APUSH PERIOD 1 TEST REVIEW

how did the paiute and shoshone respond to the aridity of the GB and grasslands of the western great plains

developed largely mobile lifestyles - nomadic hunter gatherers - society was organized around family unit - traveled together in extensive kinships

what mindset prevented NA from any unified resistance to European aggression

did not think of themselves as "NA or American Indians" as opposed to white europeans, thought of themselves as tribes such as Senecas, Creeks, Hopi, other populations

what happened to the Iberian Peninsula by 1400

divided into four Christian kingdoms - castile, aragon, portugal and navarre one muslim kingdom -granada

why did they abandon mesa verde

drought

where did the creeks, choctaws, and chickasaws settle

eastern side of the mississippi river and the southern appalachian mountains

trade between the tribes of the mississippi valley

exchanged corn and meat, long distance was copper, beads, and shells from the Atlantic Coast

what did the aztecs use war for

expand their empire and take prisoners for human sacrifices believed their gods demanded

true or false : while NA cultures were developing in the Americas, NO other cultures in other parts of the world were also developing

false

what were the anasazi crops needed for

feed a settled, urbanized community

how might have seafaring travelers got to the new world

followed the fish from alaska down the coast of n and s america

where did the cherokees and tuscaroras settle

georgia, tennessee, and north carolina

what did the aztecs trade

gold, jewelry, pottery, baskets, meat, fish, fruit, vegetables

Had their own stories of how their people emerged

groups like the Navajo (Dine) and other North American tribes

after the anasazi "disappeared" what groups moved into the territory

groups like the pueblos and navajos

what were the pc tribe houses like

houses as long as 60 feet made of cedar

way of life, living, and society of the algonquians

hunted, fished, farmed - corn, beans, squash- provided major food sources lives - permanent towns and villages social life- centered in ceremonies of the seasons

how do they know clovis came 13,000 years ago

in 1929, they found 13,000 year old spear arrow points in new mexico

what was medieval spain religiously

in african muslim (moorish) hands

how were the pueblo and hopi southwest able to flourish in a dry climate

intricate maze of canals, dams, and terracing for agriculture

what was important about tenochtitlan

it was as large as or larger than any city in africa or europe

what was the chaco canyon built out of

logs and adobe

What did the Iroquois live in?

longhouses

where were the most indians

mexico and south america

what happened in 711 lasted almost 800 years

muslim invaders from north africa conquered most of modern spain and portugal

where were the clovis located in present day

new mexico

why do anthropologists believe that the Clovis spear point was an invention that early americans developed long after they had lost contact with asia

none of the clovis spear tips have been found in siberia

where did the natives gradually spread into

north america, central america, and south america

Stories of how they emerged

onto earth from a region below, arrived through the water, or came down from the clouds

what was the name of the unified group of tribes in modern day Syracuse, New York and why were they rare

original five nations of the Iroquois Confederacy and they were rare bc they were united

What was the Bering Land Bridge?

place where hunters may have followed their animal prey and then fanned out across the americas

what was the largest algonquian speaking tribe

powhatans had 60,000 or more people

Hundreds of years before Columbus crosses the ocean where could complex communities be found

present day united states

what/who replaced anasazi

pueblos

what was the little ice age

rapid colder climate shift from 1350 to 1800

what were the male leaders who attend council meetings and lead in war in Iroquois called

sachems

What did Native Americans see as the focus of life and labor

saw the community and not the individual as the focus of life and labor

What tribes lived in the pacific northwest

shasta and chinook

how many people lived in the tribes of the mississippi valley

small communitites of 500 to 2,000 people

what did the descendants of the chaco canyon create

small farming communities across the southwest

how was the aztec empire constructed

society highly stratified - emperor and priests at top of population of 10 - 20 million

What did the north american tribes believe

some ancient pilgrimage had brought them to the place where their tribe would reside forever

where were some of the largest NA settlements

southwest

what eventually happened to the pueblo people of the southwest

spread out over arizona and new mexico, spoke different languages, connected through trade and religion

what crops did the cahokia cultivate

squash, corn, and beans

what did the surplus of crops allow for the cahokians

surplus through the winter enabling them to create large settlements instead of nomadic hunting/gathering.

what did farming and hunting allow these settled cultures to accomplish

sustain a large community of priests, chiefs, mound builders, who neither farmed nor hunted

what pueblo is still inhabited and where is it located

taos pueblo in northern new mexico

where were the 15,500 year old spear tips found

texas

what did the cahokia live in

thatch-covered houses that housed 20,000-40,000 people in a city surrounded by strong wooden walls

who might have come to north america around 13,000 years ago- believed to be the oldest settlers in North America

the clovis

why was it so difficult for native americans to establish a unified resistance against the europeans

they were not unified as a group

what is significant about the spear arrows found in 1929

they were the oldest human artifacts found in the americas up to that time

what did chiefs and priests do (mound builders/cahokia)

track the sun, conduct rituals, dispense gifts to show their power

true or false : there was lively trade among the native americans

true

what did the anasazi trade

turquoise

what did the Iroquois provide

united front against enemy tribes and later the Europeans

what cause seasons of plenty and seasons of famine and different ways of life

very diverse physical geography and different enviroments

What was the work of men and women in the settle NA cultures

women - farming men- hunted to add animal protein and flavor to the diet

what did members of special societies wear and do

wore ritual masks called kachinas and danced in ceremonies

How many Indians lived in the present day US and Canada

Approximately 7 million Indians

Why did Cahokia disappear

Cahokia possibly disappeared because of the little ice age which drastically reduced the supply of food

who represented one of the largest concentrations of American Indians north of mexico

California - Yokut, MIwok, Maidu, Pomo

Where were the Cahokia located?

Illinois of mississippi valley

what happened in 1001

Leif Erickson established a colony further west named Vineland (modern N America)

How did Native Americas interact with nature and time

Lived comfortably with nature and the sacred and saw time as circular

Before Columbus where were the largest and most sophisticated civilizations found

Mexico and South America

What are two examples of Native American groups in the Great Basin and western great plains

Paiute and Shoshone

what was the aztec capital city

Tenochtitlan

True or False : By 14,000 years ago, various people were living in every part of North and South America

True

True or False : Native American descendants adapted to their new lands, spread out across the Americas, and created a wide range of languages and civilizations

True

Who is Dekanawidah?

a great peace-maker who convinced the warring tribes to live together under the Great Law of Peace - Iroquois legends

what caused the chaco canyon to be abandoned

a long drought in the early 1100s

what did the pacfic coast tribes live off of

abundant salmon in rivers

who were the first to encounter europeans

algonquians

what was the bering land bridge between

america and asia

What is another name for the Anasazi

ancient ones

what was the total population of native americans

around 50-70 million

where were the algonquian speaking tribes located

atlantic coast

how did many of the early tribes reach North America

bering land bridge

when did the cahokians create a flourishing culture

between 900 and 1350

Where did the Anasazi live?

built communities in new mexico and arizona and utah

what did groups like the pueblos and navajos do

built villages that the spanish encountered in the 1500s

what were the mounds used for

bury the prominent leaders, central - temple and plaza used for ceremonies centered on the seasons and the sun

which group were known as the mound builders, living in the mississippi valley

cahokia people

where did the aztecs live

central mexico by 1400

what was europe religiously

christian

what did the women of iroquois do

clan leaders chose male leaders

what did they live in (California tribes)

clans of extended families and hunter gatherers

what did these communities build (anasazi descendants) after the long drought

cliff dwellings (mesa verde, colorado)

what were the ceremonies desgined to do

connect the community with its ancestors while seeking their presence and blessing on the crops

three-sister farming

corn (maize) , beans, squash

what crops did the anasazi culture cultivate

corn (maize), beans, squash and chilies

what did the pueblo people rely on

corn, brown beans, various forms of squash, and dogs to hunt

who were the most direct descendants of the cahokia

creeks, choctaws, chickasaws

what happened through spain

culture of islam came into europe, arabic numbers, algebra, paper, cotton, rice and sugar

how high were the series of wide-earth mounds

100 feet high

what and where was recently found that debut the clovis people

15,500 year old spear tips

How many independent societies had different approaches to hunting, farming and society

500-600

how many years before Columbus was the anasazi communities

700 years before the arrival of Columbus

What was the Bubonic Plague?

Also known as the Black Death, rats and fleas transported or brought disease wiped out 1/3 (maybe even 1/2) of Europe's population