APUSH UNIT 3/4

Governor William Henry Harrison

See Battle of Tippecanoe. Was also a general in the War of 1812. Would become president.

Gabriel's Rebellion

Slave rebellion led by Gabriel Prosser, a blacksmith slave.

John Quincy Adams

Son of John Adams; Monroe's secretary of state; formulated Monroe Doctrine, brilliant, would become president

Nullification

States had the power to deem laws unconstitutional or not (it had to be many states, not just one)

Strict VS. Loose Interpretation

Strict vs. loose interpretation of the US Constitution. Strict interpreters feared excessively concentrated economic and political power. Loose interpreters wanted to bend the rules of the constitution, such as how Hamilton urged Washington to sign the bill for a National Bank.

Tecumseh

Tecumseh was a native leader of the Shawnee tribe. He opposed the white Americans frequently and rallied different native tribes against the United States. He believed that all Indians existed as a single nation, and wanted to unite all tribes under his confederation (Tecumseh's Confederation). He also wanted a native religious and spiritual revival, and a rescission of many of the treaties that ceded native land to the United States. Worked with the British.

The Prophet (Tenskwatawa)

Tecumseh's brother. Originally the drunk and fool of his tribe, after falling into a fire, he had a religious revelation, and became "the Prophet". He gained followers and supporters for Tecumseh and his cause. His men were told that English bullets would not harm them.

Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston and the Clermont

The steamboat, invented by Robert Fulton in 1807, permitted fast two-way traffic on the nation's new waterways. Within a couple of decades, steamboats were in use on all of the major rivers, canals, and eventually on the high seas. The steamboat completely changed shipping: for the first time in history, mariners didn't have to rely on winds and currents, so they could travel directly to any port at any time. Planters in Missouri, Mississippi, and Louisiana, for example, could easily and cheaply ship cotton, rice, and sugar upriver on the Mississippi rather than send it around Florida and up the Eastern seaboard, as they had previously done. Fulton and Livingston had a monopoly on the NY-NJ ferry business, but the Odgen v. Gibbons court decision broke the trust (John Marshall, 1824). Allowed fed. govt to break state awarded monopolies.

Haitian Rebellion

The sugar cane industry needed a lot of slave labor, but in 1791, a massive Haitian uprising broke out. The slaves demanded freedom, but this caused Americans to fear abolition. Led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. This also led to the US being able to buy Louisiana.

Burning of Washing DC

Took place August 12, 1814 - the British burned down the city of Washington DC after the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg (Bladensburg Races). Not very important, mostly symbolic

Treaty of Fort Jackson

Treaty signed by the Red Creek Indians at Fort Jackson after the American victory at Horseshoe Bend. This treaty concluded the Creek War. Creek Indians had to give up most of their tribal lands.

Cohens v. Virginia

Virginia Forbids the selling of lottery tickets belonging to other states in the Virginia border. However the Congress did legalize the sale of lotteries. Cohen sold them and got arrested and sued that it was a violation of the Constitution. The Court disregarded the laws of Virginia, and it took away the fines that are given to him.

Alexander Hamilton

Washington's secretary of the treasury, promoted economic self-sufficiency through industrialization and a merchant marine, power of commercial class

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Went up the supreme court, whether Unions are legal and can they perform strikes, result and it proved as a yes, its their rights.

Impressment

When the British would come and look on American ships and take former British Navy sailors because they said that the sailors still belonged to the British. Being in the British navy was terrible. Impressment was embarrassing to America. Britain was just taking the sailors, often without justification, right outside of US ports.

Fletcher v. Peck

Yazoo Land Act- land west of Georgia that later became Alabama and Mississippi. This land was sold by Georgia to private speculators, wealthy land owners, but it was questionable whether or not Georgia had the right to sell this land. A scandal soon broke out; Georgia politicians had been bribed to approve cheap prices at Native Americans expense. These politicians were not reelected and the new legislature repealed the Yazoo Land Act. Unfortunately, 11 million acres of land was sold to New England Mississippi Land Company at 650% profit. Because of the 11th amendment, landowners could not sue Georgia. But individuals had been cheated. John Peck bought land and sold it 15,000 acres to Fletcher based on warranty deed. A warranty deed is a document owned by the owner of the land that guarantee of the right that the land is validly owned under the title of the seller. The question was, when did the warranty deed become invalid? Did Peck know that he was selling land he didn't really own to Fletcher? Regardless, Fletcher wanted his money back and sued Peck in federal court. He sued because either the act was constitutional and the contract was just, or the act was unconstitutional and Fletcher had the title to the land. The land grant was a type of contract and was therefore binding. Fletcher got to keep his land and Peck got to keep his money. The Contract Clause, which says, "‪No State shall ... pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility."

John C. Calhoun

a war hawk

Missouri Compromise (1820)

bitter debate over extension of slavery, Missouri territory attracted Southerners who wanted to use slaves to grow cotton and hemp in the region, provoked territory of Missouri to apply to be admitted as slave state, there were 11 free and 11 slave states at the time so to keep the balance Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine was admitted as a free state, relaxed sectional tensions for 30 years but marked a stain on the era. Missouri originally wanted to close the state to free black, but they were forbidden from doing so.

Judiciary Act of 1789

created a three-tier system of federal district courts, circuit courts of appeals, and the Supreme Court

Canal System

expensive to build but cheap to maintain, offered prospect of connecting Mississippi-Ohio river with Great lakes, and Great Lakes with eastern markets. Made shipping faster and cheaper

National Bank

lends out money, people deposit money in it, half owned by central government, half owned by rich investors, opposed by Jefferson/Madison (not part of constitution, 10th amendment says anything not discussed goes to states - strict interpretation), Hamilton justifies it with use of loose interpretation of Article 1 Section 8 "necessary and proper" (government has power to make all laws that are necessary and proper - National Bank is necessary to regulate money)

Report on Manufactures

national bank owned by the gov't and private investors- tax receipts, currency, loans, regulate state banks, credit- protective tariffs and subsidies

Non-Intercourse Act

opened trade to all nations except France and Brtiain, used by Congress to weaken Embargo Act, trading with France and Britain allowed if they recognized US neutral rights (they don't)

Macon's Bill No. 2

opened trade with Brtiain and France but would stop trade if one repealed their restrictions (neither do), used by Congress to replace Non-Intercourse Act

Barbary Pirates

pirates off the coast of Africa. America's first declared war.

Railroad Boom

started after depression in 1830s when expensive canal projects were abandoned, transportation for areas with no water, prominent railroads: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (1828) and Boston and Worcester Railroad (1831). Slow to grow, investors wanted fast profit creation, so used cost cutting methods that made maintenance very difficult.

Twelfth Amendment

this changed the system of electoral voting from casting two votes for President to casting one distinct for President and one distinct vote for Vice President.

Excise Tax

1792, tax on luxury item or item that can be harmful. For example, cigarettes, alcohol, WHISKEY. No more rum, leads to anger among farmers who refuse to pay

Washington's Farewell Address

1796 Basically covered, the importance of Unity, the threat of political factions and parties, the importance of Check and Balance, separation of power, religion, moral and education, importance of a national credit, good foreign relations, free trades.

Lousiana Purchase

1803, Jefferson bought the Midwest US from Napoleon for $15 million, Napoleon was heavily in debt from war, and sold the area to the US to get the money he needed. There were conflicts over this area, but the US was deemed in control after the Treaty of Ghent in 1814.

Embargo Act

1807, prohibited vessels from leaving American ports to trade with foreign nations. "Peaceful coercion"- Jefferson felt it would cause Br. and Fr. to recognize America's neutrality rights. 30,000 seamen lost jobs, 100s of merchants bankrupt, debtors sent to jail, farmers couldn't export/sell goods. Hurt New England since their economy was based off shipping. Built up American manufacturing.

Hartford Convention

1814, Federalists held convention at Hartford because they were dissatisfied in New England's position in the US. Convention proposed- Abolishment of ⅗ clause, require ⅔ vote congress to declare war, admit new states to Union, limit president to one term, and bar embargoes less than 60 days. At the end of the War of 1812, as the D-R party was becoming very popular due to America's success, so this was horrible timing, looked really bad. Results in Feds falling off political scene (finalized after election of Monroe). Extremists wanted New England secession.

Treaty of Ghent

1814, Negotiations to end war held in Ghent, Belgium. Henry Clay, Albert Gallatin, John Q. Adams. Result- Br. lost control of Great Lakes and Lake Champlain. On Christmas Eve 1814 everything was returned to the way it was before the war.

Monroe Doctrine

1820, warns European powers against attempts to re-assert control over former colonies in New World that had already declared independence. Pledged Non-Interference by U.S. in European affairs.

XYZ Affair

3 French agents known to public as X, Y, and Z, demanded major concessions ($12 million) from the Americans to the French in order for the French to return to peace talks. The delegates of Congress were outraged by this and rejected their proposal. This fiasco set off anti-French sentiment in America and helped the Federalist party (John Adams) to win the election of 1796.

Midnight Judges

42 Federalist justices of the peace Adams appointed because Adams realized that the Federalist party was diminishing. They are "midnight judges" because Adams was said to be signing their appointments at midnight prior to Jefferson's inauguration. He wanted to keep federalist power in the government even though he lost the presidency.

Convention of 1800 (Treaty of Mortfontaine)

A convention that John Adams sent many American diplomats to. The Treaty of Mortfontaine was signed, ending hostilities between America and France. This could have secured a second term for Adams, but word of it came too late to help his campaign.

Pinckney's Treaty

A treaty with Spain that allowed for trade and transportation on the Mississippi River. It was signed under Washington's administration.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1793

Act passed that said escaped slaves would be pursued as fugitives anywhere on American soil, and a $500 fee would be imposed on anyone who harbored fugitives.

Burr VS. Hamilton Duel

After a lot of conflict and clashing between Burr and Hamilton, Burr eventually challenged Hamilton to a duel, after the final straw of a private work being published. The duel was supposed to show you had the guts to kill the other person, and Hamilton even shot in the air. Burr however shot Hamilton in the hip, causing a fatal injury that killed him the next day.

Quasi War

After diplomatic attempts failed, an unofficial naval war called the Quasi-War erupted between France and America. It began on July 7, 1798, and America took great measures to improve its navy for this war. Though America's navy was small, it was incredibly disciplined and outmatched many French naval forces. The war ended after Napoleon ousted the government in charge during the XYZ affair.

Alien Friends Act

Allowed the president to deport any alien of the United States if he feels their presence threatens the good of the United States (1798)

Alien Enemies Act

Allowed war time arrest. imprisonment and deportation of aliens that are native to the enemies of the United States.

Battle of the Thames

Also the Battle of Moraviantown, it was fought October 5, 1813. It was between joint forces of Henry Procter (British) and Tecumseh (Native American British ally) against William Henry Harrison's forces. The US recovered Detroit, and Procter retreated, leaving some of his army as sitting ducks at one point. Barely any Americans were killed and 601 British troops were captured. Resulted in control of the Northwest Frontier and Delaware, dissipating of Tecumseh's campaign, growth of Harrison's popularity, and Procter being charged with negligence and improper conduct. Tecumseh was killed in this battle.

First Seminole War

Andrew Jackson's Florida campaign. They wished to stop Florida from being a refuge for escaped slaves. America knew that the Spanish and British had been meddling in Florida. Jackson found and executed 2 British subjects with only a military tribunal. International outcry. President and secretary of war condemned actions, John Q Adams supported them.

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

Anthony Wayne and his American army defeated the Native Americans. This defeat worried many Indians and led them to believe that the only way to satisfy the invading Americans was to renounce control of much of their land to them

"assumption" debate

Assumption debate path of thought wanted to take on, or assume, the states debts and invest in new government.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Battle between Andrew Jackson's forces and the Red Creek Indians. Took place March 27, 1814, in central Alabama. The US won after they trapped the Red Creek Indians due to the geographic shape of Horseshoe Bend.

Battle of New Orleans

Br. general Pakeham attacks general Andrew's forces in New Orleans. Jackson kills Pakeham. 2,000 Br. casualties. Only 13 dead Americans. Occurred after the treaty, but was still the greatest success of the US

Chesapeake Leopard Affair

British warship "Leopard" attacks US warship "Chesapeake" unexpectedly, forces surrender, impresses 4 sailors claiming to be "deserters", outrages US, moves Jefferson to search for peace

Dartmouth College V. Woodward

Can private corporation be made into state University? Marshall says no because it is unconstitutional. (Trial which centered on the question of whether New Hampshire could transform a private corporation, Dartmouth College, into a state university. However, it was found unconstitutional to make Dartmouth College a state university because of the college's original charter.)

"necessary and proper" clause

Congress has the power to make all rights necessary and proper to the benefit of the nation.

Factory System

Contained most to all steps of production. Largely brought to the US by Slater in 1798

Judiciary Act of 1801

Decreased the amount of supreme court justices from 6 to 5. This act passed by Adams gave him the power to appoint many new federal judges. It also increased jurisdiction of federal courts to land and money.

McCulloch V. Maryland

Does Maryland have the power to tax Federal corporation? Marshall, who believed in a "loose" interpretation of the constitution, says MD does not have the power. (Power to tax=power to destroy).

John Marshall

Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801-1835; issued numerous landmark rulings

Lancaster Pike

First major US road (Lancaster Avenue), 73 miles, 1795

Battle of Lake Erie

Fought on September 10, 1813. Fought between Commodore Oliver Perry and Jesse Elliot's (American) forces vs. Robert Barclay's forces (Britain). 9 US vessels beat and captured 6 British vessels, leading to the recapture of Detroit in the Battle of the Thames. US's victory greatly attributed to Perry's strategy.

Citizen Genet

French ambassador to America who was fighting to gain support in the Americas for the French revolution. Gained many followers eventually. However, Washington informed him that America would remain neutral in the conflict.

Report on the Public Credit

Hamilton, create a national debt, issued bonds with 4 percent interest, it tried to take all of the state's individual debts and put them on the country as a whole so it would be easier to deal with

Sacajawea

Helped Louis and Clark on their expedition. Important because she was a native american and a woman-- which helped when they were dealing with other tribes. She was a teenager at the time, and pregnant

American System

Henry Clay's proposed remedy for the Panic of 1819. Federal gov't would help create internal improvements (roads, canals, bridges) in the nation. Need for national bank. Protective tariffs → raises revenue and sparks growth of industry. Madison/Monroe see all this as unconstitutional (state matters, not federal). To fix the Panic, instate Land Act 1820, Relief Act 1821.

Whiskey Rebellion

In the Pennsylvania area, whiskey and distillation had become a big industry. When Hamilton proposed a sixpence tax on whiskey, which Congress approved, a lot of anger and uprising occurred. A farmer's profit was wiped out.

early unions

In the late 1820s, skilled artisans from NY and Philly form unions and working men's political parties. By the 1830s, unskilled workers join them.

Steam-Engine Powered Machines

Include the Steamboat and rail road trains. Both made transportation much easier around the nation, Steamboat now have the ability to move up waters.

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

Indians surrender most of their land aside from the northwestern corner of present-day Ohio to the Americans, many Indians believed this treaty would please the Americans and end the ongoing conflict as it gave the Americans much Indian territory

Battle of Fort McHenry

Inspiring Battle, part of the Battle of Baltimore, in which Fort McHenry withstood intense bombardment by the British, but the Fort took little damage. After a failed diversionary attack by the British, the Americans managed to hold the fort. Star Spangled Banner written after this battle (Francis Scott Key).

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

J. Quincy Adams convinces Spain to cede Florida, US takes responsibility for its citizens financial claims on Spain, give up Jefferson's claim that Texas was part of Louisiana Purchase, sets boundary line between New Spain and state of Louisiana (New Spain = Texas, California, New Mexico, other western states), Spain relinquishes claim to Oregon Territory (North of 42 degrees parallel, now left to British and Americans)

Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)

J. Quincy Adams negotiates treaty with Great Britain, limits both nations naval forces on Great Lake

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Jefferson told them to go even before the purchase. They discovered many new plants and animals and tried to find a route to the pacific.

Election of 1796

John Adams (federalist) is elected, Jefferson is the VP. This is interesting because the P and VP are from different parties.

Henry Clay

Kentucky statesman; promoted American System; orchestrated Missouri Compromise. The "Great Compromiser," one of the most important men of the early 19th century.

Burr Conspiracy

Later on in Burr's life, he moved southward to take over the west and the Louisiana territory to revive his political views. He was arrested and tried, but he was acquitted since the judge was biased. He fled the country. Not convicted for killing Hamilton.

Commodore Perry

Leader of the American naval forces during the Battle of Lake Eerie, and destroyed a squadron of British ships at Put-in-Bay.

War Hawks

Leader was Henry Clay. Republic members of the 12th Congress who advocated going to war with Britain during the time of the War of 1812. They wanted to push Britain out of Canada.

Sedition Act

Made it illegal to write anything 'false scandalous or malicious" pertaining to the Government or the Nation.

Marbury VS. Madison

Marbury filed for a writ of mandamus (allows a higher court to order any government subordinate court, person, or corporation to do or not do a specific thing) to command James Madison to deliver the rest of the commissions. Marbury argued that the Judiciary Act of 1789 stated the Supreme Court had power over petitions for writs of mandamus. The results ended up with Marbury not becoming a justice of peace, supreme courts getting the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional and have the power of judicial review.

Lowell, Massachusetts Textile Mills

More advanced than Slater's, contained more parts of production. Technology also stolen from British. All factory workers women, living on-site and working long hours in harsh conditions in return for wages and education. Some of the first organized labor strikes occurred here

Federalists

Political group who supported the ratification of the constitution. They opposed the war of 1812. After the Hartford convention and the next election they ended as a major party.

Democratic-Republicans

Political party founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Aaron Burr and Jefferson were from this party, and during the election of 1800, Hamilton influenced the vote.

"redemption" debate

Redemption debate path of thought believed they should "redeem" the debt and pay it at face value.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Resolves drafted in 1798 and 1799 by the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures (including Jefferson and Madison) deeming the Alien and Sedition Acts to be unconstitutional.

Era of Good Feelings

(1801-1824) A time of peace and little concern over foreign intervention/conflict. There was a lack of partisan factions and a decline in the Federalist party. There was also a sense of confidence throughout the nation. Marked by consensus (good!) but fragile (bad)

Erie Canal

(1817-1825) - connected Hudson River with Lake Erie, reduced shipping costs, rapidly sped growth of Lake cities (Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago)

Interchangeable Parts

(Eli Whitney)-Musket/rifle factory - said he would have enough rifles for the whole army for the next war but he missed the deadline by a lot. Still amazing accomplishement.

Sewing Machine

(Elias Howe & Isaac Singer)-The first American invention that are going to be used all around the globe.

Telegraph

(Samuel Morse)-allowed instantaneous long-distance communication, even from the US to GB

Jay's Treaty

(ratified November 1794), A controversial treaty with Britain from John Jay, which included the US making full and complete compensation to Britain, Britain retaining rights to seize French property (Americans can submit claims of illegal seizure), and in return Britain will remove forts and military from northwest territory and stop aiding Native Americans.

Panic of 1819

-Land boom collapsed -State banks, without national paper money, made bank notes -Issued more than could redeem: too many loans -Suddenly, Euro bumper crop + British recession = less demand -Summer 1818, US bank insisted banks redeem notes for specie -State banks indebted to US Bank, forced loan repayment -Credit slashed -Land speculators lost money on sales, crops became less valuable -Panic left a negative impression of banks -Cash crop price plummet demonstrated farmer dependence on foreign markets -Price fall accelerated transportation development

Battle of Tippecanoe

Native-occupied Tippecanoe (Prophetstown to the whites) was Tecumseh's and Tenskwatawa's base of operations for their confederation. At the time of the battle, Tecumseh was away recruiting chiefs and tribes for his confederation, and Tenskwatawa was left in charge. However, he was the religious leader, and no military strategist. Harrison received order to take 1000 troops to destroy Prophetstown. They marched there and stayed nearby overnight. In the morning, they were ambushed by a group of natives. The outnumbered natives held their ground for about 2 hours until they ran out of ammunition. While the fighting was going on, the rest of Prophetstown cleared out and left. Harrison destroyed the abandoned town and declared the mission a success. However, conflict on the front between natives and whites actually increased after the battle, and the natives later rebuilt Prophetstown.

Aaron Burr

New York politician who rose through the ranks and eventually became America's third vice president. He lost the presidential election of 1800 to Jefferson, and killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. Federalist (so was Hamilton)

Gibbons v. Ogden

New York state gave Robert Fulton (inventor of the steamboat) and Robert Livingston total control over steamboats in New York. They granted Aaron Ogden a permit to travel between New York City and the New Jersey Shore. Thomas Gibbons, who was competing with Ogden, had permission to use the area from the US congress. Gibbons sued Ogden when New York State refused to allow him access to the Hudson Bay, and, after Gibbons appealed the ruling of the Court for the Trial of Impeachments and Correction of Errors of the State the case reached the Supreme Court. It basically became a issue of State rules vs Federal Authority. The Issue was-Odgen, who had been granted exclusive privileges on the Hudson, filed a complaint asking to courts to restrict Gibbons from operating on those waters. The Federal Government, however, had given Gibbons the authority to use those waterways. After Gibbons was denied access to the Hudson, he sued Odgen. Even though the water route that was used was interstate, Odgen's lawyer argued that states often passes laws regarding interstate matters. Therefore, he said, the states should greater or equal power compared to Congress on interstate matters and laws. Daniel Webster Gibbons' lawyer, argued otherwise. He said that Congress had exclusive national power over interstate commerce according to Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution and therefore ruling otherwise would result in confusing and contradictory local regulatory policies. The court reversed the ruling of the New York court, decreeing that the law allowing New York to control all steamboats was void, because Congress had the power to regulate commerce (under article 1, Section 8.) New York had to allow Gibbons to enter the Hudson Bay due to the authority of Congress. (overall was a State Vs Federal matter-Congress vs New York)

Election of 1800

One of the most controversial elections in the history of America. It was between Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson. They originally didn't have any bad blood between each other, but gradually went apart. Alexander Hamilton influenced the decision of the election through his works criticizing Burr, causing the vote to be swayed towards Jefferson, making Jefferson President and Burr VP. They tied because they were on the same ballot so people just voted D-R and they each received a vote.