern capitalism and liberty.
City Commissions / City Managers
the city commission shifted municipal power from the mayor and his aldermen to five city commissioners, each responsible for a different department of city government. This didn't always work bc those elected to this position often employed the spoils system. Thus, the city manager plan was suggested so that the city commissioner still set policy, but the implementation of the policy now rested with a "chief executive". They could be more unbias bc they didn't have the pressure of running for office bc they were appointed bu the commissioners. The city manager would curtail rivalries between commissioners and ensure that no outside influences interfered with the businesslike management of the city.
Boston Massacre
the confrontation between colonial protestors and Brit soldiers in front of the customs house on 3/5/1770; 5 kill, 6 wounded "massacre"=exaggeration/colonial propaganda
D-Day (June 6, 1944)
the day in World War II on which Allied forces invaded northern France by means of beach landings in Normandy
"mass culture" debate
the debate of whether of not to support a culture that is characterized by 1) The mass production and consumption of consumer goods 2) Urbanization 3) Tastes and values established not by traditional elites but rather by the masses
"balance of power"
the distribution of political or military strength among several nations so that no one nation becomes too powerful or dangerous. Countries in the world will find a balance. Countries would work with each other to balance out another country's power
Columbian Exchange
the exchange of plant, animal and microbe life between two ecological regions that had never before come into contact—Europe and the Americas. Because the Americas had been isolated for thousands of years, life forms there were not as varied as in Europe and Native Americans had not built up immunities to many diseases. As a result, the introduction of fatal diseases like smallpox devastated native populations, killing up to 90% in some areas.
federalism
the federalist political party that believes in a strong central government.
Lexington and Concord
the first military engagement, Battle of Lexington of the Revolutionary War occurred when British soldier fired at...
House of Burgesses
the first organized representative assembly in America. Established in 1619 in Jamestown.
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
the high court ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the boundaries of the Cherokee territory. In this clash between state's laws and federal courts, Jackson sided with the states.
separate spheres
the idea where there's a sex separation of economic and social spheres. Women are relegated to domestic roles and raising children. Men commute to work.
Articles of Confederation
the initial govt. set up by the Continental Congress; the govt. that was formed to win independence from England; in the second CC they declared independence & organized limited govt. to oversee fight against British; unicameral; 9 of 13 states had to pass law; but to amend it had to have all 13 states agree; could only ask for states to send militia; became law; governing body all the way up until the Constitution
Albany Plan
the intercolonial congress that met in Albany, NY in June 1754; urged Crown to assume direct control of Indian relations
IWW (International Workers of the World)
the most radical socialist group, which advocated for revolution.
spice trade
the motivation for european traders to trade and explore with Asia
Christopher Columbus
the most important European explorer, the first to reach the Americas. Had the same motivations as many who followed: God, Glory, and Gold.
"Little Giant"
the nickname given to Stephen A. douglas of Illinois because he was so short yet had a lot of influence. He wanted to get his railroad proposal passed and needed the south's support so he proposed the Kansas Nebraska act because Nebraska was above the 36'30 line so otherwise they wouldn't have been able to have slaves there
Executive Departments (e.g., War, State, Treasury)
the president was the chief executive, the first president was George Washington. He has the job to appoint chiefs of departments that were approved by the Senate. His group of advisors (which he appoints), the cabinet members, are also a apart of this department
Democratic-Republicans
the political party that formed out of the anti-federalists, they didn't originally support the Constitution and only agreed to ratify it because the addition of a Bill of Rights. The DR leaders were Thomas Jefferson and James Madison who believed in a strict constitutional interpretation and a weak central government. They were pro French and wanted a small federal army and navy to ease gov't power. Favored agriculture, no national bank, and opposed tariffs on foreign goods. Supporters consisted of skilled workers, small farmers, and plantation owners
spoils system
the practice of dispensing the government jobs in return for party loyalty. it promoted government corruption. Jackson wanted to appoint people to federal jobs strictly according to whether they had actively campaigned for the Democratic party. This was called the spoil system by critics.
French-and-Indian War
the struggle between Britain and France for the control of North America (1754-1763). The British conquered New France, merged into Europe's 7 Years War (Britain/Prussia vs. France/Austria/Russia)
popular sovereignty
the theory that all power must be derived from the people themselves. This theory came up when the Americans agreed that every state needed a written constitution to limit the powers of government.
Identify 2 crucial factors or events that led Mexico to grant independence to Texas in 1836.
the treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo, 1848 and the Mexican War
"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"
this was Tyler's slogan during his election, using his vicotry during the Battle of Tippecanoe as a "pro" for voting for him
Election of 1856
this was the first test of the republican party, their nomination was john frémont, senator from California, their platform called for no expansion of slavery, free homesteads, and a probusiness protective tariff. The know nothings also competed strongly in this election. The strongest and most well known party the republicans won with james Buchanan of pennyslvania (didn't nominate pierce or Stephen douglas bc of their close association with the Nebraska act) but in the electoral college, frémont won 11/16 free states, it became evident that antislavery republicans could win the white house without a single vote from the south
John Marshall
throughout the years of republican ascendancy, John Marshal was the one federalist who continued to have a major influence. Federalist President John Adams had appointed him to the supreme court in 1800. His decisions in cases as he continued to lead the Court as its chief justice consistently favored the central government and the rights of property against the advocates of states' rights.
Treaty of Ghent (1814)
treaty with British to end war of 1812, stated that there would be a halt to the fighting, the return of all conquered territory to the prewar claimant, and the recognition of the prewar boundary between Canada and US. However, the British made not concessions concerning impressments, blockade, or other maritime problems - the very things that led to the war
Dollar Diplomacy
trying to promote US trade by supporting American enterprises abroad. Adopted by Taft.
Caning of Charles Sumner (1856)
violence in Kansas spilled over into the halls of Kansas. Charles summer verbally attacked the democratic administration, including personal charges against sen. Butler, his nephew walked in and hit summer with a cane on his head. Another symbol of impassioned fights on both sides
welfare capitalism
voluntarily offering their employees improved benefits and higher wages in order to remove the need for organizing unions
Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936, 1937)
vs. Allied Forces - a pact signed in Berlin, Germany on September 27, 1940, which established the Axis Powers of World War II. The pact was signed by representatives of Nazi Germany(Adolf Hitler), Fascist Italy (foreign minister Galeazzo Ciano), and Imperial Japan (Japanese ambassador to Germany Saburō Kurusu)
Strikes of 1919
walkout by 300,00 steelworkers in the Midwest demanding union recognition and an 8 hour work day. It was defeated by employers and local state police forces who sometimes resorted to violence
"Civilized Tribes"
wanted to make Indians live like americans not separately 5 civilized tribes in the South adopted farming Cherokees
W.E.B. DuBois
was an influential black leader with contrasting views to Booker T. Washington. He is known for his adamant opposition to Booker T. and how he thinks that agitation and protest was the way to fix the racist south. Integrationist. He believed in the enlightened ten percent of AAs that would rise above.
William Penn
was given Pennsylvania as a land grant by the king of England to pay a debt and created Pennsylvania as a religious safe haven for Quakers
sputnik (1957)
was the world's first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It circled the earth in 96.2 minutes. Launched into a low altitude eliptical orbit by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, it was the first in a series of satellites collectively known as the Sputnik program. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1's success precipitated the Sputnik crisis in the United States and ignited the Space Race within the Cold War
Alien & Sedition Acts
when Federalists won majority of the House and the Senate in the Adams presidency/election, they instituted some new acts that would limit Republican power. 1) Naturalization Act which increased number of required years (5 to 14) before an immigrant could apply for citizenship (disabled DR because most immigrants voted Republican) 2) Alien Acts authorized the president to deport any aliens considered dangerous and to detain any enemy aliens in time of war 3) Sedition Act made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize either president or congress and imposed heavy penalties on those who did.
crop-lien system
when poor farmers borrow farming supplies from local merchants in the spring with a lien, or mortgage, on their crops to be paid at harvest.
impressment
where British warships would seize American merchant ships for supplies and force their sailors to join the British navy. Happened a lot during the Napoleonic wars. Greatly angered Americans. Reason of war of 1812
service economy
where the majority of people earn their living by providing a service rather than manufacturing a product
unfree labor
workers or laborers that are/were somehow forced by law and/or military power to work (without any option of leaving or choosing the kind of work they do). Unfree labor included both slaves and indentured servan
free labor
workers who are not slaves or indentured servents
"white flight"
working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs