APUSH T1 Very Large Quizlet for AP Exam (missing 15, 20, 22)

Triangle Shirt Waist Fire and Company

-150 of the 500 workers died in the fire of the 10 story building -workers earned only 3 dollars a week -showed the necesity for govt regulation of business

Reformation of Empire

-1542 idea of New Laws spread- condemed Indian enslavement -encomienda system (extracting indian labor) abolished -1550 repartimiento system (indians stayed in villages and got wage) was established -created turmoil amongst settlers, missionaries, authorities to control Indian labor since it was still integrated within the system

Early laws against black

-1620 blacks barred from military -1643 poll tax on Africans -interracial relationships were severely punishable -1662 law regarding offspring -1667 House of Burgess declares that religious conversion does not allow freedom -In MA and Virginia, free slaves could sue and testify in court, even obtain land and slaves.

Pueblo Revolt

-1680, revolt of indigenous laborers led by shaman named Pope -killed colonists and priests and got Spanish out of modern-day New Mexico for 12 years -although very different people, the pueblans were united under common cause of rebellion; spanish= lingua franca bc spoke six different lanquages -alienated by Fransican frairs effiecient often brutal methods of conversion; burning Indian idols and sacred objects -also mad that spain failed to protect them from drought and external attacks

Reign Of Witches

-18 indv charged under sedition act -jefferson recalls salem witch trials -VA congressman Matthew Lyons recieved 4 months in rpison for the The Scourge of Aristocracy

Indian Removal

-1832 Black Hawk leads indian rebellion who attempted to reclaim Illinois -In slave states, cotton cultivation palced enormous pressure on remaining indian holdings -Thomas Hart Benton, "convert indian soil into slave soil." -MO forced Indian pop out

Force Bill

-1832 new tariffs passed that actually lowered tariff rates - south still deemed tax void -Jackson enacted force bill which allowed him to use army and navy to collect taxes -Clay engineers new tariff lowering taxes again and south rescinded nullifciation

Gag Rule

-1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress -its passing caused many to join abolitionist cause for free speech' "if the govt begins to discriminate as to what is orthodox and heterodox in opnion, farewell, a llong farewell to our freedom"- NY Evening Post -eventually overturned by the great JQA in 1844

Wilmot Proviso

-1846 Congressmen David Wilmot of PA proposed to ban slavery in all newly acquired territories -all northerners (democrats and whigs alike) supported it while all southerners d and w alike opposed it -passed in House where North was more populous but rejected in even senate

Step Towards Emancipation of Congress

-1862 prophibit amies from returning fugitive slave -abolition of district of colombia -ban slavery in dc -pass Second Confiscation Act which frees slaves of disloyal owners

Politics of Wartime Reconstruction

-1863 Lincoln announced Ten Percent Plan where he offered full amnesty and rights, including land back, to southerners who took a pledge; needed 10% of voters to elect this to elect new state govt w/ no slavery; offered no role to blacks -Blacks of NOLA dissatisfied so helped inspire Republican Wade-Davis Bill which required majority of whites to pledge and a new state govt which granted equal rights to blacks -W-D Bill passed in congress but rejected by lincoln. Slavery would be banned but no resoltuion to rights of blacks

Victory

-1864 Sherman and his army 60k marched from GA to the sea destroying rr, food, buildings -goal was "to whip the rebels, humble them with pride" -Sherman -captured Savannah at sea then headed to SC -created anarchy on plantations as slaves drove off owner, overseers -1865 Congress passes 13th amendment abolishing slavery and putting it into consitution; Lincoln wanted to "bind up the nation's wounds". -Lincoln said that ppl do not know Gods will therefore one cannot tell what God wanted -Lincoln walked through Ricmond heedless of his safety and slaves went on their knees thanking him -Lincolns coffin placed in major cities; 300k in Philly, 500k in NYC and 200k in chicago came to his coffin

Presendential Reconstruction

-1865-1867 where Johnson put forth his own reconstruction plan which failed -Johnson offered pardon to those who pledged allegiance to union except for confederate leaders which his policy seem very punitive -Johnson gave southern govts free hand in managing local affairs

Tape vs Hurley

-1871-1885 no public edu for chinese children in SF -1885 Sup Court orders city to admit chinese students -San Fran replies by creating separate schools for chinese -Joseph and Mary Tape outraged that there daughter was not allowed to go to same school as white children

Competition and Consolidation

-1873-1897 known as previous Great Depression -ruthless business tactics developed; "pools" divided the market at fixed prices; "trusts" were when the affairs of many companies were managed by one director -companies practiced market concentration; 4000 firms vanished from 1897 to 1904 -US Steel, Standard Oil, and International Harvester were the big 3 of industry

Civil Rights Cases

-1883 Suprememe COurt invalidated the Civil Rights Act of 1875 which outlawed discrimination in public places eg hotels, RR, theatre -said 14th amendment only prohibited unequal treatment by public official, not private businesses

Haymarket Affair

-1885 iron mould workers of Chicago strike against wage reduction at McCormick Plant -govt sided w/ union and persuaded company to agree to union terms -however company in Feb 1886 announced it would opperate on nonunion basis bc of new machinery tha reduced human labor -Chicago govt sided w/ company this time when police brutality was used on protesters killing 4 -rally held at haymarket square to protest the killings and a bomb was thrown killing a police officer and police killed several bystanders -strike ended and union destoryed by city govt -8 anarchist, 7 were foregin born, were charged on tenuous evidence for causing the bomb and 4 were hanged

Looking Backward

-1888 Bellamy wrote this novel promoting socialism under the name of nationalism -main character wakes up in 2000 where "excessive individualism" and cutthroat competition has been replaced in society by cooperation in a utopia -

Wounded Knee

-1890 soldiers open fire on Ghost Dancers in South dakota killing 150-200 indians men women and children -marked the end of armed conflict b/w indains and americans - "the indian pictured in these pages no longer exists"

US vs Wong Kim Ark

-1898 awarded citizenship to children of chinese immigrants born on american soil

Global Immigration

-1900 to 1913 13 mil immigrants came to the US from mostly Russia, Italy, Austro Hungary -60 mill immmigrated to western hemisphere from 1840 to 1914 -Rural southern and eastern Europe and large parts of Asia were regions marked by widespread poverty and illiteracy, burdensome taxation, and declining econmics -revolution in mexico sparked immigration, most crossed the border into El Passo Texas -not all immigrants were free laborers bc some were bound to long term labor contract made w/ labor agents -European enter through Ellis Island; Asians enter through Angel Island (Ellis Island of the West) -1 mil mexicans entered US b/w 1900 and 1930 -1/7 of US pop foreign born; 40% NY foreign born -3/5 workers in leading manufacturing inddustries were foreign born

The New Empire

-1902 written by Brooks Adams (the dynasty lives!!!) -US would soon "outweigh any single empire, if not all empires combined" -prediction seemed true as US passed Britain and France and Germany in industrial production; US achieved reconciliation; political system had stabilized in US

Wilson and Mexico

-1911 rev led by Madero overthrew govt of dictator Diaz -Victorieano Huerta (military commander) assassinated revolution leader Madero under backing of US ambassasador unknown to Wilson -Wilson was appaled and wanted to teach Latin Americans to "elect good men" -sent troops to vera cruz to take down Huerta, but to wilsons suprise, they saw US troops as invaders rather than liberators -Huerta left office in 1914; 100 mex and 19 amer died -war spilled into the US when Pancho Villa attakced NM killing 17 americans

Dust Bowl

-1930 was period of unusually dry weather only worsening the depression -mechanized agriculture pulverized topsoil and wind blew soil away -affected OK,TX,KS,CO -displaced over 1 mill farmers -Grapes of Wrath depicts struggle of dust bowl

Voices of Protest

-1930s movement questioned eco justice on political agenda -Upton Sinclair won Dem nom for governor of CA in 1934 as part of End Poverty in CA movement -Sinclair bc of negative ad campaign which said he was endorsed by communist party -"radio priest" Father Charles Coughlin attracted millions of listeners w/ weekly talks denouncing Wall Street bankers and calling for govt ownership of property; originally supported FDR but became a critic of FDR bc of failure of New Deal -Dr Francis Townshend CA physician won support for plan to give $200 a month to older americans who would spend money immeadietly; 2 mil followers -these complainments helped bring about Second New Deal

Small Improvement in Conditions

-1932 hoover admits to failure to stem Great Depression -Reconstruction Finance Corp loaned money to failing banks, RR, businesses -Federal Home Loan Bank System gave aid to homeowners in threat of foreclosure -Hoover finally approved measure giving $2 billion for public works projects to employ the people

Civilian Conservation Corps

-1933 Economy Act reduced federal spending but soon spending relief became unavoidable -Federal Emergency Relief made grants to local agencies to aid impoverished -CCC combated unemployment while improving nat parks and public works projects -over 3 mil passed through CCC during depression

End of Second New Deal

-1937 US Housing Act provided homes for the homeless -Fair Labor Standards Bill in 1938 banned goods produced by child labor, set 40 cent per hour min wage, and required overtime wage for over 40 hrs/wk work -1937 witnessed eco downturn bc govt reduced funding for WPA; unemployment went up to 20%

Taft Hartley Act

-1947 passed over presidential veto and reversed gains of labor unions -authorized president to suspend strikes by authorizing 8 day cool down period -also banned sympathy strikes and secondary boycotts -outlawed closed shop which required a worker to be aunion member when taking up a job

NSC-68

-1950 manifesto which described cold war as ideological struggle btw idea of freedom and slavery under oligarchy -wanted the "survival of the free world" -UN approved military build up of US in crusade against communism; spurred dramatic increase in American military spending

Army McCarthy Hearing

-1954 hearing marked downfall of McCarthy -investigated McCarthy's charges that the army had "coddled" communists -McCarthy was revealed as a bully in the trial -McCarthy even attacked young lawyer of Joseph Welch firm accusing him of communism -Judges decided to condemn "McCarthy"

Lewis and Clark

-2 VA born indian war veterans -scientific and commercial (route to pacific) objectives -accompanied by Sacajawea as a guide -returned w/ massive info about region and plantlife -help establish idea that america would one day extend to pacific eventhough they did not find route to asia

Protest for Free Labor

-20 NY tailors arrested for conspiring to seek higher wages in 1835 and protested with "burial of liberty" -young mill wome of lowell walked jobs off in 1834 to protest a reduction in wages; said "the oppressive hand of avarice would enslave us" -Noah Webster dictionary defined freedmo as "a state oof exemption from the power or control of another" -Langdon Byllesby was a labor spokesperson inn phillly who said wage was "very essence of slavery"

Loyalists in America

-20-25 percent of free americans remained loyal esp in NY, PA, and backcountry (SC and GA) mostly farmers and tenants -feared that local majorities would infringe on rights - PA seized property of Quakers, Mennonites, Moravians - refused to bare arms -colonists required to take oath of allegiance and barred from voting if not pleaded -100,000 loyalists banished or left; confiscated property returned despite Treaty of Paris -However, hostility short lived bc America needed to create international reputation of fairness and civility

Uprising of the 20,000

-200 workers of triangle shirtwait co tried to join International Ladies Garment Workers Union and were fired -inspired walkout by 20k women in garment industry -Alva Belmont was ex wife of Vanderbilt and contributed cars to advertise the protest -ILGWU won labor contract with 300 firms but TSWC was not one of them

New Orleans Uprising

-200-500 sugar slaves arn themselves w/ axes, clubs, knives, and march toward the city; white pop fled in panic -militia and army had to suppress the rebelllion killing 66; motivation for rebellion was "to kill the white"

Other FDR First New Deal Measures

-21st amend repeals prohibition -Federal Communication Commission oversaw nations broadcast airwaves -Securities and Exchange Commission regulated stocks and bonds -10 mil americans still unemployed by 1934

Failed strikes

-25k silk strike in Paterson NJ failed despite publicity -strike against Rockefeller owned CO Iron and Fuel Company started w/ demand for wage increase by the United Mine Workers of America -11k strikers evicted from companny owned homes -movedd to tent colonies -strike ended when tent colony in Ludlow was attacked by militia killing 20 to 30 ppl

Effect of Depression

-26k businesses failed in 1930 -US Steel fell from $262 to $22 and GM from $73 to $8 a share -William C Durant founder of GM lost all his money and had to run bowling alley in MI -US gross national product fell 1/3 -25% of workforce (11 mil) were unemployed

New Immigrants and Nativism

-3.5 mil immigrants immigrated during 90s seeking jobs in North and West -more than half from east europe (Italy, Russia, Austro Hungary); not typical immigrants such as Irish, German, English -described as member of "distinct" races who were of lower civilization as show by willingness to work for low wages and "inborn" tendencies for criminal behavior -"have no true appreciation of freedom"-OH newspaper -all states adopted the "Australian ballot" during 90s which protected voter privacy and limit participation of illiterates -suffrage throughout the country was increasingly becoming a privilege not a right

Women's Era

-30 year period where women still denied the right to vote but enjoyed greater economic opportunity -all states adopted laws giving married women control of own wages and right to sign separate contracts and wills -5 mil women worked for wages by 1900

Lawrence MA Strike

-32k woolen mills workers from 25 nationalities -1912 state enacted 54 hr work week max so company cut pay of worker; workers went to IWW for help -Haywood planned idea where workers sent their emaciated children to NYC to show poor conditions -MA ordered no more children to be shipped; one mother broke rule and her and her children were attacked by popo -movement slogan was "we want bread and roses too"

William Jennings Bryan

-36 year old congressman from NE whose electrifying speeches crystalized farmers pride; "Burn down your cities and leave our farms" -advocated free coainage of silver; "you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold" - free coinage would raise the prices farmers received for their crops and make it easier to pay off their debts -very religious man; influenced by Social Gospel; wanted to spread teaching of Christ to "little ppl" of america -populists hesitant to support; had been defrauded by democrats in the past, but could not secure victory alone

Canals

-363 mile Eerie Canal built by Dewitt Clinton(gave birth to Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse) to flow good b/w NY and Great Lakes -Nathaniel Hawthorne- canal= fertilizer "it causes towns w/ their masses of brick and stone, their churches and theaters, their business... to spring up." -help make NYC "granary of the world" - canal gave NYC access to old north west and primacy over competeing ports - eerie canal -mostly paid for by state govt

The Great Steel Strike

-365k workers centered in Chicago went on strike for 8hr day, higher wages, and union recognition -won 8hr work day at end of 1918; many workers joined Amalgamated Association during the war -steel employers replied to strike by launching attack against immigrants and IWW - asscoiated strikers with communism , disloyalty and IWW; "Americanism vs Alienism" the New York Tribune called it -strike collapsed in early 1920s after middle class turned against the strikers

Growth of Immigration

-4 mil ppl came to U.S. b/w 1790 and 1830 -90% headed for North where jobs were abundant -384k immigrants in NYC -ocean going steam boat (eg Cunard Line) made travel from europe cheap -typically, male family member emigrated first and later send back money for the rest of the family

Rise of West

-4.5 mill crossed Appalachian MT by 1840 -6 new states enter union are war of 1812 hence mass exodus -ppl traveled in groups to clear land and establish communities and sooperated together -small and rich plantatio owners migrated together t make Cotton Kingdoms -1840 census showed that 2/5 of pop lived beyong appalachanian MT

New Deal and Mexican Americans

-400k mexicans migrated back to mexico by strong urge of US govt officials -those that remained worked on CA vegetable farms where SSA and Wagner Act did not apply to agricultural workers -tried to form own union but were suppressed -tried to claim to be white so they would not seem be discriminated as blacks but also sought support from mexican govt and promoted sense of mexican pride w/ la raza heritage

Americans and the Depression

-4k kids stood in line for bread rations in detroit each day -thousands of evicted families had to move to shantytowns called hoovervilles -Mayor of Chicago Anton Cermak called people indv to beg them to pay taxes -over 100k americans applied for jobs in USSR -1935 33 million lived on farms= most ever; reversed migration from city to farm -suicide rate=highest; birthrate=lowest -Richard Whitney pres of NYC Stock Exchange convicted for stealing funds of customers

Growth of Pop Culture and Celebrities

-5 mil radios in homes by 1929 which spread culture -over 100 mil records per year sold in the 20s -celebrities like RCA Victor, Charlie Chaplin, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey were idolized for the first time -most famous celebrity was Charles Lindbergh who sailed across the Atlantic in 1927 -America was "boring its way" into the world bc of the growth of culture- Charles Beard

Great Migration

-500k blacks left south btw 910 and 1920 for better eco oppurtunity and wages, edu opportunities for children, voting potentially, and escape lynching threat (bc increased wartime production and decreased immigrants in north more "oppertunity") -black pop of chiacgo doubled -blacks spoke of it as second great emancipation; bound for the Promised Land -most blacks were disappointed bc excluded from unions, restricted job opportunities, and violent outbreaks -no part of the country was safe from racial hostility

The Amistad

-53 slaves being moed from Africa to Cuba take hold of ship and eventually arrive in CT -Pres Van Burean wanted to return slaves to Cuba -Supreme court declares slaves as no ones property and frees them -similar situaition with the Creole when 135 AMerican slaves take hold of ship and sail to Britain where the British gave them refuge

Combat in CA

-60k volunteers fought in whole war -3 front war -CA freed from mexico -Charles Fremont lead band of american insurrections to take over CA and created "bear flag republic" which ended after a month when US Navy Ships sailed to moonterrey and SF -1,600 trops led by Gen Stephen Kerney occupied Sante fe w/o resistance and headed to southern CA

A Bloodbath

-620k troops died (more than all other us wars combined) -"I believe the doctors kill more than they cure"-AL private -diseases like measles, malaria, typhus swept military camps , killing more than in combat -50k soldiers died in military prisons -13k union soldiers died in ANdersonville, GA confederate camp -in china, Taiping rebellion resulted 23 million deaths showing the increase in death tolls across the world same w/ triple alliance in south america

Gang Labor

-75% of women and 90% of men worked in the field -owners would often labor w/ slaves on small farms -on Cotton Belt slaves worked in gangs and were supervised by slave driver/ overseer w/ harsh treatment -150k sugar slaves in Southern LA also worked in gangs; conditions hardest for sugar bc round the clock work -rice slaves in SC and GA worked w/ task (which originated in colonial period) which gave much autonomy to slave are daily tasks were completed.

Race and Manifest Destiny

-75k Spanish and 150k indians inhabited in the Mexican Cession -Tresty of Guadalupe guarenteed annexation of texas and seded california, new mexico, arizona, nevada and utah; garunteed all citizens of the area rights of americans - ap rovision designed to protect the latge mexican landowners in california -indians regarded to as "savage tribes" who must be prevent from revolting; not apart of this liberty -territorial expansion became proof of innate superiority of "Angalo Saxon Race" -US did not annex all of Mexico bc did want to assimilate large non white catholic pop -annexation of texas became triumph for protestants over the currupt catholic church and mongrel races

The Coming of War

-8 slave states of upper south still in Union -even in confederacy many dived on secession -Lincoln was concilatory in inagural speech and denied right for state to secede but said he did not wish to interefere w/ slavery in states where it already existed; did not mention mention retaking forts seized by South -Lincoln careful in first few months to not incite more secession -wanted south to be the first to shoot not north -first shots fired by confederacy at Fort Sumner in SC

Rural South 1800

-80% of south worked the land -new southern states agrarian copies of older states

Postwar Strike Wave

-AFL and CIO launched Operation Dixie which unionize south and shatter hold of conservatives in south -over 200 labor organizers entered south -inflation following the removal of price control caused 5 mil workers to walk off their jobs including 750k in the steel industry -Truman infuriated and petiotioned court orders ordering mining workers to return to work -Truman appointed "fact finding boards" which essentially encouraged companies to raise wages

Banking Crisis

-AS bank funds lost their value and panicked depositors withdrew savings , banks closed their doors -banking suspended in most states by March 1933 -FDR declares "bank holiday" halting all bank operations -March 9 Emergency Banking Act provided funds to threatened instutitions -Glass Steagall Act prevented banks from the involvment of buying and selling stocks -Federal Deposit Insurance Corp insured the accounts of indv depositers -FDR took US off the gold standard which allowed issuance of more money and simualtion of business -5k banks failed from 1929 to 1933 but not a single one did in 1936

British Emancipation

-Abject failure -Parliament tried to immediately abolish slavery by w/ 7 year "apprenticeship" period but this failed b/c too much conflict b/w owner and slave -20 million pounds appropriated to compensate for owners -defenders of slavery used this to show why instiution should be in place

Chinese and Portugese Navigation

-Admiral Zheng He led expeditions into indian ocean to impress people of Chinas might; -Led expeditions to south asia and east africa -ended in 1433 bc no need for oversea expansion; China was wealthy, land based empire -1943 gov ended support went to portugal -Portugal developed caravel which allowed them to travel far distances to north africa

Diverse population - Excess pop

-African and non european arrivals increased, emigrating europeans decreased in 1800s -Economy in england improved; no longer worried about masterless men and worried large scale emigration was draining labor from motherland -Scottish migrated as part of Englands effort to subdue island

Agricultural Adjustment Act

-Agricultural Adjustment Act sought to raise farm prices by creating a qouta for crops and paying farming to not overproduce -AAA only benefited property owning farmings while ignoring farmers who worked on owned land -many sharecroppers evicted and forced to most West; rural exodus to western cities

Rise of Human Rights

-Allies put Germans on trial at Nuremburg for crimes against humanity -UN Charter prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, or sex

Fredericksburg

-Ambrose replaces McClellan -North loses badly to Lee COnfederates -"It was not a fight. It was a massacre"-Union soldier

Settler Socities

-America, Australia, Argentina, Canada known as settler socities bc ppl lived there before civilzation but immigrants from overseas quickly outnumbered original inhabitants -removal of aborigonal ppl in australia very similar to removal of indians in america

Abolitionist Schism

-American Anti Slavery Society appointed Kelley as president which divided group into also the Foregin Anti Slavery Society bc they felt a woman should not be president -abolitionist movement divided on role of women in anti slavery politics -abolitionists divided from garrison bc of his view on feminism and his belief that abolitionists should not hold office to form Libery Party and elect James G Birney as their first candidate

Rise of the AFL

-American Federation of Labor 1890s showed shift from braod reformists past to more limited goals -should not seek KOL goals of a cooperative commonwealth -founder Samuel Gompers said Unions should seek to negogiate w/ employers for higher wage and better condition; not pursue utopian ideal of economic independence -Ideas Gompers pioneered known as "business unionism" -restricted membership to skilled wokers; blacks, women, and immigrants excluded -focused on printing and building industry bc small business; excluded members of steel, rubber, iron industry

Challenging the Color Line

-American Jewish Committee and the National Conference of Christians defined pluralism as the "American way" -Communist party was only white society fighting racism as a top priority -Communist International Labor Defense mobilized support for black victims convicted of racist crimes -CIO allowed black members and promoted anti lycnching; organized many blacks into unions -blacks joined unions with enthusiasm; as said by CIO organizer Ed McRea

Josiah Warren

-American anarchist who estalished shot lived communities -took individualism to an extreme; totally unregulated community -freedom meant, "allowing each individual to be an absolute despot or soveriegn over himself"

Neutrality

-Americans divided; British americans and those who hated germany sided w/ britain; German americans identified w/ germans and irish americans opposed aid to Britain; Russians had no desire to see US aid russian czar, who sided with Britian and France -pacifists, feminists, social reformers wanted peace to enhance social justice at home -Wilson declared neutrality at breakout of the war -naval warfare similar to 1812; sinking of Lusitania in 1915 angered Wilson so much that WJB resigned as sec of war

Definitions of democracy

-Aristotle- a system in which the entire people governed directly - the condition of primitive societies, chaotic -based on gender and race -During Rev- aspirations for greater equality inspired by struggle for independence (gov't served interests of ppl., not elite -more access to voting/ gov participation

Voluntary emancipation

-At beginning of revolution, upheaval threatened existence of slavery -during war nearly every state prohibited further importation of slaves -Many slave owner voluntarily emancipated their slaves; Robert Carter III freed 400 of his slaves in VA -didnt last in south however because leaders would rather loose the war than their slaves

Spirit of Innovation

-Atlantic Cable allowed for national instantaneous telegraph -Thomas Edison in Menlo Park and Orange NJ invented phonograph lightbulb etc and was able to make first electric generating station in Manhattan -Tesla was first develop aleternating current which overcame difficulties of electricity commercially -spread of electricity was essential to industrial and urban growth, became more reliable source of power than water or steam

Tenochtitlan

-Aztec capital of Empire -conquered by Cortez through brute force and gun powder -further south was the 12 million ppl Inca Empire (conquered by Pizzaro) -Incan population linked by complex roads 2000 miles along Andes

Republican Motherhood

-Benjamin Rush women need to have a "suitable education" to enable them to "instruct their sons in principles of liberty and gov't" -enforces idea of "companionate" marriage where marriage is a voluntary union by mutual affection and dependency -Ann Carson left her husband bc she felt like a slave to him

Economic Citizenship

-Brandeis wanted universal eco rights including decent income, protection against unemployment and work related accidents -right to assisatance derived from citizenship itself not from character or deserving or undeservingness -21 states enacted workmans compensation for injury -still not min wage of max hrs for men

Gabriels Rebellion

-Brothers Gabriel and Solomon, blacksmiths, and Martin,preacher, planned to march through city and hold governor James Monroe hostage until demands for abolition met in Richmond, VA -plan failed bc of rain; gabriels and supporters hanged -blacks were half pop and 1/5 were free in richmond; could negotiaite own labor contract which led to autonomy -rebellion product of age; "we have as mch rigt to fihgt for our liberty as any man" -whites tightened control of blacks; could not congregate on sunday w/o white supervision; restricted masters voluntarily freeing slaves -door to emancipation slammed shut

Labor and Politics

-CIO unlike AFL put forward a plan which favored govt intervention to shield Americans from eco insecurity w/ public housing, universal health care -CIO said Union were meant to cooperate w/ govt to "create a consumers demands" by raising wages and redistributing wealth -1937 agreement btw GM and UAW spoke of a "rate of pay commsumerate w/ an American standard of living" -many New Dealers adopted "underconsumptionist" explanation for depression which explained depression as lack of consumer demand bc of mal-distribution of wealth -wanted to create consumer demand by raising wages and redistributing wealth

Calhouns Political theory

-Calhoun drafted Exposition and Protest where SC justified their nullification calling upon KT and VA Resoluutions -nat govt was an agreement among sovereign states -Calhoun's authority waned in office bc b/c Van Buren got more power -scandal b/c Calhouns wife ostracized peggy eaton while Jackson and VB supported her since she was of "easy virtue" -emerged as leading supporter of states rights

Nullification Crisis

-Calhoun that nullifcation would lead to disunion -south adopted philosphy that the only way to assure national stability govt wud be that nat actions do not trample on state interests -Calhoun would leave democrats for whigs w/ Clay and Webster -"concurrent majority" each major interest should have a veto over all measures that affect it

Plain Indian Subjugation

-Cheyenne Sioux Comanche Kiowa and Crow tribes became major tribes out west in 19th century; migrated to the plains to take advantage of the horses -many early settlers were kind with indians but land encroachment caused blood shed -1869 Pres Grant issues "peace policy" but broken -Civil War general Philip Sheridan destroyed indian villages and made buffalo extinct through army campaigns

Limitation of Chinese Right

-Chinese were "odious, adominable, dangerous, revolting"-according to Rep leader James Blaine -before 1870 most chinese immmigrants were unattached male labor contracters to work in western gold fields, factories, and railroads -1875 Horace Page passed a bill barring chinese women from immgrating to prevent families from coming and preserve health of whites by preventing chinese prostitutes - wanted to also prevent families from populating US -1882 congress temporarily barred chinese from entering country and in 1902 made ban permanent -by 1902, 100k chinese in west who were banned from thousands of towns and mining camps -all resided on west coast suffered discrimination and mob violence -drawed on legislation of reconstruction era, sued gov for redress when their rights were violated

Iron Curtain

-Churchill spoke of iron curtain that descended across europe -ideological struggle btw democracy and communism -US vs USSR essentially

Civil Service Act of 1883

-Civil Service Act of 1883 created merit system for federal officials w/ appoitment via compeititve exminations rather than political influence;remove officeholding from political machines

American System

-Coined by Clay and put forward by Madison -"Let us bind the nation together w/ roads and canals. Let us conquer space."- Calhoun 1. new national bank 2. higher tariffs 3. federal financing of "internal imporvments" eg road canal etc. -Madison vetoed bill suprisingly bc not in fed govt powers in constiution and wou,ld require an admendment for the further development of infastructure. also it endangered the south and inv liberty -tariff of 1816 and nat bank were created however

Natives and Civil War

-Colorado soldiers killed 400 cheyenne indians in 1864 -Navajo Long Walk happened after Union soldiers forced 8k Navajo indians to move to reservation grounds -Confederate Consitution gave indians a representative in congress suprisingly and allowed self govt for idnian tribes causing Cherokee to side with Confederates

Indian New Deal

-Com of Indian Affairs John Collier ended forced indian assimilation and allowed cultural autonomy -Collier replaced american boarding schools w/ reservation schools and increased spending on indian health -Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 ended policy of turning tribal land into small farm plots for indian families (no more Dawes Act) -Navajos refused to cooperate to protest against soil conservation program which limited amount of livestock -Grand Coule Dam flooded acres of indian land and did not make irigation available to indians

Opening Japan

-Commode Matthew Perry sailed to Tokyo Harbor to negotiate a trade treaty in 1854, which had been closed for two centuries -japan opened two ports bc impressed by armaments and alarmed by euro intrusion (as well as muscians and black face performance) -Townsend Harris, NYC Merchant, arrived as first consul by estanlish full diplomatic relations w/ two counties

Missouri Controversy

-Congress considered a request from missouri to form a constitution for union with the US -James Tallmadge from NY noted that Missouri already had large slave population Introduction of further slaves be prohibited and children of slaves be freed at 25 -Caused Republican unity shattered along sectional lines

1924 Election

-Coolidge not as scandalous as Harding but had same pro business policies -Coolidge twice vetoed the McNary Haugen Bill which favored farmers -Robert LaFollete ran as Progressives candidate and received 1/6 of electorate but failed to raise more than 250k for election

Yick Wo vs Hopkins

-Court ordered SF in 1886 to grant license to Chinese operated laundries -to deny a person oppurtunity to living was "intolerable in any country where freedom prevail" according to Court

Court and Civil Liberties

-Court upheld conviction of Jacob Abrams and 5 others for opposition to american intervention in Russian rev w/ opposition from justices Holmes and Brandeis -two justices again dissented in the conviction of Benjamin Gitlow for urging for communist rev in US -Holmes said that every set of beliefs even "proletarian dictatorship" should be protected by free speech -1920s sup court began to changes; voided KS law prohibiting advoaction of political change, MN law censoring the press -Court threw out conviction of Mary Dennet for sending a sex edu pamphlet through the mail -Brandeis dissented in conviction of communist Anita Whitney bc freedom of speech is essential to active citizenship in democracy -gov of CA pardonned Whitney bc freespeech is an "indispensable birthright of every free american"

Articles of Confederation

-Created to balance fear of central government but need for national coordination -"firm league of friendship" among the states -One house congress, each state gets one vote no matter how large - no real financial resources, most came from contributions of individual states -once land rich states ceded there teriotiry, could confederation be ratified and gain control over western land

The Great Cause of Freedom

-Creel felt war would resolve "age old problem of poverty and inequality"; expand "industrial democracy" -CPI distributed pamphlets w/ post war society w/ universal 8hr day and wage -Statue of Liberty used to get support from immigrants; "You came here for freedom. Now help preserve it" -Kaiser of germany became antithesis of freedom - Germany representated as a ntion of barbaric huns

The Great Debate

-Daniel Webster of MA agree to abadon proviso for comp if it would lead to sectional peace -Calhoun rejected the idea of compromise; slavery must be protected by govt; north must yield or union will collapse -William Seward of NY said law of morality condemned slavery; greater than constitution -Taylor did not support compromise but he died and Filimore threw his support for Compreomise which became adopted

Fort Sumner

-Davis ordered batteries to fire on fort to force the wavering upper south to join confederacy -Lincoln calls for 75k troops to suppress insurrection -within weeks states of upper south, VA, AR,NC, TN join the confederacy

Reckoning w/ Liberty

-Depression caused change in Americans view of liberty -Archibald MacLeish took photos of impoverished and questioned reality of freedom in desperate times in his volume Land of the Free -1935 survey by Fortune showed that 90% of americans believed govt should provide job for everyman that wants work -National Catholic Welfare Society said "social justice" reqiures continous employment

Niagra Movement

-Du Bois gathers black leaders at niagra falls and sought to reinvigorate abolitionist traditions -Declaration of Principles adopted at movement called for restoration of voting rights, end to racial segregation, and complete equality in eco and edu oppurtunities

Anti Western Movement

-Du Bois thought end of war and self det would promote racial justice "Make way for democracy!" -Wilson failure w/ self det led to anti western movement -May 4 movement in China boycotted the

Dutch Colonization

-Dutch East Indias Commpany led by Henry hudson colonized NY -dutch invented joint stock company- way of pooling financial resources and sharing risk of maritim voyage -very broad religious toleration; indv could worship any religion -govt controlled by apointees of joint stock company -slaves and women enjoyed more indepenence and rights than english -"freedom and Exemptions- company offered large estates to patroons (shaareholders who agreed to send labor force) -dutch came to trade not conquer so treated indians as trade partners; always purchased land from indians

Tea Act

-East India Company had huge monopoly - invested in heavily. Caused speculative bubble, investors investing more than stocks worth until it collapses. Needed to be rescued because of the wealthy investors and the EIC was the colonial government for Inidan colonies, so started dumping cheap chinese teas on the market, with taxes. Puts Americans out of business

Division of Classes

-Edward Atkinson said "a peranent factory population" living on the edge of povery alongisde the wealthy was the problem in society -"the great curse of the old world, the division of society into classes, has come into the American" -many americans viewed concentration of wealth as inevitable, natural, and justified by progress. Wages determined by iron law of supply nad demand -wealth went not to those who worked hardest, by those with business skills and access to money -difficult to view wage labor as freedom or west as a haven for disposed of the east -ideas of freedom and equality from rev were broken

Congress and the west

-Establishing rules for settlement in western national domain not simple -By aiding the british, congress believed indians forfieted right to their land -At peace confrence following year, American representatives recieved large surrenders of indian land north of ohio river valley -Leaders saw western expnasion as essential to economic health because farmers would have access to land -worried unregulated settlement would lead to conflict with the indians -land companies wanted to control congress, and gain land and resell it to settlers

Virtuous Citizens

-Even deists believed religous values reinforced moral qualities necessary for republic to prosper -PA constitution requires citizens to recognize god and urges legislature to enact "laws for the prevention of vice and immorality" - also prosecuted blashpemy and breaches of the sabbath -sacrifice self interest for good of public

America's expansionism

-Ever since Moroe Doctrine many Americans had considered the western hemisphere as American sphere of influence -only purchase before 1890 was Seward buying Alaska which was frowned upon as "Seward's icebox"; Seward concerned w/ Aleutian Islands which were gateway to pacific -companies like Standard Oil and Singer Sewing Machines started to be sold abroad

A New Deal for Blacks

-FDR appointed black educator Mary Bethune and other blacks as special adviser on minority affairs -Elanor and Sec of Int Harold Ickes brought to national attention injustices toward blacks eg lynchings -Eleanor left Daughters of American Rev Group when they refused black singer Marian Andersen to sing -Bethune proclaimed new deal was a "new day" for blacks to achieve "the promised land of liberty -historic shift in black voting patterns -blacks of north and west abandonned rep party to support new deal and democrats -New Deal unfortunately did not bring change -FDR did not care for blacks rights; CCC had segregated work camps -SSA left uncovered 60% of blacks

FDR and Freedom

-FDR gave "fire sides chats" on the radio to americans -FDR changed liberalism to mean a socially active, conscious state -freedom= "greater security for the average man" instead of liberty of contract for the "privileged few"

Coming of the New Deal

-FDR proposed it as an alternative to socialism on left, Nazism on right, and unregulated capitalism; hoped to reconcile democracy. indiv liberty, and economy -British economist John Keynes told FDR that FDR was trustee for which other countries would soon follow; if he failed only remaining choice were "orthodoxy" or "rev"

Court Fight

-FDR proposed that pres be able to pick new justice for each one passed age 70 -he did this bc he wanted to change balance of power in court so they did not invlaidate social security and Wagner act -Congress rejected it bc it seemed like dictator power -still success bc in 1937 court suddenly started supporting eco intervention by govt -upheld minimum wage in Washington -Chief Justice Charles Hughes said "freedom of contract" not in constiution; liberty requires protection from evils of unemployment, eco insecurity

FDR Advisors

-FDR relied on advice of intellectuals and social workers; not unified in views -Sec of Labor Frances Perkins, veteran of Hull House and NY Consumer League -Harry Hopkins who headed emergency relief efforts in NYC when FDR was governor -Sec of Interior Harold Ickes who was veteran of Theodore Roosevelt campaign -Louis Brandeis who gave political advice; believed big corps caused depression bc of excessive power and keeping prices high and wages low; businesses should be broken up not regulated

Patrons of Husbandry (Grange)

-Farmers and local merchants complained of excessively high freight rates, discrimination for larger producers, and high fees chraged by rr controlled grain warehouses -wanted to establish cooperatives for shipping "to take our products at a fair price" -suceeded in reducing prices in some states; 700k members in 1870s

Patterns of Agriculture

-Farms tilled by families and produced for local consumption dominated NE and the Backcountry -Middle colonies more interested in commerce, growing gain for own use and sale, suplemented family members for wage laborers, sometimes slaves -PA "best poor mans country" fertile soil, favorable climate,generous land distribution

American Standard of Living

-Father John A Ryan A Living Wage said a decent standard of living enabled a person to participate in consumer economy and was a "natural and absolute" right -Simon Patten said Progressive era= end of a reign of want and advent of a society of abundance and leisure; "new civilization" where all Americans are free -economic relationsjips should be governed by moral standards - powerful among catholics

New Feminism

-Feminist Allaince built communal kitchens and daycares for women to be freed from the constraint of the home -meeting in NY Coppers Union in 1914 defined feminism as the emancipation of women "both as human beings and sex beings" -attacked traditional rules of sexual behavior and added new element to the dicussion of personl freedom

Philippine War

-Filipinos welcomed US intervention as a way to be freed from Spain and have access to American markets -admired democratic ideals, hoped it would lead to social reform and politcal self government -longer and bloodier war (100k Filipinos and 4.2K americans died in war from 1899 to 1903) -US committed awful atrocities; Twain complained "We have gone there to conquer" -Taft said goal of war was so they could "appreciate what Anglo Saxon liberty is"

Containment and the Middle East

-First confrontation of CW in middle east; -Soviet troops occupied parts of IRan for oil -Stalin forced to remove troops bc of American and British pressure -USSR failed to adhere to Yalta conference and installed comunist govts in Middle East and poland; called this step no diiferent from american domination of latin america

Second New Deal

-First was focused on eco recovery -Second was focused on eco security- guarentee americans to be protected against unemployment and poverty -government should no longer try to plan business recovery but should try to redistribute the national income so as to sustain mass purchasing power in the consumer economy -New Dealers wanted to fix eco inequality -Congress levied tax on crop profits and fortunes -Rural Electrification Agency Built to establish electricity in homes that lacked it -REA most success; 90% of farmers got electricity -2nd ND promoted soil conversation and family farming bc of belief that nation cannot prosper w/ poor farmers -farmers received federal assistance; 2nd ND failed to arrest trend towards large farm w/ fewer farmers -government aquired eroded lands and converted this land into nat parks

Fordism

-Ford developed techinques of production and marketing to bring car to ordinary citizen -sought to standardize output and lower prices; cheap Model T was a common car but sturdy enough to manage poorly maintained roads -1913 factory in Highland Park MI adopted moving assembly line technique -increased wage to 5 dollars a day in 1915 which attratced a steady stream of workers; condition were poor and boring - although criticized, he insisted that workers should be able to afford the goods being turned out in factories -sold 34k cars at $700 and in 1910 sold 700k cars at $300 -system based on mass production and consumption became fordism

Berlin Blocakde

-France,US,Britain, USSR each took section of germany, berlin -GB,US,France introduce own currency in Germany and form west germany -soviets cut of rail and road supplies to west berlin as response -11month airlift followed into berlin and stalin would life the blockade

Boundaries of Freedom

-Fred Doug Composite Nation speech condemned prejudice against chinese -Sumner sought to remove white from naturalization requiremnt -foregin blacks allowed to be naturalized but not asians

Election of 1848

-Free Soil party formed and nominates Van Burean and Charles Francis Adams (of the esteemed Adams dynasty) van buren ran for revenge for the democrats jettisoning him in 1844 -democrats chose Lewis Cass of Michigan who was for popular sovereignty -Free Soil party shows that antislavery sentiment spreading; Seward "Antislavery is at length a respectable element in politics"; 14% of northern vote -Whig Zachary Taylor carried the south bc he was war hero

Edmund Genet

-French envoy seeking to gain support for french gov't, welcomed to america by french supporters -admirers of rev welcomed him tumultously -recalled by GW for commanding american ships to attack british vessels

Marquis Lafayette

-French nobleman who fought w/ GW -visit to U.S. in 1784 to all states using steamboat signified growth of the nation -did note however, "I would have never drawn my sword i the cause of the U.S. if I could have conceived that thereby U was founding a land of slavery."

Colonial Elite

-Gap between rich and poor grew more rapidly during 18th century than any other time. -in NE and Middle colonies expnading trade made powerful upper class of merchants who held political and societal power, linked to trading firms in London -In Chesapeake, great planters accumulated wealth via plantations producing cash crops -had no aristocracy, or at least, none that could rival landholdings and wealth of those in Britain -In viriginia, planters could pass down wealth to sons, ex Thomas Jefferson

Contraband Slaves

-General Benjamin Butler treated slaves in VA in 1861 as contrabands of war -slaves were kept in "contraband camps" and even went to "contraband schools" -many slaves called civil war the "freedom war" even before Lincoln passed the emancipation proclamation -many fugitive slaves provided north w/ southern military info; "The most valuable and reliable information of the enemy's movements in our vicinity derived from the negroes who came into our line"- Union General Daniel Sickles -unlike before war, more women and children as entire families began to abandon plantations -many slaves sacked their plantation houses; "slavery is foreever destoryed and wroethless no matter what Mr lincoln has to say"-northern reporter

1864 War

-Grant began a war of attrition against Lee, must continue to attack "all along the line" -Grant knew union could afford high casualties -Grant lost 60k men and Lee 30k in 6 weeks but Lee loss was worse bc less soldiers -Grant only general to keep initiative on Grant but it cost him a "butcher of men" -Sherman takes Atlanta,

War in the West

-Grant: west point grad resigned from due to drinking allegations -Grant won significant victories by capturing Fort Henry and Donelson in TN -Naval forces led by Admiral Farragut took control of NOLA in 1862 which was largest southern city -western success stalled after 1863 for the Union

British Advantages

-Greatest Military power on earth - well trained (hired soldiers from german state Hesse), powerful navy, experienced commanders -Viewed americans as traitors, resolved to crush them

The French Empire

-Greatest rival to British power in North America -population and economy of Canada expanded -founded New Orleans and prosporous farming in the St. Lawrence river valley -New Orleans soon had vibrant social life and established schools and churches -Prejudice against emmigration - colonies place of cruel exiles for criminals and social outcasts -close relations with indians, large threat - trading posts ringed colonies

Quakers and Slavery

-Group of german Quakers issued protest regarding rights of blacks -believed all persons possessed the divine inner light

American Advantages

-Had extensive training from 7 yrs war -Fighting on their own soil- cause that inspired devotion and sacrifice -Aid from European rivals, such as France

Corruption in Government

-Harding had an illicit affair w/ a young Ohio girl Nan Britton -Att Gen Harry Daughtry accepted bribes not to imprison people -Head of Veterans Bureau Charles Forbes received kickbacks for sale of govt supplies -Sec of Interior Albert Fall accepted over 500k from businessmen to lease govt oil reserves

The Executive Ass

-Harrison dies from pneumonia; Tyler becomes presiddent -Tyler vetoed all Whig measures to enact American system including higher tariff and new nat bank -nicknamed the executive ass n his accidency bc was not elected and defied views of whigs -showed that w/o a party behind him, a president cannot govern

Progress and Poverty

-Henry George wrote this novel in 1879 after witnessing monopolization firsthand in his state -"problem" in society was the growth of the "squalor and misery" alongside material progess -solution was a "single tax" which would replace other taxes with a levy on increases in the value of real estate -taxx so high that it would prevent speculation in rural and urban land -"proper name" for political movement by book would be "freedom men" who fight against industrial slavery -freedom is not just owner ship of land -govt only have a limited function in society to enhcance quality of living through public works

The Seven Year's War

-High taxation due to 18th century war debt lead to discontent in colonies -Began with british efforts to dislodge French forts in western PA -Previous yr George Washington had unsiccesful mission attempting to do above. Came back in 1754 with two companies of soldiers and built fort necessitybut lost 1/3 of his men -first two yrs against british ; NY captured , But british got Nova Scotia and expelled some settlers as far as LA and became Cajuns -Pit raised money and soldiers, saved war by finding aid from Prussia and Austria to hold line against france and spanish in europe -battle for imperial domination

Worsening Outlook

-Hoover signed Hawley Smoot Tariff which raised tariffs and reduced international trade -1932 hoover pushed tax increase to balance federal budget -Hoover approved food for livestock; he feeds "jackasses but not starving babies" -Hoover would never give direct aid to the poor

Election of 1928

-Hoover was destined for success; accumulated fortune working w/ asian mining firms; coordinate WWI food overseas relief; John Keynes said Hoover was only man to leave Versailes peace conf "w/ an enhanced reputation" -Hoover published American Individualism which criticized govt intervention; prefered "associational action where private agencies directed regulatory and welfare policies -Dem opponent was first Catholic candidate ever Alfred Smith who was gov of NY and supported govt regulation; called for repeal of Prohibition; criticized for tie w/ immigrants and catholicism

HUAC and Hollywood 10

-House UnAmerican Activities Committee launched attack on communist influence in hoolywood -Walt Disney, Gary Cooper, Ronald etc testified that there were communists in industry -ten "unfriendly" witnesses refused to testfiy saying it was a violation of first amendment rights -Hollywood Ten would serve 6 month jail terms and be blacklisted

Support for Immigrants

-Hull House encouraged Europeans to value their own european culture -Randolph Bourne wrote the "Trans National America" w/ no distinctive american culture but instead many integrated cultures to create "trans national culture"

Propaganda War

-IWW and Socialist Party opposed the war effort; declared it a "crime against the people of the United States) -socialist vote fell 20% bc they didnt support the war

Immigrant Strikes

-IWW drew upon solidarity of immigrant groups to create a strike based on ethnic cohesiveness -one strike in NOLA 1917 called upon unity of 10k white and black dockworkers and prevented wage cut

History of Slavery

-In norther Europe post Romans -Slave trade of Slavic people in Med. Sea -In americas, based on plantation, worked under control of sinlge owner, prone to resistence, therefore, monitered system rigidly -skin color becomes mark of bondage, unworthy of freedom in society

New Industrial Order

-In the midst of worldwide flu epidemic that killed between 20-40 mil -Wilson told AFL "we must ensure labor is free" -Herbert Hoover said nation was on the verge of a "new industrial order" -4 mil workers engaged in strikes in 1919 which was greatest number ever -workers began to wear liberty buttons, denounced their employers as kaiser, and dmenaded freedom in workplace -strike wave began in Jan 1919 when Seattle shipyard workers striked together uniting AFL and IWW -MA gov Calvin Coolidge fired his entire police force after they went on a strike for higher wages -

White Freedom and Indian Freedom

-Independence created governments accountable to voters who coveted indian land -Liberty for whites meant loss of liberty for Indians -Jefferson - only hope for inidians is their "removal beyond the missisipi" -Treaty of Paris marked culmination of a century in which balance of power shifted away from Indians and towards white Americans -British abandoned Mohawk Indians hoping to create confederacy between Canada and America -To indians retaining idependence = reataining their land - their definition of independence becoming americanized

The Farmers REvolt

-Interruption of cotton exports during Civil war lead to the rapid expnasion of production in India, Egypt and Brazil -Overproduction lead to declining prices, throwing millions of farmers into debt -Western farmers also had loans to pay off from mortgaging their properties to purchase fertilizer and machinery

Individualism

-Irony; market revolution promoted connections with far flung people, but idea of "sovereign individual" americans should rely on no one -Tocqueville- individualis led"each member of the community to sever himself from the mass and to draw aparrt w/ his family and his friend... Leaving society at large at last" -privay (realm of self) became increasingly understood, o right ot interfere -emerson "enlargment and independency of the indv driven to find all his resources, hopes, rewards, society and deity w/in self" -Thoreau- americans had become "tools of their tools"; dissproved obsessions w/ weal -Thoreau Walden and "simplify" lives bc rev degrded american values and nature; genuine freedom lay within

SC and Nullification

-Jackson's first term more focused on federal laws -"tariff of abominations" generated much hate in South bc it favored the industrial north, since tariff on imported manufactured goods raised prices paid by couthern consumers -SC threatened to nullify law bc a lot of wealth planters wanted power in their state constiution; feared nat govt would one day take action against slavery (had been thuroughly disturbed by Missouri crisis)

Black ABolitionists

-James Forten helped finance the liberator in its early years -mostly blacks subscribed to Liberator -American Anti Slave Society had many black board members

Era of Good Feeling

-James Monroe handily deafeated Rufus King, becoming the last of the virginia presidents -eight years of James Monroe's presidency where there was only one party the Republicans which results in sectional division in the US

Marbury vs Madison

-Jefferson greatly distrusts elected judiciary and believes in the primacy of self government -Adams had appointed a number of justices before he left office; called 'midnight judges" -Madison then refused to give them commisions -ultimately, Marshal deemed part of the judiciary act unconstitutional that forced executive officials to deliver commsisions; he claimed it was out of their control -although jefferson and madison won, this gave the supreme court more power called judicial review

LA Purchase

-Jefferson had to abandon his conviction that the federal government was limited to powers specifically mentioned in the constitution -Jefferson had found out France secretely reclaimed access to territory in 1800; he wanted acccess to New Orleans ports back, vital for his virtuous western farmers -doubled size of US, got rid of french influence in north - Federalists "we are to give money which we have litt of for land of which we already have too much" -TJeff farmer were "chosen ppl of God" - his intentions behind purchase were republican -large size of gov't made it possible to extend the sphere

The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money

-John Keynes challenged traditional belief in keeping balanced budget -large govt spending needed to sustain purchasing power and stimulate eco activity -FDR adopted this idea of Keynesian eco when he asked congress for billions more for farm aid -public spending would become new govt focus to combat unemployment as Second New Deal ended

McCulloch vs Maryland

-John Marshal declares bank a legitimate exercise of govt authority under consitution; MY cannot tax bank -"the power to tax is the power to destroy"

Judicial Reviews

-John Marshall, believer of nat supremacy, established courts ability to review laws of congress + states -judicial review= the rigt to whether an act of congress violates the consitution

New England Debate Over Freedom

-John Milton called for freedom of speech and press during civil war debate -religous sects sprang that called for religous tolerance of all protestants

Rosenburg Trial

-Julius and Ethel were two working class jewish communists -convicted of passing secrets to soviets concerning the atomic bomb -accuser was David Greenglass who was ethels brother -Judge Irving Kauffman called their crime "worse than murder" and were given death penalty; they had "caused" the Korean War

Cowboys and corporate west

-KS Pac RR statitions became destinations for cattle drivers from Texas; a collection of white, black, and mexicans -most cattle drivers low paid wage workers -ranches became enclosed and barbed wired in 1880s ending the american cowboy, as well as two terrible winters that killed many of the cattle -a higher percentage of population lived in cities than was the case in other regions -RR allowed southern cali to grow bc of oil in LA -lumber industry dominated small scale production -gold and silver rushes took place in the dakotas - quickly gave way to deep shaft cooperate mining -NM tradition of sheep farming ending bc of RR and mining jobs; just 20 families owned 3/4 of sheep by 1870

How did English Empire Expand?

-King Phillips war= more land - new colonies Carolina NY and PN

Korean War

-Korea divided in Soviet and American Govts -north korean army invades south and occupies most of peninsula -south korea undemocratic but aligned with US -Truman persuades UN to authorize use of force against rebellion -MacArthur launches counterattack at Inchon and controls most of north korea soon too -when UN forces near china, chinese forces intervene, driving them back in a bloody fight -MacArthur removed by pres bc he criticized pres for not allowing use of nukes against north korea -1953 armistice agreed returning status quo at 53rd parallel -33k americans died, 3 mil koreans died -showed cold war had become world wide conflic -peace free one world no longer possible -SEATO (in south east asia) and CENTO (in middle east) also formed to rival NATO

Farmers Alliance

-Largest citizens movement in nineteenth century -Farmers Alliance combined farmers from west and south -at first, aloof from politics foces on improving conditions through cooperative financing and marketing of crops -JD field TX leader "success and freedom or failure and servitude" -proposed to gov that establish warehouses to store crops till they are sold -entered politics w Sub treasurey Plan where farmers used crop as collateral to get low interest loans from govt

Dawes Act

-Led by senator Henry Dawes of MA to attack tribalism -broke up large areas of tribal land and distributed them to indiv indian families; remainder auctioned off to white purchasers -indians who adopted "the habits of civilized life" could become citizens but only 53 k did so -speculators bought 500k acres of indian land while only distributing 172 k to families -indains lost 86 million of 136 million acres of land

Antietnam

-Lee attacks north for first time in MD -hopes to convince border states to join Confederacy, and also intends for Britain and France to recogniz southern states independence, and perhaps capture the capital -bloodiest single day battle of Civil War (4k died w/ 20k injured) -McClellan and Ptoomac army holds off Lee, last Union success in east for some time

Gettysburg

-Lee gambled on invading north; meet general Meade at Gettysburg -165k soldiers; largest battle on US soil -"Picketts Charge" was Lee greatest blunder as only half 14k men returned as they marched across open field -Lee retreated to VA

Election of 1844

-Letters to former president Tyler from Calhoun (Sec of State)adressed of idea of admitting Texas to strengthen slavery -Van Burean and Clay decided not to admit Texas to keep slavery out of poilitics and that it might provoke war with mexico -van buren left behind as democratic candidate because party southerners bent on annexation -Polk ran under platform to "reannex" Texas and "Fifty four forty or fight" to "reoccupy Oregon (in order to satisfy northerners who were salty about the expantion of slavery via annexation of texas) -Polk became first dark horse president (nominaton unexpected); owned large cotton plantations with brutal conditions -Birney running in the Liberty party caused Polk to win on a narrow margin by taking votes from Calhoun in north

1864 Election

-Lincoln felt he may not be re-elected -Radical Republicans nominate John Fremont who wanted protection of freemen's rights and confiscation of confed land and ban slavery -Democrats nominated McClellan who wanted immeadiate cease fire and peace -McClellan w/drew and Lincoln won every state excpet KT, DE, and NJ

Union and Liberty

-Lincoln noticed differing views of liberty in North and South; "We all declare for liberty but its using the same word we do not mean the same thing" -Northern Liberty= right for each man to enjoy the product of his labors (free labor) -Southern Liberty-Mastership, do as they please with other mens labor -"liberty and the Union have become identical"- F Dog -"Battle Hymn of the Republic" by Julia Howe talked about the freedom of the EMANC and the progressive nature of the war -Chicago Tribune- US could become what it was meant to be "home of freedom, asylum for the oppressed"

Free Labor War

-Lincoln originally associated war with the cause of differing societies -"This is essentially a people's struggle. On one side is the Union, whose leading objective is to elevate the coniditon of the man" -appealing to free labor idealoligies, insisted that slavery was irrelevant to the conflict -Lincoln did not originally want to associate war w/ slavery so the border states of MD, KT, MO, DE did not secede

Anaconda Plan

-Lincoln plan in 1861 to suffocate the south through a naval blockade but not effective till later in the war

Emma Goldman

-Lithuanian immigrant at age 16 and gave lectures on anarachism and birth control and homosexuality -"i demand freedom for both sexes, freedom of action, freedom in love and freedom in motherhood" -arrested 40 times for obscene statements -

Blacks in Rev

-Lord Dunmore's 1775 proclamation - Slaves who join British cause aquired Freedom, morethan 800 slaves from virginia escaped their owners to join -in RI, fromed a black regiment which promised freedom and compensated owners for lose of property -southern colonies, other than South Carolina and Georgia, enrolled slaves to fight, although not explicity promised freedom

Muller vs Oregon

-Louis Brandeis cited social studies that women were weaker and had less endurance than men -called for shorter work days for women bc they are needed to raise children -sup court unanimously voted on law that set max working hours for women in Oregon -many saw this as victory for women bc it broke liberty of contract for first time and benefited women however it defined women as weak and inherently dependent

Socialists in NYC and Milwakee

-Lower East Side of NYC enjoyed a large socialist Jewish pop that spoke Yiddish;elected Meyer London to congress; arose from the explotation of immigrant workers and Judaims tradition of social reform -in Milwaukee Victor Berger helped mobilize AFL unions to elect Emil Seidel as mayor who sided w/ workers

An Appeal in the Favor of that CLass of Americans called africans

-Lydia Marie Child who claimed black were fellow countrymen as well -established idea that birthplace, not race should define a citizen; seen in the 14th amendment later on in history

Horace Mann

-MA lawyer and whig who was leader in educational reform -released widely read annual reports -believed education would "equalize the conditions of men"; altenrative to woning a farm in west -rescue students by instilling discipline that many parent did not provide; create free individuals

Black Soldiers in Confederacy

-MS Newspaper wrote "let them be free, placed in the ranks, and to fight for their homes and country" -slaves originally resisted the idea and so did Senate -only in march 1865 did Lee authorize plan -war ended before blacks could fight in the war -"the day you make soldiers of them is the beginning of the end of the revolution" Howard Cobb, GA planter

Slavery and Constitution

-Madison- "distinction of color had become basis for the most oppressive dominion ever exercised by man" -word "slave(ry)" did not appear in con. in fear that they would "contaminate the glorious fabric of american liberty" -Luther Martin delegates "anxiously sought to avoid the admission of expression that might be odious to ear of Americans" - slave trade not allowed too be abolished for 20 year -congress prohibited slave importation under constitution -Constitution gave government no power to interfere with slavery in the states

Portugal and West Africa

-Mansa Musa- ruler of Mali, led pilgramage to Mecca, spreading so much gold depressed price -protuguese factories- trading posts on west african coast -established plantations in alantic islands and shipped slave, foreshadowing future of New World

China and Growth of Communism

-Mao Zedong communist regime took over china after long civil war -Republicans blamed for losing China and US govt refuses to recognize Chinese govt in UN -US would only recognize former chinese govt which fled to Taiwan

A Vindication of the Rights of Women

-Mary Wollstonecraft, "rights of humanity should not be confinedd to the male line -greater education and pay for women in jobs. this would enable single women to support themsleves and their children -hinted that women "ought to have representation"

Latin American Independence

-Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru by 1825 independent, spains territory reduced to cuba and puerto rico -both cases wars of indp spurred by govt unfairly taxing colonies -Napoleon overthrows Spanish king in 1808 and colonies become autonomous w/ new const; king back in power in 1814 -colonies used to autonomy + local elites demanded power of natural born citizen Venezuelans enjoyed "among the sovereign nations of earth the rank which the Supreme Being and nature has assigned us" -similar to US revolutions; inspires sympathy -unlike US, spanish colonies dissolved in 17 diff countries; too vast and disconnected esp b/c restriction on printing -Latin America cont were more democratic as many extended rights to indians and free blacks and freed blacks who fought

Blacks and Voting

-Moby Dick and Benito Cereno rare books that heroize blacks] -"blackface" became a popular form of entertainment where blacks were considered stupid, dishonest, and ridiculous -in revolutionary area, voting open to blacks in north, bur afterwards, all new states except maine limited it to whites -NC and PA disenfranchised blacks in 1835 -By 1860, only five states in New England had free blacks voting on the same requirements as whites -race had replaced class as social equality barrier; poor white immigrants could vote but not blacks

Closing Ranks

-Most blacks saw war an oppertunity to make the real promise of freedom -Williams Trotter said instead of making world safe for democracy; us should "make the south safe for negroes"; to him, publicized german atrocities no worse that US public lynchings -In The Crisis Du Bois wrote that war allowed negroes to "close the ranks" and to enlist in the army to help "make america a real land of the free"

New England Economy

-Most puritans came from East Anglia, economically advanced region. But poor harvests and decline in the cloth trade caused puritans to emigrate. not only for religous freedom but economic advancement -no contradiction between piety (religion) and profit, but dont forget needs of community -no staple like tobacco so turned to fishing and timber exports -few slaves, farmwork done by family members

Cold War Civil Rights

-NAACP opposed loyalty program bc how can communists be "un American" but racists were not -Robeson and Du Bois were outspoken critics of Cold War leading to revoking passport of robeson and indicting Du Bois for failing to register as a Soviet -most black groups felt obliged to support cold war -1952 Democrats nominate Adlai Stevenson and southern segregationist John Sparkman as VP who both had little interest in civil rights showing failure of truman to raise awareness of civil rights -Hortense Gabel, director of NY State Committe Against Discrimination in Housing said a shadow of fear hung over civil rights movement bc of fear for persecution for dissent -" a great many people are shying away from alll acitivity in civil liberties and civil rights front"

Labor Upheaval

-NRA and Wagner Act granted workers the right to reform -reduction of immigration severed ethnic indifference btw workers, no longer had to distribute materials in numerous languages as the IWW had done -American born children dominated labor -socialists and communists who had survived the repression provided leadership for labor upsurge -FDR hoped to rekindle hope into the "slaves of the depression" as called by Sec of Labor Frances Perkins -slew of poignant letters came to FDR to decribe the "terrible and inhumane" conditions of labor, called "slaves of the depression" -1934 over 2k strikes

Heterodoxy

-NYC womens club in Greenwich Village which sponsered 1914 feminist convention -example of part of new radical "bohemia" which was a social circle of writersa and others who rejected conventional ideas

Nat Turners Rebellion

-Nat Turner was a VA slave preacher who believed god choose him to lead a black uprising -marched from farm to farm assaulting white inhabitants wo were mostly women and children -eventually captured after 60 whites were killed; sentenced to execution w/ 17 others and said "Was Christ not crucified?" -demonstrated the connection b/w outright rebellion and less dramatic forms of resistance -resistance sent shock waves; "The blood of Turner and his victims has opened the doors which have been shut for 50 years" -gradual emancipation in VA proposed but declined -however VA only tightened its hold on slavery after rebellion -new laws prohibited blacks from being preachers, stregthened local militas, prevented blacks from owning firearms, prohibited slaves from reading

The Free Mob

-Nation Magazine in 1923 listed examples of degradation of American freedoms including lynchings, beating of pro freedom of press Columbia student, arrest of 400 IWW members,refusal to allow Socialist free speech -Postal Service removed obscene books from mail -Customs Service barred Rabelais, James Joyce -Boston Watch and Ward Committee excluded 65 books inluding Sinclair, Joyce, Hemingwway -Hollywood adopted Hays Code preventing provocative scenes in movies to shed a moral light on the industry -British novelist DH Lawrence said "free mob" destroyed Americans right to dissent; "I have never been in any country where an indv has such a fear of his fellow countrymen" -Lost generation of cultural exiles from US included F Scott Fitzegerald, Hemingway, Gertrude Stein

NRA

-National Industrial Recovery Act was most important legisalture which built on govt business partership -established the National Recovery Administration which worked w/ business leaders to establish industry codes and standards to end cutthroat competition -FDR repudiated freedom as unregulated economy -section 7a allowed workers to form unions by law -Hugh S Johnson headed NRA w/ Blue Eagle symbol became controversial -Clarence Darrow 1934 investigation discovered that businesses used NRA to raise prices, limit production, lay off workers, divide market -NRA failed to create peace btw worker and employer and govt failed to regualte all 750 codes of NRA

Freedom in the Modern World

-New School for Social Research in NYC organized series of lectures on freedom in modern world -faculty included Dewey and Charles Beard -painted freedom in depression as depressing; "liberty of contract has been made the be all and end all of personal freedom" -"sacred dogmas of patriotism and Big Business" dominated teaching, press, public debate- Horace Kallen -freedom= unimpeded reign of economic enterprise and tolerated surveillance of private life and indv conscience -2 new freedoms stemmed from depression -one was Progressive belief in a socially conscious state making "positive and constructive change"- Dewey -the other freedom centered on respect for civil liberties and cultural pluralism

Irish and German Immigrants

-New York Times- "thoughts of the New free world" came to discontented in europe -political and religious freedom attracted europeans from oprresive heirarichal societies -immigrants took low wage, unskilled jobs that Americans sought to avoid -Irish woemn frequently worked as servants -Irish left bc of potato famine and free labor in U.S.; Irish woman- "its the freedom that we want when the day's work is done" -4/5 irish remained in northeast; industrial cities crowded with impovrished ghettos -"german triangle"- cinnci, St louis, Milwakee; german society develops w/ own schools; become craftsmen and farmers; vibrant german culture, newspapers, churches -"as one passes along Bowery (part of NYC) almost everything is German" -Irisj taken into political machines of Democratic Party who provided jobs and poor relief to them

Election of 1860

-North= Doulgas v Lincol -South= DOuglas v Breck v Bell -john bell apart of hastily organized Constitutional Unity Party -Constiutional Union Party appealed to Unionist Whigs who wanted to preserve consitution -Douglas garnered support from all states but only won MO -Lincoln wo w/o a single vote in the south -because north had superiority in pop and lincoln won without a single vote from the south, made south mad

Battle of Bull Run

-Northern va in july 1861 -resulted in northern retreat -sightseers and politicians were there to watch -800 men died; more than any other battle before the civ war -showed that the war would not be short -McClellan, a democrat, took over troops after bull run and he was able to train his troops well , but was inactive for months with his troops bc he tended to to overestimate size of enemy and hoped war would end in comprimise

West Coast Indians

-Pacific coast densley populated region -hundreds of distinct groups and independent villages -lived primarily on ffishing, hunting sea animals and gathering wild plants and nuts

Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones and Hazen Pingree

-Pingree was mayor of Detroit; he forced gas and telephone companies to lower rates, battle business interests, and established a municipal power plant -Jones was mayor of Toledo and established 8 hr work days, paids vacations, founded night schools, free kindergartens, built new parks, supported unionization

Reasons for Rise of Slavery

-Plantation labor: demand spurred by spread of tobacco -Practical: could not claim protection under English law, service never expired (no unruly landless men), skin color prohibited escape into society -Experience of agricultural labor and disease -Cultural perceptions: seen as alien in color, religous, and social practices. Difficult to enslave Indians, could easily run away

Road to War

-Polk's goals were to reduce tariff, reestablish indp Treasurey, settle Oregon, and admit CA -divided Oregon at 49th parallel with britian (northerners dissatisfied with comprimise) -treid to acquire CA by sending missionaries but mexican gov refused to negotiate -sent soldier to disputed borders of Texas and Mexico to spark fire to claim CA; claimed mexicans had "shed blood upon AMerican Soil" -taylor leads soldiers to disputed territory of texas between nuecus river and rio grande -lead to outbreak of war

Labor and Civil Liberties

-Popular Front fought for right to unionize -publicity about wave of violence against Southern Tenant Farmers Union brought unoinization to national attention -civil liberties became associated w/ freedom of speech and assembly -Att Gen Frank Murphy established the Civil Liberties Unit in Dept of Justice

Rise of Nation State

-Progressive Era marked process of nationalization -New Republic editor Herbert Croly suggested that to achieve "Jeffersonian ends" of self determination and indv freedom, "Hamiltonian means" of govt intervention in the economy much needed

Expansion of Progressive Democracy

-Progressives hoped to create a unified people devoted to greater democracy -17th amendment expanded poltical democracy of ppl by allowing election of senators by pop vote -several states adopted referendums and recalls (allowed an office member to be removed by vote) -

Fundamentalist Revolt

-Protestants concerned by deline of traditional values and increase in Judaism and Catholicism in US -denounced Protestant "modernists" who saought to integrate science and art to create a secular culture -"The day is past when you can ask thoughtful men to holdn religion in one compartment of their minds and modern world views in the other"-Harru Fosdick pastor of NY First Presybitarian Church -Billy Sunday was flamboyant leader of fundamentalists with theatrical preaching style denouncing sins from Darwinism to Alcoholism;over 100 mil ppl attended his sermons

Public Works Projects

-Public Works Administration given 3.3 billion in funds -directed by sec of int Harold Icknes and built new roads,schools hospitals, bridges like NY Triborough Bridge -Civil Works administration employed over 4 mil in construction of highways, courthouses, airports -CWA dissolved after complaint of creation of class dependent on govt jobs -TN Valley Authority built dams to prevent flooding, deforestation and provide cheap electricity -TVA created competition for the first time to sell elctricity bc of all the new dams

Dorr War

-RI had large pop of propertyless men who could not vote bc worked wages in factories and did not have $134 land at least -proponents of dem reform organize Peoples Convention and make new constiution and declare Thomas Dorr, lawyer, as governor; John Tyler sends troops and ends this -discluded voting rights for blacks however -demonstrated passion for free suffrage -RI soon severed prop req

Robert Lafollete

-Rep member of congress who helped make WI a "laboratory for democracy" -as governor he instituted a series of measures known as Wisoncisn Idea which included candidates for office through primary election, taxation of corporate wealth, and state reg of RR -drew upon nonpartisan member of Uni of WI to staff his administration

Free Labor Idealology

-Republican party became coalition of free soil, American, northern whigs, and antislavery democrats -convinced that Slave Power dominated politics -labor in North was free bc it allowed each member to move up their status in society -slavery by contrast spawned soccial order of degraded slaves -eventhough many factory workers were locked in social scale, party balmed it on lack of Protestant virtues and "dependent nature" of immigrans -republicans NOT abolitionists entirely; they just wanted to stop expansion of slavery -Seward- the US "must and will sooner or later become entirely a slaveholding nation or entirely a free labor nation"

Politics of Dead Center

-Republicans controlled industrial north, midwest, and agrarian west, and got much support from Union army veterans and protestant immigrants and blacks; all 5 presidential candidates were union generals -40% of fed govt went to Union veterans for pension bc of republicans -democrats dominated south and catholic irish immigrants -all presidential elections were close and never did any party control house senate and presidency at once -after democrats won election of 1874, political stalemate -presidents exerted little pressure to mobilize public opinion and had very small white house staffs -loyalties strong, 80% election turn out -James Blaine was tainted for Credit Mobilier scandal but speech by Robert Ingroll painted Blaine as a "plumed knight" and secured him for presidential campaign; oration was important during gilded age

1896 campaign

-Republicans insisted that fold was the only honest currency; abandoning the gold standard would destroy business and prevent recovery from depression since creditors would be unwilling to extend loans due to the incertain value of silver -"first modern election" because republicans put alot of money and organization into their campaign -Rep Candidate was OH gov McKinley who supported passage of strong McKinely tariff -result was nation divided along regional lines like in 1860 -McKinley election broke stalemate; passed Dingley tariff of 1897 and Gold Standard Act of 1900 -last election with very high voter turnout

Attacks on Unions

-Robert LaFollete exposed methods used by employeers such as spying to attack unions -workers had "no liberties at all"-GM employee -extensive violence toward CA striker made US seem like a european dicatorship

Govt by Expert

-Robert Lafollete reliance on college professors showed Progressive belief faith in experts -govt could best exercise control through govt run by impartial experts

Promoting Tolerance

-Roman Catholic Church encouraged immigrants to learn english and embrace american principles -1924 Catholic Holy Society brought 10k marchers to DC to challenge kkk and affirm loyalty to nation -Anti Defamation League and Catholic Welfare Council lobbied against laws discriminating immigrants -Sup Court overturned Oregon law requiring students to attend public school -Meyer vs NE bars law prohibiting teaching in another language -court oveturns Hawaii law taxing japanese school

Conservation Movement

-Roosevelt wanted to preserve parts of natural enviroment form eco exploitation -first nat park was Yellowstone in 1872 -John Muir established the Sierra Club which helped preserve forests -congress authorized the pres to w/draw forest reserves -Gifford Pinchot was head of US Forest Service and advised Roosevelt to reserve millions of acres of land for creation of new nat parks such as Yosemite and Glacier -many of these park were man made w/ reintroduction of animals into land and the removal of indians from land -symbolized progressive push for efficciency and control

Square Deal

-Roosevelt's program to confront problems caused by economic consolidation by distinguishing b/w good and bad companies -good= Standard Oil, US Steel bc serve public interest -bad= run by greedy profiteers to only make profit -used Sherman Antitrust Act to shut down the Northern Securities Company run by JP Morgan

citizens or subjects

-Rudyard Kipling "white mans burden"; part of progress of civilization for whites to conquer non whites -sent a number of balck regiments to fight in fillipenes, letters from the fornt indicated they treated pilipino population the same treatment of colored people -"Is America any better than Spain?" George Prioleau black cavalryman -american govt had no provision for permanent colonies -"empire of liberty" implied that colony would eventually be granted citizenship

Asian Americans

-San Fran required all asian students refined to a single high school -Gentlemans Agreement of 1907 Japan agreed to end all immigration to the US -in 1913, barred them from owniing or leasing land

Indians of Eastern North America

-Scattered villages from gulf to canada -lived on corn, squash, and beans -tribes frequently warred -little central authority till 1500 various leagues and confederations -In south east, the chocatow, cherokee, and chickasaw loose alliance -In present day NY five Iroquis people formed Great League of Peace -Each year Great Concil met with repesentitives to discuss outsiders -Indians did not think of themselves as single unified people

Dred Scott Decision

-Scott was a slave of Dr Emerson from MO who had lived w/ his slave in IL and WS where slavery was illegal -6-3 supreme court decision -Taney said black man "had no rights which the white man was bound to respect"; could never be part of "political family" -declared MO Comp as unconsitutional and said Scott could not sue in court -decision undermined popular sovereignty and Republican platform of ending expansion of slavery

Aftermath of Decision

-Scott would be freed by new owner and die a few years later -North viewed court as corrupt, controlled by Slave Power -

Hoovers Response

-Sec of Treausrey Andrew Mellon told Hoover that economic downturns were part of capitalism -businessmen opposed aid and called for individual "belt tightening" -some saw silver lining in depression; "you have your garden taken care of in LA for $1 a week"-Fortune mag -"Federal aid weakens the sturdiness of our national character"- Hoover quoting Cleveland -Hoover tried to promote "associational action" by promoting business to keep employees and investments -supported efforts by local charity organizations to support the poor -many people went to street to sell apples at 5 cents a piece -overall Hoover seemed uncaring and ineffective

Rise in Banks

-Second Bank of US was private and in charge of issuing money, collecting taxes, and paying off debt -local banks risen to over 200 showing growth or market rev -Nat Banks meant to regulate local banks from overprinting notes that promised to pay bearer specified amount of gold or silver at demand -issued more paper money than silver and gold in vaults -paper money used to purchase public land

Battle of Saratoga

-Second British army lead by Burgoyne advanced south from canase hoping to link up with howe and isolate New England. However Howe moved his forces to isolate philedelphia, and unintentionally abandoned him. American forces suround Burogyne and forced him to surrender -Saratoga presuaded French that American victory was possible

Alien and Sedition Act

-Sedition Act- authorized prosecution of any assembly or publication critical of govt; targeted republican press - Alien Act- alowed deportation of person abroad that were deemed "dangerous" by fed authorities

Seminole Resistannce

-Seminoles refued to surrender like other tribes -led by Osceola who was a red stick that survived Jacksons attack on Creeks during war of 1812 -assisted by escaped slaves -GA sent militia to recapture run away slaves in FL but defeated -Second Seminole War- lasted until 1842 when most of seminoles were killed or forced to move west; some remained in south

Senator Albert Beveridge

-Sen Albert Beveridge called anti imperialists "infidels of gospel of liberty"; goal of imperialism to bring "a new day of freeedom" -Philippines= key to "the commercial situation of the entire east" -called US a "benevolent" use of imperialism

Lunden Bill

-Sen Ernest Lunden of MN introduced bill establishing welfare benefits for all workers and women in the home -blacks organization like the Urban League and NAACP strongly supported and lobbied for Lunden Bill -Social Security bill not Lunden bill passed -Pittsburg Courier complained that bill not passed bc of those in south who feared bill would disrupt souths racially divided labor system

McCarthyism

-Sen Joseph A McCarthy was little known senator from WI -1950 gave a speech saying he had a list of 205 communists working in the State Dept -used his genius of self promotion to get senate subcommittee he chaired to hold hearings and lvel wild charges against indiv -McCarthy charges were preposterous, constantly changing, and no one was ever identified -McCarthy used Senate subcommittee to hold hearings and level wild charges against individuals in Defense Dept and in the Voice of America -at first had republican support but then it became an embarrassment after Eisenhower election -McCarthyism became a term for character assassination, guilt by assoc, and abuse of power in name of anticommunism

MO Compromise

-Senator Jesse Thomas of Illinois propesed MO comp 1. MO can draft constitution w/o input of Tallmadge 2. Maine would be admitted into Union (anti slavery) to balance free vs slave states 3. MO compromise line for all new territories -MO drafts new constiutition protecting slavery and not allowing free blacks but north states oppose it b/c defies "comity" clause requiring MO to reccognize rights of citizens of other states --excepted by constitution, but could not deny rights of citizens but not listened to

Senator Crittenden

-Senator from KT who proposed an adopted reosultion which said that Congress would not interefere with slavery during the war -caused many northern military leaders to originally return fugitive slaves to owners -as confederacy set out slaves as military laborers and more balcks began to escape to union lines, slavery unraveled

Main Goal of Colonization/ Justification (supposedly)

-Sense of Nationalism after unification of Spain religously and territorily caused them to legitimize their claim to rule in the New World -prevent indians from falling into heathenism and sway them away from protestantism; bring "true freedom". Believed that Indians could be brought up to the level of european civilization (change race) -believed they were culturally superior -Pope Alexander VI in 1493 dived the non christian world between Spain and Portugal. This was adjusted to give Protugal solely Brazil

Indians and the Middle Ground

-Shawnees and Delawares pushed out of PA by white settlement -Cherokee and Chikasawa from southern colonies who wanted land for hunting -Iroquois who wanted control over areas fur trade -knew direct confrontation with europeans meant suicide -sought to play european empires off one another and control commerce -British accepted sovereignty of Iroquois but challenged by french and their indian allies

Abigail Adams

-She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create by writing letter on home front in MA -Resented absolute power men had over women -"women will not hold ourselves bond by any laws if we have no voice or representation" -Johns Adams replied saying that women, slaves, etc were becoming insolent and natural order of things were not aligned

United States vs EC Kinght Co

-Sherman Anti Trust act (anything that nammed free trade) of 1890 could not be used to break up a sugar refining monopoly

Shermans Meeting

-Sherman met w/ blacks including baptist minister george frazier to determine what was freedom for blacks -frazier said freedom was able to reap benefits of own labor and land

Crime of Celia

-Slave girl who killed her master in 1855 while resisting sexual assualt -state deemed women acting in self defense innocent but she was a slave in the eyes of the court -sentenced to death but had to give brith to her slave child first and then executed afterwards

The Rice Kingdom

-Slaves allowed to serve in militia initially -Taught english settlers how to cultivate rice; already knowledgable -economically advantageous for plantations to be as large as possible because required alot of capital investment to drain swamps -more land = more slaves -"task" system - slaves assigned daily jobs, completion allowed for leisure time -2/3 balcks - feared increasing black pop so encouraged "poor protestants" to immigrate

Rise of Chesapeake Slavery

-Slaves in records by 1640s, not listed by years serviced rather than white servants -As tobacco planting spread, demand for labor spread and conditions of blacks and whites diverged -Sought to treat white servants better to remove English stigma that Virginia was a death trap -House of Burgesses - religous conversion did not release slave from bondage -to prevent spread of black population, interracial babies were deemed illegitimate

New Deal Legislature

-Social Security Act- offered aid to unemployed and elderly -Fair Labor Standards Act established national min wage

Stigma of Welfare

-Social Security act gave states right to determine those who were in need of aid and met qualifications of "miral behaviour" -this led to discrimination towards blacks in south -blacks had to instead rely on humiliating stigma of govt handouts known as welfare -1942 National Resources Board determines that blacks were disproportionately reliant on welfare -blacks therefore stigmatized as recipients of unearned welfare

Native American Progressivism

-Society of American Indians in 1911 hoped to bring to public exposure the plight of the Indians -the leaders had been educated outside of the tribes so they united all tribes in a pan Indian public space -Carlos Montezuma was outspoken critic of transformation of indian communal land into family farms -Montezuma established newsletter called Wassaja which condemned federal paternalism toward indians and called for abolition of Bureau of Indian Affairs -self determination was only way for indians to escape poverty; "We must free ourselves... we must be independent" -ironically he wanted indians to be granted full rights of an american citizen

Large Agriculture CA

-South Pac RR owned most of the RR where Asian immigrants would work on -"CA is not a country of farms but of estates and plantations"-Henry George who wanted govt to end land monopoly

Military Strategies

-South had a defensive strategy w/ ocassional attack into the north; wanted to weaken northern resolve and morale -union officers had only been trained to lead small professional forces -north hd narrow military vision bc of lack of good general like Lee; only goal was to capture Richmond; attacked sporadically -Lincoln acknowledged that he had to attack slavery to end the war, and that simply capturing and occupying territories was not going to win the war

Proslavery Argument

-South worried about standing to Europe bc North outstripped south in public edu, # of colleges, and newspaper publication -fewer in South began to view slavery as "Necessary evil; instead it was "the most free and stable basis for free instiutions in the world" -blacks innately inferior and unsuitable for another other kind of life -biblical passages, ancient roman slavery used to support slavery -slavery guarenteed "perfect quality" amongst whites -despised the rise of "wage slavery" - northern factory workers dependent and could loose job if injured, but slavery secures you for your whole life

Controversy b/w Slavery and Liberty

-Southern constiutions preached equal rights and political democracy for free man; not slave -Abolitionists used Constiution and "all men are created equal" to show how slavery was unconstiutional -SC (home to most slavewoners) repudated idea that liberty was universal; John C Calhoun said that all men are created equal "is the most false and dangerous of political errors"; freedom= a privliege, "a reward to be earned, not a blessing to be gratuitously lavished on all alike" -hierarchy= "divine arrangement of the world"-SC Minister John Alger -foundation of organic, heirarichal society

Southern Veto

-Southern politics made welfare into a white entitlement -Democratic had a monopoly on politics in south bc of disenfranchisement of blacks -Southern Democrats controlled Congress so they pushed FDRs Social Security law to exclude agricultural and domestic worker bc most blacks worked in those fields

Two Covenants of Human Rights

-Soviets provided all citizens with economic and social rights, but violated democratic rights and civil liberties -Freedom House in the US emphasized political rights of citizens but nonpolitical right were socialist -UN Dec divided into Civil and Political Rights, and Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

Slavery in West Indies

-Sugar plantation engrossed the best land, white indentured servants unwilling to do hard work of sugar cultivation -upon sugar, Barbados went from 10000 white farmers and 4000 slaves to 50 50 out of 40000 -sugar was first crop mass marketed to Europe -slavery not as rapid in the north because black salves were expensive, death rates were high, uneconcomical to pay for lifetime of labor

Courts and Civil Liberties

-Sup Court began to expnd authority over civil liberties -civil liberties replaced liberty of contract as judicial foundation of freedom -free thought and exprression were essential to all other forms of liberty -overturned conviction of communist Angelo Herndon jailed for "inciting insurrection"

Court and the First New Deal

-Supreme Court of conservative Rep started to repeal new deal laws because still believed in labor of contract -NRA declared unconstiutional in May in Schechtner Poultry Company of Brooklyn case bc it violated chicken industry code -NRA unlawful bc its codes delegated legislative power to the president and regulated small businesses -AAA declared unconstiutional in USA vs Butler bc it was unconstiutional exercise of congressional power over the economy -justices ruled against minimum wage for women and children in NYC -First New Deal came to a judicial halt and pressures for more radical change to end depression called for

Indian civilziation

-TJeff wanted to remove all indian tribes beyond MI river who refused to be civilized; "the acquisition of LA will it is hoped put in our power the moves of inducing all indians on this side of the rver to transplant themselves to the other" -traders encouraged to lend money to indians in hopes of them accumulating debt and being forced to sell their land -Ben Hawkins encouraged slavery in Indian tribes -mixed whites and indians, John Ross and Major Ridge, endorsed policy of civilization -"nativists" resisted further white encroachement of traditional indian lands

Scopes Trial

-TN teacher John Scopes put on trial for teaching Darwins theory of evolution -Fundamentalists anti evolution bc of "moral" liberty= adherence to time honored religious beliefs -ACLU defended Scopes bc freedom= right to independent thought -Clarence Darrow defended Scopes in court and called WJB as expert witness to bible and tried to make a fool of WJB by exposing flaws in the bible -Scopes guilty but overturned on technicality -WJB dies and anti evolution push ends

Impeachment and Election of Grant

-Tenure Office Act barred pres from removing officeholders -johnson removed his sec of war Edwin Stanton bc he was ally with radicals -johnson broke so brought to impeachment; voted against impeachment bc members did not like VP benjamin wade who would become new pres -Grant elected through method of "waving the bloody shirt" by calling candidate Seymor for treason

Redefining Race

-Texas Constiution allowed slavery and denied civil rights to indians and blacks; Mexican gov't had abolished slavery -free blacks abolished from entering and only whites could purchase land; "every privliege dear to a free man is taken away"- TX free black -TX did define Spanish Mexicans as white -Spanish meixcans in NM were "too Mexican" for democratic self government

Image of Business

-The Man Nobody Knows by Bruce Barton portayed Jesus as "the greatest advertiser of his day" -many companies established public relations firms -eventhough LA congressman Arsene Pujo attacked wall street for "money trusts", 1.5 mil americans invested in stock in the 20s

Slavery and Civil Liberties

-Theodore Weld commented on lack of freedom in US after death of Lovejoy; "The substance has gone" -Willliam Jay, "We are now contending for the liberty of speech, press, and conscience"; ppl were abolitionist to fight for rights of all men bc of violence by mobs -"free opnion" entered the "gospel of freedom" -abolitionists had become the cutodians of "the rights of every free man" -won the appeal of northerners who cared little for slaves but its institutiom endangered their own cherised freedoms

Bill For Establishing Religous Freedom

-Thomas Jefferson 1786 passed by house of burgess -established churches= despotism, "i have sworn on the altar of god eternal hostility towards all forms of tyrany" -barred state from forcing indv to follow one religion -viewed religion through liberalist lense "private right"

Land Ordinances

-Thomas Jefferson Land Ordinace of 1784 established stages of self govt in the west -west divided into districts governed by congress and eventually would be self governed -1785 land ordinance regulated land sale ($1 dollar per acre) but americans pushed west before survey of the price was completed because the price of public land was out of reach for most settlers - large companies such as Ohio Company bought large amount of land from govt and national land policy benefitted more from then than settlers

The Rights of Man

-Thomas Paine defended French rev and called for democratic change; exiled to france -inspired immigrants jounrnalist like John Burke and Joseph Gales to to edit Rep newspaper condemning social privelage

Notes on the State of Virginia

-Thomas jefferson- rendered black disloyal to nation and lacked charatceristics due to slavery and natural capacity -"blacks are inferior to whites in both eonowments of body and mind" -did feel blacks deserved freedom "nothing is more certain in the book of faith than these people are to be free" - did not want free slaves in america bc threat to society due to lack of self govt, although he acepted the idea of indians assimilating because held more potential -felt save trade was immoral so he did not sell any slaves; his wife freed his slaves after his death

Strikes During the Labor Upheaval

-Toledo OH over 10k auto workers went on strike at the Electric Auto Lite Factory; led to 7 hr fight w/ employers bc employer hired strikebreakers to take jobs -In Mineapolis the Citizens Alliance of business controlled the govt leading to a 4 month strike by truck drivers -San Fran had first strike since 1919 w/ dock workers led by communist Harry Bridges demanding recognition of International Longshore Assoc Union -40k textile workers on east coast went on strike for recognition of United Textile Workers; strike failed

Haitian Revolution

-Toussaint L'Overture, educated sugar slave, led rebellion against british to restablish french autority and won haiti as indp nation - reaffirmed universality of creed of liberty -adams supported rev to takeover france as leader in sugar --Jefferson hated it and wanted to destory and quarantine haiti

Consumer revolution

-Trade integrated British Empire -Colonies shared in consumerism era; shops poliferated and newspapers filled with advertisments for British goods -modern conceumerism did not exist, but modest farmers now had cutlery , cermaic plates, silk -Tea went from only wealthy to necessity -lax regulation of first navigation act benefited merchants

Slavery in Africa

-Traditionally, slaves were criminals or captives. Worked within households and had rights -arrival of portuguese accelerated buying and selling of slaves -100k slaves transported to spain/ portugal -i n1498 Vasco da Gamasailed around Cape of Good Hope and reached India, demonstrated sea route to east

Indian Revolution

-Treaty of Paris recognized all lant east of MI river as American so indians had little land now -Kentucky, hunting grounds of Cherokees and others, became area of dispute amongst indians, settlers and British gov imposing order -Many tribes tried to maintain nuetrality -iriquois sided with british, oneida sided with Americans -In Ohio country British encouraged indian allies to burn farms and settlements -GW launched an expedition led by General John Sullivan in 1779 against the hostile Iroquios who sided with the British to totally destroy their villages

Truman and Civil Rights

-Truman called for ambitious civil rights program calling for permamnent civil rights commission, national laws against lynching and poll tax, and equal oppurtunity for jobs and education -congress aprroved none of its proposals -in 1948 as presedential campaign underway, used excecutive order to desegregate armies, became first large institution to promote racial integration actively -Korean War was first war with integrated unit -democratic party liberals such as minneapolis mayor Hubert Humphrey began to add civil rights platform to democrat party -truman called for federal health insurance, repeal of taft harley act, and aid to public education

Truman Doctrine

-Truman was an unknown senator from Missouri and never expected to be pres -doctrine caused by Britain's end of containement role, as its economy had beeen shattered by the war - removed military and financial aid in Greece and Turkey, and Britain asked US to fill its role -Truman had to ask congress for funding for two nations bc they both were on the verge of communism -Senate leader Arthur Vandenberg told Truman he had to "scare the hell out of" the american ppl for support -Truman used freedom 24 times in his speech -Truman able to gather bipartisan support for american foreign policy of containment -only got $400 mil from congress but it assured americas global resposibility to lead charge against communism -led to creation of CIA, National Security Council, Atomic Energy Commission for national security

Unions of other industries

-US Steel finally in 1937 agreed to recognize the Steel Workers Organizing Committee in fear of no longer getting aid from fed govt -1937 police fired on Memorial Day on striking workers of Republic Steel -Union membership reached high of 9 mil by 1940 -NY transit workers said union allowed for employees to "talk to our bosses like men instead of slaves"

The Two Powers

-US alone had atomic, largest air force and navy, and had half the world manufacturing capacity; roosevelt administration determined not to return to isolationism: should lead the world towards a future of internation cooperation -only USSR rivaled US w/ its control of eaastern europe; gained considerable pristige anoung colonial peoples struggling for independence and USSR looked toward worl order modeled on is own values -USSR lost 20 mil in war so in no state for military adventures

Platt Amendment

-US forced Cuba to adopt Platt amendment which US could intervene militarily at any time in Cuba -passed Cuban Congress by a single vote -Cuban patriots terribly disappointed -"To switch master is not to be free"-Jose Marti after his exile from US to Cuba -US more interested in trade; Cuba, PR gateway to Latin America; Philippines, Hawaii, Guam gateway to China,Jap

Coming of Womens Suffrage

-US involvement in the war threatened to tear the suffrage movement apart since mant advocates had opposed this -Jeneatte Rankin of MT became first female member of congress; opposed the war effort -22k women served as clerical workers and nurses -Alice Paul established the National Women's Party w/ new gen of college educated militant suffragists, seen as scandalous; she compared Wilson to kaiser, jailed, force fed -ironically, efforts to stamp out prostitution and protect soldiers form veneral diseases lead to distribution of birth control

American System of Manufactures

-US relied on mass production of interchangeable parts that could be rapidly assembled into standardized finished products -Eli Terry, CT craftsmen, perfected this w/ clocks and Eli Whitney w/ guns -Indust rev mostly in NE bc South lacked stong international market ad slaveholders opposed the system

Worldwide Upsurge 1919

-USSR had proclaimed a socialist dream by Lenin -communist govt established in Hungary and Bavaria -India challenged British rule -Wilson wanted to keep open door policy and 14 points by trading with new Russian govt -on the other hand fear of communisn led to USSR not being invited to Versailles peace conference and wilson refused to extend diplomatic recognition to USSR govt

Criticism to Popular Front

-Un American Activities Committee formed by House of Rep to investiagte disloyalty -unamerican= communists, labor radical, left wing -Smith Act made it a crime to "teach advoacte or encourage" the overthrow of govt -Rapp Coudert Committee of NY legislature led to arrest of 60 faculty members of public schools

Union vs Confederacy Resources

-Union 22 mill ppl: Confederacy 9 mill ppl (3mil slaves) -although greater resources and money, union had to invade territory larger than western europe -Union 2 milll soliders : Confed 900k soldiers -110k factories: 18k factories -1.5 billion value of goods: 155 mill value of goods -70%:10% RR tracks -17:1 textiles -32:1 firearms -20:1 pig iron

New Financial System

-Union imposed high tariffs and new income tax to raise money for war -borrowed $2 billlion; immense national debt -printed $400 mill of greenbacks as new national currency w/ banknotes as well -US govt became largest employer with new army of tax collectors, clerks

Economy of the South

-Upper South had some divirsified economy in industry in Baltimore, St Louis, Richmond -Deep South had no industry; pure slavery and cotton -south discouraged immigrants -cities on peripherals to serve as gather + shipping of cotton -southern banks established to finance plantations -New orleans largest city in cotton kingdom; attracted large number of immigrants -South produced less than 10% of manufactured goods -Sen James Henry Hammonond "No power on earth dares to make war upon it. Cotton is King."

Black Life

-Upper South offered some blacks ippurtunities in mines, iron furnaces, tobacco factories, and many blacks managed own land -Rice Kingdom of SC GA had fallen apart due to war (planters could not aquire capital to fix irrigation and machinery) so many blacks were self sufficient farmers -Deep South most blacks were sharecroppers with very few owning land actually -black men excluded from supervisory positions in factories and white collar jobs -institutions supported foundation of black middle class of teacher physicians and business men grew in urban cities -more black women than white worked for wages as mostly domestic servants -unions excluded blacks

Readjuster Movement

-VA coalition of black republicans and anti redeemer democrats; wanted readjust state budget -challenged democratic party rule -governed VA from 1879 to 1883

James Madison

-VA friend of Jefferson who spearheaded movement for stronger national govt -"Liberty may be endangered by the abuses of liberty as well as the abuses of power" (dont trust ppl so much) -"No respect is paid to the federal authority" - drafted the VA plan

Joseph Taper

-VA slave who escaped to canada -wrote "I am in a land of liberty. Here is man as God intended should be.. not like southern law which put man, made in the eyes of God, on level with brutes."

Van Buren

-Van Buren, sen from NY, oversaw the task of organization of election of 1828 -exemplified new politics; talented party manager but not intellectual while JQA represetned old politics -parties helped establish checks and balances on eachother -national parties formed bond and unity in sectionally divided nation -wanted to reconstruct union of, "the planters of the South and the plain republicans of the North"

Indian Settler Relations in Jamestown

-Wahunsonacock (powhatan): forceful leader, consildated authority over region and paid tribute by thirty tribes upin colony. REalized advantage of trade with newcomers and Virginia company demanded peaceful conversion and relations after las casas -at one point, smith taken by indians but save by Pocahontas (one of many wives of powhatan). Became intermediary -Sporadic conflict then began (masscaring and destroying inidan crops) pocahantas coverted to christianity and married colonist John Rolfe : begam symbol in court of James 1 as anglo-idian harmony

Cold War Critics

-Walter Lippman objected turning foreign policy into "ideological crusade" -Lippman predicted that US would have to have satelite of spies to view every challenge to status quo -not all nations political problems arose from Moscow or communism -lippman said it would be a mistake for the US to launch movement for colonial independence in name of anticommunism

Public Opinion and The Phantom Public

-Walter Lippman wrote Public Opinion and The Phantom Public which repudiated Progressive hope of applying "intelligence" to social problems in mass democracy -Lippman said American voter was illformed and prone to enthusiaism -independent citizen= myth; economic and political problems beyond intellignece of common man -govt had perfected art of swaying mind of public= "manuufacture of consent"

Election of 1840

-Whigs had good oppurtunity bc of depression to win; nominated William Henry Harrison bc war hero; had no platform -Harrison= "log cabin" candidate; champion of the common man -Van Buren denounced as an aristocrat who squandered peoples hard earned money -John Tyler was running mate to get votes from South; however disagreed w/ all Whig views

Failure of New South

-While white planters, merchants and industrialists prospered region sank deeper into poverty -Atlanta editor Henry Grady promoted a new industiral south w/ agricultural diversification -some industry developed with mining in Appalachian mts, and textile in NC SC AND GA -Birgminham Alamba was only steel and iron manufacturing city in south -all other cities for just growing cotton -investors interested in osuth bc low wages and taxes not for eco development -southern per capita income 60% of nation average

Expanding role of govt

-Wilson abandonned trust busting for greater govt supervision of economy -1913 congress enacted Federal Reserve System w/ 13 regional banks to issue money and have power over private financiers eg JP Morgan -1914 Congress established Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to investigate and prohibit unfair business transactions -FRS and FTC welcomed by business men to restore economic marketplace and curb corporate power

League of Nations Debate

-Wilson felt US could not save world w/o being involved in League of Nations -many senator including Cabot Lodge of MA felt league of nat deprived US of freedom of action -Wilson did not want to negotiate -Wilson had a stroke and his wife Edith took over govt for 17 months -as a result congress rejects Versaille Treaty

New Freedom and New Nationalism

-Wilson insisted that democracy must be reingorated through restoration of market competition -Wilson's New Freedom envisioned stronger antitrust laws ,protecting unionization, and encouraging small business -big corp= corrupt govt; fear of bigness -Roosevelt supported by Lippman wanted new nationalism where they accepted big business for its benefits -by "controlling and directing power of govt" Roosevelt could restore "liberty of the oppressed" -called for heavy taxes on fortunes and fed regulation of RR and other businesses -Progressive platform laid out democratic, modern state w/ womens suffrage, fed supervision, 8hr work days

Road to War

-Wilson reelection campagin="he kept us out of the war" -won by a narrow margin bc of feminist vote bc he promised to stay out of war -Wilson called for a peace w/o victory in europe in 1917 -Germany reannounced intention to resume sub warfareblockaded Britain -1917 English spies intercept the Zimmerman message which wanted Mexico to join germany in war against US in return for US territory -Russia established const govt making it seem like a democracy -Wilson declares war in 1917; "the world must be made safe for democracy"

Wilson at Versilles

-Wilson went to peace conference in late 1918 -America he said entered europe "as crusaders not to win a war but to win a cause... to lead the world on the way of liberty" -negotiations conducted in secret showing the failure of wilsons 14 points -League of Nations was established to create international order -self determination given to eastern euro nations -Treaty limited the size of german army; gave France right to german land

Moral Imperialism

-Woodrow Wilson repudiated Dollar diplomacy and wanted to respect eco indp of latin america -William Jennings Bryan appointed Secratary of State -US had responsibility to teach democracy -believed export of american goods went hand in hand with democracy -ironically a lot of militray intervention; 1916 established military govt in DR where US controlled finances to pay off debts; remained until 1924; built roads and schools but did little to promote demcracy -sent marines in 1915 to Haiti after it refused to deal with the US; remained until 1934

Pre 1763 Consolidation of Empire

-Wool act of 1699, Hat Act of 1732, Iron Act of 1750 forbade colonial manufacture of these items -Molasses act of 1733- tax on on french produced molasses used to make rum in the colonies -Navigation acts frequently ignored -7 years War suspended attempt by Board of trade to further regulate laws and pay governeors permanently -No more salutary neglect - need to ensure control over the colonies

William Graham SUmner

-Yale proffesor who was most influential social darwinist -man should choose "exclusively as he chooses" -two types of society "liberty, inequality, survival of the fittest; non liberty, equality, survival of the unfittest"

War Hawks

-Young, radical congressmen from west eg John Calhoun and Henry Clay -wanted to defended US honor against British insults -wanted annexation of Canada; "agrarian cupidity not maritime rights. Canada! Canada! Canada!"- John Rudolph -wanted free trade and conquest for florida because it was a haven for fugitive slaves since it was allies with britain

Isadora Dunce and the artistic rev

-a CA expressive dance who brought free movement of body to dance which symbolizes the new progressive era -similarly the Armory Show in 1913 displayed cuban art to New Yorkers

The Federalist

-a book written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay of 85 essays to generate support for constitution -Articles flaw is want of power -Hamilton- const= "perfect balance b/w liberty and power" b/c of checks and balances and division of power -claimed constitution was expression of freedom ,and not excessive political power

Preparedness

-a crash program to expand US navy and army after sinking of Lusitania -Wilson viewed Germany as the "natural foe of liberty" -preparedness caused Germany to proclaim suspension of submarine warfare

Reform Impulse

-absence of powerful national government lead to reforms due to voluntary associations based on public speeches, petitions, and pamphlets -hoped to create a "heavens on earth"

Liberty and prosperity

-added to state motto of NJ showing how material the world was becoming -"the whole question of freedom or slavery for man"- Henry Carey (economist) -Arkansas added liberty on a steamboat -those who acheived success did not so by hereditary privlage or government favortism but thorugh intelligence and hard work

The Roosevelt Corollary

-addition to Monroe Doctrine that US had the right to exercise an "international police power" in the Western hemisphere - expansion of the Monroe Doctrine -persuaded Italy, Germany, Britain to w/draw naval blockade of Venezuela for not paying debts due -arranged an "executive agreement" over DR that US banks took control of DR finances to help pay off debts -dispatched troops in Cuba in 1906 to oversee disputed election; did not w/draw troops until 1909 - Encouraged inestment in huge corporations like United Fruit Company

Commitee on Public Information

-administered on april 1917 to explain to americans why the war was fought; director was George Creel -flooded country w/ pro war propaganda including 75 million pamphlets -dispatched 75k four minute men to deliver standardized talks -never before had the fed govt attempted "the conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses" -Edward Bernays

Populist Platform

-adopted at Ohmaha convention -written in 1892 at omaha convention; written by Ignatius Donelly, radical republican -nation "brought to the verge of moral, political, and material ruin" by corruption -sought ti restore economic oppurtunity and democracy by direct election of senators, govt controled currency, graduated income tax, low cost public financing for farmers, and right of workers to form union -called for public ownership of RR

Cahokia

-after decline of mound builders; between 10000 and 30000 inhabitants in 1200 -largest settled commmunity until NYC in US; also built giant mounds in St Louis

Cotton in South

-aka "white gold" -3/4 of world cotton from the South -over half of american exports were cotton -cotton needed for industrial rev

The American Party

-aka Know Nothings -devoted to reserving public office or native born citizens only and wanted to resist aggression of Catholic Church -swpet 1854 state elections of MA w/ all congressmen -cities of Philly SF and Chicago were Know Nothings -emerged as victorious "anit NE" coalitions of workers against KA NE acts -often opposed sale of liquor -despite severe discrimination toward irish americans, party failed bc immigrants were still granted right to vote for being white; immigrants pushed free blacks out of jobs

Internal Slave Trade

-aka Second Middle Passage -2 mil slaves sold b/w 1820 and 1860 -thousands came from older slave states in the north to "importing states of the lower south -signs on offices of slave traders would say "Negro Sale" or "Negroes Bought Here" -large public marketplave for slaves in NOLA, or at court houses -newspapers contained ads for slaes -older states, such as VA, depended on slave sales for economy

separation of powers

-aka checks and balances, prevents any branch of the government overpowering the other two -congress passes laws, president can veto and be impeached, and 2/3 majority can overrule veto -judges serve for life to ensure their independence

Jacksonian Democrat Platform

-alarmed by widening gap b/w rich and poor -convinced "non producers" were using govt connection to enhance of disadvataged "producers" -govt shoudl adopt hands off economy and not award special favors to entrenched economic intrests; fair competition in self regulating market -"All banks charters, all act of incorporation are calculated to enhance the power of wealth, produce inequalities amoing the people and to subvert liberty" -attracted farmers and city workers and aspiring entreupeneurs who resented govt aid to established business men

New Constititions

-all gov't adopted new constitutions and are republics (authority rested on consent of governed, objective: Public Good (T Paine))

Remaking Indian Life

-all officials wanted to take tribal land and convert natives religion and force them to surrender most of their land -1871 congress ends treaty system bc RR companies wanted to indv deal w/ indians -Bureau of Indian Affairs established boarding schools where indian children were taken to be taught white values

Caveats of Religious Freedom

-all states except NY bar jew from voting and office holding - 7 states only allow protestant officeholders -MA retains Congregationalist establishment

New Southern Constitutions

-all states readmnitted by 1870 -new constiutions created state funded schools, guarenteed equality before the law

Long Telegram

-american diplomat from Moscow George Kennan told Truman that USSR could not be dealt w/ as normal govt -he said US was only country that could stop them -laid foundation for policy of containment

XYZ Affair

-american diplomats sent to paris to negotiate a reaty to replace old alliance -however, french officials demanded bribes -poisoned our relationship with French, Adams wanted to get rid of french alliance because supported jefferson -engaged in quasi war at sea french seizing americal vseels and american navy harrassing french -peace negotiated in 1800 although Hamilton desired declartion of war

Open Door

-american foreign policy of the free flow of trade, investiment, info, and culture

Clock time

-american lives became dictated by clocks -workers "price" (artisans pay) became replaced w/ "wage" ($an hour) -farmers life dictated by seasons still -in cities, leisure time designated from work time -trains that worked on schedules made people increasingly more aware of the "clock time"

Nativism

-americans hostile towards catholic irish bc they followed traditio of "anti popery" -feared immigrants would hinder political and social life of America called nativists -irish blamed for crime and political corruption; stereotyped as childlike lazy and slaves of passion (like blacks) -acussed them of undercutting native born skilled laborers by working starvation wages

Film Industry

-americans spent more time on leisure activities -by 1929 weekly movie attendance was 80million -Pathe and Gaumont, largest french film industries, abadonned film production bc America was so far ahead of france in film -America outnumbered france 8 to 1 in movie releases

Growth of the automobile

-annual automobile production tripled from 1.5 to 4.8 million automobiles per year -GM surpassed Ford w/ its cheap Model T -by 1929 half of the american households had cars

The Other Gold Rush

-another gold rush in AUstralia' colony of Britain -80% of gold from CA and Australia -city of Melbourne became similar to SF -disaster to aboriginal poeple of Australia just as indians in America

Mobs Against Abolitionism

-anti abolitionist feared that abolitionist were disrupting the Unoin, interefering w/ northern profits from slavery, overturning white surpemacy -lead by "gentlmen of property and standing" who were often merchants with close commercial ties to the south -Boston crowd walked through street w/ Garrison w/ rope around his neck -Cinninati mob destoryed prenting press of James G Birney -burned PA hall to ground b/c meeting place for slave -burned abolitionist literature in mail w/ approval of Amos Kendall, postmaster

Fugitive Slave Issue

-appointed special federal comissioners to determine status of fugitive slave -prohibited local authorities from interfereing with capture and required citizens to help -contradictory to southern view of states rights bc states had no say in status of fugitive -Emerson condemned act bc created a Souther style govt which overrode acting on conscience -Slave Catchers would go all the way to CA to apprehend fugitives -more than 157 slaaves reurned to south -slave Jerry in Syracuse was escaped out of NY jail and taken to Canada by large crowd of slaves and abolitionists -20,000 blacks escaped to Canada after passing of law

Plessy vs Ferguson

-approval of state laws requiring separate facilities for white and blacks -case started in LA when the Citizens Committee of Blacks in NOLA wanted to test discrimination on RR cab when Homer Plessy sat in white section and refused to move -Sup Court ruled 8-1 in favor; facilites had to be "separate but equal" -John Marshall Harlan was only justice who voted against it; "Our Constitution is color blind"; freedom for blacks is to participate fully and equally in society

Economic Problems

-as cinfed occupied, shortages of essentail commodities sucha salt corn meat -south govt did not levy tax to fund the war -govt borrowed 1.5 billion -govt authorized soldiers to practice "impressment" by taking food from homes of farmers for soldiers -all of this caused numerous yeoman farmers to sink into poverty and debt -100k farmers deserted south by end of the war

Limits of freedom in CA

-as early surface mines became exhausted, large capital had to be invested for under ground mining; left racial and ethnic groups in fight for gold -law very fragile in gold rush CA -"committees of vigilance" estalished courts in SF and tried to execute those accused of crime -extralegal groups of white miners were formed to expel "foreign miners" from areas with gold -state imposed $20 a month tax on foreign miners -1850 CA only gave voting to whites exccluding asians -gold seekers overran indian communities; indian pop reduced from 150k to 30k

Politics of Memory

-as north and south reconciled in 80s and 90s the cost was the dream of racial equality -Civil war seen as war of "brother against brother" both sides fought gallantly for noble causes -slavery viewd as minor issues and not true cause of the civil war -reconstruction was a regrettable period of "Negro rule" -southern history books described slavery as a hapyy period and talked about the evils of reconstruction

Loyalty Program

-assault on civil liberties became known as McCarthyism -1947 Truman launched a loyalty program that required govt employees to show patriotism -causing several hundred to be dismissed from jobs -no spies found

Black Soldiers

-at the outset, union refused to accept northern black volunteers bc they feard whites would not fight along side blacks -blacks given jobs as cooks, laborers but not soliders -1862 Thomas Higginson was sent to SC Sea Islands to form First SC Volunteers\ -180k blacks in Union army 24k in Navy; 1/3 died by end of war -15 blacks received medal of honor -Fifty Foutrth MA Volunteers received notoriety on their attack on Fort Wagner in SC where half the unit perished -General Lorenzo raised 50 regiments of blacks soldiers in MS Valley, 76 k in total -most black soldiers were emancipated slaves who joined southern army

Inauguration of Andrew Jackson

-attracted about 20,000 who partied hard in the white house afterwards -"the reign of King Mob"-Joseph Story of the Sup Court -"his beliefs suit the people exactly"- Phillip Hone, NY political leader

Fong Yue Ting court case

-authorized federal govt to expel chinese aliens without due process of law -dissenting Justice David Brewer predicted that law would be used to pevent US from admitting ppl they found "obnoxious" -in 1904 Brewer was accurate bc Court cited Fong Yue Ting as reason to prevent anarchists from entering -"are we still a place of refuge for the oppresed of all nations?" Populist candidate James B Weaver

Rise of Lynching

-b/w 1883 to 1905 more than 50 persons lynched yearly -some occured secretely at night or were advertised and attracted large crowds -those who were lynched sought to challenge system -most lynched blacks accused of raping white woman to justify lunching as protection of white woman purity -Ida B Wells was a newspaper editor in Memphis who said in most cases the accusations were a "bare lie" in her newspaper Memphis Free Press -no other country ever experienced lynching; only one lynching in Canada of an indian kid

Coxey's army

-band of several hundred unemployed men marching to washington to demand economic relief led by Jacob Coxey -army sent to disband army in may 1984

Sherman Antitrust Act

-banned actions that restrained free trade -vague language basically made the act useless

Utopian Communities

-based off Thomas Moore Utopia -over 100 by 1860 -most arose through religious conviction -wanted to reorganize society on cooperative basis w/ social harmony -"socialism"/"communism" entered politicl language; productive property owned by community rather than private individuals -most ended property rights and traditional marriage; end to property of women

Anti German Crusade

-before war over 9 mil Germans w/ well respected culture -1/4 of all students studied german before war; only 1% after the war -Gov of Iowa William Harding required that all public communication be done in English -composer Karl Much jailed bc insisted on using works of german composer like Beethoven -only 276 german newspapers after the war -hamburger and sauerkraut became liberty sandwhich and liberty cabbage respectively

John D Rockerfeller

-began as Cleveland merchant and dominated oil industry -used "horizontal integration" by buying out competitors but soon established vertical monopoly -Standard Oil owned 90% of the industry -very philanthropic as well but also fought his employees unions

Margaret Sanger

-began w/ writing a column on sex edu called "What Every Girl Should Know" in social NY paper The Call -Wrote in her own journal The Woman Rebel "no woman can call herself free who does not control her own body" -opened a clinic in Brookyln and began distributed contraception device to Jews and Italian -very intrepid; her writing were distributed by both the IWW and Socialist Party

Roosevelt and Eco Regulation

-believed pres should be honest broker in handling strikes -in 1902 WV and PA coal strike ordered the owner that dispute would be settled by own pres commission -after reelection he strengthened ICC -Hepburn Act gave power to ICC to examine RR business records and set reasonable rates -Pure Drug and Food Act required federal agency inspection

Native American Religion

-believed spiritual powers governed the world; spirits in all kinds of living and inanimate things -members with special spiritual abilities held positions of respect and authority -believed in a single Creator that atop spritual hierachy - like europeans -no distinction between natural and super natural, or secular and religous activities

john Jay Treaty

-biggest controversy of GW precidency -british agree to abandon western military post (although no concessions mentioned about impressment) in return for favored treatment to British imported goods; nothing talked about impressment of American ships; ended french- american alliance and created sharp political division in US

Henry Highland Garnett

-black abolitionist who said that slaves whould rise in rebellion and throw off their shackles at once; clashed w/ the idea of moral suasion b/c he wanted violence -showed how black abolitionists differed from whites`

Israel Hill

-black community established in VA established by Richard Rudolph who prospered as farmers and skilled craftsmen and who win lawsuits against whites owing them money

Slaughterhouse Cases

-blacks butchers in LA argued that exclusion from state monopoly was violation of 14th but the Supreme Court rejected the claim showing lack of support from supreme court for civil rights

The Color Line

-blacks had little access to industrial freedom bc barred from most unions and skillend employment -could not participate in consumer society -Walter Weyl described race problem as economic not political, which revealed little understanding of how denial of voting rights whcih was the center of the black condition -settlement house reformers accepted segregation as natural and segregated homes -womens suffragists said little about disenfranchisement -vote was a racial entitlement -even Jane Addams founder of NAACP went along w/ Progssive Party to reject civil rights -from "negros hour" to now "womens hour" - womens sufrage left states able to limit voting through poll taxing and literacy tests

Abolitionists and Ideas of Freedom

-bolitionist reinforced indea that freedom was ownership of ones self; repudiated "wage slavery" -working wages was embodiment of freedom; free laborer could chage jobs, accumulate property, enjoy stable family life -slavery deprived humans of the "grand central right- inherent ownership of ones self"- William Goodell -personal liberty regardless of race took precedence over other freedoms eg property ownershiip

Andrew Johnson

-born in poverty in NC -champion of "common yeomen" -lonely stubborn man incapable of criticism -deeply racist views eventhough he supported racism

Grimke Sisters

-born to SC slaveholder -converted quakers who famously fought for slave and womens rights in philly and delivered first hand lectures of slavery's immorality from their childhood -deonounced by MA clergyman for not showing "delicacy and modesty" -fought for women to be able to voice opinions, share social and educational prilveges enjoyed by men -published Letters on the Equality of Sexes- "equal pay for equal work"; "whatever it is morally right for a man to do, it is morally right for a woman to do" -eventuallly retired from activism bc of intense criticism

Liberal Reformers

-broke from republican party in 1872 and help bring about change in north during reconstruction -feared lower class groups seeking government to further their own interests; thought it threatened individual liberty and property -many reformers wanted voted to be retained to only property owners as noted by alexis de tocqueville -feared that the lower classes using govt for own aid which hindered indv freedom

Worldy Communities

-brooks farms established to be a worldy community w/ more worldy orientation that created internal division -in MA, hoped to create manual and intellectual labor coexist -modeled off of Charles Founier, french reformer. He had blue print for phalanxes (communities) planned to the every last detail, from number of residents to how much income would be generated -miniature university for teachers and writers; many eg Nathaniel Hawthorne, complained of having to do manual labor and offered skeptical view of community in his novel The Blithedale Romance

Women and Govt

-brought more women into govt eg Sec of Labor Frances Perkins -Eleanor Roosevelt transformed role of First Lady into a base for political action by traveling and giving speeches -Eleanor wrote her own newspaper column that often disagreed w/ her husbands policies -depression hit industrial workers harder than low wage clercial and serice jobs were woman often worked so the womans workforce rose

Combat in Mexico

-bulk of fighting in central mexico -Polk ordered troops to continue to march inland from Vera Cruz until Mexico surrendered -Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo annexed Texas and ceded CA and NM, AZ, UT, and NV to US for $15 million dollars -Mexican Cession larger than LA purchase

Failure of Land Reform

-bureau had right to divide land for sale to former slaves -however 1865 pres Johnson ordered all land to be returned to former owners even "Sherman Land" -failure to distribute land left most freemen broke and had to sharecrop for labor

Republican Era

-business lobbyists ruled conventions of Reps calling for lower taxes, high tariffs, anti union legislature -"Never before, here or anywhere else, has the govt been so completely fused w/ business" NY Journal on Coolidge and Harding presidencies -pro business members appointed to Federal Reserve, FTC -1922 walkout of 250k RR workers resulted in a pay cut -Taft became sup court chief justice and used laissez faire politics which undermines socially active progressive govt -Court repudiated Muller vs Oregon

Decline of Organized Labor

-businesses implemented "welfare capitalism" where they provided their workers w/ private pensions, healthcare, benefits; claimed they paid more attention to the "human factor" in managment -businesses also adopted The American Plan where business stood free of govt or union intervention -collective bargaining w/ unions= "infringment on personal liberty and a menace to insitution of free ppl" -Unions lost over 2 mil members; unions disappeared in Seattle, Minneapolis, NOLA

Slaves and the Law

-by 1830, against law to teac ha slave how to read or write (90% slaves illiterate) -slaves in all states cannot be killed unless in self defense and if accused of a crime, slaves have their day in court -could not leave plantation w/o notice -some laws not strongly enforced as many slaves carried guns and were taught to read/ write -basically rights of a slave of a slave came down to indv owner -LA Law- "a slave owes to his master... a respect w/o bounds and aboslute obeicnce"

Child Labor and Women

-by 1900 more than 80k college educated women -female activism displayed in their social work for poor; needed help from govt to fully fix problem -women used black labor in south as an attack on child labor bc white children should be getting educated -AL was first state to ban child labor in 1903 -by 1915 all states in south followed and banned child lab

Working Woman

-by 1920 25% of women were office workers or telephone operators while only 15% in domestic service -black women worked domestic roles or in cotton fields -working woman became symbol of female emancipation -1/4 of women working for wages were married -union leader Abraham Bisno said working women were indp;"They acquired a right to personality" -Charlotte Perkins Gilman offered evidenc3e for the spirit of personal idependence, and compared being a housewife to an unproductive little parasite who is a servant ot her husband and children -"novelties and frivolties of fashion" appealed to young immigrant working girls

Indian Removal Act of 1830

-called for creation of five civilized tribes, CHerokeees, chickasaw, choctow, creek, seminole, w/ pop 0f 60k each in various southern states -Although indians tried to be civilized, establishing schools, written laws, constitutions, govt would not allow them to assimilate

Radical Republicans

-called for dissolution of southern govt and called for new regulated govts not led by rebel leaders -union victory=oppurtunity to enforce equal rights for all -Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner were the most prominent rep leaders -Stevens wanted to strip land from disloyal planters and divide it amongst slaves; too radical for congress

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

-called for eventual establishment of 3-5 states in northwest -Jefferson called this "empire of liberty"- northwest was now equal members of the empire - self government and westward expansion grow together -maintained "utmost good faith" to indian land- "it will cost much less to conciliate the good opinion of the indians than to pay men for destroying them" congressman -prohibited slavery

Captain of Industry vs Robber Barron

-captain of ind=energy and vision pushes forward the economy (eg perhaps Rockefeller and Carnegie) -robber barron= abuse unrelgulated market (eg Jay Gould) -Henry Lloyd denounced Rockefeller and Standard Oil in his Wealth Against the Commonwealth stating "Liberty and monopoly cannot live together" - disliked their dictatorial attitudes, unscrupuloius methods, repressive labor policies - underminded economic freedom

Scottsboro Case

-case brought to internationl attention by communists -9 blacks teenagers accused of raping 2 white girls -convicted 3 times despite weak evidence and recanting of one accuser -Supreme Court overruled first two convictions and declared that all people have a right to effective legal representation, and that states cannot exclude blacks systematically from juries -Supreme court upheld 3rd conviction which sentenced 5 of the boys -1937 defense attorney worked plea deal which released all the boys on parole

Bleeding KS

-caused by election in 54 ane 55 to determine status of slavery -hundred of MO citizens crossed border to vote for proslavery -Pierce recognized legitimmcay of corrupt votes causing proslavery legislature to be adopted and replaced governor when he dissented -civil war borke out in KS causing death of 200 persons -strengthened republican party bc discreted douglas and caused SC congress rep with a gold cane to beat up proslavery Charles Sumner of Mass -1856 proslavery mob ataacked free soil stronghold of Lawrence

Cottom Kingsdom

-centered on factories producing cloth textiles w/ water powered spinning and weaving machinery Eli Whitney Cotton Gin= rise of slavery again -south sutiable for growing cotton - warm and fertile soil -rich monopolized rich land while poor got "hill country" -institution that was expected to die out because staple drop tobacco exhausted the soil, cotton lead to a period of unprecidented expansion -planter monopolized most fertile land while small farmers received piney woods -by 1820 U.S. produced 170 million lbs of cotton from only 5 mil in 1790

Household economy

-centered on family -"he hath industrious family shall be soon rich" women lose rights and focus on raising family, high birthrate = more hands to do work and make money -focused on producing food for own consumption (consumer revolution brought them into market) -Primogeniture - land passed to eldest son -male domination, women begin to loose more rights - couldnt represent themselves in court, had to hire lawyer -work of wives seperated prosperity from starvation

Social Security Act

-centerpiece of 2nd new deal; nat govt had a duty to ensure well being of citizens -created system of unemployment insurance, old pension and aid to disabled, poor -ideas based off 1912 Progressive Platform and European country eco plans -SSA launched american welfare state= sytem of income assistance, health coverage, and social service for all citizens -bill originally envisioned free health care but was shot down by American Medical Assoc

Workers Freedom in the Industrial Age

-certain skilled workers had high wages and considerable control over production process eg "miners freedom" which allowed miners to do work with no supervision -iron and steel workers many times controlled quotas and apprecentices; knew more about details of procedures than employers -most workers= economic instability -tramp became a popular symbol of struggle as thousands of men took to the road for work -35 k workers perished each year -"City Slave Girls" in Chicago Tribune exposed wretched working conditions for women in factories showing that everyone in the family had to work

Pluralism

-challenged idea that europeans unfit for citizenship -1924 Horace Kallen German Jew used "cultural pluralism" to describe society glorified in ethnic diversity -Anthropologists like Frank Boas and Ruth Benedict insisted superior race did not exist -ethnic enclaves existed in cities still -immigrants could not avoid assimilation of american values by consumer society

Cherokee Nation vs Georgia

-cherokee went to court because their forced removal was claimed unconstitutional -Indians were "wards" of fed govt -deserved protection but lacked standing as citizens where sup court could enforce their rights -ergo sup court did not block GAs effort to extend jurisdiction over tribe

Confederacy

-chose jefferson davis of MI as president -similar to US govt (6 year presidency and cabinet members could sit congress) -"cornerstone" was that "the negro is not equal to the white man"- Alex Stephens, VP of confederacy

Suppoerters of constiution

-cities and urban enviroments -"golden phantom" of prosperity in urban artists to revive fallen govt constitution acc to George Bryan of PA

Election of 1828

-clash b/w old politics, JQA, and new politics, Jackson -Jackson's platform was limited govt -JQA did not support parties or reelcection campaigning -"Vote for Jackson who can fight, not JQA who can write" -Jackson criticized for killing in duels and immoral wife -57% of eligible voters voted and Jakson carried south and west -his supporters included those who wanted to move west, small farmers, and wage workers of the north -"common man"

Hawaii

-closely tied to US through treaties that exempted imports of its sugar from tarriff duties and establishment of navel base at pearl harbor -economy dominated by American Sugar Plantation which were worked on by Hawaiians, Filipinos, Japs, Chinese -18893 group of rebels overthrew Hawaiin govt led by Queen Liliuokalani -Grover Cleveland w/drew treaty to annex Hawaii bc he knew it was not favored by Hawainns -during spanish american wars

Redeemers

-coalition of white southern merchants, bussinessmen, planters who wanted to redeem region from "black rule" -state budgets/taxes were slashed, decline in edu -literacy rate in LA fell from 1880 to 1900

Militant Liberty

-code name for secret CIA program to produce anti communist films such as: -The Red Menace -I Married a Communist

Effect of Glorious rev

-colonies overthrow oppressive rulers to reestablish colonial power -MA and Plymouth combined into one -MA church membership no longer required to vote now land ownership was required -MA forced to abide to 1690 Toleration Act -Puritan dominance in gov't greatly weakend -No elected assembly, appointed in London -Produced tension (especially after attacks from french and Indian allies) which lead to witch trials

Differing views of empire

-colony's view: an association of equals; settler have same same rights; No taxation without Representation England's views: -system of unequal parts in which different principles governed different areas, all subject to Parliament -Britons debt absorbed half gov revenue, tons of taxes - colonies should pay too, they protected them -Should pay treasury for cheating Nav Acts -Virtual Representation

1948 Election

-colorless republican Thomas Dewey was ineffective speaker and did not pick sides for controversial topics -Dewey did not commit himself bc he was sure of election bc of growing republican tide -Truman ran an agressive campaign denouncing Wall STreet and appealing across the nation; vote for wallace was a vote for "stalin' -Truman was able to upset Dewey bc of black vote in the south

14 points

-communist revolution headed by Lenin lead to Russias w/drawl from war and revealed secret treaties for plan to divide conquered land among allies(embarrassed Wilson bc he promised just peace) -to ensure war was fought for moral reasons Wilson released 14 points for war: free trade, open seas, open diplomacy, self determination, creation of general assoc of nations (global regulatory Progressivism) -America only shortly in war

Moral and Natural Liberty

-concepts defended by puritan refection from church of england and the idle wandering poor who were ungodly - all of these socital problems caused many to emigrate -Freedom= responsibility to obey god through self government and denial Natural = acting without restraint "liberty to do evil" too much in England, ireland, christians Moral = only obey god and do good true freedom = depended on subjegation and authority

Effects of the War

-confirmed ability of rep govt to to conduct war w/o surrendering instiutions -completion of conquest east of MI river; indians never problem -"I have no doubt but in a few years the banks of Alamba will present a beautiful view f elegant manisons and exstensive rich and productive farms" -greater sense of separatness from old world as diplomatic affairs began playing a minor role in America -Canadians gain nationalism as seperate from US (they were invaded by US)

Puerto Ricans

-congress terminated status of "citizen of Puerto Rico" and made all puerto rican citizens US citizen w/o voting rights so govt could supress PR calls for independence; did this to strengthen hold on vital outpost in the carribean -Jose de Diego PR speaker of the house wrote to pres asking for that Puerto Rico be granted the democracy the US was fighting for in Europe

blacks in the nation

-constiution does not deefine who a citizen is, states left to determine boundries -slow emancipation in north - did not assume exportation, statesmen established schools for black children -free blacks enjoyed many legal rights including suffrage -Edmund Randolph(att gen) slaves were "not constiuent members of our society"

Freedom Train

-contained 133 documents from US history, over 3.5 mil visited it -ran by private org American Heritage Foundation so it did not seem like propaganda -contained no documents about labor and union right and no documents on race relations -Langston Hughes mocked train by wondering if there would be "Jim Crowe Freedom Train" -however train did not allow segregated viewing which forced many southern cities to not allow train -train showed impact of cold war -FBI began to compile reports of those who opposed the train

Credit Mobilier

-corporation formed by inner rinng of Union Pac RR stockholders to get govt support of RR aid -paid govt officials like Speaker of House Colfax to support RR aid and lobby for it

the Third House

-corporations basically were immune to democratic control and acted as a third house in a sense -"The galleries and lobbies of every legislature are thronged with men seeking ti procure an advantage" -"third house" of RR lobbyists in PA had more power than elected officials seemingly -western law maker held stock in lumber and RR companies so they voted in favor of companies always -New York tweeds ring swayed urban politics: won support of immigrant poor by fashioning private welfare system that provided food and jobs -Whiskey Ring united republicans tax collectors and whiskey maker to defraud govt of tax money

Disputed election of 1877

-corrupt bargain was southern would recognize legitimacy of Hayes presidency if there would be a democratic control of south and north would no longer get involved in southern affairs -Hayes would also have to place southerner as postmaster general and give aid to TX and Pac RR -Southerners promised to respect blacks right in return -Hayes ordered troops to be removed from LA and SC to enforce equality

Effect of Slavery on North

-cotton helped finance industrial rev and industry in the north -northern ships exported cotton -northern companies ensured slave property -northern bankers financed plantations -Lords of Loom (factory owners) relied on cottton supplies of Lords of Lash (slave ownners in South) -Companies like Brooks Brothers supplied cheap fabrics to clothe slaves -NYC rise to dominance depended just as much on slave trade as it did on Erie Canal

Freedom of middle class women

-could not compete freely for employment -could not sign independent contracts or sue in their own name -badge of respect for wives who remained in the home away from the disorderly new market -freedom of middle class woman relied on employment of other women in the household -male head of household should command "family wage" became definition of social justice

Dennis Vs US

-court upheld conviction of Communist Party Leaders eventhough the chrages concerned their beliefs and not actions -many began to retreat from idea that free expression was a birth right for all

Rights of Women

-coverture still existed where man held legal authority over wife -women could not own land bc they are subject to husband -women not allowed to participate in political debate

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

-created by du bois and white reformers after lynching in springlefield MA -launched struggle for enforcement of 14th and 15th amendment -1911 in Bailey vs Alabama Sup court overturned "peonage laws" making it illegal for sharecroppers to break contracts -court ruled unconstitutional laws in Lousiville prohibiting blacks from living in certain parts of the city -president Moorfield Story said blacks enjoyed a "curios citizenship" bc shared obligations like military service but not fundamental principles of freedom

Toll Roads

-created paved roads for the first time -shun-pikes created to avoid tolls, and matainance costs high, most private roads didnt turn a profit -National Road created from Maryland to Midwest -900 companies alone chartered to make roads in NE alone

Americanization

-creation of a more homogeneous nation culture -Ford Motors created a sociological dept to check on homes of immigrant workers to make sure they embraced american food, clothing, culture and enrolled them in english language courses -LA teachers taught english to Mexican american mothers bc women viewed as transmitters of culture to spread american values to other mexicans -Committee on Public Info renamed 4th july Loyalty Day and 75k ethnic ppl participated in patriotic events -jjewish leaders promoted US loyalty in hopes for an increase in rights

Treason and War

-critisicm of lincoln administration seemed to republicans equivelent to treason -thousands of democratcs, outspoken northerners who supported southern cause were jailed -Lincoln suspended habeas corpus for "disloyal activities" -Clement Vallandigham was a OH democrat who was banished to the confederacy -Taney ordered Lincoln to realease John Merryman, but Lincoln ignored him in 1861 -

Rail Road

-dawn of railroads began second industrial revolution -spurred by private investment + nat land grants -rr mileage tripled from 1860 and 1880 and tripled from 1880 to 1920; 1886 first nat rr gauge whcih made it possible for trains of one company to use tracks of another -5 transconinental lines by 1890; had to divide nation in time zones -growing population formed market for mass production and distribution of goods; allowed brands like Quaker Oats, Ivory Soap to become national,

Worchester vs GA

-declared Indians a separate nation w/ distinct people and separate political identity (contrary to Cheroke v GA) -ERGO must be dealt w/ by fed govt and not states ergo GA jurisdiction was a violation -AJACKS did not agree w/ ruling of Worchester

Foraker Act of 1900

-declared Puerto Rico as an "insular" territory -ppl of Puerto Rico were citizens of Puerto Rico and would never be granted state hood

Jacksons Veto

-defining characteristic of his presidency -bank only widened gap b/w wealthy and humble members of society -Jackson proclaimed himself t be representative of all people -Whigs deonounced him for usurping power of legislature; congress represents will of the people not the president -veto should only be used during extrodinary times -jackson easily won reelection showing how much he was liked by the people; reelction= end of banks

Limits of Democracy

-democracy absored native born white men and immigrants, but not blacks, natives, and women, into market revolution -US Mag and Democratic Review- "prinicple of universal suffrage means white males of age constituted the government" -gender and race were an innate barrier, forever fixed by nature, while white men's freedom was a personal transformation -NY Herald- women had "no rights w/ which the public is concerned"

Private vs Public Freedoms

-democrats felt that liberty was private entitlement best secured by local govt -"the limitation of power in every branch of our govt" -Jackson paid off national debt, loered tariffs, and reduced expenditures; states replaced nat govt as source of economy

Elizabeth Stanton

-denied access to Anti Slavery World Convention bc she was a woman -writer of Declaration of Sentiments -organized Seneca Falls Convention

Colonization

-deportation of slaves to africa -Martineu attacks idea of colonization in here novel Society in AMerica were she colonization allowed slaveowners to "relieve their consciouses w/o annoying their neighbours" -southern supporters wanted free blacks to leave US as well; degraded group whose presence posed a danger to society -believed slavery and racism so entrenched in america that blacks could never achieve equality

Expansion to the West

-depression of 1837 caused ppl to flee west -from 1845-1860 300k men and women mostly in families went on the famed oregon trailto willamete valley, the most fertile and beautiful region -boundries (Oregon joint ruled with Britian) meant little in terms of manifest destiny

Statue of Freedom

-designed by thomas crawford to adorn capitol dome -Davis disapproved of it bc liberty cap symbolized free slave in ancient rome and the french Revolution

Immigrant Quest for Freedom

-desired to escape hopeless pverty and acheive an American standard of living -American still a haven for persecuted; "American is a free country. You dont have to be a serf to anyone"- Polish imm -"birds of passage" were immigrants who planned on only staying temporarily in US such as Mexicans and ITalians and then go home to purchase land -ethnic groups lived in small communities; 1k foreign newspapers, had their own theaters shopes etc. -church was the pillar of these communities -"My people are not in America. They are under it." -Slavic Priest; most were low paid wage workers

Change of Mindset for Lincoln (pre emanc)

-determined in summer of 1862 that emancipation was necessary -Seward convinced lincoln to delay announcement of emancipation until after union victory to make it seem not desparate -After Antietnam, Lincoln issuesed Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation warning southh to surrender or slavery will be ablosihed beginning of the year

The Nomination of Lincoln

-devotion to union appealed to moderate republicans -having never associated with kn party, he could appeal to immigrants -lincoln chosen over Seward bc Seward was a know nothing but supported Catholic school funding which made him liable -Lincoln's devotion to Union appealed to moderates and he had not been associaed w/ know nothings so he could get immigrants votes/ help -Lincoln platfrom denies Dred Scott, reaffirms oppoisition to expansion of slavery and had economic planks for northerners eg free homesteads, protective tariff, govt aid in railroad

Limitation of Progressive Democracy

-did not do anything to stop disenfranchisment of blacks; viewed as a way to end election fraud -replaced city mayors w/ non partisan city managers which did not allow citizens to vote on new manager -literacy tests and residency prevented poor from voting -fitness of voters, not absoulte number defined democracy

War of 1812

-difficult to raise funds bc expiration of Bank of US and bankers refused to loan to govt; essetnially bankrupt -military disunited and unprepared -Britian destroys to feeble invasions of canada -Britain attacks us in 1814 after war w/ France and burns white house + DC -US Constiution defeats British Guerriere -US Fort Mchenry wthstands bombardment in baltimore; Francis Key Scoot composed star spangled banner -two front struggle against indias and british -Tecumseh defeated and killed in Batle of Thames in 1813 -Jackson kills 800 creeks in battle of Horseshoe Bend; "the power of the creeks is forever broken" -Jackson recruits black "sons of freedom" to fight of british in greatest victory; helps him become president years late -

Red Scare

-dispatched federal agents to raid offices of radicals and labor orginizations; carried very broad search warrents, called Palmer Raids -communist fear generated by Russian rev -raids over seen by head of Radical Division of the Justice Dept J Edgar Hoover -over 5k arrested w/o warrants; deported hundreds of immigrant radicals including emma goldman -scare ended when Sec of Labor Louis Post began releasing immigrants from prison bc of severe criticism from congress -bomb in NYC Stock Exchange killed 49

Roosevelt Foreign Policy

-distinguished b/w "civilized" and "uncivilized" (no obligation to restore order) nations -won nobel peace prize for settling treaties in Japanese-Russo War in 1905 -policies were aggressive close to home; "speak softly and carry a big stick " West African proverb -persued policy of intervention in Central America

Direcitons of social and economic change

-diverse pop -religious diversity -Regional diversity

federalism

-division of powers -relationship b/w national govt an states - president enforced law and declares war - congress= "supreme Law of the land" -state govt in charge of day to affairs

American Influence in the World

-dollar replaced pound as most important currency bc of the war -American companies produced 85% of the worlds cars -America produced 40% of worlds manufactured goods -General Electric and International Telephone and Telegraph bought companies in other countries -IBM became world leader in office supplies

The Democratic Split

-dougals supporters commanded a majority but not the two thirds needed for presidency -Douglas had become unacceptable leader to those of Deep South bc he rejected Lecompton Const and refusal to support pro slavery legislature -still determined to get kanasas as a slave state -when convention adopted platform reaffirming pop sov , southern delegates walked out, were replaced with douglas supporters, and then southern democrats placed their own ticket -Democrats of lower south rallied behind John Breckinridge bc they did not want to support popular sovereginty -North Dem= douglas, south dem = breckinridge

Racial Violence

-dozens of blacks killed in 1917 St Louis riots when employers recruited non unionized blacks -over 250 blacks died in northern urban riots in 1919 -5 day riot in Chicago after black teen crossed black white line for beaches resulting in 38 dead blacks -200 blacks killed in Phillips County AR after sharecropper strike -Worst riot in US history: 300 blacks killed in Tulas OK after a white mob burned black part of city w/ help from police and national guardsmen

Monroe Doctrine

-drafted by JQA to consolidate power of nat govt at home+abroad (feared that spain would try to regain their territories and have a presence in NA again) 1. US would oppose any efforts at colonization by Europeans powers in Americas 2. US would abstain from the wars of Europe 3. Monroe warned Euro powers not to interfere w/ newly independent Latin America -established US dominance in west(hoped to assume Britain economic role for goods) -known as America diplomatic dec of indp

Columbus

-drastically underestimated the size of the earth, -most contemperaries knew he underestimated the size of earth, trouble finding financing -right to sail to America to spread catholicism after reconquista -Finance from King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella -also bankers and merchants

Militant Abolitionism

-drew upon religoius idea that slavery was a sin and on the contradictory values of Dec of Ind -many white abolitionist actually racist as well -rejected gradual emancipation, demanded immediate abolition -all believed economic, civil, and political rights should be w/o regard to race -abolitionists should mobilize and use force if necessary

Inner Civil War

-early in the war very passionate, "we are fighting for our liberty" -much of the early war fervent died down -draft was a grienvance to non slaveowners bc it allowed slave owners with 20 or more slaves to be exempted "twenty negro" provision -southern independence became a "rich man's war and a poor man's fight"

Progressive Era

-eco expansion fueled by increasing industrial expansion, rapid rise in pop, and continued expansion of consumerism -also time of urban growth as more ppl lived in urban area than rural for first time in US -Progressives were forward looking business men who realized workers needed a voice; also included labor activists

Farms and Cities

-eco outpout rose 85% in first decade of 20th century -20th century began groth in urban cities and decline in famring -21 cities w/ pop over 100k; NYC had 4.7 mil -1910 was first time when urban pop outnumbered rural pop -urban inequality evident; JP Morgan controlled more than 40% of all financial and idustrial capital in US -immigrant families of newyork tennaments often had no electricity or toilets while three miles to the north the mansions of Fifth Avenue's Millionarie Row -Comission on Labor Relations said that 1/3 of manufacturing workers lived in poverty -life of the ccity became preoccupation of many painters and photographers such a Geroge Bellows and John Sloan

Simon Patten

-economist who commented that american had become obsessed with redrawing lines and boundaries of freedom -more americans embraced a more restricted definition of nationhood and freedom -imagery depicted blacks and chinese as lesser and savages

WEB Du Bois

-educated at Harvard; goal was to reconcile conradiction of "American freedom for white and continuing subjection of negroes" -his book the Souls of Black Folk challenged the "talented tenth" of blacks to challenge inequality

Fordlandia

-effort by Henry Ford to create a town in the heart of Brazil's Amazon Rain Forest -hoped to establish steady supply of rubber for cars -wanted to bring proper American standard of life to towns inhabitants -weather and insects destroyed rubber trees ending Fords dream

Am I Not a Man and a Brother

-emblem of ambolitionists -showed that many aboloitionist refused to believe morality and wanted to overturn laws discriminating blacks

Operation Wetback

-employed military to invade Mexican american neighborhoods and deport illegal aliens -over 1 mil mexicans deported

Prohibition

-employers hoped it would create a more disicplined work force, reformers hoped it would create a more cleanly urban enviroment, women hoped it would protect wives and children, Protestants hoped it would impose American values on immigrants -started state by state winning 18 states in the south w/ large protestant pop of baptists, methodists -Food Admin required grain to be turned into food which helped prohibition cause -many distillaries were german owned so that also helped cause during war -18th amendment ratitified in 1917

Sea Island Experiment

-entire white pop fled SC islands when union army came leaving only 10k blacks and navy -northern army officers, investors, treasury agents followed -Gideons Army was a group of white and black reformers and teachers who wanted to uplift the slaves -education key to self reliance and productivity; teachers such as Charlotte Fortes and Laura Towne devoted selves to educating the blacks; established Penn School on St Helena Island; wanted blacks to own land -most of land on island bought by white investors who paid blacks to work land -considered a success; blacks worked for wage, educated, had a home

Election of 1856

-epitome of US sectionalism -Buchanan (South) vs Fremont (North) -Democrat Buchanan ran on platform that supported pop sov -Buchanan carried south while fremont carried north but buchanan won west -impressive accomplishment for Republicans bc a party for only 2 years

End of the New Deal

-era of social reform coming to end bc Southern Democrats became more at wits w/ channges -"Report on Eco Condition in the South" showed that south lagged behind in industry and investment in public edu and health -1938 Southern Radicals founded the Southern Conference to work public welfare, unionizatoin, racial equality -many southerners began to feel that new deal would upset racial relations in the south -1938 FDR tried to replace southern conservative in congress w/ liberals but was rebuked -Congress of southern conservatives and northern rep controlled congress and began to undo reform -Federal Theater Project abolished bc of high number of homosexuals on payroll -congress repealed tax on corporate profit -new deal failed to bring prosperity bc 15% of workforce reamined unemployed

Great Constitutional Revolution

-era produced an empowered nation state and gave birth to idea of citizenry regardless of race -fed govt became a custodian of freedom -constiution transformed into a doc were minorities and oppressed could claim their rights

Women's Christian Temperance Union

-era's largest female organization w/ 150k members -moved from prohibition of alcohol to comprehensive economic and political platform including right to vote -Gourp President Fraances Williard said women had to move past the idea that "weakness" and dependency was a woman's natural nature; "Politics is the place for women" -however, native born middle class white women dominated movement and claimed vote as educated members of a superior race -extending vote to native born educated white woman would conteract growing presence of "ignorant foreign vote" -elitism eventually destroyed movement; in 1895 made peace with racism and nativism by attending Booker T speech in Atlanta

Working Mens Parties

-erosion of tradiotional skill and threa of being reduced to status of dependent wage earners created this party -1820s organizations sought to mobilize lower class support for candidates that promised free education, end to debt imprisonment, and limit work to 10 hour days -also called for free homesteads for settlers and end of imprisonment of union leaders for conspiracy

Harry Jarvis

-escaped VA slaves who offered to fight on Gen Benjamin Butlers army but rejected -Butler "said it wasnt a black mans war. I told him it would be a black mans war before they got through."

Non-Freeholders Petition of Richmond

-established at VA constitutional convention by propertyless men -land doesnt mean "moral or intellectuals endowments" -"They alone deserve to be called free who participate in the formation of their political institutions

Southern Reps in Power

-established first public school system in the south -provided edu for blacks -made discrimination illegal -favored agricultural workers and slaves over rich planters

The Owenties

-establsihed by Robert Owen who was appaled by degredationof factory workers; most important seculaar community -created model factory village which combined strict rules of discipline w/ comfortable housing and free public edu -established a community of New Harmony which he hoped to create a "new moral world" -children removed at early age from parents to be educated in schools -women would no longer be enslaved to their husbands and false notions about diff would be abandoned -only survived a few years

racism in america

-even white abolitionists were racist -Martin R Delaney said that white relegatqed blacks to "a mere secondary underling position" b/c they took positions of authority -nevertheless many aboloitionist challenged idea of black inferiority and that Africa had no civilization; also called for free blacks to seek skilled labor and dignified employment -Abolitionists launched legal battles against racial discromination in the north; acheived occasional victories such as end of school segregation in massechusetts in 1855

Social Darwinism

-evolution of was natural process in human society and must not be interfered with by govt -no laws aiding those in poverty from govt -industrial corporations emerged bc they are better -poor responsible for own fate -govt tried to sort b/w "deserving" (widows and orphans) and "uundeserving" poor during 1870s to 1890s depression -by 1900 half of the nations largest cities offered no public relief -liberty required acceptance of inequality

Election of 1824

-example of sectionalism of politics -Clay= West, Adams=NE, Crawford= Old South, Jackson=South -Adams wanted to concentrate power in north where republicans were tired of south presidencies -Clays support lied in the west -Jacksons popularity did not rest on his policies (which were unkown) but his military victories -noone received majority of electoral votes so Caucus of Rep congressmen chose Crawford, - but Clay support to Adams bc no majority votes and Adams would promote American System aka "Corrupt Bargain" (Clay became Secretary of state who had reputation for becoming pres) -"CB" ruined Clay's political career; alliance of Clay and Adams became basis for Whigs

McCarran Internal Security Bill of 1950

-example of the importance of anticommunism in politics especially against Truman's policies -Truman vetoed this bill which required "subversive" groups to register with the govt, allowed denial of passports to members, and authroized their deportation -congress easily overrode w/ 2/3 veto

Lyrical Left

-experienced in cities of NYC Greenwich village and Chicago; in the salon of Mabel Dodge, many radicals came -members forme discussions in clubs and attended experimental theaters -called for emacipation of the human spirit; open discussions on sexuality -gay community developed especially in Greenwich Village

Glorious revolution in America

-exposed faults in colonies; elite had chance to regain power after the colonies had self governed - in 1675 Lords of Trade = oversaw colonial affairs and questioned Mass about compliance to navigation Acts -Mass Gov said had no representatives in parliment, so law didnt apply -in 1680s parliment moved to reduce atonomy -Dominion of NE - combo of Ct, Plymouth, Mass, NH, RI, NY, and east and west Jersey to raise money so James II could no longer be dependent on parliment for money -Ruled Sir Edmund Andros, removed elected esembly, higher imposed taxes, earlier land grants must be approved - angered colonists -questioned state and church union key to Protestants

Fletcher vs Peck

-extended judicial reviews to state laws -forbade GA from taking any action that impaired a contract; buyers that bought land from members of the state legislature sold at high prices could keep their land and the new legislature could repeal the grant

Native American Land and Property

-families owned right to USE land, but did not own land -land was a common resource; basis for economy but not an economic commodity -little social distinctions "no beggars among them" - Roger Williams -not devoted to wealth or material accumaltion

America Pre Market Rev

-families produced at home most of what they needed and ocassionally bartered at local stores and craftsmen -widespread isolation from markets -Technology hardly changed during colonial era -manufacturing done by hand, skills passed from artisan t apprentice -most roads rutted path through the woods -land transporation of goods 30 miles as much as to england -Abe Lincoln Family (lived in Indiana) was self sufficient and hunted for own food and clothes; relied little on cash

Black families

-families reunited after war -one slave walked 600 mi from GA to NC to find his family -brought notion that black women should inherit own sphere separate from mans

What to a Slave is the Fourth of July?

-famous fred doug speech that criticized america for celebrating indp and liberty when slaves had none -america had to free Dec of Ind from "narrow bounds" of race

Bret Harte

-famous poet of the era -wrote a poem about "the phantom army" parade -shows that meaning of war lay in soldiers sacrifice -blacks achieved equality in death but could they now achieve equality in life

Commercial Farmers

-farmers now began to produce for market and commerce instead of self sufficiency; purchased goods at stores for home -East= source to sell and get credit/loans -steel plow- John Deere made possible rapid subduing of western prairies -reaper- a horse drawn machine that increased wheat harvest by Cyrus McCormick;wheat gain increased 3x -eastern farmer relied on dairy products ad fruit/veg bc west produced boat loads of grain/wheat -unlike cotton, bulk of crop cosumed within country

Declaration of Immediate Causes of Secession

-feared republican efforts to extend their party into the south by appealing to non salve owners -SC first state to secede and drafted this legislature -attacked Lincolnn for beeing hostile to slavery -Fitzhugh said southern secession was ore significant than america "commonplace" rev bc it reblled against erreneous idea of "human equality"

Housing Discrimination

-federal housing policy built separate homes for whites and blacks -TX built homes for whites, blacks, and mexicans -FHA also insured mortgages that contained clauses barring sale to non whites -Federal Housing Administration gave refused to give money to build integrated neighborhoods -FHA refused to give mortgages to blacks as well

Hamilton Program

-federalist plan to establish U.S. as commercial power; const said Congress could create laws for "general welfare" (believed in elastic clause part 1- establish creditworthiness so ppl will buy bonds(fed gov't pay all war debts) part 2- New National debt; old debts paid by interest bearing bonds to the nations creditors part 3- create bank of U.S.; private corp to help raise funds; make loans to gov when necessary, return tidy profit to stock holders part 4- tax on whiskey part 5- tariffs and encouraging development of factories, enterprise, and capitalism Also create national army that can deal with uprisings such as shays rebellion -strong support from amnufacturers, financers, entrepenuers

Farming on the Middle Border

-federally financed irrigation systems and dams would open large areas to commercial farming -promotional lit flooded europe and east cities; gov wanted eager for pop and rr companies wanted to sell land they aquired -Homestead Act and RR allowed west to become more cultivated -new agricultural empire arose in middle states (Dakota NE KS MN) whose pop rose to 5 mil - very diverse group of southerners northerners black immigrants; ND most multicultural state -despite promotional literature, farming in the west was not easy : snakes, blizzards, drought -farm families invested in farm machinary while women did bulk of strenous house work, machinery did not make their life easier -many women suffered isolation as their husbands left to market crops

Womens Freedom

-female liberals began to wear bobbed hair, short skirts, public smoking and drinking, use of birth control to express sexual freedom -flappers frequented dance halls and music clubs and danced wild dances like the Charleston -Edward Bernays dubbed cigarettes as women's torches of freedom -Jane Addams still said that women were ruled by "family claim" once married; could find no liberation in family

Feminism and the New Deal

-feminism disappeared as a political movement -women kicked out of labor market to make room for unemployed men -however portion of workforce that were women went up bc depression hit industrial labor the hardest were no women worked -Economy of Act of 1932 prohibited both members of a marriage from having govt job -women whose husbands earned a "living wage" were not hired -CIO adhered to idea that men should support women -many women left uncovered by benefits bc they did not work outside of the home; benefits only for wage workers and was based on tazes paid -benefits excluded over 3 mil female domestic workers

CA Pre War

-few non indians; 3,200 missionaries, soldiers mostly -20k working on land of missinaries and 150k unsubdued tribe members -Mexican govt dissolved land owned by missionaries and emancipated the natives to reduce power of catholic church and attract mexican settlers -Californios became new class of mexican cattle rancher in CA who condemned the Indios calling them ppl w/o reason; indians continued to work on land for "common good" -by 1840, already linked commercialy with the US

Planter Class

-fewer than 40k families w/ twenty or more slaves -plantations was, " a little nation by itself, with its own language, rules, regulations and customs"- Fred Doug -planters owned majority of slaves, most fertile land, highest wage -those who aquired wealth invested it in land and slaves -price of a "prime field hand rose from 1k to 1.8k making it hard to rise to planter class -"Plantation mistresses" cared for sick slaves, directed servants, ran plantation when husband was gone -wealthiest planter in low SC and cotton region of MI (I know MS); squandered wealth in luxurious lifestyles, summer vaca -Frederick Stanton owned 444 slaves and 15k acres in MI/LA -"the northerner loves to make money, the southerner loves to spend it"

Mary "Mother" Jones

-fiery union organizer who was jailed at age 83 for addressing CO strikers -told NYC audience that unions "had the constiution; the other side had bayonets"

Life as Black Soldier

-fighting in army proved to be liberating experience; "No negro who has ever been a solider can be imposed upon again" -130 former black soldiers served in military office -established men as communit leaders and leaders of resconstruction era -blacks sailors treated w/ equality to whites in union navy; lived and dined in same quaters -within army black soldiers treated more harshly; $10 a month: a whites $16 a month; units segregated, some abusive officers -if captured by confeds : sale into slavery or excecution -200 blacks killed after surrendering at Fort Pillow TN -1865 passed a law giving black soldiers equal pay - F Dog said once a black man has served "he has earned his right to citizenship is the US" -Harpers Weekly declared change in civil war from one "for the white man" to "one for mankind" -Lincoln wanted equal treatment of black soldiers who were prisoners of war

Elijah Lovejoy

-first abolitionist martyr -kill by a mob in IL while defending his press -"the system of Negro Slavery is an afuwl evil and sin" -his press was attacked 5 times by a mob

Slavery and Politics

-first congress debated slavery -B Frank, pres of PA ablolition society, blessings of liberty should be available "without distinctions of colors to all descriptions of ppl" -SC and GA claimed that behind Northern criticism of slavery was trumpets of civil war -1793 govt passed law where fed and state officials and judges had to facilitate the return of escaped slaves to implement fugitive slave clause

Wilsons First Term

-first pres to hold reg press conferences and deliver messgaes personally to congress -Implemented Underwood Tariff which reduced duties on imports substantially; imposed graduated income tax on richest 5% of americans to make up for lower tariffs -Clayton Act of 1914 exempted unions from antitrust acts and prevented courts from curtailing right to strike -Keating Owen Act outlawed child labor; Adamson Act established 8hr work day on RR and the Warehouse Act was similar to subtreausury plan of Populists

War Publicity

-first time there were war photographs -union had outpouring of lithographs, souvenirs, sheet music, pamphlets -"brought the bodies and laid them in our dooryards"-journalist on pohotgraphy -Mathew Brady achieved fame thorguh his war photography -northern progapanda reaffirmed northern values while accusing south of treason

Manifest Destiny

-first used by NY journalist John L Osullivan- other peoples claims must give way to "our manifest destiny to oversread and possess the whole continent which providence has given us for the development of the great experiment in liberty" -Sen John Beckinridge of KT- "The Goddess of Liberty is not governed by geographical limits" -divine idea; French historian Michel Chevalier said maifest destiny a "practical idea" as much as a "mystical one" -right to the content provided by nations mission to extend area of freedom -those in the way of expansion (Britain, Spanish, Indians, Mexicans) were obstacles to freedom -central component of freedom; sense of spatial openess, ability to get up and move -generation believed selected by god for greatest experiment in human history -afraid of following in europes path and having fixed social classes and large wage divides

Barbary Wars

-first war fought by americans -Pirates from Barabary states who previosly had been protecting US ships and been paid tribute, seized 13 american ships, paralizing trade with Med -Jeff refused an increased RAnsom and Tripoli declared war. -Treaty was later signed, but is didnt do much until 1812 when US showed military force -Began fear of islam and muslim stereotypes

Support of War

-first war on foreign soil + US occupy foreign capital -Herman Melville's in novel White Jacket Americans "bear the ark of Liberties" -majority of americans supported war for expansionalism

LA post Purchase

-forbidded blacks to "ever consider themselves the equal of whites" -maintained principle of "community property in marriage only -limited manumission of slaes by tightening laws

Trail of Tears

-forced removal of Indians by federalist soldiers during winter of 1838-1839 where 1/4 of indians perished -During Van Buren

Dollar Diplomacy

-foreign policy of Taft which emphasized eco intvestment and loans rather than military intervention directly; best way to spread American influence -TAft pressed for more efficient revenue collection, stable gov, and access to land and labor by American companies

Liberal Internationalism

-foreign policy of Woodrow Wilson that economic and political progress went hand in hand -greater worldwide freedom= increased american trade abroad -promoted an active intervention to remake the world in americas image

Coercive Patriotism

-foreigners required to kiss the flag to display loyalty -23 states banned red and blacks flags (communism and anarchy) -Emma Goldman says real patriots are those who "love America with open eyes" -to govt patriotism= support for govt, eco system, and the war -Minnesota established a Commission on Public Safety to root out disloyalty from the state -Frank Little leader of IWW lynched in Montana -Local authorities hunted those who failed to subscribe to liberty loans -schools revised course offerings to ensire patriotism -civil libertities never that important to progressives to begin with, who insisted that freedom flowed from participation in the life of society, not opposition to it

Black Farmers Alliance

-formed own organization bc unwelcomed in southern populistsince they were tenants and agricultural laborers -although the populist coalition racist, saw the need for allies to break the Democratic Party's hold on power in the south - both groups shared commen greivances -1891 organized strike on cotton picker is AS SC TX

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

-formed to bring a "rights revolution" after Red Scare -wanted to use free speech to protect right of privacy -mostly a coalition of pacifists, Progressives, lawyers outraged at stripping of civil liberties

Garland H White

-former fuigitve slave who was chaplain of a black regiment -called upon by large crown to make a speech -Whites "proclaimed for the first time in that city (Richmond) freedom to all mankind"

Mormons

-founded by Joseph smith a NY farmer who interpreted golden plates into the Book of mormon -Smith led a dictator esque community; refused to separate church and state; praticied polygamy -driven out of NY, IL and smith was killed in jail; Brigham Young led 10k followers across great plains

David Walker

-free black man who wrote An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World -called for blacks to mobilize abolition w/ force/ violence if necessary -"Tell us no more about colonization for America is as much our country as it is yours."

Blacks during rev

-free blacks excluded from economic opportunity -lived in unhealthy sections of NYC, Cinnci, Philly -started Africa Episcopal Church from Richard Allen of Philly after being removed from white church -barred from school and public facilities, constructed their own institutional lives -experienced downwards mobility; much less black artisans bc criticized by white craftsmen as low wage competition, barred them from skilled enployment -"They are leaders in the cause of equal rights for themselves"- black editor on merchnats of NYC -122 blacks barbers, 808 black servants but only 1 lawyers and 6 black doctors -federal law barred them from acess to public land in west and from entering Indiania, Illinois, Iowa, and Oregon

Petitions of Freedom

-freedom petition were arguments for liberty presented to NE courts, How could Americans "seek release from English tyranny and not seek the same for disadvantaged Africans in the midst" -Africans yearned to be back in Africa -some slaves sued courts "illegaly detained" -invoked revolutions idealogies of liberty to demand their own rights and define freedom as universal entitlement

A New Vision of America

-freedom universal entitlement -origins of americans not by bound by race from abolitionists -human rights over the sovereignty of the nation; transatlantic courts -equality before the law regardless of race; fellow countryment -urged the US to join the courts along with britain and other contries that punished nations that violated atlantic slave trade ban -interpreted preamble of Constitution as a condemnation of slavery -Liberty Bell became symbol bc of abolitionists

Alexis de Tocqueville

-french writer who visited america in 1830s, french had powerful heirarchy, wealthy controlled government -wrote Democracy in America; a powerful account of america in midst of a political transformartion -american politics boisterous and engaged the energies of lots of citizens -democracy became what unified and identified the US (for political nation only though) -demorcay= "habit of heart"; americans obssesed with equality and self initiative -voting= badge of American citizenship -law is necessary evil, but is followed because it is believed to go away and changed if dissatisfied

The Shakers

-from ME to KT (i know KY) including 5k members -founded by Mother Ann Lee from NY, daugther of Eng blacksmith, claimed god directed her to emigrate with her followers to america -God had "dual" personality= men+women were equals -their work was deemed equally important though each man was assigned a sister to do his sewing and washing -defied traditional family by living in dormitorys separated by sex -Virgin purity formed a pillar of shakers faith -people from outside of community came to watch them engage in frenzied dancing -most successful economically bc marketed vegetable and herbal medicines

Lincoln and Slavery

-from modest KT family; served four terms in state leg as Whig; didnt seemed destined for greatness -re entered politics after KS NE Act bc "hated slavery as any abolitionist" -Lincoln willing to keep slavery to preserve Union but did not want to expand slavery -if slavery expands, "love of liberty" is exstinguished -his life personified the oppurtunities northern society offered to men; supported free labor -artisans and property owners outnumbered wage earners in IL

Treaty of San Lorenzo 1795

-gave US right to trade through NOLA b/w US and Spain

Drawing Global Color Line

-global sense of fraternity established among Anglo Saxon nations -anti chinese laws influenced Canada and disenfranchisement influenced Australia and South Africa -other nations learned from US that failure of reconstruction meant impossibility of multiracial democracy

Closing the Golden Door

-golden door available for immigrants during the war was closed -fears of radicalism outweighed need for cheap labor -1924 only 150k european immigrants allowed per year; no limits on western hemispehre immigration bc of high demand for mexican seasonal labor -Asians still barred from entering US except for Filipinos -1924 marked creation of Border Patrol bc of the first "illegal aliens" from Asia

Panic of 1837

-govt 20 million acres of land in 1836; 10x more than in 1830; all of which was in paper money -Specie Circular- govt would only accept gold and silver for land-partially bc England demanded gold from merchant in 1836 to apy creditors in london -prices fell 25% in first years; depression from 1837-1842 -labor movements collapsed as strikes became impossible bc of surplus of unemployed labor -states amended constiutions to prohibit legislatures from borrowing money and buting stock in private enterprises -9 states defaulted on debts

Uses of Anti Communism

-govt agencies used anti communsim to expand power -J Edgar Hoover was able to gain files on thousands of dissenters, homosexuals -used as a weapon by Republicans to attack FDR and New Deal and liberalism -Democratic liberalism began to exclude Communists and those who supported Popular Front -"sympathetic association" w/ communists used a weapon to dismiss people from jobs -anti communism used to combat labor union, black civil rights, govt intervention, homosexuality, feminists

State and Local Reforms

-govt decentralized so state govts had all the power -Hiram Johnson was gov of CA in 1910 and promised to "kick South Pac RR out of politics" -Johnson helped pass Public Utilities Act which was strong RR regulation

Retreat from Progressivism

-govt success in whipping up hysteria from red scare undermined democracy -Middletown by the Hynds showed that lesiure ativites contolled americans over politics -voter participation dropped to under 50% in 1924 -"The Americans first importance to his country is no longer that of a citizen but that of a consumer"

Black communities

-gradual abolition drew dangerous line across new nation bt free and slave states -abolition, voluntary emancipation and escape created sizable free balck community -own churches, schools, leaders -"citizens of color" -male blacks who were taxing could vote except in GA VA SC

White Collar Worker

-great increase in era of white collar workers including salesppl, corporate managers, salaried professionals -new system which undermined personal autonomy -although they enjoyed higher wages, white collar workers felt they could manage own business in normal conditions

Harlem

-great migration led growth of black pop in NYC, Chicago -Harlem became capitol of blacks in north; mecca for 150k immigrants from western indies in 1920s; Western Indians were very educated -1920s became famous for slumming as groups of white visited dance halls of harlem -widespread poverty amongst blacks; only whites owned business'

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

-group of unionists who rejected exclusivity of AFL -main principle was solidarity; "a fraternal hand to ever wage worker, no matter what his religion, fatherland, or trade" -immigrant factory force, women, blacks, chinese -Most prominent leader was William Haywood who was "most dangerous man in America" and was kidnapped in 1906 and acquitted for murder

Knights of Labor

-group that included all types of laborers to hekp organize strikes, boycotts, political action -peak membership of 800k in 1886 -combined ideas of 8 hour work day, socialism, anarchism, public employmeny, curency reform into idea of "cooperative commonwealth" -labor movement assaulted liberty of contract and social darwinism -Americans, according to leader Terence V Powerly, were not "the free people we imagine we are" -assaulted social darwinism and liberty of contract -concentraed capital had become "a greater power than that of the state"- George McNeil -

Poverty in Colonies

-growing number of slaves lived in impoverished conditions -1/3 of Boston has no property -2/3 of VA white men had no land -poor viewed and lazy and responsible for their own plight -to minimize burden on tax payers poor set labor in work houses, where they produced goods and reimbursed authorities -children sent to aprentenship in workshops -most communites adopted measures to warn out unemployed

John C Fremont

-had command of union forces in MO and declared slaves free but lincoln rescinded this declaration of freedom

Wagner Act

-hailed as "Labors Magna Carta" -empowered Nat Labor Relations Boards to supervise election in which employees voted on union rep -prohibited unfair labor practices like firing or black listing union organizers -Sen Robert Wagner said workers collective bargaining was "next step in evo of american freedom" -unionization + higher wages= more spending power for avg citizen

Free Blacks in the Old South

-half a mil free blacks in US by eve of Civil War -could legally own property and marry -amongst blacks, "the distinction b/w slave and free is not great" Fred Doug; free blacks expelled in many Southern states -Free blacks couldnt vote, strike a white man, own dogs, guns; couldnt testify in court -"Free Negroes belong to a degraded caste of society"- SC Judge -by 1850, most southern states barred free blacks from entering and gave them choice of enslavement or departure

Van Buren in Power

-hard money, anti-bank wing of Democrats came into power -removed funds from pet banks and put them into Treasurery Department under control of under control of govt officials -Independent Treasurey-separated fed govt from nations banking system; split democratic party -bussiness oriented Democrats opposed Indp Treasury because they connected with state banks -"agrarian" democrats supported it bc opposed bank and paper money and industrial rev -many democrats who joined whigs after null crisis rejoin Democrats bc more advocation of state soveriegnty, eg Calhoun

Nicolas Biddle

-head of nat bank; from PA -helped to curb over issuing of money by loacl govts and created a stable currency -snobish aristocrat as strong willed as Jackson; not willing to back down -told congress that nat bank could destroy any state bank -democrats wondered if any institution should hold this much power

Govt of Colonnial Spain

-headed by lawyers and bearucrats for stability after destruction of conquistadores -King>Council of the Indies (main body in spain for colonial administration)>People -royal officials were appointees from spain -criollos= born in spanish colony, were not appointed. Prevented any non spaniards or non christain spaniards from emigrating

American Protective League

-helped Justice Dept identify radicals and critics of war by spying on friends and neighbors -carried out slacker raids were thousands of men were stopped and required to produce their draft cards -helped crush IWW

Steamboats

-helped go upriver and could go in very shallow parts of rivers -rapid transport across great lakes and atlantic ocean -Tocqueville- Americans had, "annihilated time and space." -Robert Fulton(PA engineer) built first steambooat Clermont which navigated the Hudson

Theodore Weld

-helped spread abolitionsim w/ his orations -similar method to revivals; long preachy fervent speeched -used more morals thatn religious rigehteousness -oublished Slavery As It Is which was an account of the maltreament of slaves

economic growth contrbuted to

-high birthrate -long life expectancy -increase in demand for goods

Black Officeholders

-high offices remained to whites -only in SC blacks claimed majority of legislature -2k blacks in office at the time -Hiriam Revel from MS became first black senator and Blacnhe Bruce followed in suit -Pincknney Pinchback became first black senator -many of officeholders came from north and never experienced slavery but majority were former slaves

Alger Hiss

-high ranking state dept official -Whittaker Chambers, editor of Time Mag, said Hiss had given him secret documents to give to the Soviets -Nixon gained his prominance as member of HUAC who dogged Hiss for his actions -Hiss denied charge but still sentenced to 5 years in prison for perjury

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

-hired 3 mil americans a year to work on public works -hired many unemployed white collar workers and professional even doctors and dentists -WPA greatly enhanced art in America w/ artists hired to paint murals on buildings -hired writers to produce local histories and guidebooks for 48 states -Federal Theater Project put on plays like Macbeth -Federal Music Project established orchestras and choral groups -Federal Dance Project sponsored ballet and modern dance programs

Booker T Washington

-his famous speech at Atlanta Cotton Expsoition that urged blacks to adjust to seg juxtaposed death of Fredrick Douglas -emphasized economic self help and individual advancement -studied at Hamilton institute and adopted philosophy of founder Samuel Armstrong that finding skilled job and obtaining farms is more important to blacks than civil rights -became head of Tuskegee Institute in AL, vocational edu (focused on job not broad edu) -told blacks to seek help from employers who would rather have a docile black than a unionized white -seek assistance from white employers who would prefer docile black labor force -assaults on white power impossible and blacks should build segregated communities

Bonanza Farms

-historian John Wesley Powell suggested only large communal farms could be successful bc of volatile weather (arid land, drought , would need large scale irrigation systems) -few bonanza farms emerged, but still large population of family farms and wage workers -farmers became more commercial, RR brought goods out east to western farmers homes; families became more dependent on loans to purchase farm land, machinery, and products -farmers became more vulnerable to ups and downs of the market

New Deal Housing

-home was badge of respectability and eco security -250k homes foreclosed in 1932 bc failure of bank loans -1931 Hoover had Conference on Home Building and called home owning a "birthright" -hoover developed dfederally sponsered bank to issue home loans -FDR New Deal caused govt intervention for homes -Home Owners Corp and Federal Housing Administration insured millions of long term mortgages by private banks -fed govt itself built low rent homes

Women and Work

-household chores diminished because manufactured foods and domestic servants so women became angered at restritions that prohibited them from expressing thier talents -Sojourner Truth, black abolitionist, repudiated idea that women were too delicate for work by talking of her hard labor as a slave and massiave strength "and arent I a woman?" -AMelia Bloomer popularized loose fitting clothing for women that attacked idea that women had to wear appropriate clothing that did not allow them to do tasking labor

The Asylum

-human beings who were ill could be remade into free, moral citizens -instiution building included jails, poorhouses, asylums, orphanages -shared belief of "perfectionism" where social ills could be cured, placed undesirables, wanted them to eventually be released and become more productive members of society -however eventually overcrowding led to it being more focused on keeping indv away from society w/o curing them

Self Determination

-idea originally stated by Wilson that reverberated across the globe -very hypocritical bc Wilson supported annexation of the Phillipines -Wilson stressed on "the equality of nations" to have whatvever form of govt they determined -Wilson became a "popular saint" in Austro Hungary -Al Ahram newspaper asked Wilson to declare war for the sake of democracy -Japanese proposed a clause in the league of nations to recognize the equality of all people; rejected by Wilson -Sec of State Robert Lansing said words were "loaded w/ dynamite" and only raise false hopes -colonies such as Arabs and Vietnamese led by Nguyen Thanh advocated for greater rights, independence -Du Bois proposed pan african nation w/ parts of germany -Britain and France rejected self det for its own colonies

Industrial Freedom

-immediate task of Progressives was to humanize industry -lack of industrial freedom=root of labor problem -role of workers was to obey the detailed instructions of their supervisor -the rise of white collar workers underminded personal autonomy -Louis Brandeis felt unions embodied principle of freedom that ppl should govern selves; biggest problem in US was difference in "political liberty" and "industrial slavery" -Unions allowed workers to participate in eco decisions which was essential to freedom to Progressives

Immigrant Restriction

-immigrants appreciated freeom less than Anglosaxons and had tendencies towardanarchism and socialism -1916 Lewis Terman introduced term IQ to determine mental capacity; confirmed hierachy of race to whites; administered in the military to determine intelligence between whites and immigrants -1917 Congress required that immigrants be literate in English or another language -encouraged idea of improving human race -1907 Indiana passed a law requiring doctors to sterilize the insane and feeble minded -Buck vs Bell uphled constiutionality of these laws -63k "insane" ppl sterilized

Teddy Roosevelt

-impetuous, energetic president who was active in both domestic and foreign affairs of US -regarded president as "steward of public welfare"

Wilson and Race

-imposed racial segregation in DC federal departments -allowed showing of film Birth of a Nation in white house which glorified the KKK -blacks skeptical to nations claim of embodying freedom -Statue of Liberty stood atop of a lynching pole of 3 blackmen in springefield MA

Reconstruction in the West

-in LA , MS Valley, Slaves signed labor contracts to work on plantations w/ edu and no physial punishment or sale; wage -neither blacks nor whites happy w/ new labor system -at Davis Bend, Grant Established "negro paradise" where land was divided among slaves

Populist Politics

-in NC a combination of black and white support led to Populist control in NC -democrats were able to maintain majority of south by warning of "Negro Supremacy" and ballot stuffing

Slave Family

-in west indies, barrack style quarters, impossible for families to flourish -slaves in US grew naturally so even ratio of male:female -named children after uncles, grands, relatives -slaves could not legally get married but some master wud allow it -did not mirror white culture; slaves did not marry cousins which was a common pracice amongst whites -high amount of female HOH bc constant sales

Spreading of Abolitionism

-increase in print tech and literacy due to schools allowed message to be spread quickly -most abolitionist ordinary citizens and a few weathy merchants -Charles G finney helped spread garrisons message, used revivalist methods, message simple; slavery is a sin -called for immediate abolition -100k northerners joined the cause and most were ordinary citizens eg merchants Arthur and Lewis Tappan

To Secure These Rights

-indictment of racial equality by Commission on Civil Right appointed by Truman -called for fed govt to abolish segregation and ensure equal housing -Truman hailed report as "a new American charter of human freedom

Jackson's Kitchen Cabinet

-informal group of advisers who helped write Jacksons speeches and supervise communication b/w White Hosue and party officials -mostly composed of newspaper editors

French Colonization

-initial aims: find gold and northwest passage to the pacific -Initial obstacles:efforts to establish settlement in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia failed by native resistance and bad financing -Establishments: Samuel de Champlain founded quebec in 1608 . Jacques Marquett and Louis Joliet located Mississipi river. By 1681 claimed whole river valley -New France and the indians: Large emphasis on fur trade with the indians rather than agricultural settlement. Rivaled with spain; prided mor humane policy, mutual respect. Jesuits seeked to convert but did not force. Those Indians who did could get citizenship and encouraged to adopt french ways -Social and Economic: no representative assembly - appointed in Paris. most engages(indentured servants) returned to france after term expired; worked in seigneuries appointed to officers establishing feudal society -Limits: canada viewed as a dumping ground for criminals and an icebox to deter settlers. thought large pop would undermine frances role as european power

Student Volunteer Movement

-inspired by Methodist evangelist Dwight Moody -sent more than 8k missionaries abroad to bring "lights to heathen worlds" -offered employment to deprived eg blacks and women

Telegraph

-instanenteous commmunication made by possible - Samuel FB Morse discovered system in NYC bc of eletrical impules (hence Morse Code) -initialy for business and newspapers; by 1860 50,000 miles of telegraph strung -initially for businesses, brought uniformity to nations prices

Roosevelt and Race

-invited Booker T to the white house and a number of blacks he elceted to office -discharged three black companies of 156 men after accidental shooting of white TX resident by black soldiers -roosevelts anglo-saxian racial destiny did not stop progressives in believing his new nationalism

Irish Catholicism

-irish helped establish catholic culture -Archbbishop John Hughes helped establish the church in NYC

the EMANC

-jan 1 1864a -only applied to areas under union control in south; loyal border states kept slavery so they wouldnt leave -freed 3 millino slaves techinically -"Jehovah hath triumphed, the people are free" -no refrence to coloniaztion or recompnsation for property loss -committed gov to enlisting black soldiers -refused to rescind document or " I should be damned in time and eternity." -end of US slavery like Haiti and Latin America came from war but was immediate and not gradual -Karl Marx "Up to now we have witnessed only the first act of the civil war, the constitutional waging of war. The second act, the revolutionary waging of war, is at hands."

Jews Catholics immigrants and the New Deal

-jews and catholics absorbed into the social mainstream by the new deal -FDR had prominent members who were catholic or jew -Fiorella LaGuardia elected as mayor of NYC as an Italian immigrant -LaGuardia established "little New Deals" in the city to employ immigrants -cultural assimilation in ethnic communities shown by growth of movie, chain stores -labor and political activism became means of Americanization w/o surrendering identity

Reconstruction Act

-johnson furious that congress had own agenda different from his reconstruction plan -divided south into 5 military disticts and called for creation of new state govts which gave black men the vote

Socialist Party

-joined together left overs of the populist movement and followers of Edward Bellamy -called for immediate reforms such as free college edu, improve working conditions, democratic control of economy through public ownership of RR and factories -western leader John Oneil said it was job of Socialists to "gather together the shards of liberty" -150k due paying members and hundreds of newspapers -much support from AFL

Rise of Sexual Freedom

-journalist William Reedy said it struck "sex oclock" during the Progressive era -Sigmund Freund writing on infantile sexality, repression, sources of human behavior were "know even in prudish America" -Greenwich Village became symbol for sexuality movement with homosexual community

Muckrakers

-journalists who exposed the underside of american life -child labor: 2 million children under the age of fifteen worked for wages -Lewis Hine photographed child laborers to draw attention to inequality -Shame of the Cities by Lincoln Steffens showed how party bosses and political leaders profited from corruption -History of the Standard Oil Company by Ida Wells exposed the corrupt history of the company -The Jungle by Upton Sinclair (nuff said)

McCarran Walter Act of 1952

-kept the immigration quotas -allowed deportation of communist immigrants -fear of aliens

Juan de Onate

-killed 1500 indians in southwest after his nephew was killed by inhabitants of Acoma -any indians who resist spain are crushed -later odered home to be punished due to cruelty to indian

Free Labor

-lack of freedom in indentured servitude and apprenticeship - due to servants completeing terms of required labor and wage workers becoming increasingly more available -also, lack of freedom in servitude became seen as incompatible with republican citizenry -sharpens distinction between freedom and slavery - no halfway house - northern economy relies on free labor while southern relies on slavery

Jefferson Davis

-lacked leadership of Lincoln, very aloof and unable to communicate to the ppl eventhough known as "Cicero of Senate" -southern leaders saw parties threat to national unity -did not deal w/ obstructionist governors like Joseph Brown of GA who denounced Confederate draft as "a dangerous usurption" of states rights

Woemn and The Family in Jamestown

-lacked stable family life -Tobacco brides = immigration of women for arranged marriages -most women came as endentured servants -High death rate, unequal sex ratio, and late marriage hindered pop growth and created many single men or widows -patrairichal ideas remained but hard to enforce because early death rate -dower rights

Land and Liberty

-land was basis of liberty. owning land gave men control over own labor and right to vote. -Promise of land and freedom dues that promised land lured settlers. -King could reward allies by giving grant of land (private individuals known as proprietors). -Abundance of free land lead to slave labor bc did not want to work the land of others

day to day resistance/ silent sabotage

-large slave results like in West Indies and Jamaica were not common -instead slaves would do poor work, break tools, abuse animals, disrupt plantation routine -Frederick Law Olmstead- northerner who toured the south and took note of silent sabotage by slaves on a plantation -slaves would steal, claim to be ill to avoid work

expanded/ retained freedoms of New Yorkers

-large sums of land given -religious toleration retained and property holdings of ethnic communities retained -However, abided to English bussiness and gender laws - women could not conduct business or ingerit property from marriage -wills focused on sons inheritence more than future of the women -expelled free black from many jobs -charter of liberties and privileges= "rights of englishmen" (religous toleration, security of property, trial by jury) + 3 year elections

Compromise of 1850

-last hoorah of the dying Henry Clay -CA enters as free state -slave trade ends in capital (DC) -strict fugitive slave act -Slavery in Land from Mexican Cession would be determined by locals -also pay off texas's massive debt from when it was a nation

Slavery of Sex

-law of marriage like slavery -married women did not enjoy the fruits of her own labor -start with MI, many states enacted married women property laws, although not intended to give more women rights only to prevent families from loosing their properties during depression -women demanded right to control their own bodies -many women also wanted "social freedom" outside of the home like Susan B Anthony -fall in birth rate showed that women became in more control in private lives of their bodies

Conditions of Slave Life

-laws enacted to prevent mistreament; ate abundantly; many slaves raised own chikens, hunted, and farmed for themselves -American slaves had longer and healthier lives than those in West Indies/ Brazil; no disease like malaria for slaves in US -paternalism contributed to well keeping of slaves -although better conditions. less access to freedom for US slaves. In Brazil, slaves were often released in celibration by his or her owner (by 1850, half black pop free) -more and more states limited manumission; had to be approved by legislature

Admiral George Dewey + Manila Bay

-lead US fleets to victory against Spain in Manila Bay becoming first americans to fight out west -most decisive decision in the war

Emilio Aguinaldo

-leader of Cuban rebellion -established provisionary Cuban govt modeled after Constitution -once McKinley declared he wanted to retain possession of the islands Aguinaldo rebelled against US govt

Eugene V Debs

-leader of Pullman strike was jailed for violating court order; ended strike -In re Debs court case confirmed sentence -100 k ppl met Debs in 1895 when his sentence in chicago ended

William Walker

-led a series of filibustering expeiditions in Central America -failed to strike gold in CA so calimed himself the leader of Baja CA but Mexican naval vessel forced him to flee - 1854Set himself to be ruler of Nicaragua and opened slavery to country -Neighbouring countries forced his regime to leave eventhough President Pierce recognized govt -clearly violated america neutrality laws but still was acquitted on trial in NOLA bc he won acclaimin the south

Freedmans Bereau

-led by OO Howard to establish schools, aid to poor, and settle conflict btw blacks and whites in the south -only from 1865 to 1870 with under 1,000 agents -over 3k schools reported to the bureau

Meuse Argone Campagin

-led by US gen John Pershing were over 1 mill troops pushed back germans -US not in war for long; kaiser w/drew quickly; 100k americans died, 10 mill soldiers total

HeyDay of American Communism

-left (socialists, communists,labor radicals) enjoyed an increase in influence in politics -CIO and Communist party became a focal point for broad social and intellectual impulse -communist membership exceeded 100k -depression= bankruptcy of capitalism -Popular Front was a time in 30s when communist party aligned themselves w/ sociaists and New Dealers to gain respectability -leader of party Earl Browder even appeared on Times magazine

Wallace Revolt

-left wing critics of pres foreign policy formed Progressive Party and nominated former VP Henry Wallace -advocated expansion of social security and extreme civil rights -differed mainly on foreign policy; wanted to maintain a healthy, economic relationship with USSR rather than military confrontation -closely tied with Communist so very unsucessful -"A vote for Wallace is a vote for Stalin"-Truman

Black Codes

-legislature passed by southern govt which regulated blacks lives -gave blacks right to marrriage and own property -basically restricted blacks in everything else including right to testify

Half Way Covenant

-less than half the pop was a church member - rules too strict, decliening piety -keep standards, decrease influence of church, or easy admission but loose religous purity - how issue was addressed: -grandchildren of the Great Migration could become "half way" church member; addresses issue of church size -jeremaids - warning of divine disaproval from god. However, by commercializing society, people were fullfilling puritan mission through success. It is now a fullfillment as it is a betrayl

Norths Retreat

-liberal attack on reconstruction led to revitalization of racism in the north -Prostrate State by Journalist Pike said south was under control of "a mass of black barbarism" -failure of southern govt and economy arose from "Negro govt" -depression in 1870 turned americans away from south

Decolonization

-liberal democrats and blacks urged truman to take lead in decolonization bc Free World should not include colonies -1946 US grant independence to Phillipines -US backed away from pressuring france and britain to give up their colonies however -US considered Republic of South Africa a free world nation eventhough these oppressed blacks the worst

Indian Life in Transition

-liberty = land, threatened Indian populations -communities well integrated into english imperial system -old tribes disapeared, new ones emerged (Catawba of South Carolina and Creek confederacy) -well actustomed to european products like knifes, neetles, kettles, guns -Alcohol = destructive -Traders saw indians as potential profit, farmers as an obstruction from land -influx of german and sctottish upset peaceful relations by penn, but reconstituted with 1721 confrence which restablished chain of friendship -infamous walking purchase brough infraudulent dealings to PA -harmoneous relations poisoned by suspicion and hostility

Underground Railroad

-loose organization of abolitionists who would house slaves who would hid fugitives in home and move them to next location -harriet tubman most famous bc escaped MY to Philly and risked her life by making 20 trips back to south -others were William and Ellen Craft and Henry "Box" Brown

Interstate Commerce Commission ICC

-made sure that prices to charge farmers and emrchants to transport good were reasonable and fair -lacked power to establish rates of their own; it could only sue companies in court

why no bill of rights at first

-madison felt it would be "redundant or pointless" - no list of rights could anticipate how congress would work in future -eventually made to "conciliate the minds of the people"

Free Soil Party

-main goal was to end expansion of slavery -western land as a way to combat unemployment and low wages in the east -also wanted govt to provide free homesteads for those who move out west -compatible with racism; wanted free soil tp advance "the cause and rights of the free white man" by preventing slave plantations from occupying fertile land -although against slavery, still racist; "morbid sympathy for the slaves" to advance cause of the free white man -South opposed this appeal very much bc they fought in the war to gain land so they deserve some slave territories; convinced slavery must expand, as northerners saw western land essential to their freedom

Free Blacks in the Upper South

-majority of free blacks lived here as farm laborers -shifted to grain production; required less year round labor so sold off slaves o lower south -half black pop of MY free of 1860 -closely tied to slave community bc of relatives -free black and slaves were "one man of sorrow"- Willis Hodges

Puritan Family

-male authority; limited legal and economic rights for married women -women = spiritual equals and full church membership. -marriagebased on reciprocal affection so divroce was legal -moderate correction if women disobey -married at 22; 7 children; most survived infancy because healthier climate

Battle of Little Bighorn

-managed to inflict delay and defeat army units -Sioux and Cheyenne warriors led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse killed 250 whites led by General Custard defending tribal land given to them in an 1868 treaty

Resignation and Protest

-many americans blamed themselves and resigned -20k WWI veterans marched to DC to demand early payment of bonus but were driven away by fed soldiers -National Farmers Holiday Assoc led by Milo Reno, former Iowa Populist, protest low prices by blocking roads in the midwest preventing transfer of goods -Communist Party focused anger on protest for revolution, formed unemployed councils, protested evictions

Social Security System

-many diff views on how system should work -Sec Labor Francis Perkins felt that reliefs should be in hands of state -FDR felt relief should come out of tax money so citizens had a "legal, moral, and political right" to pension -Old pensions administered nationally but paid for by taxes of employers and employees; taxes also helped pay for relief for unemployed -states paid for direct relief through Aid to Dependent Children program;each state decided how much it would spend -benefits excluded americans including agricultural workers, unmarried women, non whites -debate now rested on how govt should intervene not whether it should -"Laissez faire is dead"-Walter Lippman

Blacks and Colonizattion

-many left for Liberia to attain rights and spread Christianity -formation of American Colonization Society galvanized most blacks to claim their rights -3,000 blacks gathered in Philly; "we have no wish to separate from our present homes"

Mary Elisabeth Lease and Women

-many reform minded former homesteaders -famous Populist reformer who was a woman from KS -urged farmers to raise "less corn and more hell" -womens suffrage endorsed by populists -referednum in CO and ID extended vote to women

Rise of Southern Nationalism

-many southerners felt southh would be better outside of the union bc they could have slave trade w/ africa for cheap slaves because the price of slaves was sky high -the north only repeaded the benefits of the cotton trade -to stay in the union meant to accept bondage to the north -south wanted to form a caribeanen empire of slavery -southern nationalists known as "fire eaters" -new laws furher protected slavery; in LA; "after the passage of this act, no slave shall be emancipated in this state"

Politics of the Panic

-many states suspended debt collecting -KT established state bank that flooded state w/ paper money that creditors were required to accept in repayment of loans -Nat Bank blamed for panic; deepend distrust of the people

Indian Citizenship

-many treaties of nineteenth century offered the right ro become american citizen if left tribal setting and assimilated into white society -all indians wanted to maintain tribal ID so did not become american citizens mostly -Elks vs Wilkins rules that the 14th and 15th amendment do not apply to indians

Women and the Confederacy

-many women left alone on farms -women stepped out their "sphere" to work in factories etc -"govt girls" staffed many clerkships -Rose Greenhow headed espionage ring in DC; rewarded $2,500 by Davis for her services -many women eventually became dissatisfied w/ war effort

Economic Depression for Common Man

-market rev= loss of freedom for many; depression in 1837 -gap b/w rich and poor widened in northeast -richest 5% in MA (most indutrial state) owwned more than 50% of the wealth; bankruptcy became common -richest 1% owned more than 99% in philly

Paines impact

-mass apeal; pioneered new style of political writing, epanded public sphere,wrote clearly and directly, no latin phrases -Only six months elpased between Common Sense and the decision of the Sencond Continental congress to sever colonial ties with Great Britain

Information Revolution

-mass circulation of "penny press"; steam power made printing news faster and more -circulation of news surpassed entirety of Europe -new journalism styles from NY Sun and NY Herald that emphasized sensationalism -parties began to support newspaper to advertise their views -low postal rates, many newspapers circulated to places beyond publication -The Liberator (abolitionists) and Cherokee Phoenix -increased presensce of women as a new wave of female writer, eg Lydia Child, Catharine Sedgwick, catherine beecher, emerged because increased reading

New Mexico Pre War

-meixco's entire pop was 2/3 of US -northern provinences were sparsely populated and isolated -new mexico had 30k spanish ppl and 10k indian w/ a lot of nomadic indians "wild" - Santa Fe Trail eclipsed trade with US over entire Meixcan country

Campaign for Womens Suffrage

-membership in NAWSA grew from 13k in 1893 to 2 million by 1917 bc of end of elitism by women -by 1900 WY, CO, ID, UT adopted full suffrage for women -IL became first state east of MS river to grant women suffrage in 1914

Gender Roles of Slavery

-men and women shared the equality of powerlessness -"cult of domesticity" didnt apply to slave women -men could not show masculinity and protect wives; could not be econmic providers -more traditional gender roles appeared on slaves own time when men would hunt and fish and women would tend to "garden plots" and sew

Code of Honor

-men were expected to defend their own reputation and that of their family with violence if necesary -often honor decided through duels -Henry Clay and John Randolph dueled in 1826 but both missed eachother -southern women confined to "domestic circle" bc of men's honor "A man loves his children bc they are weak, helpless, and dependent. He loves his wife for similar reasons"- our favorite, kind, caring, and slave loving lawyer from VA George Fitzhugh

Republican Resurgence

-middle class voted repblican in 1946 bc of labor turmoil -resulted in republicans sweeping both houses in elections -operation dixie failed in the south -congress turned aside Fair Deal and enacted tax cuts -fored states to pass "right to work" laws which prohibit compulsory union membership

Trails of Anne Hutchinson

-midewife daugheter of a clergyman -began holding meetings in her house and discussed religous issues between men and women -accused priests of false preaching and claiming sainthood based on church attendance, which defies the predetermined salvation of God -charged for sedition(expressing dangerous opinions to authority) -when she spoke of god speaking directly to her, she posed threat to organized shurch and authority -interpreation leads to criticism, and violation of moral liberty

Mill Girl

-mills began to rely largely on female and child labor -young unmrried women dominated textile manufacturing bc it was beneath naturl born men and they could be paid little -first time in history large numbers of women left their home to participate in the public world -established boarding houses for girls w/ churches, lecture halls, and periodicals (eg Lowell Offering) to attract women -first time women participated in public world, could earn money and become independent women -worked in mill for a few years, then married and moved west

Critics of War

-minority of Americans feared from expanding "great empire of liberty" -Ulysses Grant called war "one of the most unjusr ever waged by a stonger nationa against a weaker nation" -states beginning to behave like "european monarchy" -Thoreau jailed for not paying taxes to protest war and wrote "Civil Disobedience" -Lincoln questioned president's ability to make "war at pleasure", and wether mexicans inflicted casualties on american soil

Morality and Democrats

-morality= private manner -opposed unified moral vision and "temperence laws" e.g. restriciton of liquor sale -immigrants flooded to dem party b/c did not want Protestant moral standards; "In this country liberty is understood to be the absence of govt from private affairs" NY Journal of Commerce -each individual was a "free agent"

Religion and reform

-more common reform movement wanted to liberate ppl from restriants on themselves and internal "servitutde" -the revivals popularized outlook of "perfectionism" where indv and society capable of undefinable improvements; ppl were "free moral agents" -

Moral Suasion

-most abolitionists were pacifists who believed the public sphere was their arena, but used militant language -south must be convinced of sinfulness and North of its complicity and invlilvement -purposely used provocative language; Garrisn- "slavery will not be overthrown w/o excitement, w/o a most trememdous excitiments"

Indian Freedom

-most colonizers concluded liberty was alien to indians; no respect for authority or established government -"too" free- no discipline or order according to missionaries -Indians felt more important than individual autonomy was kinship ties and connectedness; live up to widely understood ideals of appropriae behavior -small scale slavery Indian to Indian

Uncle Toms Cabin

-most infliuential anti slave literature -sold 1mil copies -portrayed slaves as sympathetic and at te mercy of their masters who separated families

Roosevelt at San Juan Hill

-most publicized battle was outside of Santiago in San Juan Hill by Teddy Roosevelt's Rough Riders -Roosevelt left position as assistant sec of navy to to raise his own volunteer cavalry unit to fight in Cuba -envisioned his unit to be diverse from Ivy League rs to Cowboys but he still excluded black troops -ironically blacks troops made it to top before him, but Roosevelt excluded this from his reports and his heroic exploits spread, deeming him a national hero

Slave Religion

-most slaves were part of Methodist and Baptist Church -coulnt congregate without white person present -every plantation had its own black preacher who was a self called slave w/ little education; all slaves listened to bibles message of equality -masters used bible to preach messages of obedience to master -to masters, christianity was another means of control. Required slaves to attend services conducted by white -many slaves left during sermon on plantation of Charles C jones bc "the doctrine was one sided"

Reign of Terror

-most terror started as small localized and unorganized -KKK founded in 1866 TN became first organized white supremacist group in south -attacked Unionists, Rep, and mostly blacks -KKK killed 30 blacks in Meridian MS -congress passed 3 enforcement acts outlawing terrorist societies and allowing pres to use army against them -Grant sent marshals to arrest members of Klan leading to demise of the group in 1872

The Rise of the Public Woman

-most were Protestants or quakers in NE convinced that slavey was a "disgrace in this land of Chrisitan light and liberty" -Lucy Colemman- showed overlap of reform movement bc she became an adovcate for women, slaves, edu, against cap puni -public sphere open to women like Dorothea Dix who adovcated for better treament of the insane whose effeorts led to 28 mental hopsitals being built prewar -Female Moral Reform Society sought to redeem prostiututes from lives of sin and attack sexual double standard

First Settlers of the Americas

-most were fishers and hunters that crossed Bering Strait via land bridge 15-60k years ago. -14,000 years ago glaciers melted submerging strait. -11000 spread to tip of south America -As climate got warmer, food crisis, mammoths and giant bison became extinct. -9000 years ago agriculture emerged in Mexico and Andes and spread, settled villages possible -Maize (corn), squash, beans -no livestock=no plowed fields and fertilizer

Chesapeake Slavery

-most worked on farms, some women cooks, seamstresses -nearly half of virginia white families owned one slave -plantations smaller, master and slave interactions more extensive -land gentry - chespeake elite

Ghost Dance

-movement similar to that of Neolin pre rev -its leaders foretold of a day when whites would dissapear, buffalo would return and indains could live "free from misery, death, and disease" -indians would gather singing and dancing

Age of Prophecy

-movements for revitlization of indian life rising among cherokee, iroquis, creek, shawnee tribes -Handsome Lake of the Seneca preached abstinenece, rejeccted gambling, drinking, fighting -indians could regain autonomy through reject euro ways

Yellow Press

-named after William Hearst's New York Journal which was printed in yellow comic strip -mixed sensational accounts of crime and corruption with aggressive appeals for patriotism

1831 turning point

-nat turners rebellion -parliament in Britain launches gradual anolition -William Lloyd Garrisons abolitionist journal the Liberator was issued, which premeated to southern intellectuals

Extend the sphere

-nations size and diversity is power- Madison -so many economic, poitical, and regional intrests - no one would be able to over power the rest -majority is coalition of minorities -multiple religions ensures religious liberty -westward expansion is essential to freedom

Democratic- Republican Parties

-nearly 50 created -federalist claimed "self created societies" not authentic voice of the America gov't; only govt was authentic -"free inquiry" and "free communication" were first line of unalienable rights -"we make no apology for thus associating ourselves"- Democratic Society of Addison County VA -ended by 1795 but helped to legitimize right of "any portion of people" -received support from british and irish emmigrants were they were threatened with arrest of treason

Criminal Syndicalism

-new crime outlawed in 33 states -the advocacy of unlwaful acts to accomplish political change or a change in industrial ownership

Prison labor

-new laws allowed arrest for any person who is unemployed and great punishments for petty crimes -"They send a man to the penitentary if he steals a chicken"- NC slave -convicts were put in the hand of private bussinessmen in labor camps; "one dies, get another" -1892 miners revolted by burning stockade where convict workers were sent in TN

Rise of Middle Class

-new middle class o clerks, accountatns, office employes arose in NYC and boston -Thomas Rodgers- a machine builder who established asuccessfuul locamotive in NJ factory -new oppurtunities iin law and medicine (10,000 physicians)

Cold War Effects

-new national highway built in case of a nuclear holocaust -more aid to higher education to create a smarter race and more scientists -soviets and americans conducted experiments on soldiers exposing them to nuclear weapons and radiation -all refugees from communism allowed to enter country

Monster Bank

-nickname to nat bank given by jackson b/c bank was illegitimate union of political authority and entrenched economic privilege -Democrats felt bank was having too much power -Bank persuaded congress to extend charter 20 years -bank blackmailed Jackson to not veto bill; said they would oppose his reelection -"The bank is trying to destroy me, but I will kill it"- AJACKS

Mobilizing Resources

-no national RR gauge which made it hard to tranpsort resources into the south form the north for soldiers -no national banking system, no tax system for funds, no accuarte maps -southern army suffered from starvation and lack of supplies -union became best fed and armed military force in history -Josiah Gorgas helped to arm the confederates w/ rifles

Expansion of Voting Rights

-no new states after orginial 13 required property to vote -only NC, RI, and VA retained prop req by 1830 -Large slave owners who dominated virginias politics successfully resisted change in qualifications till convention in 1850 -1860, all but one state had no pq -personal independce required for voting now relied on ownership of ones self

indian identity

-no representation -not taxed= not counted in state pop -made peace treaties to transfer land, only had to be agreeded by small portion of tribe -Henry Knox; Congress forbade transfer of indian land without federal approval, but many states ignored this - jefferson felt indians were not inately inferior; once they possed property they could "mix your blood with ours" -Washington orders agricultural tools and livestock to be distributed to men and wheels and looms to women; instill white gender norms = become more civilized -to tge indians, however, wanted to retain their freedom and autonomy by sticking to tradition

Gold Rush CA

-non indian pop of 15k at end of war -for most of 1840s ten times as many americans traveled to oregon than CA -Johann SUtter found gold in Sierra Nevada MTs in 1848 -360k non indians by 1860 -diverse pop of americans from east, immigrantds, australians, and 25k chinese -experienced miners flooded in as well as as well as inexeprienced american from the east as well as immigrants -SF became a diverse pop of 30k citizens; became El Dorado -3:1 male to female ratio -25000 young chinese men traveled to CA -women ran boarding houses, resturants , landresses, cooks, and prostitutes

Scalawag

-non slaveholding white farmers from uppersouth who cooperated w/ rep party to make sure rebel leaders would not be empowered

Transformation of North

-northern industry boomed to support the war, increased power of not only dederal gov but wealthy entrepeneurs -noursihed by inflation and gov contracts profits of industry boomed -NE mills supplied clothes, PA coal and iron mines help bring resources to soldiers -agriculture flourished w/ immigrants and machines doing work as farm boys were at war -90k ppl in wisconsin went to war but still an increase in agriculture

War and Religion

-northern protestant clergy stove to provide religous justification so to reassure congregations dead did not die in vain -Prostestants used war to show it as God was ridding US of slavery; turning us into a land of freedom -Lincoln shrewdly used religion to generate public support -belief of spiritualism (communication with dead)developed to cope w/ mass death -"transformation of heaven" occured -Mary Todd Lincoln held seances in white house to speak w/ her dead child -300k Union soldiers moved to military cemeteries

Liberal Republicans

-northerners who felt south should solve problems on own; less committed to racial equality -blacks should rely on own resources -Grant alienated liberals causing them to form own part led by Lyman Trubull; nom Horace Greely for pres -became convinced that "natural leaders" of south should be returned to power -Greely heavily defeated but placed issue of new policy in the south on the table

Christian Liberty

-not single idea but privileges enjoyned by only some -less political, more moral/spiritual -abandoning life of sin to embrace the teachings of christ -religious uniformity essential = public order -emphasis on ordered, heirarichal society; gender and class heirarchy

Caesar Column

-novel by Ignatius Donnelly that predicted the era with civilized society destroyed in a savage civil war between labor and capitall -one of the 150 utopia/cataclysmic novels created during the era

Two Years Before the Mast

-novel written in 1840 by Richard Dana which shows a young american mans voyage to CA and his trading w/ NE trade ships

Job Discrimination

-of the 150k blacks holding federal jobs, only 2% had jobs that werent clerk or custodian -south refused to hire blacks for public works projects -tens of thousands of sharecroppers driven off land b/c of modernization of agriculture in the south and AAA policy of raising crop prices by paying for owners to reduce acreage -Theodore Bilbo was a racist MS senator who was loyal new deal backer and opposed anti lynching legislation and attempts to give blacks social security

Federated Trades of Pacific Coast

-on 1886 july 4 they rewrote the Dec of Indp -subjected to the "unjust domination of special class" -inalineable rights of "life and the means of living, Liberty, and the conditions esssential to liberty"

Union vs Confederate army

-on both sides, war sparked patriotism, caused recruits to enlist bc believed it would be short -each was a cross section of its society -Union-farmer boys, shopkeepers, artisans, urban workers -Confed-non slaveholding farmers in low poisitions w/ slavewoners dominating officer positions -troops were inexperieced (15 yrs since Mexican war) and war was romanticized so it was more guremosome than expected for soldiers -"It comes rather hard at first to be deprived of liberty (IL soldier) -only 30 days of fighting in first two years for Potomac Army

Modernizing the Philippines

-once in control US tried to modernize country by establishing RR, harbors, schools run by US teachers, public health officials -US had obligation to its "little brown brothers"-Mckinley -US modernization only served to local elites with the poor made up a much larger part of pop -Philippines became low wage plantation controlled by absentee corporations

Black in the Navy

-one of few positions open to blacks before the war -Sec of Navy Gideon Welles allowed blacks to serve on Union boats

Marshall Plan

-one pillar of containment was threat of US military action -other pillar was to provide economic security to unstable nations -Sec of State George Marshall Plan to send billions to europe in aid to rebuild and promote capitalism; economic chaos triggered by an unusually severe winter had strengthened communist parties of France and Italy -slogan= Prosperity Makes You Free -global extension of New Deal in a sense -proved to be very successful bc Soviets refused to provide aid which put them in a bad light -freedom more than anticommunism - required the emergence of "political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist -aim was to: increase standard of living for workers and farmers: increase production -US and 23 western countries agreed on General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade which created freer trade and a larger market for US to invest in

Fugitive Slaves

-only 1,000 a year suceeded bc had no knowledge of geography -most who suceed, eg Northrup, Douglas, lived in Upper SOuth eg MY KT VA bc closer to north, and were male because women had children they could not leave behind -In deep south fugitive slaves headed for NOLA or Charleston where they could blend w/ black communities -some would escape to Everglades where Seminoles refuged them -In TN, 40% remained local, 30% elsewhere in south, 25% tried to go to North

Texas Revolt

-only 2k Tejanos before american settlements -land grant given to Moses Austin, a CT born farmer, (Go CT) by Mexican govt to colonize it w/ america at 12 cents an acre -by 1830 7k americans settle in texas -Mexican govt anulled land contract w/ US in 1830 bc afraid it was losing grip on territory -Tejanos and Americcans led by Stephen AUstin demand greater autonomy for Mexico; wanted slavery -ANtonio de Santa Anna sent his army and killed 187 Mexicans at the Alamo; wanted to free balck slaves; "Remember the Alamo" became rallying cry -Santa ANna defeated at battle of San Jacinto by Sam Houston causing Texas to become independent (houston elected as president) -Texas not annexed for 10 years bc did not want to upset balance of slave vs free states

Free Blacks in Deep South

-only 37,000 free blacks (less than 2% of black pop) -mostly resided in cities eg NOLA, Charleston where they could be prosperous in small communities as butchers and barbers; comprised of mullatos -some free blacks in NOLA sent children to france for education -ANtoine Dubuclet own 100 slaves in LA -Blacks of NOLA often sent children to FRance

Chirch and School

-only 600 blacks who worshipped in biracial churches -blacks formed own churches; 250 black minister would hold office -desire for edu shows blacks quest for freedom -Fisk University in TN became first black college -edu "is next best thing to liberty"-MS freedman

Wabash vs Illinois

-only fed govt, not state govt, could regulate RR engaged in interstate commerce 1886

NOLA

-only significant city was NOLA w/ 168k ppl -NOLA had 40% foreign born ppl which creaed a unique local culture --NOLA shows slavery + profit can go together

End of Reconstruction

-only time ever that blacks would have such a strong role in politics -although black men given vote, still denied access to free labor and land bc of discrimination

Effect of New Tech

-opened new land to settlement -lowered transporation costs -easier for enterprises to sell products

Railroads

-opened vast new areas of interior settlement -stimulated mining of coal for fuel and iron for rails -work only started during market rev - South Carolina RR would stretch from Charlestown to Hamburg

Special Field Order 15

-ordred by sherman -gave blacks land on sea island and on area along coast of SC and GA -also gave blacks free mules; over 4k slaves settled on land

Union League

-org tied closely w/ rep and blacks -fought for enforcement of equality -tocsin of freedom alarmed many people at iportance of equality

Carolina

-originally offshoot of Barbados plantation society where wealthy planters could get mor eland -founded with 8 proprietors under Charles II to barrier Spanish expansion -slave owners had absolute power and authority in slave society -Indians who were allied with new colony rebelled in 1715 after realizing enormous debt, but this was crushed and the indians were pushed into florida

Impact of French Revolution

-originally resparked the lust for freedom in colonies; rebirth of liberty symbols eg liberty caps and poles -reign of terror caused rev to be viewed as anarchy -alliance from revolution complicated the situation -america did not want "to be swayed by rival euro powers"-JQA; Washington passed act of neutrality in 1793

Andrew Carnegie

-originally rose to dominance in the PA RR company run by the ruthless Thomas Scott after emigrating from Scotland -1873 began to vertically integrate the economy in the Steel industry and dominated industry by 1890 -vertical: one that controlled every phase of business from raw materials to tranport and distribution -Homestead PA factories notoriouos for being huge -ruled with an iron fist; two 12 hour shifts a day 24/7 -denounced "worship of money" and was very philanthropic bc of his parents

New York

-originally the colony of New Amsterdam owned by the Dutch, but taken by Charles II during Anglo-dutch war in which England seized dutch trading posts in Africa. Dutch fought hard for African trade, but surrendered New Netherland because african posts more profitable. given to his brother the Duke of York

From Union to Nation

-originally, US was a federal republic with soverneigty divided between state and national government -but war forged new national self conciousness; nation used instead of union

Pontiac's Rebellion

-originally, gorups like iroqouis had autonomy. But what colonies and british celebrated triumph of liberty, they saw as a threat to their freedom. -Treaty of Paris lead to confusion over land claims and disputes -1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. Inspired by Neolin -They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

"Splendid Little War"

-origins of war lay in 10 year struggle after Cuban revolt against Spain in 1868 -Cuban struggle won american sentiment after 1895 movement for independence -tension escalated in 1898 when US Maine exploded in Havana Harbor costing 270 American lives -yellow press blamed Spain and insisted retribution -Mckinely asked for dec of war and Sen Henry Teller said intervention was to aid Cubans in struggle for "liberty and freedom" -Teller amendment stating that US had no intention to annex or dominate Cuba -Sec of State John Hay called it a splendid little war bc only 400 died

Lochner vs New York

-outlawed law in New York that established ten hour work days and 60 hour weeks for bakers -coined term "Lochnerism" to idea of liberty of contract -law "interfered with the right of contract b/w employer and employee" according to Justice Rufus Peckham

15th amendment

-passed after grant election -denied state right to deny citizen vote bc of race

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

-passed by UN general assembly in 1948 -identified broad range of rights to be enjoyed by all humans including freedom of speech, religious toleration, protection against arbitrary govt and standard of living -considered empty rhetoric ultimately bc no enforcement mechanism -core principle: a nations treatment of its own citizens is subject to outside evaluation

Laws of the Free Womb

-passed in Latin America to gradually emancipate; gave recognition to woners legal right to a slave -alllowed owners to retain ownership of existing slaves whil freeing the children of the slave after they had worked for a specified number of years -"repsected the past and corrected the future"

Colonists and Indians (Spanish)

-peninsulares= euro birth; atop of social hierarchy -mestizos= mixed origins

Merchant Elite

-per capita wealth lagged, but more equally distributed. -merchants shipped and marketed staples of other colonies -profitable trade with west indies -powerful class of merchants questioned puritan policies when the Genreal Court gave monoply of imports from europe to small group, supported anne -soon government began to promot economic development and merchants exercised influence in affairs

Plymouth Colony

-pilgrams first puritans to emigrate -1618- set for virginia, financed by inverstors hoping for profitable trade - got blown of course to cape code -Mayflower compact = men agreeded to "just and equal" law enforced by representatives -arrived at village decimated by smallpox, six weeks before winter -Indian Squanto (who learned english in london) taught them where to fish and how to plant corn -invited allies for thanksgiving

The Melting Pot

-play written by Jewish writer Israel Zangwill -gave name to process by which immigrants were supposed to merge identity into existing American one -did not include chinese or blacks

Race and the Law

-political leaders from north and south agreed to degredation of blacks to second class citizens -"It would be helpful to have the word "equality" eliminated from consideration" -"America must be kept American"- Coolidge -sec of labor James Davis said that immigration policy moved from asylum for opressed to bioloical definition of the ideal population -quota calculations (excluding non whites" performed to find "national origins" -1923 Sup Court rejects claim of Bhagat Thind WWI Indian American who asserted as a "pure Aryan" that he should be granted citizenship

Party System

-political rallies increasing during voting time -party machines provided jobs to constituents and endured voters wen to polls on election day -100,00ppl attend Daniel Webster Whig oration -"politics seem to enter into everything" -Jackson introduced principle of rotation('spoils system") where loyalty to party was only req for nat govt jobss -near;y 400 newspapers published (both Whig and Dem)

1936 Election

-politics reflected class division -ideas of freedom freedom clashed; "freedom for private enterprise" vs "socialized liberty" -Dem platform established "democratic oppurtunity for all"; FDR launched attack on "economic royalists" -Rep Candidate was KS gov Alfred Landon -Landon denounced Social Security and ND -FDR won in sweeping victory which was exceptional bc newspapers and businesses supported Rep party -victory bc unions were able to unite north and south voters

The Slavery Question

-politics, not morals, motivated politicians causing republicans to be pinned against each other -"The momentous question like a fire bell in the night awakened me, awakened and filld me w/ terror. " -JQA wrote in his journal of development of new party; the South which would threaten unity of Union

Redefining American People

-popular front showed that radicalism represented true Americanism -ethnic diversity was glory of america -films celebrated those who challenged govt and corruption eg Mr Smith Goes to Washington -Federal Music Project used tape recorders to record American folk music -Dorothea Lange took photos of everyday tasks by migrant workers to celebrate the common man

Elimination of Black Voting

-popular ways to limit black voting were a poll tax, literacy tests, and demostration of knowledge of state constiution -six states adopted "grandfather clause" which exempted those whose grandparents voted in civil war from new requirement eg poll tax -Sup Court invalidated clause in 1915 -disenfranchisment presented as "good government" - purify politics by ending fraud violence and manipulation of voting used by repub and pop -Senate defeated proposal in 1891 for protection of black voting; Supreme Court defended white redeemers in limiting black voting mostly -14th amendment loss of rep clause for not granting vote to blacks was often ignored

Populism and labor

-populists tried to appeal to industrial workers. -Populist senators supported demands of Coxey army; Gov Davis Waite CO sent militia to protect strikers against company police -urban workers did not rally w/ populist bc higher priced farm goods= lower value of wages -biblical cadences of populist speaches were alien to the largley imigrant and catholic industrial working class -urban workers went to reoublicans who advocated higher tariffs resulting 1894 power shift where 117 republicans elected to the house

Outwork System

-power driven machinery replaced hand tools

Factories

-power driven machinery replaced hand tools -Sam Slater 1790 Pawtucket RI first factory from memory of a blue print to produce yarn -embargo created american industry and first large scale factory that utilized power looms -earliest factories located along fall line near water to harness power for spinning jenny

Executive Order

-president can modify law w/ own discretion; only lasts till end of term; generally good bc allows for quick decision making

Carrie Catt

-president of Nat American Women Suffrage Assoc who was one of the middle class women who led womens era -said vote was for "superior race" -called for womens suffrage to counterbalance "ignorant foreign vote"

National Association of Colored Women

-pressed for race uplift and womens rights -small urban middle class blacks who urged blacks to display "respectable" behavior -aided poor families and ordered lessons in life

14th Amendment

-prevented states from abridging rights of citizens and empowered fed govt to protect rights of all americans -all citizens born in us were citizens -if states denied group right to vote, then representation in congress would be diminished -equality before the law regardless of race

KS and NE Act

-previously slavery prohibited bc MO comp -slavery decided by popular sovereignty;repealed MO Comp -became law thanks to DOuglas -shattered unity of the democratic party (half worried it ruined chances for reelection, others loyal to pierce and douglas) -whigs party cllapsed soon after the acts passing

Critics of New Deal

-principal critique was that New Deal was "reckless spending" undermined fiscal responsibility -American Liberty League formed to oppose FDR -Robert Taft of OH said FDR was sacrificing "indv freedom" to "improve conditions of the poor" -US Chamber of Commerce charged FDR w/ trying to Sovietize the US -Hoover wrote Challenge to Liberty in 1934 which called ND "most stupendous invasion of spirit of liberty" -US chamber of commerce accused FDR of trying to sovietize america

OUr Country

-pro expansionism book by Josiah Strong which updated manifest destiny; Anglo Saxons had to spread ideas to "inferior races" and America would economically benefit c savages would turn into consumers of American goods

Consumer Freedom

-progressive era marked the advent of department stores, chain stores and retail mail order, -consumer economy limited in bc of low wages, unequal wealth, Souths persistent poverty -most popular form of mass entertainement was vaudeville which was a live theater perfmoance of numerous shorts -leisure activities for mass consumption : amusement parks, dance halls, theaters -1910 25 mill americans per week attended cheap "nickelodeon" motion pictures for 5 cents a picture

The Progressives War

-progressives saw war as an opportunity to reform society scientifically, nationalism, expand social justice -Progressives like Dewey, Lippman, Gompers, Herbert Croly rallied to support the president -In the New Republic, Dewey urged Progressives to realize the "social possibilities of war" thus laying the foundation for "effective freedom"

Espionage Act

-prohibited spying and intefering with draft and also "false statements" that might impede military success -The Jeffersionan by Populist Tom Watson was taken down by Act bc it criticized act for violation of states rights -more than 1k convicted by the act -John White was sent to jail for saying the murder of innocent women and children by germans no worse than what US did to phillipines -Eugene V Debs sentenced to jail for delivering anti war speech for 10 yrs; still won 900k votes for pres

Catharine Beecher

-prominent writer who reprimanded women for stepping outside "domestic and social sphere" and called women "subordinate"

American Colonization Society

-promoted gradual abolition and estalished settlements in Africa for slaves -established Liberia w/ capital Monrovia after James Monroe -supported by political leaders of Jacksonian era

Lincolns Original Thoughts on SLavery and War

-promoted gradual emancipation in border states with recompensation for lost slaves property in 1862 -also wanted to repromote colonization -Lincoln met in white house with delegation of balck leader and said "You and we are different races. It is better for us to be separated" -lincoln signed agreement with shady entrepeneur to send formers slaves to island off of Haiti

Alexander Hamilton

-proponent of energetic govt that would enable new nation to become powerful in commercial and world affairs - genuine liberty = "a proper degree of authority to make and exercise laws" - radical-- advocated for life terms for president and congress

Crittenden Plan

-propsed by John Critenden of KT -series of unamendable amendments that would extend MO line and keep slavery where it existed and all land hereafter -rejected by south bc too little, too late -supported by upper south and north -lincoln rejected plan bc did not want to expand slavery and it veiled invitation to to acquire cuba and Mexico

A Social Gospel

-protestants originally gave "liberty of contract" a moral underpinning in the Gospel of Wealth -Washington Gladden, Baptist minister, created Social Gospel where freedom and spiritual deveolpment required equalization of wealth and power bc unbridled competition mocked Christian ideal of brotherhood -reform Protestant churches to expanded to poor urban areas -worked w/ Kinghts of Labor to establish health and safety laws -even Catholicism aletered tradition of rejecting social reform to attack liberty of contract

Taft and Anti Trust

-pushed antitrust policy aggressively when he forced sup court to break up Standard Oil into 3 components -also forced American Tobacco company to end pricing policies that drove smaller companies out of business

Ambiguities of human rights

-questioned raised such as to what extent due humans rights supercede national sovereignty -League of Nations in WWI had a clause which allowed league to intervene when a country violated human rights -Soviet and US both refused to accept outside interference in internal affairs which gave UN Dec little power -John Dulles US delegate opposed any human rights statements for fear that UN would investigate Negro problem -1947 NAACP filed petition to UN to investiagete racism in US but denied bc it lacked jurisdiction

Race Problem

-race problem= tensions arising from increase in ethnic diversity -1911 Dictionary of Races of People identified at least 44 different races w/ own characteristics -1907 congress declared that an american woman who married an alien forfeited her right to citizenship -study of eugenics (study of mental characteristics w/ certain races) gave anti immigrant sentiment an air of expertice

George Fitzhugh

-radical pro slavery awyer from VA -"universal liberty" was an experiment only in corner of europe and north -slavery= "basis of civilized society" -bc they lack economoic interests, "the Negro slaves of the South are the hapiest and in some degree the freest ppl in the world"

Feminists and radicals

-radicals insisted that is was "the Negros Hour"; not time for gender equality -Stanton and Susan Anthony opposed amendment bc it excluded women -Kelley and Lucy Stone supported amendment bc it was a step towards equality -split womens right movement into American Women Suff Assoc led by Stone and NAWSA led by stanton -Supreme Court denied claims of women for equality

1832 election and FDR

-raised in NYC estate yet became champion of ordinary man -elected bc of his ability to throw off "dogmas of the past" like Lincoln and approach depression w/ wilingness -FDR wanted a "new deal" for americans, balanced federal budget and repeal of Prohibition -democratic beliefs

European Views of Indians

-rarely but ocassionaly referred to as "noble savages", mostly in beginning of colonization -they were barbaric in religion, land, and gender roles -spanish claimed right to land by papal authority -duthc, french, english claimed indians uncultivated and did not use the land because they did not improve it by their industiral standards -weak men because could not control wives; mistreated women in Indian society because they were doing the "real" work -Indians worshipped false gods

Abolitionists Calls for Emancipation

-realized that slavery was "cornerstone" of confederafe economy and needed to be crushed, weaken ability to sustain war -"It is plain that nothing approaching the present policy will subdue the rebels"- Thaddeus Stevens -"it is futile to separate the freedom of the slave from the victory of the govt"- F Dog

Temperance Movement

-reform for northern middle class became a badge of respectabiliy bc it showed control of ones own life -The American Temperance Society wanted to redeem both the habitual and ocassional drinker -by 1840 alcohol level fallen by half of previous decade -Washington society offered public testimony for alcoholics - "experience meetings" lol AA

Critics of Reform

-reform= attacks on personal freedoms -drinking was prominent feauture of fesitive celebration, taverns -"Liberty Loving Citizen" of Worchestor wondered what gave one group right to dictate another -catholics (Irish and German Immigrants) hostile to reform bc sin was an inescapable feature of ppl as said by Archbishop John Hughes -perfectionistic idea that evil could be banished was an affront to genuine religion

Separation of Church and State

-religous leaders adhere to christian liberty(subjection to gods will) but dont believe gov't needs to be involved -Jefferson needs to be a "wall of separation - deists, viewed religion through rational and skeptical lense -States disestablish established churhces (no more funding or legal privlages) -James Madison- reinforces principle that new offered ,"asylum to the persecuted and oppressed of every nation and religion."

North America at Mid Century

-remarkable diversity and kinds of social organizations -Elites tied to imperial centers held economic and politcal power -Colonists rights: voting, aquiring land, right to worship as they pleased, escape from oppresive government of Europe

3 implications of encouraged westward expansion

-removal of indians to land farther west -total disspeaerace -potential incorportation into white civilization

Origins of Civil Rights

-rep congress wanted to modify johnsons flawed plan -Sen Trumbull of IL proposed two bills; one extended life of freedmans bureau; the other was the Civil Rights Bill which declared as ppl born in us citizens and granted rights regardless of race, no state could deprive citizen of free labor values -Johnson vetoed both bills bc limited states rights and blacks did not deserve citizenship -Civil Rights Bill passed over a presidential veto; freedmens bureau bill was not by a single vote

Vote War of 1812

-republicans and federalists in north and NJ who wanted to protect mercantile and financial resources voted against war -agrariran south votd for war -bill was passed on narrow margins

opposition to Hamilton Plan

-republicans like Jefferson and Madison -wanted small farming communities (venerate through the plough) -"free trade" should rule over tariffs and subsidies -Hamilton's system "flowed from from principles adverse to liberty and was calculated to undermine and demolish the republic" -Hamilton whiskey task single out small farmers bc turned grain into whiskey; only benefits bond holders and wealthy -"strict constructionists" said const said nothing abt creating banks -greatest threat to freedom was powerful central gov't with commercial gov't

Panic of 1819

-ressumption of trade with europe created overseas market for american cotton and grain -economic bubble bursted bc decrease in demand for US goods abroad and land out west -speculators lost money, farmers could not repay debts, rise in unemployment

1807 emabrgo

-result of British impressment on american ships; more than 6,000 american sailors including men from US Chesapeake -economic health required freedom of trade -embargo banned all us ships sailig for foreign ports; brought back memories of intolerable acts -hindered economy; exports fell by 80%

Madison Bill No 2

-resumed trade w/ frace or britain if both ceased interfering w/ american rights -with little to lose Napolean repelled decrees against nuetral shipping -This got british more angry -britain did not stop impressment -Madison implemented embargo in 1812

Economic Diplomacy

-retreat from Wilson's plan of intervention for economic goals of export and trade -US practiced "isolationism" -Fordney McCumber Tariff raised tariffs to highest ever -US advanced billions of dollars to German to help rebuild and pay war reparations -1928 Red Line Agreement divided oil in Venezuela and Middle east among US, France, Britain -US sent troops to Nicaragua bc of economic interests bc there was a Nationalist revolt headed by General Sandino who would be assinated by national guards led by Genreal Somoza

Wealth vs Poverty

-richer people in San Fran lived on water eg Van Ness Ave while poor live in innner city -wealthy increasingly resided in own secluded neighborhoods -newport RI became destination for the rich -House of Mirth by Edith Wharton described "passion for money" as domination of society which discusses life of Lucy Bart who is forced to marry a rich man etc -wealthy persued aristocratic life, attended exclusive social clubs, colleges, fancy dress balls -richest 1% owned more than bottom 50% -Waldorf Astoria Hotel modelled after French hotel to shown extravangance of spending by wealthy -Sunshine and Shadow by Matthew Smith constrasts house of general store magnate Alexander Steward to slums of NYC

Huey Long

-rise of Long showed dissatisfaction w/ slow eco recovery -Long represented LA Populists and Socialists and undemocratic politics of the state -won gov in 1928 and senate in 1930 -helped improve LA roads, schools, and raise tax burden oil companies through dictorial attitude -colorful character; refered to as "Kingfish" by supporters -1934 he launched Share Our Wealth Movement w/ slogan "Every Man a King" -called for confiscation of wealth of richest amerans to raise $5k grant and guarentee jobs and an annual income to all citizens; claimed 5 mil followers -was going to run for pres but assassinated in 1935 by son of political rival

The Northern Economy

-rise of Republican party showed underlying social and economic changes from market rev -economic growth explosion in north -30k miles of rail road in North; 4 major railroads -railroad reoriented Northwests trade from south (MI River) to east; 60 million bushnells of wheat passed thorugh bufallo to North at a fraction of the cost -very integrated northern economy; still most people lived in rural towns but economic independence still in reach -coal and iron manufacturing growing rapidly due to railroads -2 major areas of industrial production; along Atlantic from Boston to Baltimore; along Great Lakes eg Buffalo Chicago Cleveland -Chicago had become complex manufacturing center producing 5k reapers a year w/ "ballon frame" houses

New Imperialism

-rival european empires carved up large parts of the world among themselves -US was second rate power in 1890s -Turkey removed US embassy bc not useful -justification for imperialism was to bring culture and freedom to backwards nations -"empire" became another wrd for "exploitation"

Henry Steele Commager

-said anticommunism revealed new form of loyalty= conformity -anything other than "uncritical and unquestioning acceptance of America as it is" and one was labeled unpatriotic

Las Casas's Complaint

-saw contradiction between serving god and enriching themselves through enslavement -Pope Paul III declares indians cannot be enslaved; "true men" -Las Casas denounced spain for bruality and killing millions of indians. Believed it undermined the conversion of indiand to christianity -believed the had been "totally deprived of their freedom" -however, aproved african enslavement

Cultural Cold War

-scholars began to intepret pluarlism as the American Creed -CIA and Defense Department had to be a secret funding of the arts bc communism was linked with uniformity of art -funded an array of overseas publications, conferences, publiching houses, soncerts, and art exhibits -Soviet union had sponsored tours of ballet and symphony orchestra -US sent jazz musicians to africa and asia to improve interntional image of US race relations -CIA funded new NY School of painters including Jackson Pollock -Helped fund MoMA -Pollock's paintaing, John Cage's music all represented free, indv expression

Southern Unionists

-secrets organizations such as Heroes of American promoted peace and dissatisfaction w/ the war efforts -50k southerners fought in the northern army -Elizabeth Van Lew of Richond visited union soldiers in Libby Prison and gave them food and aid; also gave intel to soldiers

Article 1

-section 1- leg branch makes laws -section 2- house of rep (very democratic; voice of people); 3/5 clause and power to impeach -section 3- senate; power to try impeachments(3 classes of senate up for election every 3 years) -section 5- may expel members; keep journal -section 6- VP breaks tie; paid by us treasurey -section 7- all bills must start in House(democratic); 2/3 vote overcomes a veto in House and Senate -section 8- powers of congress -regulate commerce -tax and collect -borrow money -immigration -copyright -provide for militia -making laws that are necessary for executing power -section 9- no slavery end until 1808; habeas corpus and ex post facto;no titles of nobility -section 10- cant print money; go to war; collect tax on imported goods; make treaties w/ other countries

Second Great Awakening

-self improvement, reliance, and determination, added religous underpining -religious leader alarmed by low attendance of young republic -number of ministers went from 2,000 to 40000 by 1835 -Methodist (1mil members) and baptists had huge growth -Tocqueville- "Americans combine the notions of chirstianity and liberty so initmately in their minds that it is impossible to imagine one w/o the other" -Reverand Finney national celeberty -democratized american christianity into mass enterprise -Methodists and Baptists massive explosion -camp meetings on fronteir- rejected idea man is a sinful creature with predetermined fate, instead human free will in relation to god

Mound Builders in MI River Valley

-semi circular mounds known today as Poverty point built over 3,500 years ago; -developed governmental and commercial center with trade routes throughout ohio and mississipi river valleys -Indians of the ohio river valley called mound builders by eigteenth century settlers

Roberty Y Hayne

-senator from SC who was a disciple of Calhoun and strongly suppoerted nullification -Daniel Webster called nullification tresonous, illegal, and unconst. -Webster said "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable"

Insular Cases

-series of court cases which held that the Constitution did not apply to colonies -severe limitation of rights -US had to recognize "fundamental" personal rights of ppl however -no taxation w/o rep and govt for the ppl were abandoned in colonies based on the decision -Hawaii would become traditional territory on path to statehood bc of large pop of american ppl and sugar plantations

squatters

-set up farms on unoccupied land without legal title

Spearheads for reform

-settlements were spearheads of reform for women -produced prominent female figures like Julia Lathrop who became head of first federal agency (Children Bureau) -Helen Campbell exposed contradiction of market economy w/ rich women wearing clothes made by poor -"Emancipation on one side has meant no corresponding emacnipation on the other"- Campbell -Florence Kelley esgtablished National Consumers League which was leading adovacte for better work conditions for women

Indentured Servants

-settlers who could pay for own passage came as a free person -2/3 surrendered freedom for five to seven years for passage to america -could not marry without permission, physical punishment, lack of rights -unlike slaves, could be released, but not guaranteed economic etonomy; some died, left

Great RR Strike

-shift from slave controversy to "the overwhelming labor question" -workers protested a pay cut which paralyzed rail traffic ,ilitia units tried to force them back to work -officers in Pittsburg killed 20 protestors causing more protestors to burn city RR yards -strikes showed ties b/w republicans and new industrialist class -Haynes responded by sending troop to end the strikes; "put down by force" -in the aftermath of 1877 the federal government constructed armories in cities to ensure that troops would be on hand for future labor strikes

Promise of Abundance

-shoft from capital goods (steel, raiload equipment etc) to consumer goods -new advertising linked goods to freedom -department store magnate Edward Filene called consumerism a "school of freedom" bc ppl made indv choices -economic abundance became "americna way of life" where personal fufillment through material goods -exclusion from mass consumption=denial of rights -monopolies raising prices of consumer goods became a weapon against trusts

Treaty of Ghent

-signed before battle of new orleans because info could not reach sooner -no territory exchanged, nothing happened, did not stop impressment

Vesey's Rebellion

-slave carpenter from charleston who purchased freedom after winning the lotto -took leading role in Methodist church and rebuked blacks for bowing down to their inferiority eg stepping off sidewalks for whites -read constiution and bible to make claims against slavery; "all men have equal rights, blacks as well as whites" -inspired bby succesful revolts in haiti -made a plot against whites w/ his lt. Gullah Jack from Angola -SC governor THomas Bennett complained that trial violated rules of reg civilian -Att Gen Robert Hayne replied "slaves are not entitled to these rights." -35 slaves including Vesey were executed

Fugitive Slave clause

-slave laws "extraterritoriality"- condition of bondage remained attached to person even if he or she escaped to a state where slavery had been abolished -Required all states to recognize and police institution of slavery

Paternalism

-slaveowners took personal responsibilty for physical and moral well being of dependants (woman, slaves, children) -upon the close of the slae trade in 1808, it became in the slave owners economi interest to look after wellbeing of slaves -Reverand Charles C Jones, wealthy GA planter, tried to promote religious teaching and better diet for slaves; nevertheless realized slaves were "degraded" and inferior

Abolition in the Americas

-slavery abolished in most of Spanish America -outlawed in Mexico, Central America, and Chile -Abolitionist used rising standard and education of freed slave in free Americas to prove why institution should be removed

Plain Folk of Old South

-slavery affected all topics; "nothing escaped nothing and no one" -3/4 of white southerners owned no slaves; most were small farmers dependant on family labor -since large planters monopolized good land, most lived in hilly areas outside of plantation belt -most were illiterate bc lacked free education -very autonomous w/ confortable standard of living -ANdrew Johnson of TN and Joseph Brown of GA were politians who rose to power for common man and against "slaveocracy" -racism, kinship ties, regional loyalty cemented bond b/w planters and plain folk -often plain folk rented slaves; believed personal freeedom ressted on slavery

Slavery and American Freedom

-slaves created "freedom calendar" which centered on August 1- the day of west indin emancipation as opposed to july 4 -Britain had becomes model of liberty and justice -spoke out against color blind citizenship; "the real battleground b/w liberty and slavery is the prejudice against color"- Sam Cornish -identified poverty of free blacks as a result of slavery as said by Charles L Reason

Gospel of Freedom

-slaves identified with story of Exodus; africans were the chosen ppl who god would free some time -Jesus Christ= personal redeemer; compassionate for oppressed -David who crushed the more powerful goliath

Last Hired First Fired

-slogan for blacks during depression -unemployment of blacks double that of whites and blacks benefited disproportionately from social security -Harlem blacks demanded jobs; protested "Dont Buy Where You Cant Work" -Du Bois abadonned goal of black integration and must organize as a "nation w/in a nation" -called for blacks to organize eco survival by creating own independent, cooperative economy and schools

Maryland

-smaller than virginia, tobacco dominated economy. -established as propiertary colony, grant of land to Cecilius Calvert - gave him free absolute power, elected assembly had little influence -dreamed of feudal society, did not like ordinary people meddling with government, but charter promised people "all privileges, franchises and liberties" -coflict inevitable; wanted colony to be refugue for persecuted catholics; wanted them to live in harmony with protestants, but they always outnumbered -generous headright system and freedom dues included fifty acres of land unlike Virginia

Governement and Society in Massachusetts

-social unity imperative; organized colony in self governing towns -group of settlers received land grant to be divided -required: congregational church, school, -to prevent leakage of non puritans influence, sharholdrs emigrated and brought charter, transforming commercial into government -1634 group of deputies elected by free formed General Court -church government decentralized; full membership required proof of divine grace and visable saitnhood, conversion. Only then could men only votein elections. Democracy exclusive

New American Society

-society more energetic, materialistic and lways on move -British writer Harriet Martineu describes experience in chicago as busy w/ many dif workers doing dif things -Alexis de Tocqueville- "no sooner do you set foot on America soil than you find yourself in sort of a tumult. All around you everything is on the move"

Native American Gender Relations

-society was matrilineal; men and children moved in with mothers family -tribal leaders were always men -women= agriculture men= hunt/ fish; generally both males and females were independent people and socially equal -women could seek divorce and were open sexually

Expanding Citizenship

-some steps taken in expanding citizenship -1922 Cable Act overturned law that required women who married foreigners to forfeit citizenship -1924 congress declared all Indians born in US as citizens

Adams Pre Presidential Career

-son of JA which made him very distinguished -served as ambassador in Prussia, Britain, Russia -abadoned Federalist party b/c of lack of support -Most established pre presidential political career

Immigrant Restriction League

-sought to reduce the number of immigrants allowed to enter by barring illiterate -Congress passed a bill barring illiterate but pres Cleveland vetoed it in 1897

Causes of Depression pre Crash

-southern CA and FL frenzied real estate specualtion led to bank failing and land remmaining undeveloped and foreclosed -prolonged depression in farming region reduced US purchasing power -sales of autos and consumer goods stagnated after 1926

Dixiecrat

-southern delegates who walked out of democrat party meetings bc of addition of civil rights platform -formed States Rights Democratic Party and nominated gov Strom Thurmond of SC as pres -alarmed by truman's civil rights and denied racism in US existed -main platform called for states rights to govern themselves

Redeemers

-southern democrats who took over state govt in mid 1870s and claimed they saved south from corruption of "Negro rule" -in states where negros were still in govt violence erupted in broad daylight in MS

Opposition of Reconstruction

-southern traditional planters denounced black supremacy -against rising tax for schools and RR -South lagged in economy still and failed to materialize which turned many southerners against govt -could not accept formers slaves in power leading to ROT

Secession Movement

-southerners feared that republicans would try to spread party into south by appealing to non slaveholders in south -7 states from SC to TX seceeded months after election -

The Crime Against KS

-speech given by anti slavery senaor Charles Sumner -SC rep Preston Brooks beat Sumner unconcious with a gold tipped cane -rallying cry in south became "Hit him again!"

Garveyism

-spirit of militancy inspired from war and St Louis riot deaths -Silent Parade in NYC where 10k blacks marched with signs saying "Mr President why not make America safe for democracy?" -Marcus Garvey launched the Universal Negro Improvement Assoc (NIA) w/ much support from black ghettos -freedom for Garveyites= nat self determination -viewed as a demagogue by du bois and other black leader; applauded govt for deporting Garvey for mail fraud; created sense of betrayal in certain black communities

Peoples Party

-spoke to "all producing class" -attracted vet of KOL -most support was in CO and ID -spread message w/ pamplets, orators -Populist orator Cyclone Davis traveled to Great Plains w/ black sombrero and prince albert coat to spread evils of industry and large corp -embraced tech but wanted to regulate business -wanted agricultural edu and modern scientific methods of farming -felt govt could move past partisanship to embrace the public good -very radical for the time because they were against big business

Lowell

-started in Waltham MA w/ Boston Associate merchants -created town on Merrimack River w/ 27 mi from Boston -52 mills w/ 10k worker for spinning thread -made on "fall line" where waterfalls and rapids could be harnesed for energy

How was slavery established in the western Atlantic world?

-starts in west indies -laws limit black freedoms -large demand in labor for cash crops + lack of hard working indentured servants

Pet banks

-state bankers and hard money advocates approved Jacksons veto of nat bank -jackson authorized removal of federal funds into local banks -political and personal connections determined where funds went (hence "pet" banks) -He had to go through two secretaries of tresaure to carry out the order -US govt lost ability to reguate activites of state banks -more and more money issued to help finance industrial rev -"real wages" of workers decined as a result; prices rose dramatically

Atmosphere of Fear

-states required teachers to take loyalty oaths of teachers, pharmacists, and banned communists from driving -organizations like American Legion, Nat Assoc of Manu and Daughter of AMerican Rev persecuted indv for beliefs -Better America League of Southern CA gathered names of 2 mil subversives in the region -defense of govt of Spain during SPanish Civil War had sinister implications -background checks became required for job applicants -anti communists groups banned books like Robin Hood where was taken from rich and given to poor

Election of 1796

-states with no electors resulted in intense -Johns Adams and Thomas Pickney (fed) -TJeff and Adam Burr (Rep) -Adams sweep NE + NY NY Jeff sweep south + VA -Adams pres w/ TJeff VP

New War Tech

-steamboats played an important part; Union Monitor vs Confederate Merrimac, first demonstration of superiority of iron clads over wooden ships -telegraph used for communication, introduction of observation ballonds, even priliminary grenades and subs -musket replaced w/ grooved barrel rifle which was deadly from 600 yards - new rifles made the war more defensive like trench warfare -"My men sometimes fail to drive the enemy from his position but to hold one, never."-Stonewall

Stephen Douglas

-stong believer in Western development who wanted to build continental railroad; but feared this would not be established unless regions became established territories -drafted bill to establish territorial govt in KS and NE -wamted to employ poopular sovereignty were ppl, not Congress decide on slavery in new territories; middle ground to north and south extremes -wanted to unify democratic party which might enable him to capture election

Growth of Cities

-stood at cross roads of inter regional trade -Cinnci-Porkopolis -Chicago became 4th largest city by 1860, greatest of all western cities -12 to 150 cities over 5k by 1850 -craftsmen now work for entrepreneurs in large workshops to oversee work and subdivide tasks -pressure for greater output and lower wages

Impact Of Awakening

-stressed private judgement and universal salvation through works -Finney- we are all "morale free agent" -freedom to choose bt faith and sin "change of heart" -americans could shape own spiritual destiny matched w/ tone of market rev -used market rev to have steamboat and canal and rr tours -stressed industry, sobriety, and self discipline which were necessary for market society -stressed "controlled individualism" and opposed selfishness and material wealth, those who enocuraged scramble for money

Pullman Strike

-strike in 1984 bc of paycut in Pullman, IL headquarter of RR -American Railway Union, 150k members, refused to handle Pullmman RR carts -att gen Richard Olney recieved court notcie requiring workers to return to work after national hault -federal troops sent to rr centers; 34 workers killed

Political Harmony

-success of nation depended on political harmony - political parties were disloyal and perfidious - "they serve to organize faction" -GW -GW symbol of national unity and peace

Catholic Americans

-support from France in the war strengthened idea that catholics had a growing role in gov't - James Carrol of MY (first catholic bishop of America) received cordial welcome in MA -MA consitution restores catholics political and civil rights

Taft and Economy

-supported 16th amendment= graduated income tax -united western and southern farmers w/ income tax bc wanted to govt to rely less on tariffs for revenue -was more conservative than Roosevelt however -signed the Payne Alrdich Tariff which reduced rates but not as much as progressives wanted -rift w/ progressives grew deeper when Tafts sec of interior Rich Ballinger took back land that Teddy reserved for parks -Taft fired Pinchot which made rift irreparable

Nationalist

-supported stronger national govt - composed of army officers, congress members, diplomats, bondholders, urban artists (get rid of tariffs), merchants (wanted brit markets), and many who felt local govt interfered w/ property rights -delegates met in Philly to amend articles

Views of the Bank

-symbolized hopes and fears of market rev -bank helped finance nations economic development -distrusted by many including jackson bc "non producers" profited from labor of other, shown by the overprinting of money -Jackson believed in "hard money" being the only honest currency

Maintaining Order

-system relied on force of master -Josiah Henson wrote in his narrative of seeing his father being whipped for striking a white man -subtler means inculded exploiting divsions b/w field hands and house servants; creating a system of incentives and rewards for good work; threat of sale/ separation of family -One VA slaveowner paid tent cents per day for good work which made his slaves "labor with as much steadiness and cheerfulness as whites saving all the expense of overseers"

Social Problem

-talks of "better classes" "respectable classes" and "dangerous classes" dominated public discussion -Boston Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that all Fall River textile workers were overworked in some way but owners claimed workers were "the scum of the english and irish" -proved distrust between employers and employees

Wage Slavery in the South

-task system survived and used in SC and GA rice kingdom -sharecropping used in cotton belt -sharecropping allowed families to rent part of a plantation w/ crop divided btw owner and workers=

The Common School

-tax supported school system open to all children -wanted children to have common learning experience, education became avenue for social advancement, help them be prepared form work in industrial society -schools taught a "silent curriculum" of obedience that would lead children to be productive facotry workers -every state in north had established common school by 1860 -allowed career oppurtunity for women to become teachers -South lagged bc farm life prevailed so no common schools (Welathy did not want to pay for poor or blacks)

Scientific Managment

-technique pioneered by Frederick Taylor -streamline production and boost profits by controlling costs and work practices -find the "one best way" of producing goods -workers were meant to obey instructions -viewed as a loss of freedom -"Men and women cannot live during working hours under autocratic conditions"-AFI Samuel Gompers

Farmers Plight

-ten of thousands of farms forcelosed bc of decrease in food demand after the war -half of MT farmers lost land in 1925 -3 mill farmers left midwest -pop of LA rose from 500k to 2.2mil bc of influx of farmers

The Gilded Age

-term Gilded was dubbed by Mark Twain and Charles Warner in their 1873 novel which means covered with gold -shows that although industry boomed on the outside, it was corruption that ran the govt -"get rich, dishonestly if we can, honestly if we must"

Transcendalist

-thank you lit class I already know this better than Eric Foner -competitive world of market revolution encouraged identification of freedom with the absence of restraints on self directed individuals seeling economic advantages -primacy of presonal judgement of prexistin set of rights and privlages -Emerson -"one important rev is the new value of the private man" -Emerson- "the americann scholar should feel all the confidence in himself.. to never defer to the popular cry"; trust own def of freedom -freedom-self evaluation and realization

Twentieth Amendment

-the most important amendment ever bc it moved back the inauguration day from March 4 to Jan 20 so new pres could act quicker

Effective Freedom

-the term "social legislation" which meant govt action to address urban problems originated in Germany and spread to the US -rethinking of use of political authority to combat giant corps, protect consumers, civilize marketplace -sought to reinvigorate idea of activist and a socially conscious govt -Gov Richard Manning of SC urged ppl to stop viewing govt as a "threat to liberty" and instead as " a means for solving ills of the body politic" -Philospopher John Dewey wrote that eff freedom depends on "the distribution of power that exists at a given time"

William Lloyd Garrison

-the voice of abolitionism -published the weekly Boston Journal The Liberator -"I will be as harsh as the truth" -he was heard bc of his inflammatory language -his Thoughts on African Colonization convinced many that Africans should be integrated into American Society, not aliens to be shipped over seas

Bacon's Rebellion

-this event accelerated african slave labor -William Berkeley, Virginain governer, corrupt regime with alliance of weathiest tobacco plante -these planters got most and best land, which left freed servants empty (declining death rate) -heavy taxes and falling prices due to overproduction, as well as prohibited indian land -Rebellion sparked by minor fued between Indian and Colonists -in 1676 Bacon gathered armed force to attack indians -Marched to Jamestown and burned gov estates, causing him to flee, but a squadron of warships restored order -Fear of future civil war caused elite to reduce taxes and remove indians. Also acclerated shift to slaves

Seven Days Campaign

-took place on peninsula south of richmond -Lee took comand of confederate army due to Johnston's injury -Lee blunted McClellans attacks forcing Union army to flee to washington dc

Edward VI

-took the throne when his father died, 9 years old and sickly -government persecuted Catholics for -Protestantism

Freedom and Totalitarianism

-totalitarianism= cold, aggressive ideologically driven states who sought to suppress; left no room for indv rights -1950 McCarran Internal Security Act banned totalitarians from entering the US -greatest threat to freedom was overly powerful government -Archibld Leish said Soviets conquered US bc whatever SOviets did the US did the opposite -American Medical Assoc attacked Trumans national health care bc they called it "socialized" medicine -real estate attacked all forms of "socialized housing" because it was public and wide spread -1954 added under God to the pledge of allegiance bc soviets opposed religion

Columbian Exhange

-transatlantic flow of good -New World got wheat, rice, sugar cane, cattle, pigs -old world got corn, tomatoes, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco, and cotton -Also carried germs

The Industrial Economy

-transition from Lincolns America, small farmer, to a mature industrial society -by 1913 america produced 1/3 of worlds industrial output -half of indust workers in factories with over 250 workers -1880 was the first time the majority of the work force were in non farming jobs. Eve of first indust rev during civil war, America still agriculture -1890 2/3 of americans worked for wages; no more autonomy -by 1920 11 mil americans moved from farm to city and 25 mil immigrants -Great Lakes was heartland of second industrial rev w/ Chicago becoming second largest city

Kansas Exodus

-trapped at the bottom of a stagnant economy estimated 40 to 60k blacks migrated to KS to seek better oppurtunity -name of movement the Exodus indicates deeps longings for substance of freedom -Pap Singleton was a former slave who promoted KS as land of rural plenty -most ended up being unskilled workers in KS city -"We had rather suffer and be free" -most had no option but to stay in the south; north refused to open jobs to blacks in the expanding industrial economy

Lecompton Consttiution

-tried to admit KS as a slave at a pro south convention -never actually sent to vote -Douglas formed alliannce w/ republicans to block the bill bc it undermined Douglas's popular sovereignty -proved tp sputhern dempcrats could not trust northern leader

AFL

-tripled in membership to 1.6 mil from 1900 to 1904 -tied close ties w/ forward looking business leaders eg George Perkins of JP Morgan finance and Mark Hanna willing to deal with unions as a way to stabilize employee relations -encouraged improvement in factory safety and establishment of pension plans for long term workers -mainly represented skilled industrial and craft laborers

Truman and Welfare State

-truman failed to expand welfare state -truman was only able to imclude self employed and domestic workers for social security -private welfare proliferated instead -labor contracts now included health insurance, cost of living increases, paid vacations, pension plans

Post War Civil Rights

-truman reached out to blacks in his first term -AMerican racial practices became rejected as a form of hitler's theory of "master race" -11 states established fair employment practice commissions -in 1947 Cali repealed laws permitting segregated education for students -NAACP launched voter registration campaigned which got 20% of south to register to vote -Jackie Robinson story, won Rookie of the Year etc

The Fair Deal

-truman's plan for peacetime economy -9 mil soldiers returned in 1946, divorce rates doubled, 2 mil women lost jobs -Veterans took advantage of GI Bill of Rights to obtain mortgages, set up small businesses, and embrak on college educations -Truman plan which focused on improving the social safety net and raising the standard of living of ordinary americans -wanted to raise minimum wage, expand social security etc

Old Northwest and Old Southwest

-two new regions based on westward settlement -Northwest rewembled new england with small towns, churches, schools -south replicated plantation society

Tecumseh

-two shawnee brother Tecumseh, chief, and Tenskwatawa, religoius prohpet, preached militant rejection of civlization -gathered at Prophetstown on Wabash river -meanwhile Tecumech traversed mississipi to reunite neolins pan indian alliance -repudiated chiefs who sold land to fed govt -prophetstown dsotryed in battle tippecannoe

weakness of articles

-unable to pay debt bc could not tax the people -unable to trade w/ west indies and imported gods undercut business of craftsmen -each state had own economic policies -indebted farmers pressed states for relief -creditors denounced for oppressing the poor

Reconstruction of Japan

-under guide of Gen George McArthur Japan adopted democratic constitution and got rid of landlordism so tenant farmers became owners of land -gave women right to vote in japan -section 9 stated japan would forever renounce war policy; modest self defense force -US rebuilt japanese industrial base as a bastion of support against communism in the east Asia

Acheson Speech

-undersecretary of state Acheson delivered a speech defended Truman's pledge to aid free people and democracy -his audience was the Delta Council which was org of MI planters, bankers , and merchants -delta council= american siberia bc 70 were blacks in poverty who were denied freedoms -shows that cold war was not time to raise questions about imperfections of american society

Cold War and Organized Labor

-unions whose leaders failed to identify as not commmunists were expelled under Taft Hartley Act -11 communist unions expelled representing over 1 mil workers -unions began to support foreign policy venhemently creating new, militant union leaders who strongly supported equal rights in the work place`

Whig Party Platform

-united behind American System to guide economic development -strong in North East and by established businessmen and farmers near river who wanted canals -Big Wig Southern planters supported party -also supported by farmers near canals and great lakes

Anti Imperialist League

-united writers and social reformers, business men fearful of the cost of maintiang over seas outposts and racists who did not want non white pop apart of US -american energies should be directed at home -prominent members were EL Godkin. William Howells, George McNeil -published pamplets called Liberty Tracts which stated that democracy was incompatible with empire -Americas mission was to "help the world by an example of successful self govt" -WJB nominated for pres again in 1900; called war "un American"

Congress of Industrial Corporations (CIO)

-upheaval challenged AFL tradition of laborers striking by craft instead of by industry -30 AFL leaders called for creation of unions of industrial workers but were denied by AFL -head of Miners Union John Lewis led a walkout creating the CIO to create unions in major bastion of US economy

Munn Vs Illinois

-upheld constiutionality of a law in 1877 that eliminated rr rate discriminatino and set maximum charges -example of how courts early on ocassionaly ruled against liberty of contract

Schneck vs the US

-upheld constiutionality of the Espionage Act and sentenced socialist Charles Schhneck to prison -First AMednment does not prevent court from prohibiting speech that presented a "clear and present danger" of inspiring illegal actions- Justice Oliver Holmes

Global Movements

-uprisings in europe against monarchies and ethnic minority oppressment -Chartist movement in england supported CHarter with greater democratic reforms -France becomes republic -Hungary claims indp from Austria -many of these reforms failed however eg Chartism

Slavery in the City

-urban slaves had great deal of autonomy -often lived on their own and "hire their own time" -this was ended in 1850 bc autonomy of urban slaves led to a crippling of relationship b/w master and slave; sold city slaves to country side and soght replacements among skilled white laborers

Spanish North America

-vast territory ; encompassed pacific coast to new meixco and the great plains and eastward through Texas and Florida -economy rested on trading with and extracting labor from suviving indian populations -established military outposts called presidios and religous missions in MI river valley -colonized california after fear of Russian trading posts in Alaska - presidios soon dotted coast -aim to transform culture of natuves and eventually assimilate into spanish culture -California did not attract settlers

Gospel of Eugene V Debs

-very important in spreading socialism; tied culture divide btw NYC Jewish, prarie western and native born intellectual socialist ; "while there is a lower class i am in it... while there is a soul in prison, i am not free" -Socialist Paper Appeal to Reason written in KS became largest weekly paper w/ 900k readers -recieved 900k votes for president in 1912 -Socialist Max Hayes received 1/3 of votes in race against AFL president Samuel Gomperss

Blacks in War

-very limited participation -barred from the navy 400k in the army and only used as supply units; Wilson feared that overseas experience would "go to their head" -told french to not treat black soldiers as equals

Fundamentalists Public Perception and Prohibition

-viewed as backwards bigots -Fosdick was removed as head pastor -Fundamentalists help pass Prohibition which only led to a more immoral society -"bootleggers" illegally supplied citizens with alcohol and bribed police to have a blind eye to elicit activities

Limits of prosperity

-wages of industrial workers rose by one quarter but corporate profits rose by twice that -1% of banks control half the economy -small business was failing; GM, Ford, Chrsyler controlled 4/5 of the auto industry -income of wealthiest 5% better than that of bottom 60% -number of manufacturing workers declined by 5% -Parts of NE experienced chronic unemployment and deindustrialization

Reformers and Freedom

-wanted americans to enjoy "genuine liberty" by liberating them from various of slavery eg slavery to sin/ drinking/ poverty -self fulfillment came through self discipline; free indv= practices self control -society lacked control and was enjoying too much "natural liberty" which john winthrop warned against

Green Back Labor Party

-wanted govt to stop taking greenback money out of circulation -wanted govt in control of money not private investors; would make more funds available for investment -against use of militia and police to attack strikes and protesters -controlled industrial mining communities

End of Federalist Party

-war at first reinvigorated federalist bb/c f antiwar sentiment; madison barely relected -Hartford Convention ended party b/c they spoke against 3/5 clause, wanted 2/3 congress inorder to ratify state, declarations of war and restricting trade -wanted to eliminate 3/5 clause and require 2/3 congress vote for war taxes trade etc -made party seem disloyal and unpatriotic -Jackson vtory at NOLA established US destiny to extend to the west by divine hand -urban commercial and financial interests only represented a small minority -threateed sucession; seemed eleitist and disturstful

Wartime State

-war created stong nation state -Selective Service Act required 24 americans to register for draft as 5 mil were selected -War Industries Board headed over all elements of wartime prdouction; established standardized specifications -RR Administration set fair rates for transportation -Food instructed farmers on modern methods of cultivation and sent food to Allies; "Food will win the war"-Herbert Hoover -War Labor Board (included reps from gov, industry, and AFL) pressed for establishment of minimum wage, 8hr work day, right to unionize; wages increased substantially during the war -corporate and income taxes rose a lot to finance war; wealthiest americans paid 60% of wage in taxes -tens of millions americans purchased Liberty bonds

War in History

-war guarented Unions premenece, ended slavery, shifted power from south to north -increased fed govt and accelerated modernization in north -south lost slavery north lost free labor bc america turned into an inudstrial giant -"Verily the work does not end with the abolition of slavery, but only begins"

Warren G Harding

-war led to an end in Progressivism -Rep pres who based campaign on a return to "normalcy" and repudiation of "Wilsonisn"`

Women and the War

-war opened new govt job for women as clerks and nurses -Clara Barton of VA traveled with Army of Northern VA to care for soldiers as a nurse; worked alone rather than w/ Dept of Female Nurses; also became Pres of Red Cross and endorsed First Geneva Convention to properly bury soldier -US Sanitary Commisions brought together hundreds of women to coordinate donations to northern home front -Organized Sanitary Fairs in grand bazaars to raise money for soldiers; 1864 fair in NYC attracted 300k ppl and $1 million -demonstrated women's "self sacrifice" bc they stopped suffrage during war to devote themselves to cause of the Union -Mary Livermore of IL organized two sanitary fairs and visited war hospital; women must "think and act for themselves"

Mexicans

-war to increase in mexican pop in southwest bc of mining demands; exempted from literacy tests -legally were white but treated as a group apart; but still considered a candidate for americanization -all mexican children in southwest by 1920 in their own schools

Second KKK

-wartime obsession w/ 100% Americanization led to rebirth of kkk -1922 Oregon required all students to attend public school to instill American beliefs -kkk reborn in 1915 after lynching of jew factory owner Leo Frank -1925 over 3 mil members mostly native born white protestants -largest organization in IN and controlled Rep party in state -attacked broader range of targets including immigrants and feminists and blacks and unionists

Panama Canal

-was convinced that canal would facilitate the movement of naval and commericial vessels between the two oceans -Roosevelt first engineered separation of Panama from Columbia bc Columbia unwilling to cede land for canal so Rooselvelt started uprising by conspirators lead by Philippe Buneau Varilla. American ships stopped Colombian army from suppresing the rebellion -Varilla signed treaty giving US sovereignty to canal zone -built w/ 60k workers mostly from Jamaica, Barbados; required immigrant labor, best jobs reserved for white Americans -8k miles in total; "I took the Canal Zone" proclaimed Teddy in 1914

Water Regulation

-water cried out for regulation in west -cities in CA battled w/ rural areas for water -LA bought large tracts of land from Owens Valley to build acqueduct w/o approval of the citizens

Hopi and Zuni

-western indians from who lived in village life for 3,000 years in AZ -built towns with large multi family dwellings in local canyons -constructed dams and canals -Pueblo Bonita over 600 rooms -left after drought and settled south and east, spanish explorers called them Pueblo Indians (Pueblos = small villages)

War and the world

-when Grant toured the world, he was praised by the Duke of Wellington for being a military genius -in Newcastle he was hailed as a "Hero of Freedom" -also praised by Otto Van Bismarck; "You had to save the Union just as we had to save Germany

Transcontinental RR

-when first proposed, congress considered it too gigantic and impractical -two companies chartered rr in 1862 to build rr from MO river to Pac coast; 100 million acres of land -only 20 mi a year for first 3 years -20k men needed to build rr, most Chinese "coolies"

Praise Meeting

-when slaves would gather at night and have emotional interaction b/w preacher and congregation -"We prayed for this day of freedom"

The White Farmer

-white farmers also suffered; had to pledge part of crop as collateral for debt repayment known as "crop lien" -farmers found selves caught in system of debt w/ crop lien and sharecropping -Matt Brown was MS farmer who accumulated $402 of debt in a year

Homestead Act 1863

-with south unrep in congress lawmakers adopted northern policies -provided 160 acres of public land out west -in addition the Land Grant College Act assisted states in establishing "agricultural and mechanical colleges"

Cult of Domesticity

-womans "place" was at home; sustain nonmarket values of love, friendship, and mutual obligation -saw their traditional roles in the home replaced by mass produced goods -women meant to create private enviromet shielded from competitive tensions of market economy -became more tied w/ virtue; freedom meant fulfilling "inborn" qualities -children each woman bore greaatly decreased showing women now had conscious decision to limit babies

Lydia Marie Child

-womans rights activist at Seneca Falls Convention who said "either the theory of our govt is false, or woman have a right to vote"

Right of Women

-women angered by exclusion from 15th amendment -saw reconstruction oppurtinty to claim freedom -looked for freedom in free labor market -Mary Livermore the Agitator complained of lack of eco oppurtunities for women

Women and Republic

-women counted in representation in congress -nothing in const limited power of women - const does use "he" in describing officer holders -not yet time for assault on gender inequality - dem-rep society helped discussion of women helped popularize laguage of liberty

Jane Addams and Hull House

-women represented democratic side of Progressives -women had growing awareness for plight of the poor and child laborers -Addams was unmarried and rejected idea that womens lives should be governed by "family claim" -she founded Hull House in 1889 Chicago which was a "settlement home" for the immigrant poor -by 1910 more than 400 settlement homes built in US

Social Freedom

-women wanted self ownership of her body -law of domestic relations enabled husbands right of sexual access to his wife and to inflict punishment -however, women wanted the state to protect the rights to regulate their sexual activity and procreation

United Auto Workers (UAW) Strike

-workers unveiled the sit down strike method used by the IWW where workers remained in factory but stopped production and sat down -7k GM workers seized Fisher Body Plant in Cleveland -in Flint MI workers fought off police and Demo mayor Frank Murphy refused to use force to stop strike -workers showed unity as they cooked meals and kept the plants clean -GM signed contract w/ union and UAW claimed 4k members

Women and Free Speech

-working for slaves rights help women better understand their legal standing in society -Frances Wright lectured at NY Sci Hal about slavery and womens rights ; called a "female monster" by NY newspapers -Maria Stewart- free black who was first woman to lecture to a mixed audience of male and female; recieved much criticism "I have made myself contemptible in the eyes of many"

American Tract Society

-worried that settler in west and immigrants lacked slef control and led lives of vices -printed over 500 mil pages w/ passages from gospel

The Cooperative Commonwealth

-written by Danish immigrant in 1884 -began process of socialism's Americanization -socialism confined to immigrants bc of strong belief of private property by americans -long term working class revolution not a violent upheavel

American Commonwealth

-written by James Bryce in 1888 -called blacks "children of nature" -giving blacks right to vote was a mistake, produced all kinds of corruption and misgovernment -inspired the Australian Commonwealth in 1901

Open Door Policy

-written by Sec State John Hay which stated that Euro powers which divided China into commercial spheres of influence grant equal access to US -Open Door refers to free movement of money; not ppl -US contributed over 3k soldiers in China Boxer Rebellion

Drift and Mastery

-written by Walter Lippman on alternatives for nation -Drift=continuing to operate to outdated belief in indv autonomy -Mastery= applying sci theory to social problems -new gen of educated professionals could solve americas deep social problems

Williams Apees

-wrote A Son of the Forrest which appealed for harmony b/w americans and indians -son of a white man and indian woman who converted to methodism -alternative to harmony was removal which reinforced racial definition of American nationhood -Indians days of freedom outnumbered by 1840s as they keep getting pushed further west -to eyes of most whites west of the MI river, they were a relic of an earlier period of american history

Moravian Brethren

-younger members of community in North Carolina assert their indv freeom and do not obey orders of elder -elders say that indv liberty was litte more than "an oppurtunity for temptation"

Key Events that Marked Move Towards Revolution

1. Continental Congress/ Association 2. Lexington and Concord 3. Common Sense 4. Declaration of Independence

Main Sources of Discord in NE

1. Lack of Tolerance of Difference a. Roger Williams b. Anne Hutchinson c. Half Covenant d. New colonies to allow freedom 2. Indians a. Land b. Pequot War c. Captivity

VA and MY development

1. Microcosm of England a. VA Comp charter grant same liberties as Englishmen b. House of Burgess c. clear social hierarchy 2. Tobacco Colony (15 mil lbs of Tobacco by 1628) 3. Women's rights + single men 4. Lack of family 5. overall sought to make $$$

Main Contours of English Colonization

1. Religious Strife 2. Social/ economic crisis a. over population b. enclosure movement c. working for wages= servility

Key Events that Sharpened Division

1. Townshend Acts 2. Boston Massacre 3. John Wilkes 4. Tea Act 5. Intolerable Acts

3 types of regional slavery

1. tobacco based plantations in Chesapeake (little economic scale) 2. rice based plantation in SC and GA (huge economic scale)- 3. Non plantation slavery in NE/ middle colonies

Motives for Colonization

1.Save Indians from Tyranny of pope and Catholic spain. Reformation = anticatholcism. Reinforced when Spainsh Naval Arma attempted to invade England in 1588) 2. Could become greater global powaer and rival spain and french wealth and empire. Hakluyt insisted trade could be basis of empire; middle america uncolonized, land of "great plenty" 3. Could solve social crisis; surplus pop, economic growth unable to keep up with needs of population - enclosure movement forced peasant farmers from their land to cities, where wages fell. Many homeless vagabonds looking for work. Chance for laboring class to become economically independent. saw wandering poor "masterless men" dangerous to society

Slave exodus/ British Emancipation

100,000 slaves left patriots cause for Britain to obtain their freedom; 15,000 accompanied british out of America. Largest exodus of slaves until Civil War - Lord Dumores and Henry Clintons Proclamations offer sanctuaries for slaves. In 1827 Britain finally agreed to compensate for loss of slave property to 1100 americans

Magna Carta

1215 document that limited the king's ability to tax English nobles and that guaranteed seizure of ones property without due process of law and a right to trial; freedoms of an Englishman. This plus the traditional ideas of liberty played a central role in arising political and religous conflict.

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

1583 tries for settlement in Newfoundland, epic fail

Glorious Revolution

1688; the parliament deposed King James II (wanted reliogus toleration but catholic precession - "popery" "tyranny") , a Roman Catholic who had asserted royal rights over the rights of Parliament. Parliament gave the crown to the Protestant King William III, a Dutch prince, and his British wife, Queen Mary II (daughter of James II), as joint rulers. When the crown was offered to William and Mary, they agreed to a Bill of Rights that severely limited the king or queen's power. The British Bill of Rights is often regarded as a forerunner to the United States Bill of Rights. Instilled notion of freedom being "the birthright of all englishmen"

Leisler's rebellion

1689 - When King James II was dethroned and replaced by King William of the Netherlands, the colonists of New York rebelled and made Jacob Leiser, a militia officer, governor of New York. Leisler was hanged for treason when royal authority was reinstated in 1691, but the representative assembly which he founded remained part of the government of New York.

Prime Minister William Pitt

1757 British prime minister who during the seven years war provided funds to austria and prussia to enable them to hold line in war in Europe against french and ally spanish

Quebec Act

1774 Organize the Canadian's lands gained from France; Catholicism was official religion of Quebec; Gov't w/o representative assembly; extended Quebec's boundary to Ohio River; Americans viewed it as attack on American colonies, b/c it took land from them, specifically the ohio river which they just fought for in 7 yrs war; feared would try to steal American gov't; resented recognition given to Catholicism.

Lexington and Concord

1775 first outbreak of war; British soldiers marched from boston toward concord seeking to seize atms neing stocked. Riders such as Paul Revere went to go warn town of advancement. shot heard round the world, Ralph Waldo Emerson; 49 american and 73 british dead

Ex Parte Mulligan

1866 supreme court case which deemed it unconstiutional to accuse people before military tribunal where civil courts were held in response to Lincolns treason calls -Justice David Davis said constiution remains "a law for rulers and people, equally in time of war and peace"

Atlantic Trade

3 way trade btwn Europe America/West Indies and Africa; revolved around slavery(slavery, cash crops, goods for slave societies). Carribean however remained main source of commerce for the crown. Areas where slavery was only minor institution also profitied; NY MA RI shipped slaves from AFrica to the carribean. Salve trade helped finance industrial revolution and rise of large ports like Liverpool and Bristol and banking, shipbuilding, insurances

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution (particularly coreligionists); Indians and colonists would coexist in harmony. His late father was a supporter of Charles II. To cancel his debt and bolster english presence, King granted Penn the PA land, becoming proprietor. Responsible for West Jersey Concessions.

Ferdinand Magellan

Between 1519 and 1522 led first expidition to sail around the world

Growing role of identities

Blacks- united in their resistance to slavery even though they come from various tribes; develop African american identity Indians- result of seven years war united them in fight for liberty which was autonomy to then Settlers- regained sense of British nationalism bc they had defeated the french in the 7 year war

Immigration Law of 1740

British Gov't worried about losing British work force so they attracted European immigrants by offering full British citizenship for living in colonies for 7 years

Lord North

British Prime Minister during revolution. He had passed the Coercive Acts and supported the king greatly to the extent that Britain was ruled only by the king; we must demonstrate, "whether we have, or have not, any authority in that country."

Stamp Act Congress 1765

FIRST FORM OF COLONIAL COOPERATION; 27 colonists from 9 colonies; agreed they were subordinates but said they need representation and would boycott until act repealed

Stamp Act 1765

FIRST INTERNAL TAX- rather than through regulation of trade. colonists required to buy stamps on printed materials; offended all colonists (not just merchants), first great drama of the rev war. First major split between British and Colonists on the meaning of freedom. \

Thoughts on Government

John Adams- new constitutions should create a balanced gov't that represent divisions of society - two legislative branches w/ powerful governor and judiciary to ensure neither infringed on ppls rights - all states except PA, GA, VT have two house legislature -MA is only state w/ governor w/ veto

Trusts

Legal devices whereby the affairs of several rival companies were managed by a single director Such effforts to coordinate activities of independent companies were short lived, disintegrating as individual firms continued their intense persuit of profits

South Carolina Regulators

Many colonies experienced internal division stimulated by conflicts with British. However, had more to do with secure possesion of land than imperial policy. Their main issue was a lack of representation and of government that would regularize land titles and protect from outlaws; wealthy landowner protest

Religious revivalists

Many ministers were concerned that westward expansion, commercial development, the growth of Enlightenment rationalism, and lack of individual engagement in church services were undermining religious devotion; preached about God's anger"religion of the heart" - more emotional and personal christianity. desire for religous purity, spread through middle east and central asia

Slave Rebellions

Many slaves ran away, ads in colonial newspapers. "pretend to be free" Slaves had a dangerous spirit of liberty according to Jamaican governor; many murderous slave rebellions; first rebellion in 1712 new york - slaves set fire on out skirts of city and killed nine whites

Printing Press

Nor Spanich of New France possesed printing press. widespread literacy created market for printed materials. Majority of families owned at least one book and circulating libraries appeared. allowed for spread of news/political commentary and growth of literacy in colonies; Library Company of Philadelphia and Boston New were first library and newpapers; ads

Joseph Galloway

Particularaly in PA, diversity made it hard to work out a consensus on resisting british. PA leader and delegate who wanted compromise; warned that independence would be met w/ disputes predicted Civil War

Declaratory Act 1766

Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures

first Navigation Act

Passed by English Parliament, allowed only English or colonial-owned ships to carry enumerated goods (valuable materials ,sugar and tobacco). Goods imported only through English ships, had custom duties. Incread England's ship building industry

American Empire

President Mckinley convinced he could not give Philippines back to Spain or grant them independence -Americans had duty to uplift and civilize the filipino people to train them for self government -in interview w/ Methodist ministers pres said US divine duty to "uplift and civilize" Filipino ppl -US acquired PR, Philippines, Guam from SPanish treaty

Mary Tudor

Restored Catholicism as state religion and excecuted protestants -rule was unpopular and reconciliation with Rome was impossible

SC Aristocracy

Richest 10% owned 50% of wealth while poorest quarter had less than 2% of waelth

Virgin of Guadalupe

Seen by Juan Diego in 1531 near a mexican village. example of how christianity was being mixed into spanish and indian cultures

Governor Elections

Strongly competitve elections only in middle colonies. In NE often only one candidate. Power rested on appiontive not elected. Only CT and RI could elect their own governor; others colonies the governor was royally appointed. Laws passed by assemblies could be vetoed by goveners.

Maryland Uprising

William overthrew Lord Baltimore because he thought that he wasn't running the colony properly around 1710. They established a new, Protestant government, and only let Lord Baltimore back in when he agreed to convert to Anglicanism. It is significant because it ended religious toleration in Maryland, including adding laws that barred Catholics from voting or holding office.

Declaration of Independence

Written by Thomas Jefferson. part about inhumanity of slave trade excluded; enduring impact came from preamble about "unalienable rights" , life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; declaration justified bc of power from "consent of the governed to alter or abolish it (authority)" Laws of Nature and God; addressed to the opinions of mankind -government rested on "socieal contract"

Lucy know

Wrote to her husband saying that he should not "consider himself commander in chief of your own house but be convinced of equal share

Africa and the Slave Trade

african societies quite adept to play Europeans off one another, collect taxes from foreign merchants, and control slave sales. Became major market for European goods. Cheap textiles undermined traditional crafting and guns encouraged slave trade since it was only way to obtain weapons

order of presidents

all one term 1876 Haynes, Garfield (Arthur after assination), Cleveland, Harrison, Cleveland

3/5 clause

allowed south to count 3/5 of their slaves as population and therefore, get more represntation in the hands of wealthy planters

1785 Ohioan petition

assailed landlords for taking land in west; "grant us liberty"

Nonimportation

colonists boycott importation of British goods; appealed to Chesapeake farmers who owed great debts to Brit Merchants; banned slave trade but often ignored by South; appealed to artisans bc ended comeptition w/ british goods; 1769 value of British imports fall one third; collapsed in 1770 bc profits shriveled and desire for british goods

Great Awakening Impact

commercial society criticized - merchants ensnated in unwary debt seen as greedy and unchristian; rich planters criticized for sinful behavior; slavery criticized - slaves converted to christianity helped acculturation of african american. Left americans more divided than before, encouraged independent frame of mind and trust their own views rather than those of the elite.

Pools

companies divided up markets between competeing firms and fixed prices

Assembly Power

economic development enhanced power of the elite. Assemblies claimed same power as House of Commons in England; strongest assembly in PA where wealthy Quakers ruled only unicameral legislature (one house); often struggled w/ governors over politics; defenders of people's liberty. Some colonies printed paper despite being opposed by governeors and authorities in london.

Walking Purchase of 1737

fraudulent purchase of Indian Land

Freedom/Race in Cheapeake

free and white become identical; free blacks barred from voting and required to be sent out of colony. Therefore, free blacks remained only small portion of population; VA governor tells lords of trades that complexity ought to distinguish individuals

African American Culture in South

harsh conditions on plantations, low birth rate, therefore dependent on constant influx of imports. More autonomous, did not mix with white sulture spoke Gullah- mix of African roots-,created families, created african houses,

Sir Edmund Andros

hated ruler of Domion of NE; tried to take CT charter from building in Hartford but it was hid in an oak tree; chosen officials and imposed tax w/o approval, enforced Protestant religious toleration

George Whitefield

highly emotional, brought preaching to colonies about God being merciful; called people to chagne their sinful ways and surrender to christ. declared "the whole world his parish" inspired dissenting churches; condemned by newspapers - disruptful traveling preacher

Hernan Cortes

in 1519, arrived in Tenochtitlan, center of Aztec empire. Azted were violent warriors who ritually sacrificed captives. Only with a few hundred men, he used superior technology and aid from small pox to destroy the city.

Prime Minister George Grenville

ordered the British navy to begin strictly enforcing the Navigation Laws. He also secured from Parliament the Sugar Act of 1764

British Enlightenment

originated amongst french thinkers, influenced educated americans. Idea that social an political life should be be ran based on scientific research and experiment; passion governed man but reason should govern life. Reaction against bloody religous wars during 17th century.

Common Sense

pamphlet written by PA immigrant Thomas Paine; attacked the British Constitution and the monarchy; "of more worth is one honest man to society, and in the sight of God, than all the crowned ruffians that have ever lived"; America could separate itself from wars; "The cause of the revolution is in great measure the cause of all mankind." Called for democracy. No longer desendents of Britain but of europe; appealing to diversity of colonies. wrote clearly and directly to all the ppl of America which is why it was so popular

Townshend Acts

passed by Parliament in 1767, placed taxes on imported materials such as glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. Stricter board of customs commisioners. Led to outrage and tons of people boycotted British goods. revenue by regulating trade, money used to pay colonial officials so they can be more independent

Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina

proposed a feudalistic system with hereditary nobility for gov't of Carolina w/ religious toleration and elected assembly to quickly attract settlers, as well as generous headright system (150 acres). However, none of this was actually established an the society quikly turned into slave society with the slave owners promised "absolute power and authority". Upon discovery of rice, Carolina became epicenter of mainland slavery.

Office holding in colonies

qualifications often required large sums of land; In north carolina, most white males could meet the 50 acre or twenty shilling tax requirement for voting, but to sit in office had to have at least 500 acres - often wealthiest just elected. In NY, assembly dominated by relatives and allies of great land families.

Revenue Act

raised taxes on wool and hides on enumerated list; no longer freely traded with dutch

currency act

reaffirmed ban on paper money - accepted as legal tender, however, and could be accepted in payments of debt

Sugar Act 1764

reduced tax on french molasses but created new machinery to end smuggling and force colonies to pay taxes + courts were more admirable and less corrupt towards smuggling

Myer Myers

rich jewish silver smith that accumulated large sums of land in Ct and NH who shows economic opportunity offered to skilled men of diverse backgrounds

William Byrd III

rich planter in VA who accumulated 100,000 pounds of debt due to lifestyle

Landon Carter

rich planter who prided self in whipping his slave

Oath of a Freeman

rights + duties of a MA freeman; use own conscience when voting. But too much individualism dangerous to public order and harmony. Chastised eachother

Salem Witch Trials

small puritan community where witchcraft prosecution spread like wildfire; 19 people hanged and people accused of all ages; eventually Salem court dissolved and accusations proved to be ridiculous; resulted in science to explain nature

Pursuit of Hapiness

substituted for property to show opened democratic process were indv realize own potentials and seek own life goals. Self fullfilment center of American Freedom, no longer based on traditions

Ethan Allen and Green Mountain Boys

surround Fort Ticonderoga w/ Benedict arnold and force surrender in NY. Following winter Henry Knox arranged for ticonderoga cannon to be dragged hunders of miles east to secure seige of boston where British were ensconced

Public sphere

the world of political organization and debate independent of gov't; expanded in 18th century

Simple Gifts

'Tis the gift to be simple, 'tis the gift to be free 'Tis the gift to come down where we ought to be, And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight. When true simplicity is gain'd, To bow and to bend we shan't be asham'd, To turn, turn will be our delight, Till by turning, turning we come 'round right. -KNOW THIS SONG, LOVE IT, BREATHE IT, SING IT ALL DAY AND USE IT ON YOUR SHORT ANSWER

A Well Ordered Society in Britain

- Britain- obedience authority; power of rulers over subjects -America challenged this with idea of equality -"The floor of freedom is as level as water"

John Brown at Harpers Ferry

- Brown was a deeply religous man, befriended fugitive slaves although in great debt -John Brown assaulted arsenal at Harpers Ferry VA -he and his followers killed 5 pro slavery settlers in Pottawatomie Creek in KS after attack on LAwrence -afterwards, traveled to canada raising funds and enlisting followers -Brown captured w/ 21 men by E Lee -On trial for treason to the state of Virginia, Brown used dignity and courage to win hearts of northerners -VA governor Henry Wise called for clemency which turned Brown into a martyr; Thoreau said Brown = "crucified hero" -"I, John Brown, am quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood." -seen as a maytr and radicals on both left and right as a man willing to take action against an immoral institution -south however saw this as wild and dangerous by arousing the north excessively

Land Distribution

- John Adams hoped every member of society could acquire land, "so that the multitude may be possessed of small estates" -Noah Webster newspaper editor- "a genral and tolerably equal distribution of land is the whole basis of national freedom", "equality is the very soul of the republic" -equality meant equal oppurtunity NOT equal condition -Jefferson abolishes entail and primogenture which helps end aristocracy and passing of land within family and eldest son -wanted to alot 50 acres of land to everyone of age - resources = freedom

Lincolns Vision

- Meji Resotration in Japan and Argentina new const shows the increase of federal powers -Lincoln like Bismarck in that he wanted to unite these united states into a single nation -Lincolns nation not based on common ethnic cultural background -Lincolns nation based on universal beliefs centered on political democracy and human liberty -his nation allowed immigrants to become fully American -shown in Gettysburg Address where nation used 5 times; "new birth of freedom"

open immigration

- Open for all europeans coming into country, they were considered part of the "melting pot" - any white man could claim american citzenship as long renounced hereditary titles in other nations

Decline of Anglican church

- Presybitarian farmer in VA refuse to pay taxes supporting anglican church -Jefferson rejects bibical accounts of creation -states disenstablish churches

Hypocrisy of America

- Thomas Jefferson owned 100 slaves(all founding fathers owned slaves) -Pointed out by british observers - "we here the loudest yelps of liberty from the drivers of negros"

why bill of rights important

- changed the language of liberty -restated idea that national govt is big threat -separated church and state

3 types of people defined in constitution

- indians(considered member of indv tribes) - the "people" (only they got American freedom -other persons(slaves)

Democritization of voting and Government

- least democratic voting in south b/c highly deferential traditions - enabled land gentry to retain control of political affairs -VA and SC keep property qualifications for voting and allowed gentry gov't to elect governor -Maryland combined low property qualifications for voting with high requirements for office holding -VT severs all qualifications for voting; just free whtie male - dramatic departure of limiting suffrage to economically independent -expanded number of legislative seats, men of lesser property assumed office -voting and freedom interchangable -MA rejected constitution with property qual, and later excepted one with all men able to vote for town officers

Confederate Economy and Govt

- much more centralized govt which raised armies from sctrach, took control fo southern railroads, built manufacturing plants -failed to utilize cotton in the war, wanted to get Britain on Souths side; "Cotton King Diplomacy" -GB did not intervene bc they also needed northern wheat and had surplus of cotton -caused Britain and many other states to grow own cotton which -South urged farmers to grow food instead of cotton

influence of churches

- presybitarian leader- church leaders learned to adapt at a time when "a spirit of liberty prevails" -new demoninations such as free will baptists and universalists form

Pennsylvania Revolution

- prewar elite opposed independence - feared it would lead to attacks on property - young lower class radicals rose (T Young, Paine, B Rush) who strongly believed in equality - formed alliance with Second Congregational congress - didnt believe in their beliefs but wanted independence from Britain - post independence, PA adopts new annualy elected ne house legislature w/ no governor, voting for all above 21 taxpayers and no property qualifications for voting for office holding -schools with low fews established in every county

Limiting democracy

- senate comprised of states most distinguished citizens -members of supreme court were elected by president, not senate -electoral college: number of electoral voters determined by adding up states house and senate, didnt want ordinary voters to have the power to elect president - mob rule - electoral college= no popular vote

Settlers in West

- urged govt to sell land at low prices - 1790s many lawsuits in KT over claimed land - lack order and authority; "our debtors, loose english people, our german servants, and slaves" B Franklin; needed more order to promote higher class citizens

English and Indians

- wanted land and to displace not integrate -purchased land in treaties forced upon indians; to keep peace prevent private seizure and decleared certain areas off limits. Didnt work and often lead to warfare -many indians welcomed goods and newcomers; men devoted more time to hunting for fut trade; older skills deteriorated; alcohol became disruptive -more connections with europeans lead to warfare amoung tribes over terrioroy and hunting -pigs and cattle trampled crops; wood for homes depleted forests; fur trade diminished beaver pop; -"conform rather than impose"

Lincoln Douglas

-"A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this govt cannot endure permanently half slave and half free"- Lincoln -Douglas pop soveriegnty moral indifference that would result in slavery spreading throughout nation -Lincoln freedom= opposition to slavery + reestablish faith in fouding fathers who wanted to end slavery -Douglas Freedom= local authority and indv self determination -DOuglas said Dred Scott and pop sov are compatible w/ eachother bc ppl could decided whether or not to protect slavery -Douglas denied right for politicans to ompose own moral standards on society -Southern Illionois voted democratics while industrial north voted republican showing split in nation even; Douglas wins -democratic party would split pro douglas and pro buchanan

Complaints of Market rev

-"Commerce, luxury, and avarice have destroyed every republican govt"- warned John adams -Jefferson denounced "stockjobber", financiers, speculators from taking away ideal "Agrarian Republic" -personal gain took away from public good

Young Ladys Book

-"In whatever situation of life a woman is placed from her cradle to grave in a spirit of obedience and submission, pliability of temper, and humility of mind, are required from her" -popular magazine to show virtue of women

The Desire for Freedom

-"Nobody will be argued into slavery"- Edmund Burke Brit Phlsphr -saw themsleves as working people deprived of the fruits of their labor by idle planters who lived in luxery -slaves understood they could not confront system head on -slave folklore glofirifed heroes like Brer Rabbit who outwitted stronger foes like fox rather than confronting them -"Im for the land of Canaan) Canaan=North -slaves familiar w/ local landscaoe but not larger world

A Decade of Prosperity

-"The chief business of the American people is business" -Calvin Coolidge -cooperation btw business and govt was close -productivity and economic output rose dramatically during the era -

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

-"We are rapidly becoming the most conservative nation on earth"-minister Reinhold Niebuhr -black feminists sought help from white feminists to support 15th amendment but got none -ERA proposed by Alice Paul and NWP to end all legal distinctions "on account of sex"; wanted no more economic assistance for women either -ERA opposed by all other womens associations -ERA failed; only six states ratified amendment giving Congress right to outlaw child labor

Adams' Presidency

-"a man of cold, austere, and foreboding manners"- JQA -had plans to establish national university and convert to metric system -wanted to expand influence of US in western hem; hoped to absorb Canada, Cuba and Mexico -"proper domain of US" was "the entire continent of NA"-JQA -"The spirit of improvement is abroad in the land" -wanted legislature to support agriculture and "the mechanical and elegant arts" -wanted strong nat govt- "liberty is power"; his presidency alarmed "strict constructionists" because his presidency saw the greatest internal improvements than his five predecesors combines

Nat Govt, Morals and Whigs

-"a weak govt is a negation of liberty" -liberty required prosperous and moral America -viewed society as a hierachy of social class that was NOT fixed and individuals could ahieve upwards mobility -Pious Protestants supported whigs bc they wanted increased morals via education and building of schools -PA known for stingent laws in jacksonian era against profanity etc -rejected premise that gov should not interfere with private life; individuals require certain traits that gov could help instill

English Civil War

-"english freedom" became central during struggle for political power between Parliment and the Stuart monarchs (charles 1). Arose from dispute about how fully Church of England should seperate practices from catholicism -House of commons accused sturats of endangering liberty by imposing taxes without consent and bringing england back towards catholicism -Charles I = Chatholicism -Parliment = Protestantism -stimulated discussion on what it meant to be "free born englishman"

Jefferson Inaugural Address/ in Power

-"every differenece of opinion is not a difference of principle... we are all democrats... we are all republicans" -unrestricted trade, freedom of religion and press; no "entangling alliances" -wanted to undo federalist system; pardoned those arrested under sedition act and abolish all taxes except for tariffs -paid off part of nat debt; abolished all taxes exceoot tariffs

Transformation of Law

-"general inorporation laws" allowed companies to incorporate by paying fee; investors and directors not liable for companys debts, law sought to supprt entrepenuers and pre -corporations emerged; can fail wothout ruining stockholders, able to raise far more capital -Americans distrusted corporations ,courts upheld their validity, while opposing firm efforts to destroy competition -Darthcollege vs Woodward- corporate characters as contracts by state that could not be altered -Gibbons vs Ogden shut down steam boat monopoly in NYC -local judges held business men not liable for property damage done by factories eg flooding; employer had full power over employees

Revolution of 1800

-"jefferson and liberty" became rep campaign -hamilton support for Jeff helps him become president over Burr; burr kills hamimlton in a duel 4 years later -to avoid repition of crisis in 1798, with opposing views between president and vp, twelth amendment added that required electors to cast seperate votes for vp -events of 1790s showed that ordinary people had right to play active role in politics

Talk of Liberty

-"liberty mad" - endless parade of pamphlets -evoked 18th century ideas of resisting oppresive authority as a cause of God against Britain -German settlers - claimed, "all the rights and privileges of natural-born subjects of his majesty", joined militia associations -shift from "rights of all englishmen" to "natural rights" and lockean ideas of freedom

Fredrick Douglas

-"self made" black man who rose out of slavery; black mom white dad -escaped to North from MY w/ papers of free black sailor in 1838 -"He who has endured the cruel pangs of slavery is the advocate of liberty" -advocate of abolition and advised Abe in Civil War

Segregation

-"seperate but equal" non existent; facilities for blacks were either non existent or inferior -by 1900 no public high schools for blacks in the south -segregation wanted not to avoid contact but to show white dominance -new social etiquette developed; blacks had to wait until whites were served, had to stand -whites but not blacks could try on clothing in stores -in part of MS River and CA three school system for whites blacks and chinese

Political Freedom For Blacks

-"slavery is not abolished until the bllack man has the ballot"-F Doug -blacks would organize petitions for ballot and even form own "freedom ballots" -anything less than full citizenship would betray the nation democratic promise and the wars meaning

Liberty of Contract

-"the laws of contract are the foundation of civilization" -contracts reconciled authority and freedom in workplace -as long as agreements were made by indv, govt nor unions had no right to interfere with working conditions -misuse of govt power was enforcing 8 hours work days or relief to unemployed

coffles

-1 mil slaves shifted to deep south; slave coffles(chained groups) became a common sight

LA pre Purchase

-1,300 free who blacks who enjoyed same rights as whites -lots of interracial marriage resulting in mulattos -slaves enjoyed legal protection; women could sue for rape

Threat of Sale

-10% of teenage slaves in Upper South sold -"Mother is Massa going to sell us tomorrow"- pop slave song -slave traders did not care about preserving faimly ties; 1852 auction of GA planter sold 36 slaves individually

Labor and Politics

-100 local ballots associated w/ kinghts of labor candidates from 1886 to 1888 -main goal was to end injunctions against strikes and labor unions -Tom Hanna elected as mayor KS City and sided w/ unions -1886 Henry George found himself running for mayor of NYC to bring attention to single tax 70k voted for him and he finished in a close second -employer hositility and poor organization caused party to disband after 1888

The Courts and Freedom

-14th amendment allowed fed govt to overturn state laws that violated citizens rights . By 1880 liberty of contract as meaning of ammendment -courts viewed state reg of business as insult to free labor -NYC Court of Appeal invalidated a law that prohibited manufacturing of cigars in tenement dwelling on grounds that worker had "liberty to work where he will" -state of Illinois uspreme court declared it unconstitutional that a state law outlawed production of womens undergarments in sweatshops

Quote from Richmond Newspaper

"Tell us not of principle. Those principles have been anihilated by the existence of slvaery among us"

Columbus in the New World

- first landed in san salvador -Then discovered larger Hispaniola -following year 1493 colonization in New World began

Judith Murray

-"on the Equality of Sexes"-"The idea of of the incapability of Women" was "totally inadmissible in this enlightened age"

Election of 1912

-"problem of State and corp" collided in 4 way race for election -Taft was on one end as he supported eco indvidualism as long as entrepeneurs cooperated in healing social ills -Debs was on other end and wanted to abolish capitalist system for socialist system of public ownership -Wilson and Roosevelt both rep Progressivism -Wilson= states rights and laissez faire idealogy

Right to Strike and Civil Liberties

-courts rejected claims of workers; prevented strikers from speaking, picketing, distributing literature, prohibited free speach -Commission on Industrial Relations revealed absence of free speech in industrial communities bc strikers prohbited and scared to speak publicly -"I dont think we live in a free country or enjoy civil liberties"- Clarence Darrow told the commission -IWW union organizers relied on songs, street theater, street corner meetings to send message -Spokane, LA, Denver banned outodoor union meeting -IWW filled jails with members arrested for public speech -3 IWW members killed in jail for failing to adhere to rule which required approval of content of speeches in jails

Carpetbaggers

-northerners who went to south to become an officeholder -many came for better eco oppurtuity or to help equality

Harlem Renaissance

-poets Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Claude McKay from Harlem were published and sponsored by whites -broadway had black actors in Dixie to Broadway and Birdland -"New Negro" in art meant rejection of stereotypes and search for black values to put in their place -roots of African experience= Africa, south, urban ghetto -Claude McKay Home to Harlem main character is a free spirit black who wanders for a beautiful girl -Ossian Sweet was a black man who was attacked after moving to an all white neighbourhood in Detroit; defended by Clarrence Darrow

Margret Fuller

-upset by the lack of opurtunities for women and the lack of ranhe of indv choices for women especially bc of decrease of manufactured goods and servants so women did not have much to do -women should have right "to grow... to live freely and unimpeded" like men -educated by father and was part of NE transcendetal circle -help edit The Dial, a transecdental magazine -fled to Europe bc she felt marriage to an american would mean subordination to male diction

How did English Civil War Affect Colonies in America?

1. English America divided more b/w Catholic + Protestants 2.New religous sects such as quakers 3. Plundering time

Meanings of British Liberty in 18th century

1. Patriotism 2. possession of property 3. SHIFTED FROM ROLE IN SOCIAL CLASS TO RIGHT TO RESIST ARBITRARY GOV'T 4. cry of the rebellious

Catherine of Aragon

1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with Rome. In its place established Church of England

Size of Slavery

4 mill slaves; 1/3 of pop in south; 1/2 of pop in Deep South Cotton

Boston Massacre 1770

5 bostonians killed, including black sailor crispus attucks(first martyr of rev), soldiers attquitted bc of john adams viewed lower class actions as a dangerous method of opposition; Revere created controversial printing and propaganda. However by 1770 merchant profits shrivel and non importation movement collapses. Townshed repealed. Boycotts abandoned quickly

Republicanism

A form of government in which power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives; active participation in public life by economically independent citizens; virtue only possessed by property owning citizens because they do not owe debt and are free of bias

King Phillip's War

A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanoags. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The Indians attacked half of the English settlements pushing them towards the coast. The colonists won with the help of the Iroquis, solidfying alliance qith New York, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies; 1/5 slaves died; only 5% destined for America; most went to Portugal or West Indies

The Key of Liberty

A writing by William Manning that declared the most important division of society as that between the ''few and the ''many"; MA farmer that showed expansion of political sphere. 1000 established post offices, rapid growth of american press

The Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith- "invisible hand" of free economy regulates power more effectively and fairly than gov't intervention; natural liberty will regulate prices

Phillis Wheatley

African American poet who proves that black are not intellectually inferior to whites

War of 1644

After uprising of 1622, Opechancanough led one last desperate rebellion, which killed 500 virginia colonists, but caused Jamestown government to write a treaty. It forced indians into reservations and not enter european settlement without permission. The blow of these conflicts caused Virginia do greatly suffer, becoming first roal colony, governor appointed by the crown

Hernando de Soto

Along with others, explored gulf and southwest, going as far inland as the great plains. brutal colonizer of north america who tortured and raped indians; known for brutality. Destroyed most villages he traversed.

Treaty of Paris

America controls east of MI and north of Florida and get fishing rights off of Canada; US promises not persecute loyalists

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their control over the empire to gain power and wealth by seizing Atlantic trade (wanted to prevent merchants from trading with other countries for cheaper). Did so by enforcing laws (only trade with england, enumerated goods, taxes etc) colonies provided RAW materials while England imported final products.

Atlantic Ocean

Bridge between New and Old World where ideas, goods, and people (slaves) flowed back and forth

Bunker/Breed's hill

British defeat Americans w/ heavy casulualties; introduction of cannon and entrenchmant above the city forced Howe's forces to flee

Father Junipero Serra

CA missionary who spread christianity to Indians but often times forced labor upon the Indians. controversial

Zero Sum

Can't create new wealth. In order to get ahead, must get rid of opponents (Ducth, French, and Spainsh)

Cecilius Calvert

Catholic proprietor of MY who wanted to create feudalistic society

Guy Fawkes Day Effect on Colonies

Celebrate day as chaos and that god likes protestants so they would mock catholic by having pope mob parades in Boston; Ebenzer Macintosh was head of mafia bc he always won

PA emancipation law

Children had to serve owners for 28 yrs until freedom, longer than whote indentured servitude. Still not easy to be free even though emansipation laws existed

Pedro Cabral

Claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500

British Liberty

Closely tied w/ Protestantism; not universal; all other countries enslaved to popery, tyranny, or barbarism

Colonial cities

Colonies overwhelmingly agricultural. begin to grow during consumer as a place where goods were gathered and shipped; Philadelphia is "capital" of New World (financial, commericial and cultural capital). Artisans began to grow because greater degree of economic freedom, benefited from expanding consumer market

Committee of Correspondence

Committee held in Boston where colonists encouraged opposition of Sugar and Currency Act. Soon commitees like these began to sprang up through all the colonies became "more attentive to their liberties, more inquisitive about them and more determined to defend them ... "

Continental Association

Created by the First Continental Congress, it enforced the non-importation of British goods by empowering local Committees of Safety in each colony to fine or arrest violators. Discluded South Carolina at their insistancce, because rice trade with Britain basis of their economy. It was meant to pressure Britain to repeal the Coercive Acts. Appealed to less wealthy farmers and merchants.

Deborah Sampson

Dressed as a man and fought in the war and was honorably discharged; earned a soldiers pension

Roger Williams

Emphasis on personal interpretation leads to conflict. A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south; advocated "soul" liberty, follow where ever your conscience leads. Government corrupted pure faith, denied God had singled out any group of people was favorated among god, offending John Winthrop. Religous tolerance in RI colony; no established church, qualifications to vote, or requirements to attend church. Was also more democratic, frequent assembly elections.

annuity system

Established due to Treaty of Greenville, Yearly grants of federal money to Indian tribes that institutionalized continuing government influence in tribal affairs and gave outsiders considerable control over Indian life

Coverture

European idea that when a woman married she surrendered her legal identity- no property, contracts, controlled wages, wills etc. -male dominance, female submission

Hannah Adams

Expansion of public sphere lead to new oppurtunities for women. first female author; from MA; wrote about religious + MA history

Naturalization Act of 1790

First legislative definition of "we the people". American citizen was only "free white persons", excluded blacks from defintition officialy

Quakers

Followers of anne hutchinson, began after civil war. Believed that the spirit of god dwelled in every soul, not elect few, and this "inner light" guided them most, not bible or the clergy. In Mass, hanged four quakers, gave Mass reputation as religous persecuters

Covenant chain

Formed by Sir endmund Andros. An alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and the colony of New York which sought to establish Iroquois dominance over all other tribes and thus put New York in an economically and politically dominant position among the other colonies aka French. However in 1680s, iroquis pushed east by Great Lake indians supported by french, became nuetral to continue to feed of trade while they let the colonies fight it out.

New English Liberty

Freedom is common heritage of all Englishmen, generalized conceptions of heirarichal freedom from feudal era. England perceived itself as guardien of liberty, legitimized western colonization and wars against spain and France

Shift of slavery in VA

From tidewater(coastal) to Piedmont (inland). As VA shifted westward so did slavery

John Cabot

Genoese merchant from England how reached Newfoundland in 1497

Deism

God withdrew after creating the world, leaving it to run according to scientific laws free form divine intervention.

Green Mountain Boys

Group of Vermont Soldiers, led by Ethan Allen, who captured Fort Ticonderoga in 1775 in a surprise attack. Gave them vital route to Canada.

Hartford and New Haven

Hartford = same as mass except men did not have to be church member to vote (fundemental order) New Haven = wanted even closer unity between church and state

The Free-born Subject's Innheritance

Henry Care states England as qualified monarchy= best gov't form; English enjoy nobility due to law; justifies colonization

Constitution Ratification

In order to go into effect only 9 out of 13 states had to approve

House of Burgess

In place of regime, "house of grants and liberties" included the first legislative body/elected assembly in colonial America, but not much of a democracy at first since only landowners could vote and any laws could be nullified by governor

Jamestown - Tobacco colony

Increasing number of europeans enjoyed somking and saw medcinal benefits (high demand). Became Virginas sub for gold.Crown profited from custom duties, a tax on tobacco imports. Spread diespersed society and little social unity. Also led to increase demand for land and labor, continuing to attract immigrants despite high death rates. White society began to resemble englands Wealthy land gentry> small farmers (indentured who aquired land)> poor laborers (servants and landless men)

Redemptioners

Indentured German families; could receive free passage to America if promised to pay off debts through work in America

Yamasee and Creek Rebellion

Indians rebel against Carolinan enslavement but uprising was crushed

Headright System

Jamestown needed to attract more settlers, grow its own food, and find marketable economy. In 1618, this system gave 50 acres of land for anyone who paid for his or anothers passage. large amunt of servents = alot of land

Jefferson Hamilton Bargain

Jefferson brokered aggreement that southeners would accpet Hamilton plan if federal capital was b/w VA and MY. Enhance southern power and decrease influence of nothern financers

Conservative Patriots

John Adams- men without property have "no judgement of their own"; equality and liberty were opposites

Letters from an American farmer

John de Crevoceour documents life in america (excluded blacks) -"here indv of all nations metled into" -"who is this American new man? He is either european or of european descent."

Virginia Company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England

Liberty Tree

Large elm tree in Boston that effigies of Andrew Oliver (tax collcetcer) were hanged on; aarea beneath tree is Liberty Hall

Gerards Winstanely

Leader of diggers, freedom applied to poor and rich

Treaty of Amity and Commerce

Led by Bengimen Frankiln, French agreeded to supply military assistance. post saratoga. Spanish also joined American side. Turned war into global conflict, would play desicive role in wars end

Thomas Hutchinson

MA Lt Governor home ransacked by colonist bc he encouraged stamp act publicly, "must be an abridgement of what are called english liberties

Great Migration

Massechusets Bay Company founded london merchants to further puritan cause. migration of 21,000 Puritans to massechusets for economic betterment and escaping religious persecution. Arrived in families, more even sex ratio and climate better than in Virginia or Maryland, so population doubled every 27 years.

Changes in the Constitution from the Confederation

More balanced government: -wanted to balance federal and state gov and intrest of large and small states -proposed two house legislature with states population determing number of votes -smaller states feared populous MA, VA, PN would dominate elections, rallied for single hous Under Confed, no popular vote: -Mode of choosing house of Reps shows an expansion of democracy AoC - president elected every years, two years off then can run again - wanted to prevent monarchy but resulted in getting no work done -In Constitution, president reelected every 4 years

African American Culture in Chesapeake

More healthful climate = reproduce faster = more even sex ratio = possibility of family centered slave communities -exposed to white culture - learned english

1741 NYC Panic

New Yorkers worry that slaves planned to burn city leading to arrest of 150 blacks

Article 5

Official proposal by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress, -Ratified by three-fourths of the state legislatures. Two restrictions upon amendments: 1st- barred any amendments that would have outlawed the slave trade before 1808. 2nd- restriction ensures that no amendment can end the system of equal representation of all states, large and small, in the US Senate. -easier to amend state constitutions (only been 27 amendments)

Uprising of 1622

Once it was clear Jamestown was not a trading post but constantly expanding colony, conflict began. Opechancanough (powhatan brother and successor), led a rebellion that destroyed 1/4 of the settlers of Virginia. surviving colonists massacred many more indians and destroyed their homes and villages. However, by going to war the forfited any claim to land

Liberty of conscience

One German immigrant said liberty of conscience was chief virtue of american

Esther Reed and Sarah Bache

Organized Ladies association to raise money to assist soldier

Boston/NY Uprising

Overthrow of James triggered rebellion, reestablished gov abolished upon Dominion of NE -Rebels under Jacob Leislerestablished Saftey Commitee and took over NY

John Wilkes Liberty

Parliament member unjustly kicked out. Radical journalist known for scandelous writing. Became symbol of freedom

Asiento

Permisson granted from Spain to Britain, instead of Dutch, to send enslaved Africans to Spain's American colonies in Treaty of Uteretch. Improtant to Spains commercial power

Liberty Pole

Pine tree in New York to oppose stamp act

Albany Plan of the Union

Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the crown;

Distinguishing factors of Indians

Political organization - no concept of unity as one race, identity associated to immediate tribe or village Religous - different gods Language - North America home to hundreds of mutually unintelligable languages

Colonial Identities

Post 7 yrs war - sense of nationalism, colonial identity, american never more british However americans would soon believe membership in empire would jepordize their liberty

dissenters

Protestants who disagreed with official church of colonies and belonged to other denominations

Oludah Equiano

Rare slave who survived middle passage and was sold 3 times; eventually freed; Conedemed idea of slavery and inferiority and shows ironic expansion of freedom and slavery in Britain and stereotypes of slavery

Reasons for late english entry

Religous strife and internal disunity -preocupied with the juggle between catholicism and the protestant Church of England Pacification of ireland -population in ireland deemed threat to prtestantism -slaughtered victims, military conquests, economic practices of english displaced settlers -compared "wild irish" to barbaric Indians -Wasted time and money that could have been focused on new world

Country Party

Republican group who opposed corrupt British commonwealth gov't ; called for election of independent men and claimed England was losing virtue due to luxury and political manipulation; gained little support

Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences

Samuel Jennings includes a broken chain showing freedom became identified with emancipation now

Adams-Onis Treaty

Spain decided to sell Fl to US after a few years of battle

Spanish and French Empire Development

Spain- thinly populated and weak economically but spread vastly throughout America and focused on Catholicism France- Some large colonies and sugar plantation esp in LA but prejudiced as place for delinquents

Las Siete Partidas

Spanish laws giving slaves certain right eg marriage, property, and access to freedom. Laws of slavery would become more oppressive in America.

Presidios

Spanish military outposts on the west coast primarily

abolition in north

Still 21,000 slaves in NY and 11,000 in NJ by 1790; only 6 six voluntary emancipations. All states north of maryalnd move towards abolition; first time legislature evoked;. However slow process because laws did not provide freedom for living slaves, only for the children of slave mother. For living slaves when act was passed, hope for freedom rested on escape or masters

Georgia

Supported by london as barrier between spanish and CAfounded in 1737 by slave abolitionist James Oglethorpe who hoped to create a colony where worthy poor of England could thrive; originally banned liquor and slaves, but quickly proprietors surrendered land to royal crown so settlers could have self government and enact laws including both. Became mini CA

Impressment

The British seized hundreds of american ships trading with the french west indies and captured sasilors to serve in their navy.

Body of Liberties

This is the first document to define American freedoms; outlines rights of MA citizen + establishes social hierarchy. Social inequality justified by gods will. BOL defened rights to free speach, but condemed death penalty, false gods, witchcraft

Utopia

Thomas Moore image of America as a place to escape economic hardships in England

The American Crisis

Thomas Paine essay read by George Washington to his men to inspire them to victory at Princeton and Trenton in response to the reduction to 3,000 men

An Asylum for Mankind

Unburdened by the insitutions such as monarchy, aristocracy, hereditary privlage America could be place for universal ideas of freedom to take root. "Opinions of Mankind" not just the colonists themselves or Great Britain

Alexander Spotswood

VA governor who warned plantation owners to be vigilant since slaves had strong notions of freedom.Some slaves brought to the Americas were mixed, and had strong notions of of european culture, went to court claiming freedom.

Non Intercourse Act 1809

When Madison goes into power, banned trade w/ egland and france only if noth signs rescinded edicts against american shipping

West Jersey Concessions

William Penn. announced in 1677, established a very liberal frame of government in West Jersey quaker colony, including elected assemblies and broad suffrage rights, and established religious liberty

Zenger Trials

Zenger was a German American newspaper publisher and printer. Assailed corrupt royal governor. Charged with seditious libel. Attorney argued not to judge the publisher but the governor. Not Guilty. Implanted ideas of free expression esp of trut

New Naturaliztion Act

extended qualification for US citizenship from 5 to 14 years

The Sovereignty and Goodness of God

the most popular captivity narrative by Mary Rowlandson, acknowledged that while hostage for three months she was treated well and not abused, although ultimately Christian society was better. Overall, puritans inteded to bring christian faith to indians, but perceived them as an obstacle to be pushed aside rather than convert. (also as savages, and a dangerous temptation - followed sinful natural liberty)

Promoting Diversity

-CIO embraced cultural pluralism -"we are the only americans who take them into our organization as equals"-labor organizer Rose Pesotta -Martha Graham wrote an American Document which glorified american past but also mentioned "the things we are ashamed of" -Earl Robinson's song "Ballad for Americans" celebrated religious, ethnic, racial diversity of american society

Vicksburg

-Grant moved to MS amd ;aunched a siege on Vicksburg after direct attacks failed -Vicksburg surrendered losing 30k confed soldiers -Union gains control of MS river; "The confederacy totters to its destruction"

Coming of the Depression

-Hoover gave speech at Golden Anniversary of Festival of Light praising growth of standard of living -8 days later market crashes on Black Tuesday; over 10 billion dollars was lost -Germany defauled on reaparation payments to France and Britain; never paid back US

May Day

-May 1 1886 350k workers gathered to protest for 8 hour work day

Divide North

-Republicans labeled those opposed to war as Copperheads, poisonous snake that strikes without warning -dissatisfaction of war greatest in OH, IL, ID where high southern born pop, and catholic immigrants -resentment towards union draft and the fact ppl could pay to not be in draft which caused 4 day riot in NYC killing 100 -Democrats divied b/w "war democrats" and those who wanted peace

Albion Tourgee

-arttorney who defended the Citizens Committee and Civil Rights -"citizenship is national and knows no color"

Mason Dixon Line

-boundary line b/w MY and PA which would be the dividing line b/w slavery and freedom

Govt and the Economy

-federal workforce very small; only 100k members; ill equipped to deal with problems created by rapid economic growth -republicans supported high tariff to protect industry, reduce federal spending, pay off debt, and w/draw greenbacks from circulation -Democrats opposed high tariffs, but remained closely linked w/ NYC bankers -1879 US returned to gold standard

Anti federalist

-felt constitution gave gov't too much power; mostly small farmers -included state leaders eg sam adams, john hancock, patrick henry -"a very extensive territory cannot be governened on the principles of freedom" -called for self government in small, local communities where the rulers and the ruled interacted daily -Lack of bill of rights; no protection of trial by jury and freedom of speech and the press -lacked support and organization; only 12/92 newspappers -in the end only SC AND RI against ratification

The Hundred Days

-name for the flurry of legislation passed by FDR in his first 3 months creating new agencies like AAA,NRA,CCC

Expansion of political nation

-popular engagement in public debate - male sufferage, religous toleration -militia "a of political democracy for the lower orders"- demanded right to vote for officers and public officials despite not meating all qualifications

Birth Control Movement

-right to control ones body expanded to the idea that women could enjoy sexual life w/o worrying abt kids -

KY and VA Resolution

-sedition act unconsitutional to first amendment -Jeff said that states fully possesed right to punissh sedition if feds did not - gave southern states the power to nullify any future slave laws -Fed Harrison Otis- free speech = "Americas darling privilege"

Freedom for Blacks

-sharing rights and oppurtunities that a white man would -ultimately freedom to blacks was land

John Marshall

-supreme court justice, "I sincerely believed human liberty to depend in great nature on the success of the French Rev"

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor. COst company 4 million dollars today in tea

Continental Congress

coordinate resistance to the Coercive Acts; colonial leaders from all colonies except Georgia; defended actions w/ "the liberties of free and natural born subjects w/in the realm of England", and the "immutable law of nature' also used principles of the constitution (British) and Lockean ideas of universal liberty

antinomianism

putting ones judgement of faith above human law and church teachings

"True Liberty"

self gov't and security for their persons and property; only could be enjoyed by remaining w/ empire according to Galloway

Fries's Rebellion

(1799), uprising, in opposition to a direct federal property tax to raise support for army and navy, by farmers in eastern Pennsylvania led by John Fries. Not shots were fired, but Adams sent in federal army, arresting fries for treason and harrasing his supporters

International Womens Rights

-"Women alone will what freeom they want"- The Free Woman journal in Paris

Ostend Manifesto

-1854 Pierre Soule of Louisiana was ambassador in Spain and wanted US to ppurchase Cuba

1852 Election

-Democrat Franklin Pierce sweeped Whig Scott showing that perhaps the nation was now united on final settlement of slavery -Pierce presidency collapsed miserably

Initial aims for the expansion of europe

-Desire to eliminate middle eastern middlemen -sea route to asia to win control of trade

Major Social and Political Crises rocked the colonies?

-Glourious Rev= rebellions -Witches

Great Plains Indians

-Hunted herds of buffalo -others in agricultural communities -after arrival of spanish, hunted bison on horse

Alfred T Mahan

-Naval Captain who wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History which said no nation could prosper w/o large fleet of trading ships with navy to protect them -in 1890 Congress announced no fine line b/w settled and unsettled land; caused Mahan to say "America must now begin to look outward" -infulenced sec of war James Blaine who wanted president to purchase Hawaii Cuba and Puerto Rico

English Emmigrants (struggles)

-North America - ustable and diseased. needed support of mother country for protection and economic assistance. -larger number of men, women, and children emigrating bc economy so bad in england -1607-1700 half a million left, but most left for ireland and west indies, but still quickly surpassed spanish and french

"Backwardness"

-North American Indians - lacked technologies like metal tools, gunpowder, navigation -No literacy -No wheeled vehicles because no domestic animals -backwardness would help justify colonization -over time, perfected agricultural techniques, political structures, and far reaching trade net.

NATO

-North Atlantic Treaty Org -1949 USSR tests first atomic bomb -US, Canada and ten other western countries form NATO to pledge mutual defense -West Germany used to build army to defend communism and recivilize the germans in western way of life -Soviets formed Warsaw Pact with the east

Reaction to Emancipation

-Northerners worried nation would become "africanized" w/ competition for work from freed slaves and interracial relations -Republicans lost control of leadership in Indiana and Illinois and governor of NY

Nez Perce Indians

-OO Howard (yes that OO) (former freedman's bereau comminnioner) forced indians off land in oregon and idaho to lands in OK; Nez perce tried to tried to excape to Canada -Speech in front off Washington Chief Joseph leader of Nez Perce wanted equality before the law like blacks, condemned reservation "let me be a free man" -similarly the comanche empire of indains totally destroyed byy the 1870s

"Middle Ground"

-Ohio river valley became caught up in struggle for power involving French, British, and Indian communities. -Setters eyed Ohio River valley land - Scottish, Irish, German Immigrants -Government of Virginia awarded land grant to ohio company -demanded for french recognition of its claimed land led to 7 yrs war

Whiskey Rebellion

-PA farmers block tax collection on whiskey -"citizens of the western country consider this tax as repungant to liberty"- rebels to president -GW led13,000 troops to disband rebellion w/ little resistance -wanted to restore public order to make impression on others- -symbol of federalism vs republicansim

How did patterns of class and gender roles change

-elite class of inheritance grows -Anglicization -middle class and proverty -Woman lose freedoms and ffocus on family life

Federalists

-favored Hamilton's plan; debt= oppurtunity -elitist society (suport from merchants, lawyer, + political leaders) freedom rested on deference to authority -"rich, able, and well born"- hamilton; ordinary people were "stupid, suspicious, licentious" -wanted to create society similar to british -republicans were "an accomplice of atheism and anarchy" -Called back to eliteist mind set. Society fixed heirachary, authority reserved for men of ecomic substance

Decline of Black Politics

-few blacks served in congress from 1880 to 1890 -balck men of talent more interested in law and business than politics -threat of biracial political insuregency caused black disenfranchisement

Spanish Florida

-first region to be colonized in US;hoped to combat pirates with military base -Crown sent Pedro Menendez de Aviles to explore Florida -destroyed Huguenoots (french protestant) outpost -St Augustine is the oldest site continually inhabited by euro settlers -established many military forts -failed to sttract settlers as late as 1763, only 4000 inhabitants

Oneida

-founded by John Noyes in 1848, son of vermont congressman; strong believer in "perfectionism"; wanted to obtaim "purity of heart" -his commuinity practice "holy family" and "complex marriage" where all were equal and open sexual relationships, registered in public record -very dictatorial were all members had to follow laws of Noyes -early example of eugenics, community decided which couple would have children

Andre Siegfried

-frenchman who visited US 4 times -noticed that in the 20s new society where "standard of living was a sacred acquisition" for Americans -work became a path to self fulfillment instead through consumption -more people went into debt to afford luxuries

Constitution Convention

-gathering of men of "ability, weight and exp"- John Adams -more than half had college degrees when only .001 Americans did -most were rich and prosperous and 22 served in rev

Seneca Falls Convention

-gathering on behalf of women's rights in upstate NY -only middle class women; adressed female suffrage -attacked inequality system which gave women limited acess to education and employment -attacked legal status of women after marriage and restriction of women to home as sphere of action -rewrote DOI adage all men are created equal to include women

Rise of Puritanism

-general belief that the CHurch of England held too many Catholic elements in its rituals and doctrines (saw elaborate church ceremonies and and the rule that popes could not marry as "popery") -only independent local congragations -the sermon central right of puritan practice -Followed ideas of John Calvin - world divided between elect and damned. All sought salvation, but only some destined to be saved by god -however, success and good life indication of grace - idelness and imoral behavior damned

Maternalist Reform

-govt action to improve condition of women and children -laws providing mothers w/ pension spread after 1910 -govt should encourage woman to raise children and be economically indp and hoped to strengthen family bonds

Brains Trust

-group of intellectuals from mostly Columbia professors who saw bigness as inevitable in modern economy -competitive market no longer existed - govt needed to regulate and direct business which would become first new deal

Sioux Massacre

-lincoln moves troops from west to guard DC. NA recognize this could cause white interloopers to intrude, begged lincoln to reverse decision as treaty promised; lincoln didnt listen -Sioux indians killed hundreds of farmers in Minnesota before subdued by army -300 sioux sentenced to death; only 38 were hanged -largest official execution in US history

Republicans

-more sympathetic towards the french -wanted democratic self govt; "boisterous sea of liberty to calm despotism"- NH newspaper -debt = slavery -critical of social and economic inequality; broad democratic participation essential to freedom -federalist were "idolaters of tyranny" - rep newspaper said GW name became synonymous w/ "political inquity and legalized corruption" b/c he was federalist

Chancorsville

-new Union General Joe Hooker brought troops to meet Lee but Lee repelled attack and lost Stonewall Jackson

1892 election

-populist candidate Weaver won 1 mil votes and carried 5 western states -1893 KS elected new govenor Lorenzo Lewelling "I have a dream.. I behold the abolition of poverty"

Assertive Nationalism

-spurred by fear of fears of economic and ethnic disunity -rituals like Pledge of Allegiance and singing Star Spangled Banner came into existence -"cult of the flag" led to Flag day in the 1890s

Slave Labor

-system of labor from "sunup to first dark" -large plantations were divirisifeid communities were slaves performed all kinds of work eg butler,nurse,field hand, etc -200,000 spaves worked in upper south industry by 1860 -small maunfacturers often rented slaves from owners -Simon Gray was a slave who was tasked to supervise a MS river boat crew to sell owner's lumber at urban markets

Focus Questions

1 In what ways did Progressive Pred promote expansion of American powers overseas 2 How did US get involved in WW I 3 How did US mbilize resources and public opinion for the war effort 4 How did the war affect race relations in the US 5 Why was 1919 a watershed year for US and world

PA land

100 acres for free immigrants + 50 acres for indentured servants; attracted most migrants. these rules made most of male population eligible to vote. Toleration, healthy climate, and inexpensive land attracted many settlers and servants.

German migration

110,000 Germans migrated to America b/c of Lutheran v Protestant strife in Germany usually in NY or PN. Came from Rhine river

Second Continental Congress

1775: They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army. Declared state of rebellion dispatched thouseands of troops and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence

Committees of Safety

7,000 men across colonies to oversee mandates and take action against "enemies of liberty"; vast expansion of "political nation"; became training grounds for people small farmers, aritsans and propertyless laborers, allowed them to exercise political power

Demogrphic Disaster

80 million people died from influenza small pox and measles after making contact w/ europeans -90 percent of mexico's population -Main causes: war, enslavement, disease

North Carolina Regulator

A North Carolina uprising (1764-1771) where citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials. Claimed officials threatened inexpensive access to land and prosperity through high taxes and fees

General Court

A Puritan representative assembly elected by the freemen; they assisted the governor; this was the early form of Puritan democracy in the 1600's

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. Men sacrificed parts of their rights to govern themselves in order to enjoy the rule of the law. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes; Lockean ideas of liberty

Suffolk Resolves

Agreed to by delegates from Suffolk county, MA, and approved by the First Continental Congress on October 8, 1774. Nullified the Coercive Acts, closed royal courts, ordered taxes to be paid to colonial governments instead of the royal government, and prepared local militias.

Religous Diversity

America not melting pot; ethnic people lived tightly together in small communities; dissenting congregations grow. -colonies did not adhere to modern seperation of church and state- levied taxes to ministers barred catholic and jews from voting -toleration amongst protestant denominations flourished (still could not vote and taxed however) -elements of freedom: no military draft, economic oppurtunity, skilled workers in great demand

America vs Britain

America was country of freeman and Britain was a kingdom of slaves (primarily a denial of ones personal and political rights by arbitrary government) -America claimed that slavery was necessary to free the economically dependent whites (war veterans often received slaves) -Lockean ideas - nothing more essential to freedom than self government and protection of property, defends bondage of slaves -government seizing slaves (property) was infringing on rights; it would reduce owners to slaves

Proclamation Line of 1763

An order in which Britain prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains in order to limit strife on Indian and British borders; banned sales of indian land to private individuals too; ultimately ignored by settlers - hoped to take advantage of land won from french to expnad settlement

Reconquista

Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by African Muslims (Moors). Accomplished territorial unification, as well as religous uniformity, requiring mulsims and jews to convert to Catholicism.

Salutary Neglect

Britain allowed colonies to govern selves which lead to wealthy members of colonial assemblies to dominate gov't. Used will of the people to exert financial and control over governors. Assemblies authorized one year at a time and no levy of taxes

Result of Seven Year's War

Britain got Canada in Peace of Paris and Florida from France in Spain for Martinique and Gadalupe, and Phillipenes and Cuba respectively; France's empire in new world came to an end; resulted in British owing everything east of MI river and higher taxation in the colonies to fund the war

Meschianza

British took part in extravaganzas including various balls and parties in winter of 1777 under Sir Clinton while GW remained encamped in Valley Forge

Price control

Committee of Safety tries to control prices bc of inflation and colonial expending huge sums on rich dinners by wealthy. However, met opposition by merchants and advocates of free trade. Republican ideals vs liberalist (public good vs self intrest). Robert Morris became director of fiscal policy in Philidelphia and the latter of the two acsended.

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered Incan kingdom. Used typical tatics of capturing king, demanding ransom, them killing him anway. Fleets of gold traversed Atlantic to enrich spainsh crown.

War in the South

French start to join war to weaken Britain's empire; British try to exploit the social tension b/w wealthy plantation owners and back country farmers taht surfaced in the regulators movement; thousands of southern loyalist join royal army; Congress became bankrupt, army went unpaid for months, british seemed sucessful in playing with social tensions; Benedict Arnold and PA soldiers become loyalist; British failed to turn advantages into victory and consolodate hold on the south. Civil war in south, but brutal treatment to civilians by Colonel Banastre Tarleton persuaded americans to join patriotic side.

Tenant Uprising

In mid 1760s tenants on the hudson river manors stopped paying rent and began seizing lands. they called themselves the songs of liberty. However, the original sons opposed their uprising.

Americo Vespucci

Italian who sailed down coastal South America and realized there was another continent. Also realized that the natives were a distinct people from the west indies.

Johnson vs McIntosh

J Marsh declared that indians did not own land but merely had "right of occupancy"

Shift of Liberty

Liberty lost traditional definition of privileges of a distinct social class to right to resist arbitrary gov't

A Discourse Concerning Western Planting:

Written in 1584 by Richard Hakluyt, this work lists twenty three reasons why queen elizabeth I should support the establishment of colonies. would free indians from tyranny and catholcism of Spain (anticatholicism ingrained in society) However, would repeat behavior of spain but still perceived themselves to be superior

Neolin

a Delaware religious prophet who was told by the Master of Life to reject European technology and dependence; Indians could regain freedom if they cooperated under a single identity; pan identity; helped spur rebellion

civic nationalism

a community open to all those devoted to its political institutions and social values - at first glance seems to define America; all those who commited self to liberty, equality, and democracy -in reality, America is both civic and ethnic

plundering time

a time from 1644-1646 where puritans seized the maryland government and repealed the act of tolerance; civil war b/w Catholic and Protestant. Pro parliment forces assaulted those who sided with charles 1. Catholic elite created by Cecilius Calvert. Afterwards, to stabilize colony Calvert appointed protestant governer and refugue to dissenters, and created Act Concerning REligion, which promoted religous toleration to christians, which had prevailed from the beginning.

Quaker Liberty

a universal entitlement that all people were equal (women, blacks, indians). arranged to purchase lands from indians before reselling it, refugue to prosecuted tribes, sometimes even paid both tribes for land in cases of duel sovereingty.

Margaret Brent

acquired her own land, managed a plantation, and acted as a lawyer showing freedom of women in new world

Sir William Howe

acted too slow which costed the British army victory; did not meet up w/ general Burgoyne costing defeat at Ticonderoga and instead capture Philadelphia;

1795 Treaty of Greenville

after largest csualties suffered by american troops to indians (630) in Little Turtle lead by the Miami confederacy, Indians cede most of ohio and indiana to national govt

Indigo

another staple crop developed in Carolina that required large scale cultivation like rice

Ebenzer Fox

apprentice on MA farm who liberated himself by running away to RI on eve of revolution

Slaves identity

begin to associate selves as African American; all had desire of freedom. Slavery threw together individuals who would never considered themselves unified. Culture in colonies synthesis of African traditions. Country marks - visible signs of ethnic identity

American Exceptionalism

belief that US had special mission to serve as a refugee to tyranny , a symbol of freedom, and a model to the rest of the world stemmed from Common Sense; James Madison, new nation was " a workshop of liberty to the civilized world"

Subsidies

benefit given to an individual, business or institution, usually by the government. It is usually in the form of a cash payment or a tax reduction.

Liberalism and Republicanism

both inspire constitutional gov't , limit despotic power, emphasize security of property, and transported to America

18th century American Voting

broad suffrage for landowning men (independent judgement and will) meant more people could vote than in Britain; hardly democratic since women, blacks, dissenters (baptists and quakers) and indentured servants couldnt vote - lacked "will of their own"

Principle of consent

central belief of Puritans that towns should be self governed and elect own governor's

Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits

clergymen Increase Mather treatise that condemned the accusations and told people not to listen to them. Events in Salem discredited tradition of prosecuting witch craft

Junto Club

club for mutual improvement where weekly meetings debated politics and economics; ran by Ben Franklin

writs of assistance

combat colonial smuggling; search warrants allowed customs officials search anywehre they chose; 1761Boston lawyer James Otis says that they are forms of arbitrary gov't

Maroons

communities of fugitive slaves in Jamaica that waged warfare with british authorities and won their freedom

Seditious libel

crime of defaming colonial officials

shays rebellion

debt ridden farmers in MA closed courts so foreclosure proceeding for not paying taxes could not proceed led by Daniel Shay. MA government also refused to issue paper money to further assist debtors. Called themselves Regulators like south in 60s - gov't James Bowdoin dispatched army to arrest 1,000 men - Bowdoin- w/o rule Americans would descend to "state of anarchy , confusion, and slavery." -Thomas Jefferson- "A little rebellion now and then is a good thing. The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time w/ blood of patriot and tyrants." - national govt must be strengthened to create uniform economic policies -threat to liberty no longer from tyranny but from the unchecked, excessive power in the hands if the poeple

1705 House of Burgess

declared that slaves were property not people. Could be bought, sold, leased, etc. Could not own arms, strike white man or employ white servants. Slavery center of economic process

virtual representation

each member of parliament repressents entire empire not just own district

Jamestown Colony

early on was rough -leadership changed frequently; high death rates; inadequate supplies from england to save money - no silver or gold; rather "starve they work" because searched for prospect of gold Stabilization -John Smith: forceful man, fought the turks; imposed regime of forced labor; autocratic rule

Battle of Yorktown

final victory of war where Cornwallis' troops were surrounded by french navy by lafayette and washington; Britain abadonned cause quickly after this bc west indies were more economically important

Levellers

first democratic movement that wanted to abolish monarchy; proposed Agreement of the People= first written constitution

John Winthrop

first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. "city set upon a hill"

Carolina Early Economy

focused on Indian slave trade to carribean and deerskin/ fur trade to england w/ west indies; got slaves from Creek confederacy tribe

American Husbandry

freedholders who live on own property who were farmers made up majority of people people; middle class. Distinguisged colonies from England in that land was distributed and most free families were economically atonomous.

Limit of Freedom of Speech

freedom of speech not for ordinary citizen; parliment able to express views without reprisal. No legal protection outside office. Books or pamphlets couldnt be printed without government liscense. Elected assemblies most frequently discouraged freedom of speech

Pierre Charles L'Efant

french born veteran who designed plan for the city based on european cities; labor done by slaves

witches

humans who entered pack with devil to get supernatural powers to harm others and interfere w/ nations. Punishable by excecution. Witches power challenged gods will and the reputation of townsmen

Internationalization of the Declaration

idea that "the people" possess right quickly spread; caused last Inca king uprising against spanish rule resulting in death of 100,000; Flanders declares independence from Austrians. Jesuit educated Indian of Peru took the name of tha last Incan Ruler and led an uprising against spanich rule.

Black Legend

image of Spain as a uniquely brutal and exploitative colonizer

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

in 1513, crossed isthmus of Panama and was first European to graze the pacific

Deference

ingrained tradition among ordinary people that those with wealth, education, and social prominence deserve to hold office

Inflation

large inflation after war bc Congress issued millions of dollars of paper money to finance war; also 30 incidents where mechants were accused of hoarding goods; prices in philadelphia jumped 45%

Effects of British War with French

large military, high taxes, creation of bank of England, sharpened sense of nationalism ("God Save the King" and "Rule Britannia"). Saw itself as relm of widespread prosperity, individual prosperity, and the protestant faith

Chesapeake hierarchy due to slavery

large planter, numerous lesser planters/ yeomen, convicts, indentured servants, tenant farmer, slaves; consolidated social elite

Haciendas

large scale farms where indians were forced to work on by the spanish. Didnt need to import african slaves.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

last piece of legislature passed by radical republicans which outlawed discrimination in public places

Ebenezer Mackintosh

leader of Boston mob; right hand man to Sam Adams; responsible for ransacking Hutchinson's home but released bc of Loyal Nine.

New York Grand Federal Procession

led by NY farmers w/ merchants that celebrated the ratification of the constiution

Sons of Liberty

led by talented and ambitious merchants; radical group who fervently believed in American freedom; John Lamb - liason for cities numerous ethnic groups; no standing colonial elite, but large following among craftsmen and sailors; opposed every limitation of trade and or duty; ransacked Major Tomas James' home in Long Island

Daughters of Liberty

led the homespun virtue where women homemade all cloths; symbol of american resistance to Townshend Acts. Americans saw this as virtuous self sacrifice rather than the self indulgence and luxery evident with Britian. Elevates rural and shows colonies can have independent economy... not for long tho

African American Culture in the North

less of the population, culture developed slowly. more mobility and access to mainstream life; performed tribal dances; less families

Thomas Rainsborough

leveller that believed all people should be able to vote

Bill of Rights 1689

listed powers of parliament including taxation + rights of indv eg trial by jury

Swamp Fox

militias under Francis Marion that used hit and run attacks to help erode Bitish presence in SC; also brutal treatment of Americans by Colonel Tarleton persuaded many americans to join patriot cause

"Balanced Constitution" Principle

no man not even the king is above the law; led to checks and balances b/w House of Common, House Lords, and king.

Language of Liberty

not only did political nation speak language of liberty in Britain so too did laborers, sailors, common people. Liberty became battle cry of the rebellious

Penn's Charter of Liberties

offered Christian liberty to all who affirmed belief in god + did not promote licentiousness. No established church, but strict code of personal morality. Prohibited swearing, drunkeness, adultery.

Olive Branch Petition

petition to George III reaffirming America's loyalty and hoping for a "permanent reconciliation". Unusual spectacle of fighting against Britian but still seeking their rights within it.

Buffalo Bills Wild West Show

popular traveling extravaganza, mocked indians. Indian leader sitting bull joined show after escaping imprisonment showing that indians had become entertainment for ppl now

Patrick Henry

powerful speaker from VA; "the distinction between Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers, and New Englanders are no more, I am not a Virginian, but an American." Give me liberty or give me death!

Staged Mock Funeral

pretended to bury liberty but then iit would be ressurected in the last second to show proliferation of liberty

Diggers

same as Levellers except wanted common ownership of land -true freedom applied to poor and rich

Article 2

section 1- electoral college(tech are not obligated for pop vote; supposed to make right choice); pres terms etc section 2- pres commands military; can make treaties but needs 2/3 approval by senate; can make recess appt section 3- state of union; call emergency congress; recommend solutions to congress section 4- pres can be impeached for treason bribery etc.

Article 3

section 1- sup court is head of judiciary (does not say how many justice but currently 9 by law); congress can create inferior courts; justices have life term(not inffluenced by ppl) Sec 2- powers of jud brach 1. jurisdiction of federal courts 2. appalette trial is in supreme court 3. anyone in federal court can have a jury of peers sec 3 (treason)- clause 1- 2 eyewitnesses clause 2- govt cannot punish those related to perpetrator Judicial activism- Says that the national need and opinions of the judges have an influence on the decision of the court, specifically the supreme court; not based on existing law; interpretation of constiution where judges can say whatever they want (cali prop 8)

Stono Rebellion

seized oppurtunity after War of Jenkins Ear. South Carolina slaves seized store with weapons, marched towards florida burning houses, killing whites, and shouting liberty. Led to a severe tightening of the slave code and a prohibitive tax on slave imports.

Intolerable Acts

series of acts passed by British gov't in 1774; -Parliment closed Boston port until tea was paid for. -quartering act, british military can lodge in private homes -radically changed 1691 MA charter (appointed officials) only one town meeting per year -Quebec Acts

Effect of War on PA

shattered PA rule of Quaker elite (they were pacifists and resiged) b/c colonists demanded westward expansion and ended their alliance w/ Indians

Slavery in the North

slaves were a minority and mostly served as farms hand and personal servants. Unusual for rich families to own more than one slave. Since they posed no threat to white majority, laws were less harsh

Slave Society

term given to describe VA whose slave pop went from 10 to 50 from 1700-50

Anglicization

the colonial american desire to emulate English society and etiquete, including English taste in foods, customs (imported latest fashions from Britain), Education, and architecture; George Washinton had coat of arms for family, imitation of upper class practice. extravagant lifestyle lead to debt Elites saw liberty as power to rule. Viewed society as heirarchy, ones status was revealed in dress, manner, splendor. Dominated others, was responsibility of common folk and slaves.

masters w/o slaves

value of southern property down 30% -General Braxton Bragg returned home to find "all is lost except my debts" -unwilling to comprehend that freedom for whites and blacks could be the same thing -freedom=hierarchy, mastery -KS newspaper slaves were "free, but only free to labor"` -south turned into a freed labor north leading to debate over how blacks would fit in -free labor vision: free blaks would labor more efficiently than they did before as slaves

Pequot War

war ignited by death of fur trader by the Pequots (powerful tribe controlling southern NE fur trade) resulting in colonists massacring Indians of CT in Mystic and took their land. Allowed for rapid white settlement in CT river valley and a reputation for power.

Spanish Inspiration for Colonization

wealth, national glory, spreading catholicism -spanish conquistadores came w/ religious missionaries w/ emblazed cross

Sir Walter Raleigh

went to Roanoke with 100 colonists but abandoned venture. Early venture and failure at settlement. Discouraged and left Raleigh bankrupt - clear successful colony would require more money and planning

Charles Hansford

white VA blacksmith whose poem describes slaves desire to reenjoy life in Africa

dower rights

women get 1/3 of husband's property upon his death. When widowed died, passed to male heir

Poor Richard's Almanack

written by Ben Franklin showing influence of enlightenment

capitlasim

you become rich by doing your own natural proclivity