APUSH unit 5

Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

- "carpetbaggers" was a derogatory southern name for northerners who came to the south to participate in reconstruction governments - "Scalawags" was a derogatory name for southerners working on or supporting the federal government during reconstruction - some of these southerners had opposed the war from the beginning; others helped reconstruction for financial gain - partially in response to reconstruction, a group of southern whites formed the Ku Klux Klan, which targeted carpetbaggers, scalawags, African Americans, and others with aggressive and sometimes violent acts

Franklin Pierce

- 14th president of the US - was a democratic president form New Hampshire - he supported Manifest Destiny despite northern concerns over the spread of slavery - signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act - he sent Commodore Mathew C. Perry to Japan to open the county to Diplomacy and commerce (treaty of Kanagawa) - he opened Canada to greater trade - Pierce's diplomats failed in their attempts to purchase Cuba from Spain, leading to the drafting of the Ostend Manifesto

Mexican cession and slavery

- Conflict ensued over slavery in the newly acquired Mexican Cession -States' righters believed that the territory was the property of all states and that the federal government had no right to prohibit property ownership in territories - Many anti-slavery and government supporters contended that Congress had the power to make laws for the territories - An argument in favor of federal power was based on the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and the Missouri Compromise of 1820

negotiating the Oregon border

- Great Britain and the United States both made claims to the Pacific Northwest - the nations agreed to occupy the Oregon Country jointly -Americans began traveling west along the Oregon Trail and settling in the areas - in 1844, U.S. politicians pushed for sole ownership of the Oregon Country - the northern boundary was at latitude line 54 40 and the "fifty-four forty or fight" became the rallying cry of supporters - in 1846, the Polk administration compromised and established the border at the 49th parallel (the current boundary between American and Canada)

Mexican War

- John C. Fremont won attacks on land and at sea in and near California - Zachary Taylor defeated large forces in Mexico - Mexico refused to negotiate, so President Polk ordered forces led by Winfield Scott into Mexico City - The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 ended the war giving the United States land originally sought by Slidell (New Mexico, Arizona, California, Texas, and parts of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada) - The U.S. Mexico Border was set at the Rio Grande - the Mexican War raised questions of slavery in the new territory - Henry David Thoreau and a young Whig, Abraham Lincoln opposed the war

Gold Rush

- Miners who rushed to California after the discovery of gold were called "Forty Niners" - more than 80,000 prospectors "rushed to San Francisco - the increased population led to California joining the Union as a free state - the Gold Rush connected to the idea of Manifest Destiny

Kansas-Nebraska Act

- Stephen Douglas introduced the act to organize the area west of Missouri and Iowa - the act aimed to facilitate the building of a transcontinental railroad that ran west from Chicago - it called for two territories to be created (Kansas and Nebraska) and the issue of slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty - the act revoked a provision of the Missouri Compromise, allowing everything above 36 30 to be free - Kansas' status was impacted by fighting between pro- and anti-slavery groups that moved to the area - the conflict was termed "bleeding Kansas"

migration to Texas

- Texas became a state in the Republic of Mexico after 1822, following a revolution against Spain - Mexico offered land grants for immigration to Texas' large tracts of affordable land, and some assumed that the United States would eventually take control of the state - southerners moved to Mexico with interest in becoming slave masters, but the presence of slavery-illegal in Mexico angered the Mexican government - when the population in Texas changed with American immigration, Mexico's power began to erode

turning points in American History: the Kansas Nebraska Act

- as 1854 began, most Americans believed that the Missouri compromise line provided a permanent agreement for separating free and slave territory in the Louisiana Purchase - as the slavery issue receded, political leaders and the public focused on the need for a transcontinental railroad to facilitate the movement of people and goods across the nation THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT - Douglas had to first persuade congress to organize the Nebraska territory and then persuade southern senators to support giving this prize to a northern city - both territories were north of the line banning slavery - in order to win southern support, Douglas added an enticing amendment repealing the Missouri compromise - Douglas's Bill included a proposal calling for popular sovereignty granting the people of Kansas and Nebraska the sole right to allow, or forbid slavery - Douglas said that this bill would raise a hell of a storm - he believed that passions would subside when the public recognized that climate and soil conditions in the Great Plains would serve as permanent barriers to the expansion of plantation crops and slavery into Kansas and Nebraska - congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act on May 22, 1854 MOMENTOUS CONSEQUENCES - the Kansas Nebraska act broke the uneasy truce between the north and the south - Kansas marked the first important test of popular sovereignty - within a short time, "Bleeding Kansas" became a battleground between rival proslavery and antislavery settlers -the Democrats and Whigs had formed a second party system that dominated American politics from the 1830s to the 1850s - the furor over the Kansas Nebraska act and the violence in Kansas led to the demise of the Whig party - the act dealt with a severe blow to Douglas's presidential aspirations - at the same time, it revitalized Abraham Lincoln's political career

Emancipation Proclamation

- declared all slaves to be free in areas under rebel control, thus exempting conquered areas of the south - Lincoln was criticized for not abolishing slavery everywhere - it led to slaves in the south leaving their plantations, and it increased morale in the North - partly, the Emancipation Proclamation was designed to keep England from joining the war of the side of the south

John Brown

- he and his sons killed five pro-slavery settlers in Kansas in an incident known as the "Pottawatomie Creek Massacre" (1856) - he was supported by some Northern abolitionists who aimed to start a countrywide revolution - he led followers to seize a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, hoping to start the rebellion (1859) - he was arrested and hung

Ulysses S. Grant

- he was the 18th president of the united states - he fought in the Mexican war, captured Vicksburg as a union general, and accepted general lee's surrender - he was appointed secretary of war by Andrew Johnson in 1867; Grant disagreed with Johnson's policies and won election through support of the radical republican - despite grant's personal honesty and honor, his administration was marred by scandals such as credit Mobilier and the whiskey ring

compromise of 18877

- it came after a disputed presidential election between Hayes and Tilden - Tilden won the popular vote, but neither candidates won the electoral vote because the electoral votes in three states were in dispute - the democrats agreed to give Hayes the presidency - Hayes promised to show consideration for southern interests, end reconstruction, aid southern industrialization, and withdraw the remaining forced from the south - this settlement left freed African Americans in the south without support from the republican party

Lecompton Constitution

- it submitted by pro-slavery leaders in territorial Kansas put no restrictions on slavery - free-soilers boycotted the constitutional convention in Lecompton because the document would not leave Kansas a free territory - though president Buchanan supported the constitution as the basis for Kansas' statehood, congress voted against it - the constitution was turned down, and Kansas remained a territory

freedman's Bureau

- it was a congressional support agency providing food, clothing, and education for freed slaves - ex-slave states were divided into districts that were managed by assistant commissioners - despite its benefits, the bureau failed to establish the freed slaves as landowners - it organized the African American vote for the republican party, creating great animosity toward the bureau in the south

Ku Klux Klan in the early 1900s

- it was an organization that had as its main purpose the intimidation of African Americans, who experienced a perceived rise in the status after WWI - it also opposed Catholics, Jews, and immigrants - they hired advertising exports to expand the organization - it charged initiation fees and sold memorabilia - they had a reported membership of 5 million before its decline after 1925

manufacturing in the early 1800s

- manufacturing was mostly located in the north - its values surpassed agriculture's value - U.S. technology exceeded that in Europe in such areas as rubber, coal power, mass production, and the telegraph - manufacturers developed new methods of production such as the Lowell system and the "Putting-out system," the latter of which used home-based workers to perform small tasks as part of a bigger production process - these new systems engaged workers who had traditionally been shunned from the labor pool or who only had seasonal responsibilities - cheap immigrant labor eventually threatened established workers' jobs, which fed nativist sentiment, let to riots, and sometimes resulted in violence

the great rail

- pay cuts caused labor strikes to spread through the country - workers of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad went on strike over a second pay cut - president Hayes used federal troops to restore order after workers were killed

four economic classes in the agricultural south

- planters owned large farms and groups of slaves and exercised political and economic control with cotton exports -yeomen were the largest group; they worked the land independently and sometimes along with slaves to produce their own food - poor whites lived in squalor that was often as bad as that of the slaves - slaves worked the land

Election of 1860

- republicans nominated Lincoln - Lincoln believed in the free soil movement; the majority planks of his campaign were the containment of slavery and development of the transcontinental rail - the democratic vote was split between Douglas and several other strong candidates - Lincoln won the election, and the south began to secede thereafter

elements of slavery

- slaves suffered varying degrees of repression, although most received adequate housing and diet - many slaves tried to run away into bordering free states - injustice created quiet revolt as slaves sabotaged their facilities, found ways to become unproductive for their masters, and ridiculed their owners - despite their repression, slaves created their own common culture

Civil War Amendments

- the 13th amendment (1865) abolished slavery in the United States - the 14th amendment (1868) made African American citizens, and no state could deny them life, liberty, or property without due process of the law - the 15th amendment (1870) stated that no state could deny the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Anaconda Plan

- the Anaconda plan was a Civil War strategy organized by northern general Winfield Scott to crush the southern rebellion - it called for a naval blockade to shut out European supplies and exports, a campaign to take the Mississippi River (and thereby split the south), and the targeting of southern cities in hopes that pro-Unionists would rise up in the south and overthrow the secession - both the blockage and the taking of the Mississippi were successful

Wilmot Proviso

- the Wilmot Proviso was an amendment to a Mexican War appropriations bill - it proposed that slavery could not exist in any territory that might be acquired from Mexico - the amendment was passed in the U.S. House of Representatives several times, but it was ultimately defeated on each occasion because the south had power in the senate - it represent the looming question of slavery's future, which would be decided in the civil war

Webster-Hayne Debate

- the debate in the senate between Daniel Webster (MA) and Robert Hayne (SC) focused on sectionalism and nullification - the debate came after the "tariff of abominations" incident -at issue was the source of constitutional authority: was the union derived from an agreement between states or from the people who had sought a guarantee of freedom? -he stated, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable"

transportation from 1860-1900

- the government gave land grants to the railroads - the first transcontinental railroad was completed by 1869 with golden spike at promontory point, Utah; it joined the union pacific and central pacific railroads - railroad transportation provided opportunities for movement of goods and people to the west and raw materials to the east - their construction affected population movements and made Chicago one of the most populous cities in the nation by 1900

gag rule

- the rule forbade discussion of the slavery question in the House of Representatives - it stemmed from southern members' concerns about slave emancipation - it led to increased discussion by southern conventions of ways to escape northern economic and political hegemony

southern response to slavery

- the southern defense of slavery shifted from an early view of slavery as a "necessary evil" (1790) to a "positive good" (after 1840) - proponents of slavery used scientific arguments, biblical texts, and historical examples to justify slavery - as time passed, both this defensive position and abolitionist sentiment increased in fervor - some southerners defended slavery by condemning Northern "wage slavery;" they used the idea of African American inferiority to suggest that whites were protecting slaves from a world of fierce competition in which, on their own, they would not survive

Radical republicans

- they were a faction of the republican party; they believed the civil war was meant to stop slavery and emancipate all slaves - its members held that congress, not the president, should control Reconstruction - they rejected the reentry of Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana into the Union, despite their qualification under the 10% plan - they wanted the rebellious south to be dealt with in a harsher manner - Ben Wade and Thad Stevens were among its members

transportation in the 1840s and 1850s

- tremendous expansion of railroad lines created a national market for goods - railroads, such as the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, were developed to help link the Midwest to the East Coast - steamboats and clipper ships became more popular for travel

U.S. V CRUIKSHANK

- was a Supreme Court case that led to an allowance of violence and deprivation of rights against the newly freed slaves - Their citizenship rights, equal protections of the law, and several other Fourteenth Amendment provisions were being deprived - To try and help this issue, Congress created the Enforcement Acts in order to give the President legal authority to enforce the constitutional rights of the freedmen - However, when the acts were reviewed they were decided to be unconstitutional because the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment only apply when states are trying to take away these rights and not when it is individuals against other individuals - This decision established what is called the State Action Doctrine - The court also made the distinction of the Second Amendment that the Constitution only says Congress will not infringe on the rights of gun ownership but does not explicitly provide the right - Even though Cruikshank and the rest of his mob killed over one hundred men, trying to infringe upon their rights, they were let off on technicalities of these constitutional distinctions

Compromise of 1850 (Omnibus Bill)

- was a bill proposed by Henry Clay and handled by Stephen Douglas - Douglas broke the legislation into various pieces, which helped ensure its passage; this allowed northern and southern legislators to vote against the parts they didnt like - the compromise led to sectional harmony for several years - California was admitted as a free state - New Mexico and Utah territories would be decided by popular sovereignty - slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia - a tough fugitive slave act passed - federal payment was made to Texas for lost New Mexico territory

Popular Sovereignty

- was a doctrine under which the status of slavery in the territories was to be determined by the settlers themselves - the doctrine was first out forward by General Lewis Cass - it was promoted by Stephen A. Douglas - was meant to be a resolution to the looming crisis of the slavery question

Wade-Davis Bill

- was a proposal to reunite the country by Senators Wade and Davis - it required that 50% of a state's white male voters take a loyalty oath to be readmitted to the Union - it demanded stronger efforts on behalf of states to emancipate slaves - Lincoln "pocket-vetoed" the bill in favor of his "10% plan"

Dred Scott v. Sandford Case

- was a supreme court case involving a slave, Scott, who was taken by his master from Missouri, a slave state, to Illinois, a free state - after Scott had been returned to Missouri, he sued for freedom for himself and his family, claiming that he had ended his slavery by residing in a free state - president Buchanan meant for the case to serve as the basis for the slavery issue - pro-south judge Taney ruled that Scott did not have the right of citizenship, which he would need to be able to bring forth a suit - he ruled further that the Missouri Compromise itself was unconstitutional because congress had no power to prohibit slavery in the territories, as slaves were property - the Scott decision would apply to all African Americans, who were regarded as inferior and therefor without rights

David Walker

- was an african american and an early figure in the abolitionist movement - in 1829, he created a pamphlet, Appeal to the coloured citizens of the world, which called for people to resist slavery by any means -southerners grew angry over his push for self-defense

Ostend Manifesto

- was drafted by James Buchanan, John Mason, and Pierre Soule after Soule failed to purchase Cuba from Spain - the manifesto suggested that the US should take Cuba from Spain by force if Spain refused to sell it - abolitionists saw the Ostend Manifesto as a plot to extend slavery - southerners supported the manifesto, as they feared Cuba would be a free "black republic"

Fugitive slave act

- was part of the compromise of 1850 - this new act reinvigorated enforcement of some guidelines that had already been established in the fugitive slave act of 1793, which had been mostly ignored by northern states - it created federal commissioners who could pursue fugitive slaves in any state and paid $10 per returned slave - African Americans loving in the north and claimed by slave catchers were denied portions of legal due process - some northern states passed personal liberty laws that contradicted the act it led to small riots in the north and increased the rift between the north and south

Zachary Taylor

- was the 12th president of the United States - he was a famous general in the Mexican War - he was a Whig president - opposed the spread of slavery - he encouraged territories to organize and seek admission directly as states to avoid the issue of slavery - dies suddenly in 1850 and was replaced by Millard Fillmore

Millard Fillmore

- was the 13th president of the US - he became president after Taylor died - as a congressman, he revealed his opposition to both the expansion of slavery and various abolitionist activities, driving away supporters - he supported the compromise of 1850 - Fillmore failed to obtain a nomination in 1852 but was nominated by both the Whigs and the Know-Nothing movement in 1856

James Buchanan

- was the 15th president of the US - he presided over the country when the Dred Scott decision was announced - he backed the Lecompton Constitution to appease the south - Buchanan, still acting as president after Lincoln's election, denied the legal right of states to secede but believed that the federal government could not legally prevent them - before leaving office, Buchanan appointed northerners to federal posts and helped to prepare Fort Sumter with reinforcements

James K. Polk

- was the eleventh president of the united states - he was the "dark horse" democratic candidate who won the presidential election - was a believer in Manifest Destiny and expansionism - he was nicknames "Polk the purposeful" for his focus on specific goals during his presidency - he introduced a new independent treasury system - he lowered the high rates of tariffs with the Walker Tariff - he settled the Oregon boundary dispute with the Oregon treaty - he acquired California - led the united states into the Mexican American War

reconstruction

- was the period following the civil war in which the United States tried to transform the organization and society of former confederate states - it determined how the south would take over its own governance - in 1867, congress put the south under the army's control to oversee election, ensure the rights of freed slaves, and prevent confederate leaders from gaining power - new republican state governments offered a variety of reconstruction programs, but former confederates, suspicious of these efforts, claimed corruption within stat leadership; some turned to violent opposition - it concluded with the compromise of 1877 and the end of federal control in the south; former confederate states began enacting Kim Crow laws and disenfranchising many African Americans

Stephan Douglas

- was the senator from Illinois dubbed the "little giant" - he was an expansionist and a supporter of the Mexican war - broke the compromise of 1850 into smaller, more acceptable pieces of legislation and pushed it through using various allies in congress - he introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 - during a senate campaign in 1858, he participated in debates against Abraham Lincoln (the Lincoln-Douglas debates) - he believed popular sovereignty was the appropriate way to handle the slavery question

Know-Nothings

- were part of a nativist political movement that supported Americans and American ideals over what it saw as the influence of immigrants - it drew power from those dissatisfied with local leadership - it was influenced by German and Irish Catholic immigration; Know-Nothings suspected the immigration of anti-Americanism and feared the influence of the Pope in Rome - the movement's name came from its roots in secrecy; in its early days, members were supposed to answer that they did not know about the organization if asked by outsiders - the movement grew in size and political representation in 1854 and 1855, but it was split by the slavery issue, and most members joined the republican party by the 1860 presidential election

Texas' independence from Mexico

-Mexico refused to sell Texas to the United States, which had given up its claims to Texas in the Adams-Onis Treaty - The Mexican government initially gave settlers wide latitude to manage their affairs, but it later grew more strict about enforcing its laws (particularly against slavery), and Texan settlers eventually rebelled -In early fighting, the Mexican Army attacked Fort Alamo and killed 187 members of the Texas garrison; "Remember the Alamo" became a battle cry for independence -Later, the Texan rebels organized under Sam Houston and overcame the Mexican forces, establishing the state's independence in 1836

causes of the Mexican War

-The new Mexican republic would not address grievances held by United Stated citizens, who claimed property losses and personal injuries resulting for conflicts during the Mexican revolution - Mexico and the US were in a dispute over their border, with the US saying it was the Rio Grande and Mexico saying it was the Nueces River -Due to sentiment arising from the idea of manifest destiny, there was an increased American interest in Mexican-held western territory -The United States had aided Texas in its revolt against the Mexican government and there was growing momentum toward a united stated annexation of Texas -When the united states congress annexed Texas, Polk send John Slidell to negotiate a settlement for that land, for California, and for western Mexico territory The Mexican government rejected Slidell

march to the sea

A movement of the Union army troops of General William Tecumseh Sherman from Atlanta, Georgia, to the Georgia seacoast, with the object of destroying Confederate supplies

1810

Africans from Congo region influence black culture for decades, natural increase produces surplus of slaves in Old south, domestic slave trade expands, disrupting black family life

1851

American (know nothing) party forms

1847

American troops capture Mexico City

personal liberty laws

As Uncle Tom's Cabin sparked an unprecedented discussion of race and slavery, state legislators in the North protested that the Fugitive Slave Act violated state sovereignty, and they passed personal-liberty laws that guaranteed to all residents, including alleged fugitives, the right to a jury trial. In 1857, the Wisconsin Supreme Court went further, ruling in Ableman v. Booth that the Fugitive Slave Act was unconstitutional because it violated the rights of Wisconsin's citizens.

the wilmot proviso

CONTEXT - the passage of the Missouri Compromise of 1820, both the Whigs and the democrats attempted to suppress divisive questions about the status of slavery in the western territories - August 8, 1846, David Wilmot, attached am amendment to a military appropriations bill - the proviso stated "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist" in any territory gained from Mexico "THE RIGHT TO RISE" - Wilmot defended his proviso as a necessary means of insuring the "rights of freemen" to live and work in the new territories without facing the unfair burden of competing with slave labor - he and his supporters believed that "free soil" would guarantee liberty, free competition social mobility and thus a workers "right to rise" UNDERSTANDING CAUSATION: CONSEQUENCES OF THE WILMOT PROVISO - the votes on the proviso did not divide along party lines between the whigs and the democrats - this rift exposed an ominous development that would soon destroy the second party system - southern leaders warned that the Wilmot proviso marked the beginning of a long postponed attack on slavery - to defend their "peculiar institution," they suppressed dissent in the south and denounced all attempts to resist the expansion of slavery - the souths response to the proviso deepened northern fears of the so-called slave power - abolitionists had long warned that a slaveholding oligarchy intended to dominate the federal government - the debate over the proviso raised issues about slavery, free labor, political power, and the nature of the constitution that could not be evaded - the debate over the Wilmot proviso marks an important turning point in the sequence of events leading to the civil war

the fugitive slave act

CONTEXT - the compromise of 1850 initially produced unexpected benefits for the south - California selected senators who votes with the south on most issues - Utah and New Mexico legalized slavery - the agitation over slavery didnt end - about 1,000 slaves escaped to freedom each year - southern leaders viewed enforcement of the fugitive slave act as a litmus test of the norths good faith in enforcing the compromise of 1850 PUBLIC OPPOSITION - the act intensified antislavery sentiment because it required northerners to enforce slavery - thousands of outraged abolitionists vainly attempted to prevent federal marshals from returning a fugitive slave to his master in Virginia - Underground railroads UNCLE TOMS CABIN - the fugitive slave act appalled Harriet Beecher Stowe - Uncle Tom's Cabin intensified antislavery sentiment on the north by contrast, aroused deep resentment in the south

the emancipation proclamation

CONTRABAND OF WAR -the civil war disrupted plantation life throughout the south - fugitive slaves sought refuge behind union lines - radical republicans persuaded congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia and to exclude it from all federal territories EMANCIPATION - Lincoln signed the emancipation proclamation - the proclamation was not a law passed by congress - it was based on the presidents constitutional authority as commander in chief if the armed forces IMPORTANCE - it strengthened the union's moral cause - the civil war was now widened into a crusade against slavery - advancing union troops thus became liberators who freed human beings from slavery - with slavery doomed, public opinion in Britain and France swung decisively behind the Union cause "BLACKS IN BLUE" - the emancipation proclamation permitted blacks to join the federal army - approximately 180,000 African Americans served on the union army

slavery follows the flag

Calhoun's ideology that when the US moves west so does slavery because the US claimed that land

1857

Dred Scott v. Sandford allows slavery in U.S. territories

understanding causation: consequences of the civil war

FOR THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT - the civil war ended the ling-held southern principle of state sovereignty - states could no longer threaten to nullify a federal law or claim the right to secede - the civil war broadened the definition of federal power FOR THE SOUTH - prior to the civil war, southern planter elite played a disproportionate role in national affairs - the south suffered devastating human losses, more than 258,000 confederate soldiers died in the war - the south suffered devastating economic losses, in 1860, the south contributed 30 percent of the nation's wealth - the civil war caused a severe reduction in the souths political influence and economic prosperity FOR THE NORTH - the civil war solidified the alliance of northern business interests and western farmers with the republican party - the war accelerated the creation of powerful corporate enterprises FOR WOMEN - women in both the union and the confederacy accepted new responsibilities as more and more neb left their homes and jobs to fight in the army - in the south, planters wives and daughters learned how to manage their plantations - in the north, women took paying jobs in business and government - women pushed the boundaries of their traditional roles by serving as nurses - the civil war did not remove barriers to sexual equality that had existed since the nations founding - it did broaden beliefs about what women could accomplish outside of the home FOR THE FREED SLAVES - the civil war emancipated about 4 million slaves - there was still the existing laws that denied them legal equality and the right to vote

1848

Gold found in California, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo transfers Mexican lands to the unites states, Free Soil party forms

the new south

HENRY GRADY'S VISION - editor of the Atlanta Constitution, called for a new south that would be home to thriving cities, bustling factories, and rewarding business opportunities - Grady inspired a new generation of southern leaders who strove to fulfill his vision of building a more diversifies southern economy THE INDUSTRIAL SOUTH - investors recognized that the souths ready supply of cheap labor, low taxes, and proximity to vast cotton fields created ideal conditions for building a profitable textile industry - James Buchanan Duke launched one of the souths greatest industrial successes when he founded the American Tobacco Company - Birmingham, Alabama quickly became a major industrial center and manufacturing hub THE LIMITS OF DEVELOPMENT - despite pockets of industrial development, Grady's dream of a diversified southern economy remained elusive

1852

Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom's cabin

Oregon donation land claim act

Homestead act- free land to anyone that would go and live in the land and live and make the land better

the union in peril

JOHN BROWN'S RAID ON HARPERS FERRY, 1859 - John Brown's doomed raid on Harpers Ferry set off a wave of fear throughout the slaveholding south - as rumors of slave insurrections swept across the region, frightened southerners suppressed all criticism of slavery - southern "fire eaters" incorrectly linked John Brown to the now-hated republican party - although his raid was a military failure, John Brown's capture, trial, and execution mesmerized the nation - the song "John Brown's Body" ELECTION OF 1860 - unable to bridge the division over slavery, the democratic party split into two factions - northern democrats nominated Stephen A. Douglas on a platform promising congressional noninterference with slavery - Deep south democrats nominated John C. Breckinridge on a platform calling for a national slave code that would protect slavery in the territories - republicans sensed that they had an excellent opportunity to defeat the divided democrats - the Lincoln Douglas debates transformed Lincoln into a nationally known figure - the party nominated Lincoln on the third ballot - Lincoln won the election by carrying all 18 free states, he did not win a single state in the south CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE - Lincoln's election promoted south Carolina and six other deep south states to secede from the union - in a final desperate effort to save the union, Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky proposed a binding constitutional amendment to extend the Missouri compromise line to the west coast - Lincoln rejected the compromise because it violated the republican party's steadfast position against the further extension of slavery into the Western territories

1844

James Polk elected president

1859

John Brown raids federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry

Evolution of the Major Political Parties to pre-civil War

Key Moment: debate over the adoption of a federal constitution parties: federalists and anti-federalists, who disagreed about the power and influence of the central government evolutionary point: after the constitution was adopted, the Jeffersonian republicans absorbed the anti-federalists, and by 1800, the federalists had declined Key moment: disagreement over John Q. Adams's defeat of Andrew Jackson parties: democratic-republicans and the Whig party, which was a combination of those who opposed president Jackson's policies and those who had supported John Q. Adams evolutionary point: after the death of Whig president William Henry Harrison parties focused more on issues of sectional unrest

presidential reconstruction

LINCOLNS 10% PLAN - Lincoln led the united states through a long and bloody civil war - when the conflict finally ended, Lincoln faced the daunting challenge of overcoming southern resentment, restoring the union, and determining the meaning of black freedom - the plan was a generous settlement - he offered a full pardon (except for high-ranking confederate leaders) to southerners who pledged loyalty to the union and to the constitution - southern states in which 10% pf the 1860 electorate took the oath and accepted emancipation would be restored to the union THE 13TH AMENDMENT - ratified on 12/6/1865, the 13th amendment formally abolished slavery and involuntary servitude - Lincoln believed that the freedmen should receive suffrage because their military contribution during the civil war JOHNSON'S PLAN - Lincolns tragic death plaved the burden of reconstructing the south in the untested shoulders of his former vice president, Andrew Johnson - Johnson favored a swift return to political and racial normalcy - like Lincoln he offered amnesty to most confederates who took and oath of loyalty to the union

1860

Lincoln elected president in a 4-way contest, South Carolina secedes

1861

Lincoln inaugurated March 4th, confederates fire on Fort Sumter, Virginia leaves Union, General Butler declares refugee slaves "contraband of war", confederates win battle of Bull Run, First confiscation act

1812

Louisiana becomes a state, and its sugar output increases

1817

Mississippi becomes a state, Alabama follows

1854

Ostend Manifesto urges seizure of Cuba, Kansas-Nebraska act tests policy of popular sovereignty, republican party forms

1858

President Buchanan urges congress to admit Kansas under the proslavery Lecompton constitution and seeks to buy and annex Cuba as a slave state, Lincoln debates Stephen Douglas for a U.S. senate seat

Radical Reconstruction

THE BLACK CODES - slavery left an entrenched legacy of prejudice and discrimination that would be difficult to eliminate - unwilling to accept blacks as equals, southern legislatures enacted laws known as Black Codes to limit the freedmen's basic civil and economic rights THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1866 - president Johnson did not object to the black codes - radical republicans insisted on protecting the basic rights of the newly0freeded blacks - congress promptly passed the civil rights act of 1866 declaring that blacks were citizens who had the same rights as women - Johnson stunned congress by vetoing the bill, claiming it was an unwarranted extension of federal power that would "foment discord among the races" - this infuriated the republicans THE 14TH AMENDMENT - the republican majority in congress feared that Johnson would not enforce the civil rights act - they also worried that the courts would declare the law unconstitutional, this prompted congress to pass the 14th amendment - the 14th amendment defined national citizenship for the first time as extending to "all persons born or naturalized in the united states" - the amendment gave the federal government responsibility for guaranteeing equal rights under the law to all Americans THE RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867 - the 14th amendment intensified the struggle for power between president Johnson and congress - voters repudiated the president by giving his republican opponents a solid 2/3s majority in both houses of congress - the victorious republicans promptly passed the reconstruction act of 1867 eliminating the state governments created by Johnsons plan - it divided the south into 5 military districts, each under the command of a union general - Johnson vetoed the reconstruction act thus deepening his growing rift with congress, the republicans overrode his veto THE IMPEACHMENT CRISIS - congress escalated the struggle for power by passing the tenure of office act - it required senate consent for the removal of any official whose appointment had required senate confirmation - Johnsons provocative action prompted the radical republicans to pass a resolution declaring that the president should be impeached - although Johnson escaped conviction, the trial crippled his presidency THE 15TH AMENDMENT - it marked the last of the three reconstruction amendments - it forbade wither the federal government or the states form denying citizens the right to vote on the basis of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude"

the compromise of 1850

THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH - January 24, 1848, a carpenter named James Marshall spotted shiny yellow objects glittering at the bottom of the American river not far from Sacramento, California - his discovery triggered a frenzied rush of fortune seekers hoping to strike it rich RENEWED DEBATES OVER SLAVERY - California's petition for statehood renewed the still unresolved debate over the spread of slavery into the territories won in the Mexican War - southern leaders feared the norths growing political dominance - augmented by a surging tide of immigrants from Ireland and Germany, Northern states held commanding majority in the house of representatives - reaching an agreement with the south proved difficult - southern senators repeatedly warned that any law threatening slavery would lead to secession CLAY'S COMPROMISE PROPOSALS - Clay grounded 6 proposals into three pairs; each offered one concession to the north and one to the south - the first pair admitted California as a free states while also calling for the establishment of territorial governments in the rest of the Mexican cession "without the adoption of any restrictions or condition on the subject - the second pair settled a heated boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico - the third pair abolished slave trade but not slavery in the District of Columbia "A FINAL SETTLEMENT"' - in a message to congress in December 1850, Fillmore described the Compromise of 1850 as "a final settlement" - most Americans agreed, believing the compromise would restore sectional harmony - it brought a decade delay that enabled the North to gain the industrial strength, population growth, and presidential leadership it would need to successfully face the challenge of secession

The Dred Scott case, 1857

THE CASE - Dred Scott was a slave who belonged to John Emerson, an army surgeon assigned to a post in Missouri - when the Army transferred Emerson from the slave state of Missouri to the free state of Illinois he took Scott with him as a servant - When Emerson died, Scott returned to Missouri where he was placed under the authorist of his former master's wife - he sued for his freedom - he contended that living on a free state adn a free territory made him a free many THE DECISION - led by chief Justice Riger B. Taney, the supreme court ruled that neither slaves nor free blacks were citizens in the political community created by the constitution - Taney declared that slaves were "chattel property... so far inferior that they have no rights which the white man is bound to respect" - the court ruled that as a constitutionally protected form of property, slaves could be taken into any state or territory - the decision therefore declared the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional UNDERSTANDINGG CAUSATION: CONSEQUENCES OF THE DRED SCOTT DECISION - the decision invalidated the Missouri compromise - it also cast doubt on the validity of popular sovereignty - the decision worsened sectional tensions - it strengthened the southern view that the constitution safeguarded slavery - it strengthened the northern view that a relentless slave power intended to impose slavery upon the entire nation - the decision invalidated the Republican party's platform pledge opposing the extension of slavery into the territories MAKING CONNECTIONS: AFRICAN AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP - the 13th amendment overturned the Dred Scott decision

the Secession Crisis

THE CONFEDERATE STATE OF AMERICA - led by South carolina, 7 deep south states seceded before Lincoln took office - these seven cotton belt states left the union because they believed Lincoln was an enemy of the south and its slave system - they founded the confederate states of America - the delegates adopted a constitution based upon states' rights and elected Jefferson Davis of Mississippi as president LINCOLN TAKES CHARGE - in his inaugural address he repeated his pledge not "to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists" - Lincoln denied that states had any lawful right to leave the union - the issue of Civil war therefore lay, he said, with the people of the south: "The government will not assail you. you can have no conflict, without being yourselves the aggressors" FORT SUMTER - the nation's attention swiftly became riveted to the 69 union soldiers at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor - Lincoln notified the governor of South Carolina that he intended to resupply the Union garrison with food - 6 days later, before the supply ships arrived, confederate guns opened fire on Fort Sumter - the firing on Fort Sumter and Lincoln's call for troops persuaded Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina to join the confederacy BORDER STATES - Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri were all slaveholding border states that remained in the union - Kentucky provided industrial and agricultural resources that proved vital to the union - Lincoln said "i hope to have god on my side, but i must have Kentucky" MAKING CONNECTIONS: MILITARISM - the glorification of armed strength, quickly won support in both the north and the south

Polk and territorial expansion

THE DOCTRINE OF MANIFEST DESTINY - during the 1820s many Americans thought the boundaries of the united states would not extend beyond the rocky mountains - John L. O'Sullivan - Illinois Representative John Wentworth expressed this optimistic sense of America's special destiny when he told congress that the original states had a divinely sanctioned mission to become the "greater center from which civilization, religion, and liberty should radiate and radiate until the whole continent shall bask in their blessings POLK AND MANIFEST DESTINY - the issue of territorial expansion dominated the 1844 presidential election - as the campaign began, Texas still remained independent, California still belonged to Mexico, and America and Great Britain still shared the Oregon territory - "the guardians of freedom" TEXAS AND OREGON - congress approved a resolution annexing Texas as the nation's 28th state - president Tyler signed the resolution on March 1, 1845, three days before Polk took office - both the united states and Great Britain claimed the territory - "fifty-four forty or fight" meant the united states would go to war with Britain in order to obtain the entire Oregon territory

Making comparisons: the balance of forces

THE NORTH - advantages - population advantage, industrial capacity, presidential leadership - disadvantages - lacked military commanders, Lincoln said the goal was to save the union but the abolitionists wanted to stop slavery THE SOUTH - advantages - fighting a defensive war to protect its homeland, the south boasted a strong military, Great Britain and France imported 3 quarters of their cotton from the south - Disadvantages - disparities in population, industrial capacity, and railroad mileage, Jefferson proved to be an ineffective political and military leader, the confederacy was founded on the principle of states rights

turning points in American history: the Mexican War

THE OUTBRERAK OF WAR - the annexation of Texas outraged Mexico - Polk exacerbated tensions by supporting Texas's claim to the Rio Grande River as its southwestern boundary but the Mexican government denied the claim - Polk promptly demanded that congress declare war on Mexico, stating that Mexico had "invaded our territory and shed American blood on American soil" - congressed agreed and approved a declaration of war on May 13, 1846 OPPOSTION TO THE WAR - the Mexican war provoked opposition from a small but highly visible group of influential critics - Abraham Lincoln challenged Polk to identify the exact spot on American soil where American blood had been shed MAKING COMPROMISE: CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE - Henry David Thoreau staged the best-known act of protest against the Mexican War - Thoreau later wrote the classic essay "Civil Disobedience" urging passive resistance to laws that required a citizen "to be agent of injustice" - Thoreau's essay became a source of inspiration for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s philosophy of nonviolent protest THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO - American forced led by Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott successfully conquered Mexico - Taylor became a national hero when he defeated a much larger Mexican army at the battle of Buena Vista - Scott won public acclaim when his forces captured Mexico city - while American forced invaded Mexico, Colonel Stephen W. Kearny captured Santa Fe, New Mexico, and then helped secure California THE TREATY OF GUADALUPE - Mexico ceded New Mexico and California to the United States whole also accepting the Rio Grande as the Texas border - the United States acquired more than 500,000 square miles of new territory while Mexico lost about 1/3 of its territory - the later Gadsden Purchase was not part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - the purchase included land in the southern portion of the New Mexico territory intended to facilitate the construction of a transcontinental railroad from Houston, Texas, to Los Angeles, California MAKING CONNECTIONS: NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM - the war of 1812 sparked a wave of postwar nationalism that supported a new national bank, protective tariff, and a spirit of political harmony during the Era of Good feelings - the optimism of the Era soon vanished, after the Panic of 1819 and the Missouri Compromise of 1820, both of which led to increased feelings of sectionalism - the Mexican War sparked a brief moment of triumph -the war fulfilled the goal of Manifest Destiny by transforming America into a transcontinental republic - the postwar spirit of nationalism quickly faded - the Mexican war marked a turning point in american history because it ignited an increasing bitter dispute over the extension of slavery into the new western territories - sectionalism soon threatened to disrupt the fragile balance of power between the north and the south

the republican economic agenda

THE REPUBLICAN CONGRESS - 1840s and 1850s, southern congressmen repeatedly blocked tariff, railroad, banking, and land policies favored by the north and west - the secession of the southern states enabled the republicans to dominate congress - the promptly passed a series of landmark acts with far-reaching social and economic consequences THE HOMESTEAD ACT, 1862 - the act enabled settlers to acquire a free tract of 160 acres of surveyed public land, the settlers acquired the land after 5 years of continuous residence - the homestead act opened the Plains to settlers THE MORRILL LAND GRANTCOLLEGE ACT, 1862 - act conveyed 30,000 acres of federal land per member of congress from each state - important role in promoting agriculture, engineering, and veterinary medicine THE PACIFIC RAILROAD ACT, 1862 - prior to the civil war, southern congressmen supported a transcontinental railroad that would link New Orleans with California - following the outbreak of the Civil War, congress approved a transcontinental route that would run along a north-central route linking Omaha, Nebraska, with Sacramento, California NATIONAL BANKING ACT OF 1863 - the rising cost pf financing the civil war highlighted the urgent need for a national currency and an orderly banking system - the act established a national banking system to provide a uniform currency

the lone star republic

THE TEXAS REVOLUTION - Texas belonged first to Spain and then, after 1821, to Mexico - the Mexican government opened Texas to settlers from the united states - the rapid growth of the Anglo-American population in Texas alarmed Mexican officials - the government announced that slaves could no longer be brought into any part of Mexico and that Americans could no longer settle in Texas THE ANNEXATION ISSUE - most Texans wanted to join the united states - president Jackson feared that a prolonged debate over the admission of a slave state would ignite a division campaign issue that could cost his chosen successor Martin Van Buren the presidency

1845

Texas admitted into Union

Crittenden Compromise

The Crittenden Compromise was an unsuccessful proposal to permanently enshrine slavery in the United States Constitution, and thereby make it unconstitutional for future congresses to end slavery. It was introduced by United States Senator John J. Crittenden on December 18, 1860. It aimed to resolve the secession crisis of 1860-1861 that eventually led to the American Civil War by addressing the fears and grievances of Southern pro-slavery factions, and by quashing antislavery activities.

49ers

The around 80,000 people (mostly men) who arrived in California in 1849 as a result of the gold rush in 1848.

1856

Turmoil on Kansas undermines popular sovereignty, James Buchanan elected president

squatter sovereignty

Under this plan, congress would allow settlers in each territory to determine its status as free or slave. Cass's doctrine of squatter sovereignty failed to persuade those northern Democrats who opposed any expansion of slavery. They joined the Free Soil Party, as did former Democratic president Martin Van Buren, who became its candidate for president. To attract Whig votes, the Free Soilers chose conscience Whig Charles Francis Adams for vice president.

Credit Mobilier

a sham corporation set up by shareholders in the Union Pacific Railroad to secure government grants at an enormous profit.

Gadsden Purchase of 1853

an area in New Mexico and Arizona, near the Rio Grande, that covers an area of more than 30,000 square miles (77,700 sq km). It was purchased from Mexico in 1853 by US diplomat James Gadsden (1788-1858) with the intention of ensuring a southern railroad route to the Pacific Ocean.

Habeas Corpus

bringing people into court, protecting everyone from the government Lincoln suspended it to jail sympathizers of the confederate

1850s

cotton prices and production increases, slave prices rise, southern states subsidize railroads, but industry remains limited

1820s

free black population increases in north and south , entrepreneurial planters in cotton south turn to gang labor, southern Methodists and Baptists become socially conservative, African Americans increasingly adopt Christian beliefs

1830s

gentry in old south adopt paternalistic ideology and argue that slavery is a "positive good", boom in cotton production, percentage of slave-owning white families falls, Yeomen farm families retreat to hill country, Lawyers become influential in southern politics

why did the gold rush end so quickly

it was mostly surface gold that the people were able to get since they didnt have the tools or money to be able to get to anything deeper there was also more technology demand because of this

1850

president Taylor dies, Millard Fillmore assumes presidency, compromise of 1850 preserves union, northern abolitionists reject fugitive slave act

1840s

southern Whigs advocate economic diversification, gradual emancipation completed in north

three panic connections

speculation bubbles busting, land and agriculture, westward expansion, and risky lending

Alien whites

they are foreign Swedish, Germans, French they were white but not protestant so the citizens didnt accept them

1846

united states declares war on Mexico, Treaty with Britain divides Oregon Country, Wilmot Proviso approved by House but not by Senate

reconstruction in the south

•Radical Republican Governments: -period when Republicans rules the South=Radical Reconstruction -black voters supported the Republican Party -launched an ambitious program of reforms (public school system, new hospitals, orphanages, criminal justice system, black colleges) •End of Reconstruction -Ku Klux Klan: sought to maintain supremacy by aiding the revival of the Democratic Party and overthrowing Radical Republicans; dressed in white robes and pointed cowls and burnt black homes, schools, and churches, and murdered people; political intimidation and violence helped weaken the republican government -President Grant shows little enthusiasm for reconstruction -Compromise of 1877: The Democrats agreed to support the Republican candidate Hayes; Hayes and the Republicans agreed to withdraw all federal troops from the South, appoint one southerner to the cabinet, and grant federal funds for internal improvements in the South (ended Reconstruction)