APUSH Unit 1 Term

Dominion of New England

(1686-1689) An administrative union of English colonies that was imposed by King James in the New England region of North America (which includes: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Hampshire). He wanted to expand it eventually to include New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey and put them under one rule as well. By doing so, he's taking away some rights of the people in those colonies, by restricting their voice in their own government. The dominion was unacceptable to most colonists, because they deeply resented being stripped of their traditional rights. Under Governor Sir Edmund Andros, the Dominion tried to make legal and structural changes, but most of these were undone, and the Dominion was overthrown as soon as word was received that King James had left the throne in England. - English effort at centralized control similar to the efforts made by spain, but the colonists deeply resent it and it fails

Powhatan

(Confederacy) The union of village communities in Chesapeake Bay that was made up of an estimated 14,000 people. It was led by Wahunsonacook, whom the Jamestown colonists liked to call "King Powhatan." They were eager to form an alliance to gain access to supplies of metal tools and weapons. The colonists only survived because of this group's help, but as more colonists arrived and demands increased, they stopped giving help and as a result, many colonists died that winter. Consequently, the Jamestown colonists led a protracted war against this group and captured King Powhatan's daughter ( Matoaka aka Pocahontas), forcing King Powhatan to sign a peace treaty.

Headright

(grants) The a program instituted by the Virginia Company that awarded large tracts of land to wealthy colonists who agreed to transport workers from England at their own cost. Also, according to Federman, grants given to immigrants from europe who willingly gave them to plantation owners in exchange for transportation to the new world

John Cotton

1584-1652 - Influential Puritan leader and clergyman in New England. He became only partially involved in the banishment of Roger Williams, even though Williams blamed much of his troubles on cotton. Soon thereafter he became embroiled in the colony's Antinomian Controversy, when several adherents of his "free grace" theology, most notably Anne Hutchinson, began criticizing other ministers in the colony. While he tended to support his adherents through much of the controversy, it was not until near its conclusion that he came to realize that many of his followers held theological positions that were well outside the mainstream of Puritan orthodoxy, which he did not condone. Following the controversy, Cotton was able to mend fences with his fellow ministers, and he continued to preach in the Boston church until his death.

Harvard College

1636- It was established in 1636 and remained the only institution of higher education in British America until 1693, when Anglicans established the College of William and Mary. The curricula of the college, modeled on those of Oxford and Cambridge in England, was designed to rain ministers, but gradually it changed to curricula influenced by Enlightenment thinking. By the 1730s students were studying Newton and reading Locke, as well as other British texts. This was a focal point for the dissemination of Enlightenment ideas.

Bacon's Rebellion

1675 An example of the violent potential of the land crisis that also suggested how much serious trouble servants and former servants could make for planters. After this rebellion, English immigrants turned away from the Chesapeake to colonies such as Pennsylvania, where there was more land, and, thus, more opportunity. Definition from Unit 2: An English-Indian confrontation that mutated into civil war in the Chesapeake because of the old problem of land and labor. When the governor, William Berkley, declined to send the militia against the Indians (adding to the class antagonism), colonists under the leadership of wealthy backcountry planter Nathaniel _______ embarked on unauthorized raids resulting in the indiscriminate murder of many natives, including those allied with the colony. _____ became a hero to former servants, and although Berkeley fumed, he ordered the first elections in many years in an attempt to appease the people. The new assembly--including _____ who was elected by his neighbors--restored the suffrage to freemen without property. But, _____ went further by demanding the death or removal of all Indians from the colony as well as the end to rule of the aristocrat. Berkley fled but was put back in power after the death of ______ killed the rebellion with him.

Proprietary colony

A colony in which one family or group has sole power to appoint civil officers and was sole owner of all the land. The first example of this in America was when the Calvert family was granted their control over what would become the Maryland colony by the English monarchy.

Benjamin Franklin

A delegate from Pennsylvania whom the British had appointed Postmaster General of the North American colonies and was especially sensitive to the need for cooperation. He put forth the "Plan of Union" that was adopted by the Albany Conference. His proposal would have placed Indian affairs, western settlement, and other items of mutual interest under the authority of a grand council composed of representatives elected by the colonial assemblies and led by a British-appointed president. The British feared it would be an entity they couldn't control and the colonial governments feared they would lose their autonomy so his plan was rejected by both. He was struck by the oddity that the Indians who were "savages" could form a union and yet it would be impractical for the colonies.

Roger Williams 1603-1683

A minister at Salem who was banished from Massachusetts in 1636 for advocating religious tolerance. He and his followers emigrated to the country surrounding Narragansett Bay. He was later joined by Anne Hutchinson and her followers. He began the colony of Providence Plantation, which provided a haven for religious minorities.

Paxton Boys

A mob of angry Pennsylvanians that reacted in an act emblematic of anger that these backcountry settlers felt about the restrictions in the Royal Proclamation of 1763. They butchered twenty Christian Indians at the small village of Conestoga on the Susquehanna River. When colonial authorities attempted to arrest the murderers, 600 frontiersmen marched into Philadelphia in protest. It would have ended in another bloody conflict if it had not been for the negotiations of Benjamin Franklin.

Quitrent

A payment that freed a tenant from feudal responsibilities

Salutary Neglect

A policy that stated any colonial rules and regulations deemed contrary to good business practice were simply ignored and not enforced. Robert Walpole, the Prime Minister from 1721 to 1742, pursued this policy with the belief that it made little sense to tamper with a prosperous system.

Confederation of New England

A short political and military alliance of the English colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. Established May 29, 1643, its primary purpose was to unite the Puritan colonies against the Native Americans. It also provided for the return of fugitive criminals and indentured servants, and served as a forum for resolving inter-colonial disputes. The confederation was weakened in 1654 after Massachusetts refused to join the war against the Netherlands during the First Anglo-Dutch War. However the confederation gained importance during King Philip's War in 1676. The New England Confederation was highly successful in terms of bonding the colonies together, and provided a basis for the further collaboration of Colonies in times such as the American Revolution. King Charles II revoked Massachusetts's charter in 1684 as a result of colonial insubordination with trade, tariff and navigation laws. This led to the Confederation's collapse.

George Washington

A young militia officer sent by the governor of Virginia to expel the French from the upper Ohio. This was the first clash with the French in the Seven Years War. He had been forced to surrender. As his extensive military career continued, this would be known as his only surrender. He served as a general and commander-in-chief of the colonial armies during the American Revolution, and later became the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. He was a very influential man both to public opinion and in the continental congress.

Lord Baltimore (Geo. & Cecilius Calvert)

As a reward for loyal service, the king granted Lord Baltimore, a Catholic nobleman, control of Maryland. Lord Baltimore wanted Maryland to be a wealthy colony as well as a safe place for Catholics. He died in 1632, leaving Maryland to his son, Cecil. Son of George Calvert, Cecil Calvert set about making his father's dream come alive in Maryland (1634) He and Leonard are responsible for the founding of Maryland and its friendliness with Indians and policy of religious toleration.

Slavery

African vs. North American slavery-> part of the family in Africa with respect, worked almost same amount of time as owners Slavery was way different in North America, slaves worked for nothing, long hours Causes (why it became necessary): demand for cheap, constant labor for crops in colonies Effects Social: Slavery altered the social system of colonial society Profits of slavery lead to rich plantation owners Creates a social hierarchy Growing sense of white solidarity, racism Political: The growing need of slavery leads it to effect the policies of Europeans and colonies alike Virginia Slave Code- need strict control of slaves Royal African Company- monopoly on African slave trade Economic: Economically slaves cause high profits for merchants and plantation owners Triangle Trade (merchants) Mercantilism Plantation owners began making monster profits

Quakers

Also known as the society of friends. Known for wanting abolition and being socially and religiously accepting. They were English dissenters who broke from Church of England and preached a doctrine of pacifism, inner divinity, and social equity. Under William Penn, they founded Pennsylvania, a colony they hoped would be a safe haven for them and religious tolerance.

John Locke

An English enlightened philosopher. He was famous for his liberalism became known as the "father of liberalism". This is due his belief of individuals (natural) rights. He influenced both American revolutionaries and the american constitution.

Jonathan Edwards

An early american theologian who was best known for his effect on the great awakening. Gave the speech "Sinners in the Hand of an angry god" . Brought back emotion into the church.

George Whitfield

An evangelical Anglican minister from England who made the revivals of the Great Awakening an inter-colonial phenomenon due to his preaching. He made his first of several tours of the colonies in 1738. By all accounts, his preaching had a powerful effect. He began chastising his listeners as "half animals and half devils," but he parted by leaving them with the hope that God would be responsive to their desire for salvation. He also avoided sectarian differences.

Tobacco

An important natural resource that was grown predominantly in Chesapeake Region following the starving times in 1610. As its popularity grew in Europe the cultivation of this cash crop became essential. Many slaves labored, planting and reaping these plants. It had a direct effect on the economic and social structures that would dominate Virginian society for most of (late) 1600s-1700s.

Restoration Colonies

Colonies created following the Stuart restoration in 1660 when England again took interest in America. The grants marked the resumption of English colonization of the Americas after a 30-year hiatus. They given to pay off royal debts in return for loyal citizens' support of Charles II during the restoration. The colonies enabled England to control the East Coast, Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. These colonies had governments that made a social hierarchy geared toward a dominant wealthy class.

John Smith

Early English explorer of Virginia and one of the leaders of Jamestown. He worked hard to end the starving times and fight against the Powhatans.

Thomas Hancock

He was a merchant in colonial Boston. He got his start as a lowly book shopkeep, but expanded into importing and exporting throughout the British Empire. He was also a smuggler, evading the British Navigation Acts by trading with Holland, which was forbidden. Thanks to lucrative contracts with the British government during King George's War and the Seven Years' War, he became one of Boston's wealthiest men. When his health failed, he passed his business and fortune to his nephew, John Hancock (dude with the big signature).

Roanoke

In 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh helps establish this colony. This was the first British attempt at colonization. A failed "lost" colony. When Sir Walter Raleigh left in search of more supplies and returned in 1590, he found no sign of life. He saw the words CROATOAN on a tree trunk, an Indian village nearby.

Jamestown

In 1607, Virginia company sponsored English colonization in this town in Virginia. It was the first permanent English settlement. English men didn't want to work/build colony. It was a swampy area and hard to grow crops, causing them to rely on the Indians support. The Indians grew to resent this and stopped helping, causing many of the settlers in this colony to die. When more colonists were sent during the next year, they started a protracted war against the confederacy, ending after the capture of the Powhatan Chief's daughter forced the Powhatans to sign a peace treaty.

James, Duke of York (James II)

James II and VII was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, starting on 6 February 1685. Britain's political and religious elite increasingly suspected him of being pro-French and pro-Catholic and of having designs on becoming an absolute monarch. When he produced a Catholic heir, the tension exploded, and leading nobles called on his Protestant son-in-law and nephew, William III of Orange, to land an invasion army from the Netherlands, which he did. James fled England (and thus was held to have abdicated) in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was replaced by his Protestant elder daughter, Mary II, and her husband, William III.

School laws

Laws in New England that required all children to go to school to learn to read and write (mainly so they could read the bible)

Middle Passage

Middle segment of the forced journey that slaves made from Africa to America; it consisted of the dangerous trip across the Atlantic Ocean; many slaves perished on this segment of the journey. Ships carried a lot more slaves than they were designed, and the trip was torturous for these slaves. The stench and sanitation on board was terrible and many died of disease. Those that didn't die were often tortured for slight misconducts. Some chose to jump ship instead of be put to the torture of their unknown future. It was estimated that 1 in 6 perished during this voyage.

Carolinas:

North Carolina-part of Charles II first charter grant in 1663 (after a 30 year break), which stretched along the Atlantic coast from Virginia south to the northern limits of Spanish Florida. Virginians had already begun moving into the vicinity of Albemarle Sound in the northern part of this territory, and in 1664 the Carolina proprietors appointed a governor and created a popularly elected assembly. By 1700 it included 11,000 small farmers and large tobacco planters. South Carolina-Part of Charles II first charter grant in 1663 (after a 30 year break), but settlement in this area didn't begin until 1670 with the founding of coastal Charles Town (renamed Charleston in1783). Most of it's settlers came from the sugar colony of Barbados, a Caribbean colony founded by the English in 1627 when they were encouraged by liberal grants of land. They brought their slaves with them and gave the colony a distinctly West Indian character. By 1700, the population was more than 6,000, including some 3,000 enslaved Africans.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Sir Walter Raleigh leads an English expedition of explorers and discovers the Roanoke area in 1594. Sir Humphrey Gilbert's brother; tried another English attempt at colonization; landed in 1585 on North Carolina's Roanoke Island (this colony eventually vanished) He financially supported colonization in Virginia in 1587.

Indentured servants

People that would, in exchange for the cost of transportation to the New World, contract to labor for a master for a fix term. Most were young, unskilled males, who served for two to seven years, but some were skilled craftsmen, unmarried women, or even orphan children (the latter were expected to serve a master until they reached the age of 21). It wasn't slavery, but these people were treated as cruelly as slaves and 2/5 died during their fixed term. Many who survived and were able to raise the price of passage quickly returned to England. Those who remained became eligible for "freedom dues"--clothing, tools, a gun, or a spinning wheel to help them get started on their own.

Maryland Act of Toleration

The Act of Toleration was passed on April 21,1649. The Act of Toleration granted freedom of worship for all trinitarian Christians in Maryland, but also sentenced to death anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus. Also, the act provided less toleration than had previously existed, but it extended uneasy protection to the Catholic minority. Once the colonial era ended, Maryland sheltered more Roman Catholics than any other English-speaking colony in the New World. Some argue that this act influenced future legal protections for freedom of religion in the U.S.

Puritans

The English followers of John Calvin who wished to purify and reform the English church from within. They appealed to merchants, entrepreneurs , and commercial farmers, those most responsible for the rapid economic and social transformation of England. They were also the most vocal critics of the disruptive effects of that change, condemning the decline of the traditional rural community and the growing number of men without work, produced by the enclosure of common lands. By the early 17th century they controlled many congregations and became influential at universities. James I prosecution of this religious group only stiffened their resolve and strengthened their political opposition. The campaign and political turmoil provided the context or the migration of thousands of these people to New England.

Enlightenment

The Enlightenment was a cultural movement of the 1700-1800s based on individualism and reason rather than tradition and piety. It created a further advance in knowledge and scientific method while challenging traditional ideals.

Starving times

The Starving Time at Jamestown in the Colony of Virginia was a period of starvation during the winter of 1609-1610 in which all but 60 of 500 colonists died. The colonists, the first group of whom had originally arrived at Jamestown on May 14, 1607, had never planned to grow all of their own food. Their plans depended upon trade with the local Powhatan to supply them with food between the arrivals of periodic supply ships from England.

House of Burgesses

The Virginia colony's ruling body that was created in 1619 in an attempt to encourage immigration. The property-owning colonists could vote to elect its representatives. The majority of all of the leaders of the House of Burgesses between 1720 and 1775 were related by blood or marriage to one or another of the dozen or so great clans. No less than 70 percent of the 110 leaders of the House were drawn from families resident in Virginia before 1690.

N.C. Regulators

The War of the Regulation (or the Regulator Movement) was an uprising in the North American British colonies of North and South Carolina, lasting from about 1765 to 1771, in which citizens took up arms against colonial officials. Though the rebellion did not change the power structure, some historians consider it a catalyst to the American Revolutionary War.

Anne Hutchinson

The brilliant and outspoken wife of a Puritan merchant; she criticized a number of Boston ministers in 1637. She believed that their concentration on good works led people to believe they could earn their way to heaven. She was called before the General Court, and in an extraordinary hearing, she was reprimanded, excommunicated, and banished. She and a group of followers relocated to the Williams colony on Narragansett Bay.

Georgia

The colony created to establish a buffer against Spanish invasion from Florida and make a haven for poor British farmers who could sell their products in the markets of South Carolina. Under the influence of James Oglethorpe, Parliament agreed to prohibit slavery here because it makes it harder for poor farmers to get jobs. Despite this rule, many started colonizing the area from South Carolina and brought their slaves with them. By the time Oglethorpe and his trustees opened the colony to slavery in 1752, the Georgia coast had already become an extension of the Carolina lowcountry slave system.

Joint Stock Companies

The companies or groups of investors that King James I, the English king, issued royal charters to so that the companies could fund and encourage the colonization of the mid-Atlantic region, which the English called Virginia. They raised their capital by selling shares.

7 Years (French and Indian) War

The conflict between Great Britain and France for control over North America that was part of a global conflict between England/Prussia and France/Austria/Russia/Spanish. The three major points of conflict were in the Acadia/Nova Scotia region, the border between New France and New York over Indian trade, and the Ohio country over the rich farming country. The first two years were a near catastrophe for Great Britain. Indians pounded backcountry settlements, killed thousands of settlers, and raided deep into the coastal colonies, throwing British colonies into a panic. French Canadians captured British forts in northern New York. The lack of colonial cooperation greatly hampered the British attempt to mount a counterattack. William Pitt helped reverse the conflict when he committed himself (and 20,00 British troops) to the conquest of Canada and the final elimination of French competition in North America.

General Court

The court of Massachusetts that contained a governor (John Winthrop). In 1632, all male heads of house that were also church members were made freemen and could vote. It was a part of the procedures that provided the origins for democratic suffrage and the bicameral division of legislative authority in America.

Thomas Jefferson

The credited writer of declaration of independence. He followed much of Lockes beliefs on the natural right of humans , 3rd president of the United States

Salem Witchcraft-1692

The cultural mistrust of women that came to the surface most notably in periodic witchcraft scares. In this case in 1692, the whole community was thrown into a panic of accusations when a group of girls claimed that they had been bewitched by a number of old women. Before the colonial governor finally called a halt to the persecutions in 1693, 20 people had been tried, condemned, and executed. It may have reflected social tensions that found their outlet through an attack perceived as outsiders, such as single women and those of different religions.

Mayflower Compact 1620

The first document of self-government in North America. It was drafted by William Bradford to reassure the pilgrims that they were involved in decision making. It stated that all men of the expedition did "covenant and combine together into a civil body politic."

John Winthrop

The first governor of Salem, Massachusetts who called "a city on a hill," a New England model of reform for old England. In 1632, he and his advisers declared that all the male heads of house that were also church members were freemen and could vote for delegates to represent the towns in drafting the laws of the colony.

Virginia (London) Co.

The group of London investors that sent a small convoy of vessels to Chesapeake Bay in 1607, where a hundred men built a fort they named Jamestown in honor of the king. It would be the first permanent English settlement in North America. When the colony lost most of its population after a hard winter, the investors sent a large additional force of men, women, and livestock with a determination to prevail.

William Penn

The member of the Quakers (the Society of Friends) was a part of the group who proprietary rights to the western portion of New Jersey were sold to in 1676. He intended to make the colony a haven for religious toleration and pacifism. He supervised the laying out of the port of Philadelphia in 1682. He granted religious freedom, civil liberties, and elected representation in his first Frame of Government (1682). He also attempted to deal fairly with the native peoples, refusing to permit colonization to begin until settlement rights were negotiated and lands purchased, such as his agreement with the sachem Tammany of the Delaware tribe in 1682/83. Sadly, relations between natives and colonists soured after his death.

Great Awakening

The movement that challenged the rationalist approach to religion that occurred in during the 1730s. It was the American version of the second phase of the Protestant Reformation. Religious leaders condemned the laxity, decadence, and bureaucracy of established Protestantism and sought to reinvigorate it with renewed piety and purity. People undergoing the economic and social stresses of the age found relief in the religious enthusiasm. Some promoted a theology that emphasized human choice. But the common thread was a complaint of "spiritual coldness," of ministers whose sermons read like rational dissertations. Instead, the people clamored for preaching that was more emotional. The revivals were sparked because of Jonathan Edwards and became an inter-colonial phenomenon thanks to the mass-preaching of George Whitefield.

Albany Plan of Union

The plan put forth by Benjamin Franklin that was adopted by the Albany Conference. The proposal would have placed Indian affairs, western settlement, and other items of mutual interest under the authority of a grand council composed of representatives elected by the colonial assemblies and led by a British-appointed president. The British feared it would be an entity they couldn't control and the colonial governments feared they would lose their autonomy so his plan was rejected by both. The rejection of this proposal struck Benjamin Franklin by the oddity that the Indians who were "savages" could form a union and yet it would be impractical for the colonies.

New Netherland & New York

The proprietary charter granted by Charles II granting the former Dutch colony to his brother James, the Duke of York, renaming it ____ in his honor. Other than this, the English did little to disturb the existing order, preferring simply to reap the benefits of this profitable colony. Ethnically and linguistically diversified, and accommodating a wide range of religious sects, it's society was the most heterogeneous in North America. By the end of the century more than 33,000 residents lived in this colony and New Jersey combined.

Maryland

The proprietary colony that started in 1634 after King Charles granted 10 million acres at the northern end of Chesapeake Bay to the Calvert family, the Lords Baltimore. Settlement by Catholics was encouraged, unlike other colonies. Wealthy Catholic landlords were appointed to the governing council, ____'s House of Delegates (1635). It had a tobacco plantation economy like in Virginia which placed pressure on the Calvert family to provide land and labor. This ended up bringing down the colony's feudal manor system, instead adopting Virginia's headright grants system. 3/4 of the immigrants to the colony were Indentured slaves and 7% were slaves, both were treated cruelly by their masters. Men died more than women and women didn't stay single for long, even when widowed. It didn't have a good community feel and had strong emotional ties back to England. Its combined population with Virginia was nearly 90,000 by the end of the seventeenth century.

"City on a hill"

The puritans, led by John Winthrop, hoped to establish a _city on a hill_____, a New England model of reform for old England. They believed they could create this model of what a perfect society should look like and inspire the corrupt society of England to be like them.

Pilgrims

The religious dissenters that formed the first English colony in New England. They were called Separatists at the time because they believed the English church was so corrupt they had to establish independent congregations. Their colonization was backed by the Virginia Company of London. They rode on the Mayflower and set up Plymouth. They created the Mayflower Compact to grant men a voice in their government. Half of them died the first winter but they survived with the help of the Indians, the Pokanokets, by forming an alliance. They supported themselves by farming and created revenue by selling fur and thrived through the cod fishery.

Pluralism

The system of having two or more authorities at once. (state, people, etc.) A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group. A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing

Mercantilism

The system of regulations that imperialists created to ensure that the great wealth produced by slavery benefited their own nation-state. The essence of this policy was the political control of the economy by the state. In Britain, the monarchy and Parliament established a uniform national monetary system, regulated wages, subsidized agriculture and manufacturing, and protected themselves from foreign competition by erecting tariff barriers. The practices of this system viewed the economy as a zero-sum game, in which total economic gains were equal to total losses and saw profit as the result of successful speculation, crafty dealing, or plunder--all forms of theft.

King Philip's War 1675

The war that took place between the Pokanokets and the Puritans when Metacom refused to grant sovereign authority to the Puritan colonies. Metacom was the son of Massasoit who forged an alliance with the Pilgrims and was called King Philip. The colonists decided they didn't have room for the Pokanokets and tried to get Metacom to relinquish control over their lands in 1671. He broke the half-century alliance and took up an armed resistance. The English arrested and executed 3 Pokanokets men, causing Metacom to try and appeal to the Narragansetts for a defensive alliance. The English sent men and burned a number of villages. Soon all of New England was in engulfed in the war. At first things went well for the Indians but by the beginning of 1676 their campaign was collapsing. They asked the Iroquois for help, but instead the Iroquois attacked and forced them back to their territory, where they were annihilated by the English in August 1676.

Pennsylvania

This colony was founded in English North America by William Penn on March 4, 1681 as dictated in a royal charter granted by King Charles II. The colonial government, established in 1682 by Penn's Frame of Government, consisted of an appointed Governor, the proprietor (Penn), a 72-member Provincial Council, and a larger General Assembly. The General Assembly, also known as the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, was the largest and most representative branch of government, but had little power. William Penn and his fellow Quakers heavily imprinted their religious values on the early government. The Charter of Privileges extended religious freedom to all monotheists and government was initially open to all Christians. Until the French and Indian War Pennsylvania had no military, few taxes and no public debt. They had made mandated fair dealings with Native Americans. This led to significantly better relations with the local Native tribes than most other colonies had.

Indian attack of 1622

This topic is slightly controversial since one of the only accounts of this event (by John Smith) was not a first hand account. None the less a quarter of the population of Jamestown was massacred by the Powhatan confederation and Indian-American relations were strained.

Separatists

Those, such as the Pilgrims, who believed that the English church was so corrupt they had to establish independent congregations. People who had beliefs that were different from the established church and created their own separate offshoots.

Halfway Covenant-1662

a Form of partial church membership which was more lenient than previous memberships. It was created to increase church membership, which was declining. Reverend Solomon Stoddard promoted it because he felt the english colonies were drifting away from their original purpose. The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.

Town meeting

a town-wide meeting to decide on issues facing the village and choose a group of people to govern the town for the coming year, restricted to adult male residents

Navigation Acts (1660,1663)

assertion of british control over the colonies, colonies must only trade with england and only use english ships A series of acts passed by Parliament between 1651 and 1696 that created the legal and institutional structure of Britain's eighteenth century colonial system. They were passed as a reaction to the complaints of English manufacturers that the nation's trading monopolies too frequently carried foreign products to colonial markets. These acts defined the colonies as both suppliers of raw materials and as markets for English manufactured goods.

Peace of Paris (1763)

end of the seven years war, signed by Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal. Great Britain gained much of France's possessions the new world, and agreed to protect roman catholicism The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War. In this treaty, France lost al its possession on the North American mainland, ceding to Great Britain all its claims east of the Mississippi, with the exception of New Orleans, which was passed to Spain, along with other French claims to the trans-Mississippi region. In exchange for the return of its Caribbean and Pacific colonies, Spain ceded Florida to Britain. Three centuries of European rivalry in eastern North America ended with complete victory for the British Empire.g

Factionalism

partisan factions with own self interests. The colonies experienced a time where governments were defined by this and there was a "ruthless competition for dominance, power, and economic advantages among rival groups of leading men, groups which were largely ad hoc and impermanent." It often mirrored the colonies' unsettled social and economic structure. But in the end this gave way to more stable and predictable types of political activity.

Power of the purse

the ability to control a group by withholding or stipulating funding. In the federal government of the United States, the power of the purse is vested in the Congress as laid down in the Constitution of the United States, Article I, Section 9, Clause 7 (the Appropriations Clause) and Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 (the Taxing and Spending Clause). The power of the purse plays a critical role in the relationship of the United States Congress and the President of the United States, and has been the main historic tool by which Congress can limit executive power.

Antinomianism

the belief that there are no moral laws that god expects christians to obey. However, many followers believe that Christians will obey the moral law despite their freedom from it. The Antinomianism Controversy, also known as the Free Grace Controversy, was a religious and political conflict in the Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638. The controversy pitted most of the colony's ministers and magistrates against some adherents of the free grace theology of Puritan minister John Cotton. The one of the most notable free grace advocates was the charismatic Anne Hutchinson.

Selectmen

those who were chosen in the town meeting to govern the town for the next year, usually those high up in the church