APUSH PERIOD 1 TEST REVIEW
how did the paiute and shoshone respond to the aridity of the GB and grasslands of the western great plains
developed largely mobile lifestyles - nomadic hunter gatherers - society was organized around family unit - traveled together in extensive kinships
what mindset prevented NA from any unified resistance to European aggression
did not think of themselves as "NA or American Indians" as opposed to white europeans, thought of themselves as tribes such as Senecas, Creeks, Hopi, other populations
what happened to the Iberian Peninsula by 1400
divided into four Christian kingdoms - castile, aragon, portugal and navarre one muslim kingdom -granada
why did they abandon mesa verde
drought
where did the creeks, choctaws, and chickasaws settle
eastern side of the mississippi river and the southern appalachian mountains
trade between the tribes of the mississippi valley
exchanged corn and meat, long distance was copper, beads, and shells from the Atlantic Coast
what did the aztecs use war for
expand their empire and take prisoners for human sacrifices believed their gods demanded
true or false : while NA cultures were developing in the Americas, NO other cultures in other parts of the world were also developing
false
what were the anasazi crops needed for
feed a settled, urbanized community
how might have seafaring travelers got to the new world
followed the fish from alaska down the coast of n and s america
where did the cherokees and tuscaroras settle
georgia, tennessee, and north carolina
what did the aztecs trade
gold, jewelry, pottery, baskets, meat, fish, fruit, vegetables
Had their own stories of how their people emerged
groups like the Navajo (Dine) and other North American tribes
after the anasazi "disappeared" what groups moved into the territory
groups like the pueblos and navajos
what were the pc tribe houses like
houses as long as 60 feet made of cedar
way of life, living, and society of the algonquians
hunted, fished, farmed - corn, beans, squash- provided major food sources lives - permanent towns and villages social life- centered in ceremonies of the seasons
how do they know clovis came 13,000 years ago
in 1929, they found 13,000 year old spear arrow points in new mexico
what was medieval spain religiously
in african muslim (moorish) hands
how were the pueblo and hopi southwest able to flourish in a dry climate
intricate maze of canals, dams, and terracing for agriculture
what was important about tenochtitlan
it was as large as or larger than any city in africa or europe
what was the chaco canyon built out of
logs and adobe
What did the Iroquois live in?
longhouses
where were the most indians
mexico and south america
what happened in 711 lasted almost 800 years
muslim invaders from north africa conquered most of modern spain and portugal
where were the clovis located in present day
new mexico
why do anthropologists believe that the Clovis spear point was an invention that early americans developed long after they had lost contact with asia
none of the clovis spear tips have been found in siberia
where did the natives gradually spread into
north america, central america, and south america
Stories of how they emerged
onto earth from a region below, arrived through the water, or came down from the clouds
what was the name of the unified group of tribes in modern day Syracuse, New York and why were they rare
original five nations of the Iroquois Confederacy and they were rare bc they were united
What was the Bering Land Bridge?
place where hunters may have followed their animal prey and then fanned out across the americas
what was the largest algonquian speaking tribe
powhatans had 60,000 or more people
Hundreds of years before Columbus crosses the ocean where could complex communities be found
present day united states
what/who replaced anasazi
pueblos
what was the little ice age
rapid colder climate shift from 1350 to 1800
what were the male leaders who attend council meetings and lead in war in Iroquois called
sachems
What did Native Americans see as the focus of life and labor
saw the community and not the individual as the focus of life and labor
What tribes lived in the pacific northwest
shasta and chinook
how many people lived in the tribes of the mississippi valley
small communitites of 500 to 2,000 people
what did the descendants of the chaco canyon create
small farming communities across the southwest
how was the aztec empire constructed
society highly stratified - emperor and priests at top of population of 10 - 20 million
What did the north american tribes believe
some ancient pilgrimage had brought them to the place where their tribe would reside forever
where were some of the largest NA settlements
southwest
what eventually happened to the pueblo people of the southwest
spread out over arizona and new mexico, spoke different languages, connected through trade and religion
what crops did the cahokia cultivate
squash, corn, and beans
what did the surplus of crops allow for the cahokians
surplus through the winter enabling them to create large settlements instead of nomadic hunting/gathering.
what did farming and hunting allow these settled cultures to accomplish
sustain a large community of priests, chiefs, mound builders, who neither farmed nor hunted
what pueblo is still inhabited and where is it located
taos pueblo in northern new mexico
where were the 15,500 year old spear tips found
texas
what did the cahokia live in
thatch-covered houses that housed 20,000-40,000 people in a city surrounded by strong wooden walls
who might have come to north america around 13,000 years ago- believed to be the oldest settlers in North America
the clovis
why was it so difficult for native americans to establish a unified resistance against the europeans
they were not unified as a group
what is significant about the spear arrows found in 1929
they were the oldest human artifacts found in the americas up to that time
what did chiefs and priests do (mound builders/cahokia)
track the sun, conduct rituals, dispense gifts to show their power
true or false : there was lively trade among the native americans
true
what did the anasazi trade
turquoise
what did the Iroquois provide
united front against enemy tribes and later the Europeans
what cause seasons of plenty and seasons of famine and different ways of life
very diverse physical geography and different enviroments
What was the work of men and women in the settle NA cultures
women - farming men- hunted to add animal protein and flavor to the diet
what did members of special societies wear and do
wore ritual masks called kachinas and danced in ceremonies
How many Indians lived in the present day US and Canada
Approximately 7 million Indians
Why did Cahokia disappear
Cahokia possibly disappeared because of the little ice age which drastically reduced the supply of food
who represented one of the largest concentrations of American Indians north of mexico
California - Yokut, MIwok, Maidu, Pomo
Where were the Cahokia located?
Illinois of mississippi valley
what happened in 1001
Leif Erickson established a colony further west named Vineland (modern N America)
How did Native Americas interact with nature and time
Lived comfortably with nature and the sacred and saw time as circular
Before Columbus where were the largest and most sophisticated civilizations found
Mexico and South America
What are two examples of Native American groups in the Great Basin and western great plains
Paiute and Shoshone
what was the aztec capital city
Tenochtitlan
True or False : By 14,000 years ago, various people were living in every part of North and South America
True
True or False : Native American descendants adapted to their new lands, spread out across the Americas, and created a wide range of languages and civilizations
True
Who is Dekanawidah?
a great peace-maker who convinced the warring tribes to live together under the Great Law of Peace - Iroquois legends
what caused the chaco canyon to be abandoned
a long drought in the early 1100s
what did the pacfic coast tribes live off of
abundant salmon in rivers
who were the first to encounter europeans
algonquians
what was the bering land bridge between
america and asia
What is another name for the Anasazi
ancient ones
what was the total population of native americans
around 50-70 million
where were the algonquian speaking tribes located
atlantic coast
how did many of the early tribes reach North America
bering land bridge
when did the cahokians create a flourishing culture
between 900 and 1350
Where did the Anasazi live?
built communities in new mexico and arizona and utah
what did groups like the pueblos and navajos do
built villages that the spanish encountered in the 1500s
what were the mounds used for
bury the prominent leaders, central - temple and plaza used for ceremonies centered on the seasons and the sun
which group were known as the mound builders, living in the mississippi valley
cahokia people
where did the aztecs live
central mexico by 1400
what was europe religiously
christian
what did the women of iroquois do
clan leaders chose male leaders
what did they live in (California tribes)
clans of extended families and hunter gatherers
what did these communities build (anasazi descendants) after the long drought
cliff dwellings (mesa verde, colorado)
what were the ceremonies desgined to do
connect the community with its ancestors while seeking their presence and blessing on the crops
three-sister farming
corn (maize) , beans, squash
what crops did the anasazi culture cultivate
corn (maize), beans, squash and chilies
what did the pueblo people rely on
corn, brown beans, various forms of squash, and dogs to hunt
who were the most direct descendants of the cahokia
creeks, choctaws, chickasaws
what happened through spain
culture of islam came into europe, arabic numbers, algebra, paper, cotton, rice and sugar
how high were the series of wide-earth mounds
100 feet high
what and where was recently found that debut the clovis people
15,500 year old spear tips
How many independent societies had different approaches to hunting, farming and society
500-600
how many years before Columbus was the anasazi communities
700 years before the arrival of Columbus
What was the Bubonic Plague?
Also known as the Black Death, rats and fleas transported or brought disease wiped out 1/3 (maybe even 1/2) of Europe's population