APUSH semester 2 KTPTK

Social Darwinism

"survival of the fittest"; rich had won and had no responsibility to helped the poor because the poor deserved it; applied also to power

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) federal legislation that prohibited most further chinese immigration into the united states; first major legal restriction on immigration in the US

Omaha Platform

(1892)Populist party repudiating laissez-faire and demanding economic and political reform

Pullman Strike

(1894)upset railroad workers due to wage cuts; led by Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor; forced to end by presidentially appointed troops

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 supreme court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that if "separate but equal," the 14th amendment was not violated; legal justification for jim crow laws

James Garfield

20th president, Republican, assassinated by Charles Julius Guiteau after a few months in office due to lack of patronage: his shocking death contributed to decrease in patronage.

Chester A. Arthur

21st president of the US who pushed the Pendleton Civil Service act of 1883. Took office after assassination of Garfield.

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat--first in 28 years; Honest, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful private pension bills, laissez faire/lowered tariffs, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform--still some patronage, violent suppression of strikes. Later president during economic depression.

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the ___________ Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Roosevelt Corollary

A brazen policy of "preventive intervention" advocated by Theodore Roosevelt in his Annual Message to Congress in 1904. Adding ballast to the Monroe Doctrine, his corollary stipulated that the United States would retain a right to intervene in the domestic affairs of Latin American nations in order to restore military and financial order.

Crazy Horse

A chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877)

Anti-Imperialist League

A diverse group formed in order to protest American colonial oversight in the Philippines. It included university presidents, industrialists, clergymen, and labor leaders. Strongest in the Northeast, the Anti-imperialist League was the largest lobbying organization on a U.S. foreign-policy issue until the end of the nineteenth century. It declined in strength after the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (which approved the annexation of the Philippines), and especially after hostilities broke out between Filipino nationalists and American forces.

Big Sister Policy

A foreign policy of Secretary of State James G. Blaine aimed at rallying Latin American nations behind American leadership and opening Latin American markets to Yankee traders. The policy bore fruit in 1889, when Blaine presided over the First International Conference of American States.

Muller v. Oregon

A landmark Supreme Court case in which crusading attorney (and future Supreme Court Justice) Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of limiting the hours of women workers. Coming on the heels of Lochner v. New York, it established a different standard for male and female workers.

Pure Food and Drug Act

A law passed by Congress to inspect and regulate the labeling of all foods and pharmaceuticals intended for human consumption. This legislation, and additional provisions passed in 1911 to strengthen it, aimed particularly at the patent medicine industry. Created the FDA

Meat Inspection Act

A law passed by Congress to subject meat shipped over state lines to federal inspection. The publication of Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, earlier that year so disgusted American consumers with its description of conditions in slaughterhouses and meatpacking plants that it mobilized public support for government action.

Recall

A progressive ballot procedure allowing voters to remove elected officials from office.

Initiative

A progressive reform measure allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the general ballot. Like the referendum and recall, it brought democracy directly "to the people," and helped foster a shift toward interest-group politics and away from old political "machines."

Referendum

A progressive reform procedure allowing voters to place a bill or on the ballot for final approval, even after being passed by the legislature.

Teller Amendment

A proviso to President William McKinley's war plans that proclaimed to the world that when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give Cuba its freedom. The amendment testified to the ostensibly "anti-imperialist" designs of the initial war plans.

Social Gospel

A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement house movement, which brought middle-class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with immigrants and working people.

Panic of 1893

A serious economic depression triggered over-speculation in the railroad industry and a run on the gold supply; led to Coxey's Army and a wave of strikes including the Pullman Strike

Lochner v. New York

A setback from labor reformers, this 1905 Supreme Court decision invalidated a state law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers. It held that the "right to free contract" was implicit in the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Poll Tax

A tax of a fixed amount per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote

Literacy Test

A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote

Ida B Wells

African American journalist who published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcars or shop in white owned stores, moved to Chicago after several death threats.

The Maine

American battleship dispatched to keep a "friendly" watch over Cuba in early 1898. It mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898, with a loss of 260 sailors. Later evidence confirmed that the explosion was accidental, resulting from combustion in one of the ship's internal coal bunkers. But many Americans, eager for war, insisted that it was the fault of a Spanish submarine mine.

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb!

Mark Hanna

An industrialist and Republican politician from Ohio. The campaign manager of McKinley in the 1896, in what is considered the forerunner of the modern political campaign, and subsequently became one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Senate.

Insular Cases

Beginning in 1901, a badly divided Supreme Court decreed in these cases that the Constitution did not follow the flag. In other words, Puerto Ricans and Filipinos would not necessarily enjoy all American rights.

Bishop Henry Turner

Bishop who formed International Migration Society in 1894 to help Black Americans emigrate to Africa.

Muckrakers

Bright young reporters at the turn of the twentieth century who won this unfavorable moniker from Theodore Roosevelt, but boosted the circulations of their magazines by writing exposés of widespread corruption in American society. Their subjects included business manipulation of government, white slavers, child labor, and the illegal deeds of the trusts, and helped spur the passage of reform legislation.

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

Allies

Great Britain, Russia, and France, later joined by Italy, Japan, and the United States, formed this alliance against the Central Powers in World War I.

WEB Bu Bois

He believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately; founded the NAACP, first African American to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, exceptional historian, sociologist, and poet from Massachusetts

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone in 1876!

Sherman Silver Act

Law passed by Congress in 1890 requiring the federal government to increase its purchases of silver to be coined into silver dollars

Elkins Act

Law passed by Congress to impose penalties on railroads that offered rebates and customers who accepted them. The law strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The Hepburn Act of 1906 added free passes to the list of railroad no-no's.

Chief Joseph

Lead the Nez Perce during the hostilities between the tribe and the U.S. Army in 1877. His speech "I Will Fight No More Forever" mourned the young Indian men killed in the fighting and surrendered.

Haymarket Square

May Day rally that turned violent when someone threw a bomb into the middle of the meeting, killing several dozen; eight anarchists arrested, 4 of which were executed, 1 committed suicide and 3 were pardoned- guilt not proven

Dollar Diplomacy

Name applied by President Taft's critics to the policy of supporting U.S. investments and political interests abroad. First applied to the financing of railways in China after 1909, the policy then spread to Haiti, Honduras, and Nicaragua. President Woodrow Wilson disavowed the practice, but his administration undertook comparable acts of intervention in support of U.S. business interests, especially in Latin America.

National Grange Movement

Organized by Oliver H. Kelley primarily as a social and educational organization for farmers and their families. eventually organized economic ventures and took political action to defend members against the middlemen, trusts, and railroads.

Rough Riders

Organized by Theodore Roosevelt, this was a colorful, motley regimen of Cuban war volunteers consisting of western cowboys, ex-convicts, and effete Ivy Leaguers. Roosevelt emphasized his experience with the regiment in subsequent campaigns for Governor of New York and Vice-President under William McKinley.

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

Jane Adams

Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.

Open Door Policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

Hetch Hetchy Valley

The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. This was a blow to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located.

Ghost Dance Movement

The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement.

Adamson Act

This law established an eight-hour day for all employees on trains involved in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime. It was the first federal law regulating the hours of workers in private companies, and was upheld by the Supreme Court in Wilson v. New (1917).

Cornelius Vanderbilt

United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877)

General Custer

United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)

Frederick Turner

United States historian who stressed the role of the western frontier in American history (1861-1951)

Joseph Pulitzer

United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established newspaper prizes (1847-1911). He used yellow journalism in competition with Hearst to sell more newspapers. He also achieved the goal of becoming a leading national figure of the Democratic Party. Creator of the "New York World"

William Randolph Hearst

United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism (1863-1951).A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

John D. Rockefeller

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. Established the Standard Oil Company, which was a huge monopoly of oil business.

Payne-Aldrich Bill

While intended to lower tariff rates, this bill was eventually revised beyond all recognition, retaining high rates on most imports. President Taft angered the progressive wing of his party when he declared it "the best bill that the Republican party ever passed."

James Blaine

a U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time United States Secretary of State, and champion of the Half-Breeds (who sometimes wanted civil service reform, wanted power to dish out spoils). He was a dominant Republican leader of the post Civil War period, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination, but lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland. Fought with the Stalwarts.

Tuskegee Institute

a normal and industrial school led by Booker T. Washington; focused on training young black students in agriculture and the trades to help them achieve economic independence; washington justified segregated training as a step in the right direction

Robber Barron

a person who has become rich through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices

Reservation System

allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the West, beginning in 1850s and ending in 1887; natives strongly encouraged to stay on this communally owned land

Land-Grant Colleges

colleges/universities created from allocations of public land through the Morrell Act of 1862 and the Hatch of 1887; helped fuel the boom in higher education in the late nineteenth century, and many of today's public universities derive from them

Woman's Christian Temperance League

combat the evils of excessive alcohol consumption; went on to embrace a broad reform agenda, including campaigns to abolish prostitution and gain the right to vote for women

Battle of Wounded Knee

defeat of the Sioux by the US in battle over the Sioux practice of the "ghost dance" and whether or not the sioux reservation would be divided in result of the Dawes Act

Mechanization of Agriculture

development of engine-driven machines that increased production on farms; contributed to the consolidation of agriculture business that drove many family farms out of existence

Greenback Party

devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

Dawes Severalty Act

divided indian reservations between individual households with leftovers sold to the US government to civilize the natives

Interstate Commerce Act

establish ICC; compelled railroads to publish standard rates and prohibited rebates and pools

Coxey's Army

group of unemployed men who marched in DC in depression year of 1894

New Immigrants

immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who formed a recognizable wave of immigration from the 1880s until 1924 in contrast to the immigrants from western europe who had come before them

Standard Oil Company

john d Rockefeller's company; symbolized trusts and monopolies of the gilded age; one of the first multinational corporations and at times distribute more than half of the company's kerosene production outside the us; controlled 95% of oil referneries in the us

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

law that forbade trusts or combinations in business, landmark legislation because it was the one of the first congressional attempts to regulate big business for the public good

Trust

mechanism by which one company grants control over its operations, through ownership of its stock to another company

Liberal Protestants

members of a branch of Protestantism that flourished from 1875 to 1925 and encouraged followers to use the Bible as a moral compass rather than to believe that the Bible represented scientific or historical truth; often active in social gospel and other reform movements of the era

Settlement Houses

mostly run by middle-class native born women, settlement houses in immigrant neighborhoods provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for new arrivals to the united states

American Federation of Labor

national federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers, founded in 1886; led by samuel gompers for nearly 4 decades ; worked to negotiate with employed for a better kind of capitalism the rewarded workers fairly with better wages, hours, and conditions

National American Woman Suffrage Association

organization founded in 1890 to demand the vote for women by arguing that women should be allowed to vote because their responsibilities in the home and family made them indispensable in the public-decision making progress; supported the war effort of WWI and landed women a role in the allied victory

Gilded Age

period of 1865-1896, indicating both the fabulous wealth and widespread corruption of the era

Patronage

practice of rewarding political support with special favors, often in the form of pubic office

Horizontal Integration

practice perfected by John D. Rockefeller of dominating a particular phase of the production process in order to monopolize a market, often by forming trusts and alliances with competitors

McKinely Tariff

raised duties on Hawaiian sugar and set off renewed efforts to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the United States

The Gospel of Wealth

refers to 1889 article of the same name by Scottish immigrant andrew carnegie; explained that the common trend of leaving all of one's money to their heirs was disgraceful and that instead the wealthy should use their money to benefit society while they were still alive

Grandfather Clause

regulation in south that allowed anyone who could prove that their ancestors could vote in 1860 to avoid voting requirements(literacy tests/poll taxes); denied many blacks of voting rigths

Populist/People's Party

represented westerners and southerners who believed that US economic policy inappropriately favored eastern businessmen instead of the nation's farmers; supported nationalization of railroads, creating graduated income tax and the unlimited coinage of silver

Mining Industry

result of gold/ silver discovery in the west and the Americans' rush to it; use of big machinery to extract metals deeper that the surface which could only be afforded by big companies

Yellow Journalism

scandal-mongering practice of journalism that emerged in New York during the gilded age out of the circulation battles between joseph pulitzers "new york world" and william Randolph Hearst's "new york journal"

Knights of Labor

second national labor organization organized in 1869 as secret society and opened for public membership in 1881; known for efforts to organize all workers, regardless of skill level, gender or race

Homestead Strike

strike in Carnegie steel plant in Homestead PA which ended in battle between the strikers, detectives of carnegie and federal troops; nationwide wave of labor unrest

Ocala Platform

supported direct election of US senators, lower tariff rates, a graduated income tax, and a new banking system regulated by the federal govt.

Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois

supreme court decision that prohibited states from regulating the railroads because the constitution grant congress the power to regulate interstate commerce

Jim Crow

system of racial segregation in the American south from the end of Reconstruction until the mid twentieth century; prevented racial mixing in public, often through violence

National Labor Union

the first national labor organization in US history founded in 1866 and gained 600,000 members from many parts of the workforce, although it limited the participation of Chinese, women, and black; fought for an eight-hour workday before it dissolved in 1872

Interlocking Directorates

the practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors and another company; introduced to eliminate banking competition

Vertical Integration

the practice perfected by Andrew Carnegie of controlling every step of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition

Stalwarts

traditional republicans that advocated for the rights of African Americans and opposed rutherford b hayes; against classically liberal moderates for control of republican party(fought about patronage)

Closed Shop

union organized term that refers to the practice of allowing only unionized employees to work for a particular company; AFL know for these agreements with employers

Battle of Little Big Horn

when the sioux, cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians teamed up and defeated over 250 US troops to defend their land from gold-seeking whites