APUSH Semester 2, Test 1: Jacksonianism and Marshall Court

Julian West

upper-class man from Boston invented by Edward Bellamy in novel Looking Backward: 2000-1887 made an underground sleep chamber - fire burned his home, and 113 years later, people dig him up world did not have private property or capitalism - CRAZY

William Lloyd Garrison

writer of first major magazine against slavery, thinks Constitution should be burned for allowing slavery 1831 - The Liberator

Emily Chubbock

writer, hated factory work: dirty, sad heart

A History of American Business

written by C. Joseph Pusateri chronicled the changes in population density 1790 - 3.9 million people, 4.5 people/square mile 1790 to 1840: 4 million to 17 million, population density almost doubled to 9.8 people/square miles, GDP grew at an average rate of 4.2% yearly, New York has 313,000 people

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

written by John C. Calhoun Constitution had definitive interpretation, one party could be permitted to interpret a compact by itself without destroying it, minority of nation could become sovereign and independent - state minority can't -Jackson AGAINST

golden calf

AJ will not bow to it Moses came down mountain, people were worshipping it, broke ten commandments

Samuel Slater

"Father of American Manufacturers" first to make a successful factory born in England - came to America in 1789 to join Moses Brown's textiles, had worked with Richard Arkright America was his route to money - would have been average in England relied on memory and mechanical knowledge secretly rebuilt the machine - weaves cotton into thread 1790 - first American factory began production, made cotton thread that is sold in a store in Providence, artisans used to have to do it at home 9 kids were on first machines - profitable at first Slater did his own thing 1800 - 7 mills, 2,000 spindles 1815 - production + after War of 1812, 130,000 in spindles in 213 factories 1835 - Slater died rich, started off poor

Tariff of 1828

"Tariff of Abominations" - high protective tariff to help northern industry

Birth of the Factory

1770s - British manufacturers make textiles, water power and later steam power -made new spinning weaving devices - productivity +, labor cost - Americans dependent on British textiles until Rev. War legislatures offered money to inventors British response: illegal to export new machines and/or send workers skilled in machine construction Samuel Slater

Cotton Revolutionizes the South

1780s - most cotton came from Egypt, India, and East Indies no economic diversity - vulnerable to collapse, drought, high tariffs

Rise of Corporations

1781 - 1801: 326 corporations chartered by states usually only roads and waterworks - needed special act of state legislature some people: undermines individual enterprise

"Sea-Island" versus "Upland" Cotton

1786 - farmers planted "sea-island" cotton on islands off Georgia and SC coasts, high quality cotton, silky and long-fibered - dies in frost upland cotton did well - little commercial value because seeds were in lint -sea island easily popped out of rollers -slaves could not easily take seeds out of lint Americans originally planted sea-island, but they needed cheap cotton after the Revolution

Andrew Jackson Tennessee

1791 - Tennessee becomes state territorial attorney general, first congressman, six months as senator, circuit riding at SCOT state of Tennessee

Whitney's Cotton Gin

1793 - Eli Whitney (Northerner) made cylindrical cotton gin with rows of wire teeth rotating in a box -fibers were pushed through holes too small for seeds -another cylinder of rotating brushes in the other direction to sweep cotton and prevent matting/clogging -improvement to PREEXISTING roller gin upland cotton grew where there was 200 days without frost in a row, 24 inches of rain 1820s - adopted throughout South, Georgia and SC grew upland cotton "Black Belt" area that Andrew Jackson took from Natives (central Alabama, northern Mississippi, delta region in lower Mississippi River) had cotton central Tennessee cotton was exported to buy European products - transportation, insurance in hands of North surplus cotton and hogs - fed slaves on plantations

Cotton Boom

1795 - 1804: SC brought in 40,000 slaves internal slave trade ripped slave families apart 1778 - law in Virginia made people entering the state with slaves swear that they would not sell them, left after cotton NE blacks - denied vote, could not testify, marry whites, get quality jobs, get quality housing or basic education segregation - petitioned legislature about it, peaceful persuasion

Robert Fulton

1807 the Clermont - first steamboat could go both ways, upstream and downstream exploded a lot

America close to Civil War

1815 - 1840 1829 - 1837 Andrew Jackson's presidency 1837 - 1841 Martin Van Buren 1841 William Henry Harrison 1841 - 1845 John Tyler

American Colonization Society

1817 bought land in Liberia, support of Madison, Monroe, and Marshall - expected black people to go there 12,000 went - many died of disease

Mayor DeWitt Clinton

1817-1825: Erie Canal dug canal from Lake Erie to NYC direct travel makes products cheaper, good for consumer/seller who pays for internal improvements? public - needs taxes, how much reach does government have? charge tolls - paid debt off very quickly made NYC a hub - people go on canal craze

Adams-Onis Treaty

1819 $5 million, US gained all territories east of Mississippi Spanish government gave territory to US gives us Florida if we promise not to attack Spanish Mexico 1820s - nullified because Mexico gains independence

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819 Background: 1769 - King George III gave charter to Dartmouth College in NH, John Wheelock (president of Dartmouth) didn't like board of trustees, NH legislature altered charter to remove trustees and reinstate Wheelock - changed it into a public state university, made governor responsible for trustee appointments removed trustees against William H. Woodward (treasurer of Dartmouth University) - sided with the new trustees Constitutional Question: Contract Clause of the Constitution Article 1, Section 10, Clause 1 is a charter a contract? - granted under British monarchy, Jeffersonians argue Crown issued chartered it not Federal government = not valid, issue involving states' rights Court's Decision: trustees won case in Supreme Court - Daniel Webster represented, presented college as oppressed by Jeffersonians, cried in court undecided at first - James Kent (chancellor of NY) to advocate for college, then won 5-1 states cannot impair on a contract, grant of corporate powers in contract Consequences: contract was for individual property rights confirmed charters of other private schools founded in colonial times helped business growth - states couldn't pass laws to stop charters

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 Background: 1818 - Maryland Assembly passed law that Baltimore office of BUS would have to buy stamped paper from state and pay $15,000/year tax - did not obey, Maryland asked for $100 for each note distributed on unstamped paper since day law was passed McCulloch was the cashier in the office - wanted to stay in business without buying stamped paper or tax Constitutional Question: 10th Amendment - powers not specifically delegated to government were left with people, Constitution never grants a bank, means bank has no legal rights others argued that it was in the enumerated powers Decision: unanimous decision that is was constitutional - elastic clause (Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18) Maryland lacked power to tax BUS Consequences: power of elastic clause federal > states national bank > state banks public was upset about the decision because it was against states' rights, wanted court to consider morality

Rip Van Winkle

1819 - introduced by Washington Irving in a short story Dutch-American guy, wife constantly nags him walking woods one day - meets many young men playing games falls asleep during initial lead up to Revolutionary War (proud of being British subject) - wakes up 20 years later, people are buzzing about George Washington DIDN'T recognize America

Missouri Compromise

1820 Will Missouri be a slave or free state? about political representation with regards to slavery Missouri is slave state, Maine is free state no slavery above 36'30º

Jacksonian Era

1820-1840 Samuel Slater (Pawtucket, RI) - factories Eli Whitney (cotton gin) Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston - steamboats DeWitt Clinton - sponsored Erie Canal and making of New York City John Deere - steel plowshare Cyrus Hall McCormick - mechanical reaper, advance on the productive abilities of hand-held scythes in harvesting wheat

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824 Background: 1807 - Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston sent first major steam boat on trip from NY to Albany NY law said anyone that wanted to navigate NY waters had to buy a license from Fulton and Livingston monopoly was unconstitutional - chief justice of NY supported monopoly showed state > federal Livingston's younger brother filed lawsuit against Aaron Ogden and Thomas Gibbons of NJ - said they were navigating in waters beyond their license validated, but he had a national license James Kent (chief justice of NY) ruled that Ogden could run steam boats between ports in NY, Gibbons was not allowed to run his boat from that point to one in NJ Ogden got a monopoly - Gibbons sued him because his license was being ignored Constitutional Question: commerce clause (1.8.3) Gibbons argued that he should be allowed to navigate nationally, Ogden argued that commerce was limited to the transport and sale of goods, not just navigation what is defined as commerce Decision: Congress has power of commerce Gibbons won - overruled the control of private monopoly of steamboats in NY Coastal License Act of 1793 - federal government could override state laws on interstate commerce commerce is navigation, transport, and sale of goods federal > state Consequences: James Monroe and other government officials liked decision federal grant would allow anyone access of commerce via steamboats federal government has power over country's economy slave owners wanted interstate slave trade protected from pressure of federal government

Osborn v. the Bank of the United States

1824 Background: BUS gave loans out and abruptly took them back - people had to foreclose people wanted to tax the bank Ohio disagreed with the McCulloch v. Maryland ruling, thought it was rushed Ohio legislature taxed branch of BUS in Ohio for $100,000 - bank gets court order, disobeys tax Osborn (Ohio tax auditor) hired people to demand payment, they were to seize money if refused - took $120,425, returned $20,425 to bank, kept $2,000 Osborn got $98,000 as tax in hands of treasurer in H.M. Curry Osborn and Curry are sued for taking bank's money - try to agree that Ohio would not return money and BUS would leave Ohio, BUS forcefully took money from state treasury Constitutional Question: does federal court have same jurisdiction as Congress does federal court have authority to decide on state matters - money was taken by force from a state Decision: Ohio couldn't tax the BUS federal courts have same jurisdiction as Congress federal courts have ability to decide on matters at state level Consequences: federalism v. states' rights Fugitive Slave Law (1850) - required slave was found in a slave or free state, state required to return the slave may violate 10th Amendment, but Osburn v. BUS says it's okay

Bank War

2nd BUS was chartered in 1816 new president: Nicholas Biddle had power to expand or construct credit and currency in the economy, uniform currency trade unions do not want paper currency some farmers think BUS makes it harder for them to get credit secretary of the treasury made Biddle wait until 1832 to recharter the bank 1831 - Baltimore go together and nominated Henry Clay for president, did he want to make Jackson look bad? If Jackson vetoed bank bill, he would have lost PA - vetoed it where do you put BUS deposits? pet banks (see pet banks) 1837 - had Senate take 1834 censure off the record, lost fortune, passed away at 58 in 1844 banks could not handle financial boom after conflict on land ownership - "wild cat banking"

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

1831 Background: Americans were expanding onto Cherokee land in Georgia 1827 - Cherokee wrote a constitution, saying they are sovereign Georgia passed many laws allowing state to acquire land and took rights of Cherokee Cherokee Nation's Chief John Ross appointed former Attorney General William Wirt to represent them Indian Removal Act fo 1830 - removed Cherokee and other Natives from land and to territories West of Mississippi Constitutional Question: can Georgia continue to pass laws and get land from Cherokee Decision: ruled that they could not hear the Cherokee's case because by (1.8.3) they were not citizens or foreign later - "denominated domestic dependent nation" Consequences: Worchester v. Georgia "distinct community, occupying its own territory, in which the laws of Georgia can have no force" states's rights v. federal

Worcester v. Georgia

1832 Background: Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 1830 - Native American George Tassels was tried for murder in Georgia courts and was sentenced to death, Georgia ignored the case in court and Tassels was killed Worcester sued Georgia for encroaching on their land Constitutional Question: does Georgia have the power to remove the Cherokee from their land do they even have jurisdiction on Cherokee land Decision: Georgia had no representatives, Tom Sergeant and William Wirt represented the Cherokee John Marshall ruled in favor of Worcester - Georgia could not enforce laws over lands that are not in the jurisdiction of their own state, violated Worcester's 14th Amendment rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness Consequences: SCOTUS was forced to release Samuel Worcester and family Governor of Georgia did not obey the court's decision 1834 - Office of Indian Affairs is established by Congress Treat of New Echota (1835) - gave members of Cherokee Nation $5 million in exchange for all rights to Indian land in the wast and compliance by Natives to move west 1835-1838 - "Trail of Tears"

Jackson v. Bank

1832 - Jackson wins reelection against Clay Second BUS flourished after McCulloch v. Maryland said it was constitutional 1823 - Biddle comes into power at bank, Philadelphian -kept bank lending in check, small banks tried to overdo themselves -helped BUS profit -pressured people to make loans, made farmers produce more LED to agricultural depression and surplus -distrusted paper money

Boom and Bust

1833-1834: Taney insists that pet banks get a lot of specie other states got some specie too everyone wanted property - farmers borrowed money and mortgaged their land 1832 - 1836: bank grows by $22.3 million, government free of debt, Specie Circular property rush ended - demand down, prices down, foreclosures people wanted money back - banks were exhausted Panic of 1837

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge

1837 Background: 1640 - Massachusett's Bay Colony General Court gave Harvard the right to operate a ferry across the Charles River between Boston and Charlestown - tolls 1785 - Proprietors of Charles River Bridge get charter to construct a bridge from Cambridge to Boston in ferry's place, gave Harvard 200 euros annually - tolls made a lot 1828 - Massachusetts legislature granted charter to Warren Bridge close to the Charles River Bridge - free bridge Charles River Bridge sues for violation of property rights and charter Constitutional Question: contracts clause in article 1, section 10 is a charter a contract? charter has binding contract, therefore it should not be violated - constitutional? Decision: John Marshall died 1837 - Chief Justice Taney and 4 other democratic justices state > federal when a state legislature charters a public service such as a bridge, railway, or ferry a charter is not a contract unless expressly stated so - Charles River Bridge has no exclusive right to a monopoly Consequences: anti-trust Jacksonian Democrats emerge - no more Federalists competition for public benefit - basis for limiting rights given to citizens and corporations by charter -competition slowed money flow to companies 1843 - tolls were removed from MA bridges property rights v. need to travel - public favored

Trail of Tears

1838 - 15,000 Cherokee had to leave Georgia for Oklahoma, route is a trail, Jackson wasn't in office - overran SCOTUS

The Log Cabin Campaign of 1840: Whigs Triumphant

1840 - Whigs more organized, praised common man (stole Democrats' idea) Gen. William Henry Harrison - nominee for Whigs, "Hero of Tippecanoe," son of signer of Declaration John Tyler - Virginian, former Democrat, Whig vp nominee, states' rights symbols: log cabin, cider barrel Whig magazine: Log Cabin (Horace Greeley editor) Democrats: Van Buren Richard Mentor Johnson - killed Tecumseh, vp nominee Whigs won, spoils system, separation of legislative and executive powers, "Jackson overused veto" Harrison died on April 4th of pneumonia, Tyler takes office BIG CHANGES

James G. Birney

1840 election Liberty Party nominee, all about abolition Kentucky slaveholder turned evangelical Christian and abolitionist in Second Great Awakening

corrupt bargain

Adams picked Clay as secretary of state confirmed suspicions had dinner with him on January 9 must have cut a deal

Democratic Republicans (1824)

states' rights not internal - small government lower taxes strict construction - powers that are literally stated more agrarian - tariffs ruin free trade, south needs cotton "banks" - specie, hard/real Martin Van Buren, Essex Junto, Hartford Convention

1815-1840

America transforms boundless population increases/demographic shifts capitalism individualism democratic ethos (spirit) innovation, invention, technology wanted everything new an INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION introduction of steam boats beginning of railroads

Jackson versus Calhoun

Calhoun wanted to be president - Jackson's vp Peggy (wife of secretary of war) may have had an affair with Eaton - Jackson defended her, Calhoun didn't, WEDGE BETWEEN THE TWO 1818 - Calhoun, secretary of war, told Monroe to bring Jackson to court for disobeying orders divided on states' rights v. federal union same views on economy, distribution of federal surpluses to states, enumerated powers Jackson = internal improvements

Chief John Ross

Cherokee chief that had a plantation in Georgia - wanted to be like whites

William H. Crawford

Georgia, traditional republican states' rights, low tariffs strict construction plantation class, executive branch experience treasury secretary and secretary of war has a stroke in 1823

The Twilight of Jacksonianism

Democrats - rich/poor, diverse, east/west, slaveholders/abolitionists, agreed on key ideas suspicious of privilege and big businesses - BUS freedom of economic opportunity without restrictions (white men) didn't try to regulate rich or help poor

Roxanna Foote

Harriet Beecher Stowe (Uncle Tom's Cabin) mother worked in factory, loved it, social experience

A President of All People

Jackson liked authority, spoils system did not rely on cabinet, rather Kitchen Cabinet (MVB and close friends) vetoed 12 bills, rest of presidents: 9 strict construction

Bank Veto

Jackson liked hard money scared by South Sea Bubble (1700s, British investors were swindled) Biddle was atypical banker (supported lending limits) Webster, Clay want to undermine Jackson - ask for new bank charter, passed, CANDIDATE Clay gets edge when Jackson VETOES Jackson: dismissed McCulloch v. Maryland ruling disliked bank's monopoly 1832 - ordered withdrawal of federal funds from BUS - treasury secretary says no replaced him with Attorney General Roger B. Taney put federal funds into a few state banks - "pet" banks Taney converted a lot of state money into specie - blamed credit shortage on Jackson, must return deposits, panic happened -Van Buren shifts blame to Biddle, FREE LENDING ALLOWED

Exchange of Land

Jackson wanted Natives off white citizenship path -said government would pay for their removal -wanted them beyond Mississippi - 15,000 Choctaw moved West, 30 million acres of bad land Alexis de Tocqueville

Hermitage

Jackson's farm, large cotton plantation

Levi Woodbury

Jackson's secretary of the treasury Specie Circular

Henry Clay

Kentucky "Harry of the West" was Speaker of the House American System - protective tariff and national bank jointly owned by private stockholders and federal government, federal government pays for internal improvements

John Quincy Adams

Massachusetts son of John Adams distinguished, influential, intelligent devout Christian, thinks regular people are dumb secretary of state under James Monroe (Monroe Doctrine) won in 1824 - one term president

Charles Finney

May 14, 1841 - day of national prayer and fasting by Christian evangelist preached great sermon, admonished bereaved nation to repent sins

Transportation Revolution

North and South are economically independent - wanted to trade with each other people who travelled West had no tech. need new transportation methods after covered wagons -paths were also bad -most powerful thing: oxen -dependent on crude resources/surroundings/households -settlement in Mississippi Valley Would: increase land values, stimulate domestic and foreign trade, strengthen economy

Election of 1824

ONLY REPUBLICANS issues: tariffs, finance for internal improvements, regulation and role of BUS, moving west, slavery contenders: Andrew Jackson John Quincy Adams John C. Calhoun William H. Crawford Henry Clay Results: Jackson won in both votes, NO MAJORITY top three went to HOR - Clay favored Adams, influenced people into voting his way, no respect for Jackson Adams and Clay had dinner on January 9, 1824 final: Adams - 13 states, Jackson - 7, Crawford - 4 Jacksonians were upset shattered Republican party - money

Peggy Eaton Affair

Peggy Timberlake was promiscuous, husband dies at sea (1828) John Eaton - member of Jackson cabinet, good friend, likes her Peggy would be shunned in South Floride Calhoun led hate toward Peggy - JCC sides with wife, MVB and AJ side with Peggy

John Marshall

SCOTUS Chief Justice 1801-1835 Federalist, national rights Revolutionary War veteran Valley Forge was a defining moment - loved George Washington wrote five volume: Life of George Washington, got close to him through George's nephew, Bushrod Washington was a track star - known as "Silverheels" loved Mary Willis Ambler (aka Polly) - married into a higher class set up law practice in Virginia casual style - colleagues loved him John and James - sons James - broke a window, improper attitude at worship John - expelled for being immoral, died of alcohol poisoning American Colonization Society Polly hated noises - made her tick four of his kids died involved in 3 person diplomatic mission to France during XYZ Affair, one of midnight justices Court: cases were usually unanimous William Johnson (Jefferson appointee) usually opposing LOVED Bushrod Washington made it so one justice wrote a decision use past cases in new ones made judicial branch equal to others federal supremacy, national authority at states' expense McCulloch v. Maryland - Mc: Daniel Webster, William Wirt, and William Pinkney, Mary: Luther Martin, Joseph Hopkinson, and Walter Jones

The Nullification Crisis and the Threat of Union

Tariff of 1832 - high import taxes on manufactured goods, hurt southerners, opposition of slavery in North also hurt them, SC discussed nullification extreme SC people: tariffs and hate for slavery are direct shots 1828 - John C. Calhoun writes South Carolina Exposition and Protest Nov. 24, 1832 - SC convention passed ordinance of nullification by prohibiting collection of tariff duties in state after Feb. 1, 1833, raised army Jackson also got an army together - wanted peace, asked Congress to lower tariffs Dec. 10, 1832 - Proclamation to the People of South Carolina - nullification led to destruction of Union, disunion by armed force is treason COULD LEAD TO CIVIL WAR!!!!! Calhoun resigned as vp, replaced Sen. Hayne, Clay is ally Jackson wanted discussion and compromise -new tariff bill and Force Bill that gave president authority to execute revenue laws -vowed to reduce tariff, raise men - SC = QUIET -other southern states voted against nullification Jackson threatened to: "hang [Calhoun]... as high as Haman" March 1833 - Calhoun/Clay pass compromise tariff, passed Force Bill (save Jackson's reputation), North and West compromised SC legislature accepts new tariff - gradual lowering over 10 years, repealed Nullification Ordinance, nullified Force Bill

Andrew Jackson - election of 1824

Tennessee hero of New Orleans represented the needs and wishes of the people in every part of the country outsider wanted to get rid of corruption

National Republicans (1824)

continental more for road, internal improvements - high tariffs to pay for them big government, long reach loose construction - elastic clause gives BUS industry credit

Revival of Slavery

cotton revitalized slavery, declining during Rev. and Constitution era

North Industrializes

democrats want foreign, aristocratic goods - John Adams likes goods, pretended not to materialistic high demand, low supply - producers want to expand HAD TO: locate place, find ways to manage large workforce, how to get raw materials to factories, and products "market revolution" and "industrial revolution"

Specie Circular

federal law that public land can only be purchased with specie, gold, and silver

Women and Children as Factory Workers

few artisans/textile spinners and weavers worked in factories - male immigrants usually didn't 1820s - 50%+ of cotton textile workers were under 16 for: provided families with extra income, kept kids busy women and children worked in factories women - 85% of workforce, not supervisors 1840s - drop in prices, new rules, workers changed from women to Irish immigrants

President Andrew Jackson 2

first president to experience an assassination attempt nicknamed "Old Hickory" and "Sharp Knife" childhood was fraught with violence, difficulty brother was killed in war, other brother died of smallpox after leaving internment camp mother got cholera and died only read 2 books - Bible and Oliver Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakefield not well educated loved to duel: 1806 - dueled Charles Dickinson (rival that slandered Jackson's wife and Jackson) -Dickinson shot Jackson first: bullet broke two ribs and stopped close to his heart -Jackson shot him in the stomach Jackson rode home bleeding bones chipped and he'd give them out to people had dysentery shot at by Richard Lawrence (housepainter) - beat him with his cane 1791 - married Rachel, divorce wasn't final until 1793, so 1793 Battle of Horeshoe Bend win, gets rid of Creek rebellion Battle of New Orleans

Waltham System

adopted by the Boston Associates employed young, unmarried women in textile mills women came from farms in NE to work in factories stayed in company boarding houses supervised, strait-laced, earned $2.50 to $3.25 a week worked to save for a trosseau (help little brother get into college)

Alexis de Tocuqueville

author of Democracy in America - said migrants "soon would not be a people" (describing Choctaw) French guy sent to America, stayed for 9 months, wrote about culture

pet banks

banks located in cities supportive of Jackson's candidacy, around 90 of them

Election of 1828

first true 2 party contest parades, campaign merchandise, "turn out the vote" efforts NO personal campaigning or polling John Quincy Adams - National Republican Andrew Jackson - Democrat, liked to insult people elite v. regular people Thomas Jefferson hated Jackson Martin Van Buren of NY ("Little Magician") was vp for Jackson Democrats against Adams - monarchist, closet Federalist, pre-marital sex, played pimp for tsar Alexander I made up stories about Jackson - mom was a prostitute and married a black man no campaigning by candidates against jackson: horse dealer, prejudiced to smart people, know Aaron Burr, slave trader, killed 6 men in Seminole War in FL alleged that Jackson slept with another woman - designed to mess up Rachel's honor and dignity -Rachel was quite upset about it Jackson and the Democrats won YAY! Jackson's adopted son, Lynycoya, passed away from TB Rachel had a heart attack - dies, Jackson is very sad, blamed press and Clay for her death Quincy Adams - ran for HOR, delegate for Massachusetts

MVB: Jacksonianism without Jackson

fought BUS as a monopoly, opposed irresponsible state banks pushed for NY's Safety Fund System (made all state banks give to fund to be used to redeem notes of failed member bank) - unsuccessful public construction of internal improvements - states > federal no opinion on tariffs took office during Panic of 1837 - banks stopped converting paper money into specie - conservatives are angry -bank loans were accessible 1836 - land boom, economic depression until 1843 1838 - banks gets specie 1839 - bumper crop makes cotton price go down, state government defaulted on road and canal building projects are overextended Main Goal: find substitute for state banks as place to store federal funds, "divorced" government from banking activities independent treasury bill - construction of government-owned vaults for storage, all funds paid in hard cash 1840 - act passed, businessmen upset about not getting specie people distrust bank - agricultural exports and investment of European capital in American railroads brings in specie 1849 - gold in California

Locofoco

friction match, used in politics when NY Jacksonians used these matches to light candles in meeting after conservatives turned off lights

Boston Associates

group of merchants led by Francois Cabot Lowell, added new things to factories Waltham, MA - Charles River = good for water power revolutionized textile production - machines were faster Lowell smuggled British plans for power loom to America Boston Manufacturing Company 1823 - move to Merrimack River, $600,000 corporation in East Clemsford, MA (300 people) -renamed Lowell, 2,000 people

Old Hickory Nickname

hickory is the strongest wood

President Andrew Jackson 1

hot-tempered strong willed sincere decisive, love the Union, but also for states' rights populist - democratic, term limits, president one term, judges, get rid of electoral college, Senate terms reduced from 6 to 4, reduce national debt authoritarian - strong authority spoils system Peggy Eaton Affair Hayne -Webster Debate: Liberty or Union? Jefferson's Dinner: Liberty or Union? Indian Removal Act - important to president, Georgia defies SCOTUS repeatedly Vetoed road from Maysville to Lexington, Kentucky

banks

humans give value to money supposed to only loans as much paper money as they had specie - don't want creditors v. debtors panics happen if they are careless - people go to bank and get money

Nat Turner

leader of slave revolt in 1831 Virginia, small group (40), few days, brutal rampage, legislature actually talks about slavery, army puts it down

Denmark Vesey

led slave cabal in Charleston, SC on July 26, 1822 mass execution of blacks (35 hangings)

Rachel Donelson Robards

married Andrew Jackson - 1791 Rachel's husband kicked her out

Industrialization in General

minor improvements lead to big industry gains 1815 - improvements to waterwheels made larger, more efficient mills and factories possible 1810 - iron industry had machines making cheap nails, sheet iron, puddling process made coal fuel possible, woolen industry after War of 1812 - manufacture of paper, glass, pottery improved 1820 - canning of sterilized food in airtight cans, changes urban eating

Panic of 1837

monetary chaos after "wild cat banking" and Specie Circular everything in the economy was failing

King Caucus

name for caucus system traditional method for selecting presidential nominees only 66 of 216 showed up to caucus for presidential nominee meeting of people to choose nominees for president

Nicholas Biddle

new president of 2nd BUS graduate Princeton at 15 limited credit and loans, demanded paper money be converted into specie vowed to never recharter the BUS

Rise of Whigs

opposition to Jackson was unorganized - Clay and National Republicans many Democrats disliked Jacksonian finance 1834 - Clay and supporters, Calhoun and states' rights supporters called themselves Whigs, dislike for tyranny -people who disliked Jackson, his violence, anti-science, big government joined Election of 1836 - Daniel Webster for NE, Hugh Lawson (TN), William Henry Harrison for Northwest, MVB WINS

Boston Manufacturing Company

owned by Francois Cabot Lowell $300,000, machine production, large scale, good management, centralized marketing cloth was cheap, durable 20% per year profit during "Era of Good Feelings"

The Colonization Movement

people wanted to put slaves in African colony blacks disliked their treatment Paul Cuffe (MA Quaker) - 38 fellow blacks to British Sierra Leone (1815) most that were for it didn't want free blacks in their society

Spoils System

politicians invaded Washington - out for spoils, wanted political jobs dismissed drunks, corrupt people new element in 1829 - rotation, get people who have been there too long out, avoid bureaucracy Jacksonian democracy - regular Americans can do anything, contempt for experts

Slavery in Revolutionary Era

property rights > liberty of black people Saint Domingue slave revolt (1804) scared many Americans 1801 - revolt led to 36 executions for nothing many slaves were freed, restrictions for free blacks

Marshall Court

rulings supported business interests by asserting sanctity of contracts and protecting property rights Dartmouth case - made charter a contract based on article 1, section 10

John C. Calhoun

secretary of war under Monroe South Carolina dropped out after Jackson was front-runner in PA wanted to be vice president

Workers and Class Consciousness

skilled - entrepreneurs, managers, low paid wage earners, employers gap between owners and workers economic growth ends master - worker relationship few craft workshops, owner's home cannot be workplace anymore - big cities have residential and commercial areas many strikes over conditions and wages - unions formed 1850s - American workers were not together in one class, unlike Europe foreign workers came and took native jobs number of free blacks doubled/tripled in North (1800-1830) - people did not care about them

coffin hand bill

slander of Jackson, saying that he killed Americans for not enlisting

The Cherokee, the Supreme Court, and the Trail of Tears to the West

some tribes resisted removal, Cherokee tried to stay and be white - developed written language, made constitution, farmed, raised cattle, tried to establish state in Georgia -Georgia does not recognize them 1828 - Georgia passes law: Cherokee laws are void, no states within state lottery of Cherokee goods Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 1832 - Worcester v. Georgia: two missionaries to Cherokee did not have licenses required by Georgia law ruling: JM, state can't control Cherokee or territory -Cherokee Corn Tassel went free after he committed murder on Cherokee land, JM sided with him, Jackson did Trail of Tears

James Alexander Hamilton

son of Alexander Hamilton told Jackson to look at the bank in a moderate way

States' Rights versus the Federal Union

southerners thought Jackson was for states' rights - liked whole nation